Premier Plan National d'Adaptation au Changement Climatique de la République du Tchad

1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE FIRST NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD 9

1.2 APPROACH TAKEN TO PRODUCE THIS DOCUMENT 10 2 NATIONAL CONDITIONS 11

2.1 THE ECONOMIC PROFILE 13

2.2 THE SOCIAL PROFILE 14

2.3 CLIMATE ZONES AND THE CLIMATE PROFILE 15 3 GOVERNANCE, REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS AND RELEVANT POLICIES AND PLANS 16

3.1 GENERAL GOVERNANCE MECHANISMS 17

3.2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK CONCERNING ADAPTATION 18

3.3 ADAPTATION POLICIES, PLANS AND PROGRAMMES 18

3.4 RELEVANT PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS 20 4 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLANNING 24

4.1 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN PROCESS 25

4.2 OTHER EXAMPLES OF MULTISECTORAL INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS IN CHAD 25 4.3 EFFORTS TO INTEGRATE ADAPTATION INTO DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND BUDGETING 26 4.4 KEY GAPS TO INTEGRATING ADAPTATION INTO DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND BUDGETING 26 5 INFORMATION ON CLIMATE-RELATED HAZARDS 28

5.1 AVAILABILITY OF CLIMATE SERVICES IN CHAD 29

5.2 OBSERVED CLIMATE 30

5.3 SCENARIOS AND PROJECTIONS 34

5.3.1 PRECIPITATION 35

5.3.2 TEMPERATURE 36

5.4 BUSH FIRES 37 6 VULNERABILITY FACTORS 38 6.1 ENVIRONMENTAL FRAGILITY AND LAND DEGRADATION 41

6.2 GENDER INEQUALITY 44

6.3 POVERTY 45

6.4 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 48

6.5 CONFLICT, MIGRATION AND INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT 48 3 7 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON VARIOUS SECTORS 49

7.1 WATER AND SANITATION 50

7.1.1 WATER RESOURCES 50

7.1.2 WATER SUPPLY 50

7.1.3 SANITATION 51

7.2 AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK 51

7.3 FISHERY RESOURCES AND AQUACULTURE 52

7.4 ENVIRONMENT AND FOREST RESOURCES 53

7.5 HUMAN HEALTH AND NUTRITION 54

7.6 EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION 55 7.7 INFRASTRUCTURE, RISK MANAGEMENT AND ESSENTIAL LAND-USE PLANNING 55 8 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PRIORITIES 57

8.1 PRIORITY AREAS OF INTERVENTION 58

8.2 SYNERGIES WITH THE NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 63 8.2.1 PRIORITIZE MEASURES WITH CO-BENEFITS 63 8.2.2 ENHANCE SYNERGIES BETWEEN THE RIO CONVENTIONS AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 63

8.2.3 PROMOTE LAND-USE PLANNING 64

8.2.4 ENSURE ALIGNMENT WITH REGIONAL PROJECTS 64 9 CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT OF AN EFFECTIVE NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN PROCESS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SECOND, MORE COMPREHENSIVE NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN 65 ANNEXES 69 4 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Primary sectoral strategies in Chad 21 Table 2 Main sectoral studies on climate change adaptation in Chad 26 Table 3 Key gaps to integrating adaptation into development planning in Chad 27 Table 4 Hydrometeorological disasters between 1969 and 2016 33 Table 5 Values of the components of the INFORM Risk Index, according to region 42 Table 6 Summary of adaptation priorities in major climate change plans and strategies in Chad 58 Table 7 Main climate-related hazards and impacts affecting Chad 59 Table 8 Priority adaptation measures and options 61 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Bioclimatic zones of Chad 15 Figure 2 Administrative map of Chad 17 Figure 3 The meteorological weather network by type of station 30 Figure 4 Changes in the national annual cumulative rainfall index from 1950 to 2016 31 Figure 5 Changes in the precipitation index from 1932 to 2006 at the N’Djamena station 31 Figure 6 Change in average isohyets between 1951 and 2000 31 Figure 7 Maximum temperature index and regression line for N’Djamena 32 Figure 8 Minimum temperature index and regression line for N’Djamena 32 Figure 9 Illustration of uncertainty in precipitation projections in Chad 34 Figure 10 Differences in rainfall for 2030, 2050 and 2100 compared to 2000–2009 35 Figure 11 Average annual precipitation projections in Chad for different greenhouse gas emission scenarios, relative to 2000 35 Figure 12 Projections for the number of days of heavy rainfall in Chad, compared to 2000 35 Figure 13 Air temperature projections for Chad 36 Figure 14 Projections for the annual number of very hot days in Chad 36 Figure 15 Average detection of active fires for the last 15 years 37 Figure 16 Key issues addressed in the contributions made by Working Group II to the fifth Assessment Report 39 Figure 17 Components of the INFORM Risk Index 40 Figure 18 Risk profile of Chad according to the INFORM Risk Index 40 Figure 19 Variation in the INFORM Risk Index at the subnational level in Chad 41 Figure 20 Change in land use in Chad between 1975 and 2013 44 Figure 21 Distribution of the poor population by region 46 Figure 22 Multidimensional Poverty Index by region 47 Figure 23 Deprivation by indicator among multidimensionally poor households 47 Figure 24 Access to basic services in Chad 52 Figure 25 Ranking of Chad in the Children’s Climate Risk Index 56 5 LIST OF ACRONYMS Acronym Definition AfDB African Development Bank BMZ Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development COVID-19 coronavirus disease ECHO European Community Humanitarian Office EDF European Development Fund EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GDP gross domestic product GEF Global Environment Facility GIS geographical information system GIZ German Agency for International Cooperation ICAT Initiative for Climate Action Transparency IDB Islamic Development Bank IRC International Rescue Committee LWF Lutheran World Federation NAP National Adaptation Plan NDC nationally determined contribution NGO non-governmental organization RCP Representative Concentration Pathway SDGs Sustainable Development Goals UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund WFP World Food Programme WMO World Meteorological Organization 6 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD FOREWORD Chad is a country particularly vulnerable to climate change. The impacts are significant on the large hydrographic systems, which are the Lake Chad and Niger basins, as well as on natural, agro-sylvo-pastoral, fishery and human systems. To address these challenges, the Government of Chad has ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement. These international frameworks guide national climate action. Climate change adaptation is a priority for the country. Following the implementation of its National Adaptation Programme of Action, which aimed to address urgent adaptation needs, the Government embarked on the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process in order to address short-, medium- and long-term climate risks; build capacity; integrate climate change into development planning and budgeting processes; and catalyse investments for climate change adaptation. As part of this process, Chad developed its first national climate change adaptation plan in synergy with updates to its nationally determined contribution (NDC). This first NAP is aligned with national priorities and is the primary instrument for adaptation planning in Chad. It is based on existing studies and information gathered through a broad national consultation. The Plan is an important milestone in the preparation of the second NAP by 2023, which will be based on updated or new climate information and will be developed as part of a project financed by the Global Environment Facility (GEF). The Government of Chad thanks all the stakeholders who contributed to the development of the first NAP. It also thanks the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and, through it, the National Adaptation Plan Global Support Programme, managed by UNDP and the United Nations Environment Programme and financed by GEF and Climate Promise, for their technical and financial support. The first NAP will be implemented in conjunction with the updated NDC for the period 2021–2026. The focus will be on developing investment portfolios for the implementation of adaptation priorities that have mitigation benefits, such as nature-based solutions. The Ministry of Environment, Fisheries and Sustainable Development will coordinate this work through the Directorate of Environmental Education and the Fight against Climate Change in consultation with all stakeholders. The Government of Chad hopes that these efforts will be supported by technical and financial partners and will contribute significantly to strengthening the country’s climate resilience. 7 1 INTRODUCTION © UN - CHAD The National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process was process also provides an opportunity to create synergies established in 2010 by the United Nations Framework with other processes under the Paris Agreement, the other Convention on Climate Change as part of the Cancun Rio Conventions and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Adaptation Framework. The process allows parties to Development, thereby fostering mutually reinforcing the Convention to formulate and implement NAPs to actions for sustainable and resilient development. identify medium- and long-term adaptation needs and to develop and implement strategies and programmes The implementation of the NAP process is based on the to address those needs. It is a continuous, progressive guiding principles defined by the Convention (decision 5/ and iterative process that follows a national, gender- CP.17), which state that action on adaptation should be: sensitive, participatory and fully transparent approach. The continuous, incremental, iterative and country-driven; non- objectives of the NAP process as defined by the Convention prescriptive and based on country needs; gender-sensitive; are: and participatory and fully transparent. It should also build on existing adaptation efforts without duplicating ʍ⚫ to reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate them; strengthen coherence between adaptation and change by building adaptive capacity and resilience development planning; consider and build on the best ʍ ⚫ to  facilitate the integration of climate change available science; take into account traditional and adaptation, in a coherent manner, into relevant new indigenous knowledge; and be supported by a thorough and existing policies, programmes and activities, monitoring and evaluation process that considers in particular development planning processes and vulnerable groups, communities and ecosystems. strategies, within all relevant sectors and at different levels, as appropriate (decision 5/CP.17, paragraph 1)

1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE FIRST NATIONAL In Chad, the NAP process was launched in 2016 with ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD support from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) via the NAP Global Support Programme1 as well For Chad, this first NAP is a strategic document that as the Global Environment Facility (GEF). It began by presents adaptation priorities and reinforces the long- identifying adaptation planning needs and gaps. This has term perspective and links between adaptation priorities, resulted in the mobilization of funding and the launch of sustainable development needs and the National the GEF-funded NAP Project, the overall objective of which Development Plan. is to integrate climate change adaptation into the planning and budgeting of climate-sensitive sectors. This first NAP seeks primarily to: The NAP process aligns with the “Vision 2030: the Chad 1. Identify key gaps and barriers to integrating adaptation we want”, one of the priorities of which is to improve living into planning. conditions and reduce social inequalities while preserving 2. Identify needs in terms of knowledge, capacity and natural resources and adapting to climate change. The NAP institutional coordination. can also be a tool to better operationalize the integration of 3. Update priority sectors and interventions for adaptation climate change, and adaptation in particular, into national at the national level. development plans. In fact, the 2017–2021 National 4. Integrate gender considerations in the development Development Plan integrates adaptation into its objectives. and implementation of adaptation measures. 5. Provide a process for updating the NAP. The NAP process provides an opportunity to undertake adaptation planning in Chad in a way that responds IIt is important to recognize that essential activities in dynamically and coherently to the country’s medium- continuation of the NAP process, which include addressing and long-term needs, which include identifying and aspects specifically related to integrating adaptation into addressing key challenges to effective adaptation. The development planning and financing in Chad, are being 1 The NAP Global Support Programme is managed by UNDP and the United Nations Environment Programme and is funded by the Global Environment Facility. 9 undertaken through several projects, including the GEF- with local authorities and communities in each region of funded NAP Project. The results of these efforts will be Chad to collect data on hazards, climate vulnerabilities used to update this document, for a more comprehensive and adaptation efforts; identify priority sectors and version based on updated studies. measures for climate change adaptation; and take stock of endogenous adaptation measures. Data from these missions were analysed and presented as a national

1.2 APPROACH TAKEN TO PRODUCE THIS average. The process ended with a national pre-validation DOCUMENT workshop, organized on 28 and 29 September 2021, which allowed national and regional stakeholders to validate and Using the Least Developed Countries Expert Group complete the data used in the analyses and the priority guidelines, a literature review was conducted. The analysed adaptation and mitigation actions. and synthesized documents included several national strategies and plans, specific reports and projects on This first NAP of Chad was drafted with the support of the climate change in Chad, as well as global reports on several NAP Global Support Programme and the UNDP Climate climate themes. Promise in collaboration with the UNDP country office in Chad. This document incorporated the results of several In addition, a participatory approach was adopted studies conducted under the NAP-GEF Project. to involve all relevant actors and partners and collect additional information, particularly concerning gaps and It also benefited from the contribution of other partners. recommendations. A workshop to launch the process The NAP Global Network provided technical guidance was held in June 2021, followed by a technical workshop to better address gender issues and better structure their attended by approximately 60 stakeholders in July. The presentation in the document. The Sanitation and Water programme for the latter workshop is presented in annex 1. for All team from the United Nations Children’s Fund and the Stockholm International Water Institute also provided Furthermore, three field missions were carried out in data and recommendations specific to water, sanitation three regions of Chad: the southern, central-eastern and and hygiene. central-western zones. Several workshops were held 10 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD 2 NATIONAL CONDITIONS © UN - CHAD The fifth largest in Africa, Chad is a landlocked country in granitoid rock of Ouaddaï and Guéra and the metamorphic Central Africa consisting of Saharan, Sahelian and Sudanian rock of Mayo-Kebbi and Tibesti) at the edge of the sedimentary zones, extending 1,700 km between 7° and 24° North and basins to which it belongs (the southern edge of the Koufra 1,000 km between 13° and 24° East. It covers 1.284 million basin and the eastern portion of the Lake Chad basin). The km2, of which 98.1 percent is land and 1.9 percent is water Lake Chad basin, in particular, contains several trenches with from five major lakes, including Lake Chad (1,540 km2). up to 10,000 m of accumulated sediments containing oil and It is bordered to the north by Libya (1,055 km), to the east other deposits. by Sudan (1,360 km), to the south by the Central African Republic (1,197 km) and to the west by the countries with In addition to the large oil reserves, which were not exploited which it shares Lake Chad, namely Cameroon (1,094 km), until the 1990s, the country has considerable mineral Niger (1,175 km) and Nigeria (87 km). resources that have not yet been exploited (e.g. uranium, gold, gemstones and diamonds, copper, tin, tungsten, graphite, The landscape of Chad is rather flat. The average elevation marble, limestone, gypsum and natron). is around 543 m and increases towards the north, where the Massif d’Abo and the Tibesti Mountains are located. The latter The main types of vegetation, from north to south, are: contains the highest point in the country, Emi Koussi (3,415 m), an extinct volcano.2 The elevation also increases in the - year-round grasslands and shrublands east, near the Jef Jef plateau, as well as the Ennedi plateau and - year-round woodlands, shrublands and grasslands Ouaddaï highlands, which are separated from each other by - tree and shrub savannahs with year-round and perennial the Mourdi depression. To the south of the Tibesti Mountains grasslands and to the west of the plateaus lie the Manga Erg to the west - wooded savannahs and open forests dominating a and the Djourab Erg to the east, as well as the Borkou plateaus perennial grassy layer and the Bodelé depression (with the country’s lowest altitude of 181 m). The centre of the country is primarily composed The fauna is very rich: the fauna of the oases, the fauna of the of plains sloping gently down to Lake Chad in the west and Saharan massifs, crocodiles and endemic species of fish in the the Salamat plain in the south. The Guera plateaus in the Archéï guelta, freshwater fish and birds, hippopotamuses in east reach 1,500 m. The Salamat plain is largely made up of Lake Chad, manatees in Lake Léré (Mayo-Kebbi) and groups of swamps, totalling 12.405 million ha, which are included on the elephants in the dry season, giraffes and other large mammals List of Wetlands of International Importance. in Zakouma National Park. Elephants are also present near Lake Fitri. This landscape gives rise to a hydrographic network made up of three distinct basins. The first is the Chari basin, the Because it is landlocked, Chad shares its biomes with the country’s largest river (at 1,200 km long), and its tributary, the countries that border it: Logoné (1,000 km long). Both originate in the Central African Republic. The second is the Mayo-Kébbi basin, a tributary of - the desert biomes of the Sahara with Libya, Niger and the Benue river (in Nigeria), which is itself the main tributary Sudan of the Niger. The third is the Batha basin, a temporary river - the Sahelian biomes with Niger, Nigeria and Sudan that empties into Lake Fitri. There are also other basins that are - the dry savannahs with Cameroon, the Central African mostly dried up, since the water only flows during exceptional Republic, Nigeria and Sudan rains, the largest of which is the Bahr el Gazel. This network - the wet savannahs with Cameroon and the Central also includes five lakes, the most significant of which is Lake African Republic Chad, both spatially and ecologically. Similarly, Lake Fitri, which has its own ecosystem (however The country’s geology is based on its four cratons, its five fragile), lies mainly in Chad as well as Cameroon, Niger and crystalline massifs, where the Precambrian bedrock rises (the Nigeria. 2 Several locations in Tibesti still have active volcanos, such as Toussidé (3,265m) and Tarsoo Voon. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwifl9Pf1Oj0AhWcAGMBHawMDSAQFnoECC4QAQ&ur- l=https%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Fcapacity4dev%2Ffile%2F32971%2Fdownload%3Ftoken%3DO8zCSZTW&usg=AOvVaw1RyibZjw4arMel1vbkf_Aj 12 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD

2.1 THE ECONOMIC PROFILE Of course, as elsewhere in the world, the impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is likely Despite considerable natural resources and significant oil to plunge the country back into a second recession in production since 2003, Chad remains among the poorest 2020 and 2021.7 and least developed countries in the world; its Human Development Index of just 0.398 ranks it 187th out of 189 The structure of this economy, which is not very countries.3 diversified, is strongly dominated by the primary sector, which accounted for 61.2 percent of GDP in According to the Ibrahim Index of African Governance, 2011, of which 39.3 percent came from oil, 10.5 percent Chad ranked 33.9 in 2019, with an improvement of 3.7 from agriculture, 9 percent from livestock and 2.2 points compared to 2010, ranking it forty seventh out of 54 percent from mining. As for the secondary sector, the countries.4 activities of which are becoming more diversified,8 its contribution to GDP was limited to 7.7 percent in 2011. Although it has become highly dependent on oil since The tertiary sector contributed 20.7 percent of GDP 2003, the economy of Chad also continues to depend on in 2011, of which 13 percent came from commercial the use of its natural resources, which are dependent on activities and 10.7 percent from public administration.9 climate variability. Furthermore, “the country is excessively The agricultural sector, which is limited to food crops vulnerable to degradation of its natural capital and adverse (particularly grains) and cash crops (notably cotton, climatic conditions that it must regularly deal with.”5 Soil sugar cane and gum arabic), is extremely vulnerable and vegetation cover degradation, the progressive drying to climate-related hazards and remains dependent on up of Lake Chad and prevailing food insecurity are the most security conditions. relevant indicators. The private sector is made up of only small and By providing new financial resources for the country’s medium-sized enterprises operating mostly in the development, the exploitation of oil since 2003 has informal economy. The business environment in Chad profoundly changed the profile and prospects of the remains unattractive, owing primarily to security country’s economy. As a result, the country experienced challenges. a period of rapid growth until 2014. It contributed an average of 4.5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) Similarly, the distribution of the workforce by sector from 1990 to 2003, which increased to 9.4 percent between remains largely dominated by the agricultural sector, 2004 and 2012 and then reached almost 27 percent in which provides over 75.4 percent of jobs, while the 2014, providing two thirds of budget revenues and a secondary sector provides only 2.1 percent and the growth rate of 6.2 percent. Even after two years marked tertiary sector 21.6 percent. With regard to employment, by a deep recession (with a growth rate of -5.6 percent in it should be noted that the country has a significant 2016 and -2.4 percent in 2017) owing to a fall in oil prices, shortage of human capital and skills in almost all key an increase in oil and agricultural production allowed sectors of the economy and in many fields, so Chad growth to recover to 2.4 percent in 2018 and 3.2 percent relies on foreign labour, particularly from Cameroon. in 2019. This recovery has also been achieved as a result of consolidating public finances under a programme with In addition, Chad ranks last in the World Bank Human the International Monetary Fund in 2018, which improved Capital Index and is ranked 182nd of 190 countries, the budget balance to achieve a positive balance once with a score of 36.9, by the 2020 Doing Business Report. again in 2018 and 2019 and reduced public debt from its record level of 54.8 percent of GDP reached in 2016 to 44.3 percent in 2019.6 3 Human Development Report 2019. UNDP and PopulationData.net. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2019_fr_0.pdf 4 2020 Ibrahim Index of African Governance Index Report. Mo Ibrahim Foundation. https://mo.ibrahim.foundation/sites/default/files/2020-11/2020-in- dex-report.pdf 5 Republic of Chad: Country Strategy Paper (2015–2020). African Development Bank. 2015. https://www.afdb.org/fr/documents/document/chad-country- strategy-paper-2015-2020-addendum-90054 6 https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/chad/overview#1 7 The projected contraction of the economy would reduce the pre-pandemic growth rate from 4.8 percent to 0.2 percent. 8 Manufacturing industries based on beer and soft drink production, sugar production, cotton ginning and cement factories. 9 Percentages provided are taken from the National Institute of Statistics for Economic and Demographic Studies. 2 NATIONAL CONDITIONS 13

2.2 THE SOCIAL PROFILE percent. The literacy rate among those aged 15 years and older is 41.5 percent, with a net primary school enrolment According to the second general population and rate of 46 percent. Labour force participation is 60 percent housing census in 2009, the population of Chad was 11.1 for those aged 15 years and older, and the proportion of million, with a population density of 8.6 inhabitants per salaried workers is only 7.9 percent. The percentage of square kilometre. It has likely now reached 16,844,500 households with access to electricity is 8 percent. The inhabitants,10 including a significant number of refugees. percentage of households with access to drinking water The average annual growth rate is 3.3 percent, the average is 62.7 percent; in rural areas, this percentage rose from mortality rate is 1.4 percent and infant mortality rate is 8.7 21 percent in 2000 to 52 percent in 2014.14 The percentage percent.11 According to data from the National Institute of households using gas as their main cooking fuel is 6.1 of Statistics for Economic and Demographic Studies, the percent. Lastly, the percentage of people with access to population is predominantly rural (76.7 percent) and sanitation, including latrines, is 33.5 percent.15 young. The average age is 17 years, and life expectancy is 52.6 years for men and 55.4 years for women. At the national level, it is important to note the very low level of infrastructure and basic amenities (e.g. roads, electricity, Due to its size and regional climatic disparities, the drinking water and health and education facilities), as country is sparsely populated. The average density was well as food and nutrition insecurity, which is one of the 8.6 inhabitants/km2 in 2009 and is likely around 13.1 most recurrent problems. In fact, nearly 3.4 million people inhabitants/km2 in 2021 (according to the Institute); suffered from food insecurity in 2016 (according to the however, the distribution is very uneven since densities vary Harmonized Framework). According to the Global Hunger considerably, from 0.1 inhabitants/km2 in the north to 52.4 Index, the country ranks among those in an “alarming” inhabitants/km2 in the south. The desert is sporadically situation with an index of 46.4 in 2015, placing the country occupied by the nomadic Teda and Daza peoples, who in second-to-last place. The most affected populations represent only 3.4 percent of the total population. The north are in the country’s Sahelian strip and in areas hosting is very sparsely occupied by the Arabs and Islamic groups refugees, returnees and internally displaced persons. In (i.e. the Kotoko, Ouaddaï and Kanembu peoples) who are addition, social protection is considered non-existent by well dispersed. The fertile south is almost overpopulated, nearly 90 percent of experts, given that over 80 percent of occupied by the Sudanese (the Sara, Masa, Mundang and the population in rural areas is engaged in agricultural and Toupour peoples).12 Half of the population lives in the livestock work and the majority of jobs in urban areas are southernmost fifth of the country, and only 27 percent of in the informal sector, where no social protection system Chadians live in cities. exists. The population is multireligious13 and very polyglottal; This socio-economic context has been aggravated by a over one hundred languages and dialects are spoken in national and subregional context marked by security the country, while French and Arabic are the only official threats linked to events in the Central African Republic, languages. Libya, Nigeria and Sudan, among other areas, which have strong budgetary implications and hinder the continued As for the socio-economic characteristics of the population, promotion of social sectors and productive investments. the unemployment rate is 5.8 percent; the unemployment rate of young graduates, which is very high, increased from 42 percent in 2015 to 60 percent in 2017 as a result of the economic recession. The poverty index decreased from 55 percent in 2003 to 42 percent in 2011 and then rose slightly to 42.3 percent in 2018. The poverty severity index is 5.2 10 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs population figures as of 23 March 2021. https://countrymeters.info/fr/Chad 11 Geography of the World, Chad. According to the World Bank, the infant mortality rate, which it estimates to be in the same range (i.e. 8.6 percent), is one of the highest in the world and is exacerbated by the high number of early pregnancies. 12 Sara 28 percent, Arabs 12 percent, Mayo-Kebbi 11 percent, Kanem-Bornou 9 percent, Ouaddaï 9 percent, Hadjarai 7 percent, Tetjile 6 percent, Gorane 6 percent, Fitri-Batha 5 percent, other 7 percent (World Bank). 13 Muslims 53.1 percent, Catholics 20.1 percent, Protestants 14.2 percent, animists 7.3 percent, atheists 3.1 percent, other 2.2 percent. 14 United Nations Development Assistance Framework (2017–2021) https://chad.un.org/fr/34340-plan-cadre-des-nations-unies-dassistance-au-deve- loppement-undaf-2017-2021 15 ECOSIT (survey on household living conditions and poverty in Chad), 2018, in the National Institute of Statistics for Economic and Demographic Studies. https://www.inseed.td/index.php/blog-with-right-sidebar/ecosit/110-ecosit-4 14 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD

2.3 CLIMATE ZONES AND THE CLIMATE to over six months in the extreme south (May–October). PROFILE As for the temperature in Chad, there is a relatively cold period from December to February (11°C to 22°C) and a hot According to the Köppen-Greiger classification, the climate period from March to June (39°C to 45°C), with a broader in Chad is divided from north to south into an arid desert temperature range in the Sahelian and Saharan zones than zone, an arid Sahelian zone and a tropical savannah zone. in the Sudanian zone. The arid desert zone, also known as the Saharan zone, covers 63 percent of the national territory. More precisely, Chadian climate is divided into six bioclimatic regions:16 the Saharan region (< 100 mm), the These zones correspond to the bioclimatic zones shown Sahara-Sahelian region (100 to 200 mm), the Sahelian on the map below, namely the Saharan zone, the Sahelian region (200 to 600 mm), the Sudano-Sahel region (600 to zone and the Sudanian zone. The map also shows the 800 mm), the Sudanian region (800 to 1200 mm) and the isohyets, which appear more or less parallel to the lines sub-Guinean region (>1200 mm). of latitude and mark the boundaries between these zones. As shown on the map, rainfall increases from a few millimetres in the extreme north to over 1,200 millimetres in the extreme south, and the rainy season lasts from two months in the north (almost zero in the extreme north) FIGURE 1 a) La zo BIOCLIMATIC ZONES OF CHAD figure 4 : occupe (Source : Second National Communica- tion on Climate Change, Chad. Ministry territoire of Urban and Rural Hydraulics, 2012). par une t au Sud saison progressi l’extrême présente les zone phréatiqu des sols faune es antilopes b) La zo comprise mm. L tropicaux organiqu caractéris 16 Direction of Water and Meteorological Research. Meteorological service. 2009. la savane arbustive occupant la partie Sud et où dominent suivant le Balanites, avec un tapis herbacé composé d’Andropogonées ; la ste dans la partie nord et caractérisée par2 NATIONAL des formations CONDITIONS 15 ligneuses trè dominé par les Aristidées. 3 GOVERNANCE, REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS AND RELEVANT POLICIES AND PLANS © UN - CHAD The State and stakeholders (e.g. political groups, civil society republican power in the State and also organizes the and the private sector) face significant constraints in promoting territory into decentralized territorial units. The new good governance, given the challenges of extreme poverty, decentralization arrangements are a sharp contrast to limited institutional capacity, corruption and real or latent the extensive centralization that has been in place since violence.17 Since Chad entered the oil era in October 2003, a independence in 1960. This decentralization, enshrined number of concerns have been raised; only good governance in the Constitution, was adopted as the best alternative will place the country in a position to respond adequately. to the federal solution while preserving the unitary form of the country. Currently, the Government is taking At the regional level, the country’s geographical position at a progressive approach to drafting a legislative and the juncture between East and Central Africa has led to a regulatory framework and to establishing decentralized proliferation of regional coordination centres. structures. Under the terms of Ordinance No. 001 issued by the President on 11 February 2019, Chad has 112 departments and 405 municipalities distributed

3.1 GENERAL GOVERNANCE MECHANISMS among 23 regions. The administrative positions, which With the beginning of the Fourth Republic, a new FIGURE 2 Constitution was promulgated on 4 May 2018. Under this ADMINISTRATIVE MAP OF CHAD Constitution, Chad has opted for a highly decentralized (source : Master Plan for the Energy Sector of Chad). unitary State. The judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative branches (article 146 of the Constitution). There is a single jurisdiction, of which the Supreme Court is the highest court (article 147 of the Constitution). Within the Supreme Court, there is a Constitutional Chamber (which is a non-permanent chamber) to try the President, members of the Government and their accomplices in cases of high treason. There is also a High Authority for Media and Audiovisual Communication. In accordance with its commitment to promote and prioritize women’s rights, Chad has continued the work undertaken since the ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Since then, several laws, programmes and strategies have been adopted to promote and protect women’s rights. These include the Constitution of 4 May 2018; Ordinance No. 006/PR2015 on the prohibition of child marriage, which was ratified by Law No. 029/PR/2015 of 21 July; and Law No. 022/PR/2018 of 5 November 2018, which instituted parity in nominative and elective offices in Chad, among others. In Chad, the relationship between deconcentration and decentralization is established by the Constitution, which establishes the unity and indivisibility of Figure ۲-۱ : Carte administrative Le tableau ci-dessous donne quelques indicateurs globauxau( niveau national) issus des résultats du recensement. Les résultats sont présentés 17 African Development Bank, African Development Fund, UNDP. 2004: Chad selon le lieu Country de recensement Governance d’une part, et selon le Profile Report. lieu de rattachement https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/ document/2004-chad-country-governance-profile-13261 administratif d’autre part, et ce, au niveau de la région et du département. Ces résultats sont donnés selon la répartition partype de population, par sexe et par milieu de résidence. 3 GOVERNANCE, REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS AND RELEVANT POLICIES AND PLANS 17 ۷٥٥۷P۰۱/FICHT -۸۰۲۱۳٤٦ -v۲ ۲-٥ are deconcentrated intermediary positions, have been Chad does not have a framework law on climate change abolished. As for rural communities, they will be created or regulatory tools (decree or other) specific to adaptation based on surveys and studies conducted in the field in or institutional coordination, with the exception of order to makethem more viable and limit jurisdictional Decree No. 1561/PR/MEEP/2018 of 10 September 2018 on conflicts with traditional and customary authorities. The the creation, remit, composition and operation of the Chadian administration remains understaffed owing to the National Designated Authority of the Green Climate Fund size of some administrative districts, inadequate structures in Chad. and a lack of competent staff and work resources. It should be noted that in the territorial administration, instability in leadership roles and the absence of a master plan further 3.3 ADAPTATION POLICIES, PLANS AND hinder efforts to decentralize the State. PROGRAMMES The current decentralization process, i.e. the transfer of In accordance with its commitments under the Framework power to local communities, provides civil society with new Convention on Climate Change, Chad has developed pro- opportunities as well as significant challenges. Deconcen- grammatic documents to combat climate change: tration and decentralization require new partnerships to be established among the different administrative levels as (i) The first National Communication on Climate well as among the State, local authorities, the people, civil Change in 2001 and the Second National society organizations, the private sector and development Communication in 2013. The third National partners. Nevertheless, some local development initiatives Communication was submitted to the Convention have been undertaken by civil society organizations, even Secretariat in September 2021 but was being in the absence of an appropriate legal and institutional formalized at the time of this document’s framework (e.g. the absence of laws on decentralization submission. and a master plan). These initiatives represent achieve- (ii) The National Adaptation Programme of Action ments in the transition to a decentralized cooperation submitted in 2010. approach. They include the village water programme and (iii) The nationally determined contribution (NDC) the microproject programme supported by development submitted to the Convention Secretariat in 2015. partners. In addition, in 2017, Chad adopted two important strategies: the National Environmental Policy and the

3.2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK National Climate Change Strategy. CONCERNING ADAPTATION The objective of the National Environmental Policy is to The framework documents for climate change in Chad contribute to sustainable development through the rational include the Constitution, which contains clear references to management of natural resources by following specific environmental protection (articles 47 and 52). objectives: i) effectively combat all factors of environmental degradation (e.g. climate change, desertification and all Law No. 014/PR/98 defines the general principles of forms of ecological pollution and natural disasters), ii) environmental protection. It includes 107 articles divided promote the conservation and rational use of national into 8 chapters. It establishes the National High-level biological heritage and iii) guarantee access for all to Committee for the Environment (chapter II) and provides natural resources, including land, genetic resources and for environmental management instruments such as related knowledge. a special environment fund. The law also addresses environmental education and the protection of human The National Climate Change Strategy aims to build a settlements (chapter III). more climate-resilient economy by 2030 and is part of a development pathway that emits less greenhouse gas. The In 1992, Chad signed the United Nations Framework Strategy’s overall objective is to guide and bring together Convention on Climate Change and ratified it on 30 April political, institutional, technical, scientific and financial 1993. Chad is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol to the initiatives to address climate change. It identifies five Convention and the Paris Agreement. It is also a signatory to strategic pillars and several priority actions, including: the other two Rio Conventions: the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Convention to Combat ʍ⚫ Pillar 1: Strengthen the resilience of agro-sylvo- Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious pastoral, fishery and urban systems Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa. ʍ ⚫ Pillar 2: Promote climate change mitigation actions 18 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD ʍ⚫ Pillar 3: Prevent and manage extreme climate Climate change resilience is a significant element of several phenomena and risks important documents for development planning in Chad, ʍ ⚫ Pillar 4: Build the capacity of actors and institutions including: to combat climate change ʍ ⚫ Pillar 5: Strengthen the instruments and capacities - Vision 2030: the Chad we want: In 2016, Chad to mobilize climate financing embarked on a process of developing a forward- looking vision, the objective of which is to lay the Chad has adopted the following strategies related to the foundation for the country’s emergence by 2030. Pillar other two Rio Conventions (the Convention on Biological 4 of the Vision is aligned with improving the quality of Diversity and the Convention to Combat Desertification), life for Chadians and seeks to improve living conditions all of which have components relevant to adaptation, and reduce social inequalities while preserving natural particularly concerning nature-based solutions: resources and adapting to climate change. This Pillar is broken down into two subpillars. The first is a healthy - The National Strategy and Action Plan to Implement environment in which natural resources are preserved. the Great Green Wall Initiative in Chad (2012–2017), This includes updating and implementing the National the general objective of which is to contribute to Land-use Plan, facilitating the population’s access to combating the advancing desert by focusing on new and renewable energy sources, implementing a degraded areas within the Great Green Wall in order participatory and inclusive policy to combat climate to combat poverty while ensuring the sustainable change, controlling and managing natural resources, management of natural resources. More specifically, in safeguarding the Lake Chad basin and implementing a the short and medium term, this initiative aims to: (i) prevention and management system for risks, natural conserve, restore and enhance biodiversity and soils; (ii) disasters and other humanitarian crises. The second diversify farming systems; (iii) satisfy domestic needs is a framework conducive to the fulfilment and well- and increase revenue by promoting income-generating being of the population. This includes controlling activities; and (iv) improve and introduce basic social population growth to reverse the current trend; infrastructure. In the long term, it aims to: (i) improve improving the quality, equitable access and supply of carbon sequestration capacities in vegetation and soils, basic social services; developing and implementing (ii) reverse migration flows to restored areas and (iii) a gender policy; and implementing and monitoring improve living conditions for local communities. national strategies for social protection and universal - The National Strategy and Action Plan on Biodiversity health care. (second edition, 2016), the overall objective of which is to preserve the numerous functions of biological The Vision 2030 is broken down into three 5-year diversity and its elements for their sustainable use in development plans: order to improve living conditions for households. In particular, this plan aims to strengthen the conservation o the National Development Plan for 2017–2021 (see of threatened and/or significant ecosystems and below) species, promote the sustainable use of biological o the National Development Plan for 2022–2026, the resources of known or potential value and ensure fair preparation for which began in 2021 and equitable benefit-sharing from the use of biological o the National Development Plan for 2027–2030, resources. In terms of actions relevant to adaptation and which will be developed at the end of the previous improving the resilience of livelihoods to threats and plan crises affecting agriculture, the Strategy provides for the fight against destructive natural factors (e.g. flooding - The National Development Plan (2017–2021) is and bush fires), disease vectors, the poisoning of ponds, a multisectoral national plan that stems from the silting and invasive plants. Vision 2030. It is a model for integrating climate - The National Programme of Action to Combat change into development policy. It is also linked to the Desertification, adopted in 2000, the central objective Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to the of which is to contribute to combating desertification environment through the implementation of climate and mitigating the effects of drought for sustained change adaptation and mitigation policies. The vision and sustainable production. Specifically, it aims to of the document is: “Chad, a peaceful nation, unified in protect, restore and develop productive potential; its cultural diversity, resilient through its transformed protect and safeguard critical and threatened economy, and offering a pleasant living environment ecosystems; strengthen national capacities to combat for all.” desertification; and manage risks. 3 GOVERNANCE, REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS AND RELEVANT POLICIES AND PLANS 19 - The overall objective of Pillar 3 of the Plan is to diversify population in a context of sustainable development. sources of economic growth and boost sectors that In particular, it aims to: generate growth and create decent jobs. According to the Plan, the economy will be diversified based on o promote the sustainable development of the rural the country’s comparative advantages, particularly world by improving living conditions for rural through the development of agriculture, livestock, producers fishing and mining. It is important to note that most o encourage the rational management of natural of these sectors are sensitive to climate change and resources and the judicious adaptation of local that the targeted structural transformation of the economies to climate-related hazards national economy to meet development objectives o develop rural infrastructure for the optimal use of such as food sovereignty should necessarily include land and water resources and to improve access to resilience measures, especially for the promising agro- markets, materials, equipment and financing sylvo-pastoral sectors identified in the diagnostic o develop the agro-sylvo-pastoral, fishery and wildlife study on trade integration in Chad (i.e. leather, gum sectors in a sustainable manner in order to add arabic, sesame, onions, garlic, wheat, sugar cane, rice, value to Chadian products and make them more spirulina, textiles, natron, dates, peanuts and shea). competitive o improve the food and nutritional security of Pillar 4 of the Plan is to create a living environment rural populations in a sustainable manner, better conducive to fulfilment for the Chadian population, integrate youth and women into production systems while ensuring the preservation of natural resources and and strengthen the resilience of rural households adapting to climate change. For sound natural resource o create the conditions for rural sector development by management, the plan proposes the following actions: improving governance and strengthening research, training, expansion and effective participation for all (1) ensure the sustainable management of natural stakeholders resources and implement climate change adaptation policies In addition to the aforementioned national strategies and (2) implement the policy to combat climate change plans, table 1 lists a number of sectoral strategies and plans and preserve biodiversity relevant to adaptation, particularly as entry points for the (3) implement climate-resilient agricultural practices NAP process. (4) implement a mechanism to prevent and manage natural risks and disasters (5) create, restore and safeguard wetland ecosystems 3.4 RELEVANT PROGRAMMES AND and protected areas PROJECTS (6) ensure the safeguarding of Lake Chad (7) facilitate the population’s access to mixed energy At the national level, a significant number of initiatives sources (new and renewable) and projects to support adaptation have been carried out in recent years, particularly within the framework of The steering framework of the National Development the National Adaptation Programme of Action adopted Plan is structured at both the central and decentralized in 2009, with funding from several technical partners. levels. At the central level, the main bodies are the High- Chad has also participated in several regional initiatives level Interministerial Steering Committee, the highest and projects on adaptation. The portfolio of adaptation body under the framework, and the Technical Steering projects and initiatives is growing in Chad. In 2019, Chad Committee, under whose authority several sub-bodies are established a Country Programme with the Green Climate placed (e.g. State/Partnership Committee and technical Fund that aims to guide, frame and prioritize the Fund’s ministries). At the decentralized level, the framework adaptation investments in the country. includes, in hierarchical order, the Regional Action and Monitoring Committees, the Departmental Action A comprehensive list of programmes and projects funded by and Monitoring Committees and the Local Action and major donors in the areas of rural development, resilience Monitoring Committees. and climate change was created by the study Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience-building in Chad, - The overall objective of the National Rural Sector conducted by the Institute of Research and Application Investment Plan (2016–2022) is to make the rural of Development Methods for the BRACED Programme sector an important source of economic growth, (Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Extremes ensuring food and nutritional security for the and Disasters). It is presented in annex 2. It should be noted 20 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD TABLE 1 PRIMARY SECTORAL STRATEGIES IN CHAD Sector Sector Development Strategies And Plans Agriculture and livestock - Agriculture Master Plan (2006–2015) - Five-year Plan for the Development of Agriculture in Chad, 2013–2018 - National Rural Sector Investment Plan, 2014–2020 - National Food Security Programme (2011–2015) - National Livestock Development Programme (2018–2021) - National Locust Risk Management Framework (2014) Environment and - National Strategy and Action Plan to Implement the Great Green Wall Initiative in Chad (2012–2017) forestry - National Strategy and Action Plan on Biodiversity (second edition, 2016) - Sixth National Report on Biodiversity in Chad - The National Programme of Action to Combat Desertification - The National Environmental Policy - Country Resilience Priorities (food security) (2015–2035) - National Strategy for Non-timber Forest Products - National Bush Fire Management Strategy in Chad (2011) Water and sanitation - National Sanitation Policy and Strategy (2017) - National Strategy for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools (2018–2030) - Water and Sanitation Master Plan - National Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation in Rural Areas Renewable energy - Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Measures (2010) - Master Plan for the Energy Sector of Chad (2012) - Master Plan for the Development of Renewable Energy in Chad (2018) - Electricity Access Emergency Plan (2021–2023) Gender and social - National Gender Policy (2011) protection - National Gender Policy Action Plan (2019–2023) - National Strategy to Combat Gender-based Violence - National Youth Policy (2019) - National Social Protection Strategy (2016–2020) Education - National Strategy for Environmental Education (2015–2020) - Refugee Education Strategy (2030) Health and nutrition - National Nutrition and Food Policy (2014–2025) - Intersectoral Nutrition and Food Action Plan (2017–2021) - National Food, Nutrition and School Health Policy (2014–2025) - Country Resilience Plan: Global Alliance for Resilience Aquaculture and fishery - Plan to Development Aquaculture in Chad (2010–2025) resources - Master Plan for the Fishery and Fish Farming Subsector Risk management, - National Action Plan for Capacity-building for Disaster Risk Reduction, Preparedness and Emergency infrastructure and land- Response (2015–2021) use planning - Action Plan to Implement the National Climate Services Framework (2016–2020) - National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy and Action Plan of Chad - National Disaster Risk Management Strategy and Action Plan of Chad (2020) - National Policy on Land Use, Urban Planning and Housing (2017) - National Land-use Plan (2019) 3 GOVERNANCE, REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS AND RELEVANT POLICIES AND PLANS 21 that a large part of the international funding received by and communication among rural and peri-urban Chad is dedicated to emergency efforts, primarily related to populations on climate change adaptation (the food security. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Belgium). The following list summarizes the key initiatives most relevant to adaptation planning: - The second phase of the Alliance + Chad Project is entitled “Strengthening climate governance and - The Project “Adapting to the effects of climate change resilience in Chad”. It is worth 4 million euros and began and developing renewable energies” (2013–2018), with in May 2020. It aims to achieve the SDGs, in particular a budget of 8 million euros, financed by the European Goal 13 on climate action, and to help the country to Union through the Global Climate Change Alliance. It meet its commitments under the Paris Agreement. contains two main pillars: The Project’s overall objective is to increase resilience ʍ ⚫ Pillar 1: Improve climate governance by integrating to the challenges posed by climate change. Its specific climate change into sectoral policies. objectives are to ensure that: - The Alliance Project has created a computerized o Public institutions in charge of climate change system for the Directorate of Environmental and the NDC are more effective in coordinating, Education and the Fight against Climate Change implementing and monitoring climate change to monitor adaptation projects at the national adaptation and mitigation policies, strategies level, particularly projects that fall within the and plans. priorities of the National Programme of Action. o Climate-smart systems of management, - Technical and financial support helped to financing and agricultural practices are tested at integrate climate change into the country’s the local/regional level. 2017–2021 National Development Plan. - The Alliance in Chad also supported the - The National Adaptation Plan Project, with funding of development of the National Climate Change US$5.7 million from GEF (the Least Developed Countries Strategy and its adoption by the Council of Fund), aims to integrate climate change adaptation Ministers in 2018. into medium- and long-term planning and budgeting for climate-sensitive sectors, in line with national and ʍ⚫ Pillar 2: Develop pilot projects that encourage global policies (including Goal 5 on gender equality, Goal climate change adaptation in the agricultural, 12 on responsible consumption and production, Goal 13 livestock and natural resource management sectors. on climate action and Goal 15 on life on land), the United It is providing over 4 million euros in financing to Nations Development Assistance Framework (2017– four pilot projects taking innovative approaches to 2021) and the Strategic Plan (2018–2021). By creating adaptation: climate and socio-economic information systems and building capacity for stakeholders, the Project will o The Project to support sustainable and diversified strengthen the country’s forecasting, preparedness and agricultural production adapted to climate response efforts while improving the effectiveness of change and variability in order to strengthen existing adaptation efforts. household resilience by introducing innovative agricultural techniques in the Lac Region (the - The Project to improve the resilience of agricultural non-governmental organization (NGO) SOS systems in Chad was implemented in early 2015 for SAHEL International, Chad). a period of seven years. It is worth $36.2 million and o The Soil Fertility Management Project and support co-financed by the International Fund for Agricultural for climate-resilient agriculture in the Mandoul Development, GEF, the Adaptation for Smallholder Region (NGO RAPS): Mandoul Action Network Agriculture Programme and the Chadian Government. of Sharing and Solidarity [Réseau d’Action de Partages et de Solidarité du Mandoul]). At the regional level, initiatives include: o The Project to improve the concerted management of pastoral resources in the Guéra/ - the Lake Chad Basin Sustainable Development Salamat plain for integrated and sustainable Programme (PRODEBALT), financed by the African conservation in the peripheral zone of the Development Bank Zakouma National Park (NGO ALISEI, Italy). - the Project to build resilience against food and o The Project to improve information, education nutritional insecurity in the Sahel (P2RS), funded by the 22 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD African Development Fund for $15 million management and climate change adaptation in the - the regional Project “Adapting to climate change in Sahel and West Africa of the Permanent Inter-State the Lake Chad basin”, a German cooperative effort Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel (PRGDT) between the Ministry of Economic Cooperation and (2011–2016).18 Funding amounts to 13.25 million Development and the German Agency for International euros from the European Union, the French Global Cooperation, covering the period 2013–2018 Environment Facility, the International Development - the project “Preservation of Lake Chad: contribution to Research Centre of Canada and the Permanent Inter- the Lake Development Strategy” (GEF and the African State Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel Development Bank) (2011–2016). - the Pan-African Agency for the Great Green Wall - The eleventh European Development Fund for the - the Programme for integrated transboundary basin period 2014–2020, with a budget of 297 million euros management in Africa, the case of Lake Chad (European for “food security, nutrition and rural development” and Union) 53 million euros for “the sustainable management of - the regional Programme to building resilience in the natural resources”. Sahel ($26 million, the African Development Bank) - Various possible sources of funding, including GEF, - The regional Programme for sustainable land under consideration 18 See http://portails.cilss.bf/prgdt/. 3 GOVERNANCE, REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS AND RELEVANT POLICIES AND PLANS 23 4 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLANNING © UN - CHAD

4.1 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE The coordination of the NAP process as well as climate change NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN PROCESS activities in general was noted by the stakeholders consulted as one of the main obstacles that should be addressed. Despite its willingness to plan and implement programmes and Actions on this point have been laid out in the road map. projects on adaptation and climate change, Chad does not yet have sufficient coordination and institutional capacity. The weaknesses identified at the central level are further amplified at the regional level. Although the Constitution The Ministry of Environment has been responsible for enshrines the principle of decentralization, the Chadian State coordinating and leading government action in this regard remains highly centralized. There is still no decree to specify since 2014. In 2018, it created a Directorate of Environmental the distribution of competencies and to organize the transfer Education and the Fight against Climate Change.19 This of resources from the territorial authorities. The municipalities Directorate, in charge of executing the Government’s climate are very poorly endowed with financial, material and personnel change policy, is responsible for implementing the strategies, resources. action plans and programmes to mitigate and adapt to climate change and for developing research and capacity-building programmes related to climate change adaptation with the 4.2 OTHER EXAMPLES OF MULTISECTORAL relevant departments. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS IN CHAD The study conducted by the Institute for Research and The health and nutrition sector has been strongly marked Applications of Development Methods in 2019 notes that the by the recurrence of numerous food and nutrition crises that Directorate’s functional and technical capacities appear weak are multidimensional in nature, as they result from structural owing to a lack of material and human resources and a strategic factors (e.g. poverty, population growth and inadequate ear- vision. “It is therefore struggling to gain acceptance from other ly childhood nutrition practices) as well as situational factors. ministries on an issue that requires a cross-cutting approach.” These crises have led to the implementation of initiatives driven The study also notes an institutional instability, which is by the international community, resulting in the adoption of a incompatible with climate issues, caused by a succession of series of multisectoral plans and strategies that contribute to ministerial reshuffles. Such instability does not guarantee the preventing and combating food and nutrition insecurity, which continuity necessary to oversee the long-term policies that include the National Rural Sector Investment Plan (2016– climate issues require. 2022), the National Nutrition and Food Policy (2014–2025), the Country Resilience Priorities of the Global Alliance for Resi- The Designated National Authority for the Green Climate Fund is lience (2016–2021) and the National Social Protection Strategy located in the Ministry of Environment. The Authority, created by (2014–2018). Decree No. 1561/PR/MEEP/2018, is responsible for ensuring that decisions taken by the Green Climate Fund Board of Directors These initiatives and plans have different strategic coordina- are implemented. It also contributes to mobilizing financing for tion mechanisms, most of which are chaired or coordinated the public and private sectors, decentralized local authorities, by cross-cutting departments. For example, the steering com- civil society organizations and development partners. mittee of the National Rural Sector Investment Plan is under the Minister of Economy and Development Planning, who ensures The Government of Chad is primarily seeking to strengthen the the coordination and strategic monitoring of the rural sector, institutions in charge of combating climate change in order and is supported by a technical committee chaired by the Mi- to mobilize climate financing and ensure the coordination, nistry of Agriculture. In the case of the National Nutrition and implementation and monitoring of policies, strategies and Food Policy, the National Nutrition and Food Council is chaired plans for climate change adaptation and mitigation in the by the Prime Minister. It is assisted by a permanent technical context of the Paris Agreement, the 2030 Agenda and the committee on nutrition and food development chaired by the climate negotiation process. Some projects (particularly the Ministry of Health. Global Climate Change Alliance + Chad Project) have specific objectives in this regard. 19 Decree No. 1472/PR/MEEP/2018 of 1 August 2018, on the organizational chart of the Ministry of Environment, Water and Fisheries. 4 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLANNING 25 TABLE 2 MAIN SECTORAL STUDIES ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN CHAD Sector Sectoral actions/studies related to climate change adaptation Agriculture and livestock - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Chad Resilience Analysis (2019) - International Fund for Agricultural Development. 2017. Analysis of the climatic and environmental vulnerability of agropastoral systems in central-western Chad - NAP Project (2021): Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change for the agriculture, livestock, fishery and water resource sectors in Chad Water and sanitation - Lake Chad Basin Commission. 2015. Lake Chad Climate Development and Adaptation Plan - NAP Project (2021): Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change for the agriculture, livestock, fishery and water resource sectors in Chad Aquaculture and fishery - NAP Project (2021): Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change for the agriculture, livestock, resources fishery and water resource sectors in Chad Gender and social - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2021. National Gender Profile of protection Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods: Republic of Chad - International Institute for Sustainable Development. Ministry of Environment, Water and Fisheries. 2021. Gender Mainstreaming in the NAP Process in Chad - NAP Project. 2021. Study on mainstreaming gender in the planning and budgeting of the NAP Project of Chad Risk management, - Chad intends to create and operationalize a national scheme with the African Risk Capacity and infrastructure and land- an observatory to prevent and manage risks and natural disasters resulting from vulnerability to use planning climate change20 Health and nutrition - Some projections for disease and malnutrition trends refer to climate change, but few specific studies assess the quantitative impact of climate change on the sector

4.3 EFFORTS TO INTEGRATE ADAPTATION 4.4 KEY GAPS TO INTEGRATING INTO DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND ADAPTATION INTO DEVELOPMENT BUDGETING PLANNING AND BUDGETING As discussed in the section 3.3 “Adaptation policies, plans Although Chad has made some progress in integrating and programmes“, efforts have been made to integrate adaptation needs into its development planning, there adaptation into development plans, particularly the National are several significant gaps and barriers. These are Development Plan and some sectoral strategies, including summarized in the following table with recommendations the National Rural Sector Investment Plan and the Country for addressing them, which are included in the road map. Resilience Priorities of the Global Alliance for Resilience. A number of sectors and sectoral plans refer to resilience and climate change; however, it is important to note that very few sectors have conducted specific studies on the risks and impacts with a view to informing their development actions. These are listed in the table below. 20 National Climate Change Strategy in Chad, 2017 http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/Cha186306.pdf 26 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD TABLE 3 KEY GAPS TO INTEGRATING ADAPTATION INTO DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN CHAD. Note: These points were identified following the situation analysis and consultations with stakeholders for the development of this first NAP. 2121 Gap Recommended solution There is a lack of socio-economic vulnerability analyses, a lack Invest in improved analyses of climate change exposure and of understanding of climate risk and impact on sectors (e.g. vulnerability for priority economic sectors, using quantifiable in terms of number of people affected, economic losses and and mappable indicators where possible. It is imperative that social impact) and a lack of integration with development the analyses provide better socio-economic indicators to inform scenarios. This is a major obstacle to integrating adaptation sector development planning (e.g. estimated economic losses and into planning. quantified impacts on employment and production). In general, most sectoral assessments are quantitative (and rarely semi-quantitative); very few have taken into account spatial variation, geographical information system (GIS) risk mapping. The systematic data collection system is weak, and data Process and centralize all sectoral assessments in a database are scattered across a number of previous projects, often in (preferably in a GIS system) that becomes the reference for isolated reports. climate risk assessments in the country and develop a system for the systematic collection of key adaptation data. There are no in-depth assessments of individual and/or Conduct a capacity needs assessment of key actors and establish institutional capacity needs to improve climate change a baseline to compile key gaps and needs identified through adaptation in Chad. relevant initiatives and direct requests, taking into account complementarity with ongoing initiatives on climate change capacity development by the Green Climate Fund and technical and financial partners. Lack of capacity is cited in all studies and strategies as one of Create a capacity development strategy, with tailored the most limiting factors. The World Bank has assessed Chad performance indicators to build and improve the capacity of “as being significantly inferior in terms of capacity to conduct technical staff in public planning and financing institutions at a risk and impact assessment and plan and implement the national and regional levels with regard to climate change adaptation measures, as well as in terms of adaptive adaptation; hazard, vulnerability and risk assessments; financial capacity.”21 assessments of climate impacts and disaster risks; adaptation planning; and adaptation budgeting tools, particularly to support investment in and the implementation of adaptation options. Linking actions at different levels and addressing the lack of Provide specific support in terms of capacity-building and capacity and resources among local authorities remains a financial and human resources for actors at the local level. major challenge for planning adaptation actions at the local level. 21 World Bank. 2015. Systematic Country Diagnostic. Chad. Systematic Country Diagnostic - World Bank Consultations https://consultations.worldbank. org ‘ materials ‘ d... 4 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLANNING 27 5 INFORMATION ON CLIMATE-RELATED HAZARDS © Sia Kambou_FAO

5.1 AVAILABILITY OF CLIMATE SERVICES IN At the same time, it provides training for volunteer CHAD observers of rainfall, agro-meteorological and climatological stations. It also organizes travelling The National Meteorological Agency is the primary seminars for farmers and ranchers throughout the structure in Chad in charge of producing meteorological country. and/or climatological data and services and making them available to users and partners. This structure falls In 2013, the meteorological network had 22 synoptic stations, under the Ministry of Environment, Water and Fisheries 8 climatological stations, 28 agro-meteorological stations and and fulfils this role—not without difficulty—thanks to 153 rainfall stations.23 The meteorological information derived a multidisciplinary working group, with support from from them includes temperature, rainfall, winds, humidity, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and atmospheric pressure and visual measurements such as regional centres such as the Regional Training Centre dust and cloud types. The resulting meteorological data are for Agrometeorology and Operational Hydrology and exchanged in real time at the global level through the WMO their Applications, the African Centre of Meteorological Global Telecommunication System. Nevertheless, these Applications for Development and others. The Agency different stations did not have all the required instruments should be strengthened by implementing the National and, according to the June 2015 and January 2016 mission Framework for Climate Services,22 the multidisciplinary reports of the National Meteorological Office, at least two approach of which should be advocated. In addition, stations are closed each year owing to a lack of equipment other partners should be involved, including, first and and/or observers. In 2018, there were only 18 synoptic stations, foremost, the network of early warning systems (e.g. the 1 climatological station, 4 agro-meteorological stations and Famine Early Warning Systems Network, the Vulnerability 87 rainfall stations. Currently, with the support of several Analysis and Mapping of the World Food Programme, technical and financial partners, the Agency has expanded the European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid its facilities with over a hundred automatic synoptic weather Operations, etc.), the network of NGOs supporting local stations in which data on over a dozen climatic parameters development initiatives and teaching and research are automatically transmitted to a server at the central level. institutes (i.e. universities). In addition, over 200 direct reading rain gauges are provided. The meteorological and/or climatological products and The spatial distribution of these stations, as seen in the services developed and made available to end users and following figure, is such that their network, which was already partners by the National Meteorological Agency are: very uneven, does not provide adequate coverage for the national territory and does not meet the needs of users in - decadal agro-meteorological bulletins and terms of the meteorological data necessary to prevent and seasonal forecast bulletins (cumulative rainfall warn of climate-related disasters such as droughts and floods for the months of July, August and September) for in the fields of agriculture, water, health and the prevention agro-meteorological monitoring of agropastoral of hydro-meteorological disasters. Indeed, many significant campaigns regions and populations that are vulnerable to climate-related - agro-meteorological assistance to producers, disasters are not covered by this network at all. through agro-meteorological advice and operational calendars of sowing dates It is noted that the collection of observed meteorological - weather watch and assistance to the general public, data is poor, often intermittent and incomplete by station; through daily weather forecast bulletins and therefore, it can only result in fragmented and unreliable climatological studies data series. The financial capacities allocated hardly allow for consistent, reliable records.24 22 As outlined in the Implementation Plan for the Global Framework for Climate Services, adopted in October 2012 by the Extraordinary Session of the World Meteorological Congress, in the Action Plan to Implement the National Climate Services Framework in Chad (2016–2020). https://www.fao.org/ faolex/results/details/fr/c/LEX-FAOC173478/ 23 National Climate Services Framework. 24 Information on the vertical profile of the atmosphere is provided only periodically by a radio sounding and only on the synoptic stations of N’Djamena and Sarh; spare parts for the maintenance of equipment are unavailable; and weather radars acquired under the Operation Cloud Seeding Project were not installed until 2016, for financial reasons. 5 INFORMATION ON CLIMATE-RELATED HAZARDS 29 FIGURE 3 THE METEOROLOGICAL WEATHER NETWORK BY TYPE OF STATION Source : Action Plan to Implement the National Climate Services Framework of Chad (2016–2020) Figure ۲ : Le réseau météorologique national par type de stations

5.2 OBSERVED CLIMATE 1961–1990. Indeed, the 300 mm isohyet, slightly above the fourteenth parallel (figure 6a) has retreated to the Numerous Lors de l’atelier scientific studiesde 25 l’initiative sur le CNSC, le service de suivi de stations et de la qualité on climate in the subregion thirteenth parallel, except in the east (figure 6c); the 1,200 have showndesadonnées continuous météorologiques faisait état increase in temperature (figuremm and in- ۲) de : isohyet, which is near the eighth parallel during the creased variability ۲۲ in rainfall since stations the 1990s.et ۰۸ stations period synoptiques 1951–1980, is climatologiques adjacentleto the qui selon country’s southern classement normé de l’Organisation Météorologique Mondiale border during (OMM) thesont periodsouvent 1971–2000.placées au Indeed, withniveau regard to desprecipitation, aéroports et after a sequence of aérodromes pour les besoins immédiats de la navigation wet years covering aérienne.the Les 1950s and 1960s, followed by paramètres a se- météorologiques As withde issus all ces Sahelian countries, types de Chadsont stations has : la suffered a near- quence of dry years in the 1970s température, la and especially pluie, dry years in les vents, persistent l’humidité, drought since the la pression 1960s that et atmosphérique continues des in the north the 1980s (but with a general mesures visuelles downward telles quetrend), la inter-an- poussière, les while moving types de southward nuages. at Lesa rate of 3 km per year. informations et 26 nual variations have become données more irregular météorologiques since the mesurées sont échangées en temps réel, au niveau 1990s, but with relatively mondial, à better travers lerainfall. SystèmeSince 2000, Mondial de With there regard to(SMT) Transmission changesde in l’OMM. temperature, as shown in the figures have been periods of heavy and intense rainfall. The figure below, the average minimum and maximum temperatures, below shows۲۸the stations agrométéorologiques équipées de même types d’instruments les stations change in the national index of annual ranging from 19°C to 21°C and 34°C to +37°C, respectively, have secondaires (climatologiques), dont la fréquence d’observations se diffèrent, dans rainfall totals from 1950 to 2016. recorded respective increases of 0.5°C to 1.7°C and 0°C to 1.34°C ce type de station, on relève en plus de paramètres mesurés dans les stations since the 1950s, depending on the station. These increases are climatologiques, les informations sur la phénologie des cultures; In addition to high inter-annual variability, precipitation almost double that of the average global temperature in the has been above۱٥۳average postes overpluviométriques several years sincequi relèvent 20th the 1990s, uniquement les 27 Century (i.e. 0.6°C).hauteurs des pluies tombées dans les localités où ils particularly in the Sahelian zone, compared to a decrease in sont installés. precipitation Les trends rapports during de the deuxrainy season. missions de la DGMN (juin ۲۰۱٥ et janvier ۲۰۱٦) font récentes apparaitre que l’on assiste à la fermeture d’au moins deux (۰۲) stations d’observations Similarly,par the an spatial distribution et pour of causes plusieursprecipitation has les dont also principales sont : le manque d’équipement seen changes, et/ou as le shown manque by the change in isohyets for the d’observateur. periods 1951–1980 and 1971–2000 and the normal period En effet, on dénombre actuellement ۱۸ stations synoptiques, ٤ stations agrométéorologiques dont certains fonctionnent soit avec ٤/۳ des instruments 25 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 and 2014; AGRHYMET/CILSS (Ly et al., 2013; Alhassane et al., 2014; Sarr et al., 2015; in Country Pro- gramme, Republic of Chad, Green Climate Fund, 2019). Plan d’action 26 Global Facility nationalReduction for Disaster pour la miseand en œuvre du CNSC Recovery, 2017.Tchad 24 27 Duma et al., 2005 and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001, in the second National Communication on Climate Change, Chad, Ministry of Urban and Rural Hydraulics, 2012. 30 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD 1.2.1.4- Précipitations FIGURE 4 Les pluies au Tchad se caractérisent par une grande variabilité interannuelle et intermensuelle. CHANGES IN THE NATIONAL ANNUAL CUMULATIVE RAINFALL INDEX FROM 1950 TO 2016 Plusieurs facteurs peuvent entrer en jeu pour expliquer ces variabilités. Il s’agit, entre autres, des Source: National Meteorological Office, 2017; in Country Programme, Republic of Chad, Green Climate Fund, 2019. facteurs internes liés à la complexité des interactions au sein de l’atmosphère, entre l’atmosphère et les océans et aux conditions locales. A l’instar des pays du Sahel, le Tchad a été touché par le phénomène de rupture climatique entre les années 60 et 70. D’une manière générale il existe, autour des années 1968-1972, une cassure dans la série des cumuls annuels (cf. Fig.1 et Fig 2). La moyenne des cumuls annuels observée après la cassure est de l’ordre de 30 % inférieure à celle d’avant la cassure. Il y a donc eu manifestement un changement de régime pluviométrique au Tchad après 1970. S’agit-il ici d’une manifestation d’un changement durable du climat dû à l’action de l’homme ou d’une simple variabilité naturelle du climat. Il est difficile de donner une réponse nette à cette question sans avoir mené des études ٥ statistiques et scientifiques pertinentes. D’une manière ٤ générale, on peut retenir de ce changement du régime pluviométrique, les forts Indices des précipitations déficits pluviométriques ۳ enregistrés au cours des années 80 dans la plus part des localités du pays. Cependant on a assisté ۲ à partir de 1998 à une reprise des précipitations (voir fig.3 et fig.4) sur l’ensemble du territoire, ۱ mais qui n’a pas modifié de façon sensible la tendance en baisse de ce paramètre lorsque l’on considère une longue période. Cette reprise s’est maintenue au cours des ۰ années 2000 avec des pluies excédentaires et de fortes intensités par endroit. ۱- ۱۹۳٤ ۱۹۳۸ ۱۹٤٤ ۱۹٤۸ ۱۹٥۳ ۱۹٥۷ ۱۹٦۱ ۱۹٦٥ ۱۹٦۹ ۱۹۷۳ ۱۹۷۷ ۱۹۸۱ ۱۹۸٥ ۱۹۸۹ ۱۹۹۳ ۱۹۹۷ ۲۰۰۱ ۲۰۰٥ Figure 2 :FIGURE Evolution 5 interannuelle de 1950 à 2016 de l’indice ۲-4 national de cumuls pluviométriques annuels. (Source, Direction de la Météorologie Nationale du Tchad, 2017) ۳- Année CHANGES IN THE PRECIPITATION 3 Indices des précipitations INDEX FROM 1932 TO 2006 AT THE Un accroissement continu des températures depuis Figure2 lesdes 4 : Indices années 90 de la station de Moundou précipitations N’DJAMENA STATION 1 L’examen des isohyètes Source : Second National Communication ci-dessous fait ressortir qu’il y a une modification dans la répartition des Dans la station deChange, on Climate N’Djamena, la hausse Chad, Ministry de température est of Urban précipitations pour les continue depuis le début des années 80 pour les températures 0 périodes 1951-1980, 1971-2000 et la normale 1961-1990. L’iso ligne 300 minimalesandetRural au milieu des Hydraulics, années 90mm 2012. pourqui les températures se trouvait maximales légèrement au dessus du(figure 2a et 2b). 14ème parallèle La s’est (fig.5a) hausse retirédes vers températures le sud pour se -1 1932 1936 1940 1945 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 minimales et maximales, au cours de ces deuxsur le 13 positionner dernièresparallèle ème décennies considérées même si sa branche Estcomme étant sur s’est localisée lesleplus chaudes,(fig. 14ème parallèle est respectivement de +1,5 °C et +1° C. 5c). L’iso ligne 1200 -2 mm quant à elle a failli quitter le territoire du pays lorsqu’on considère la moyennes de précipitations pour la période 1971-2000 alors qu’elle se localisait aux environs de 8º -3 N dans le cas de la moyenne pour la période 1951-1980. Année Les précipitations de la période 1951- 1980 ont été donc nettement excédentaires par rapport à celles de la période 1971-2000. Elles le sont également par rapport à l’actuelle normale (fig.5b) mais pas de manière très significative. Figure.3 : Indices des précipitations de la station de N’Djaména FIGURE 6 a) b) c) CHANGE IN AVERAGE ISOHYETS BETWEEN ۲۲ ۲۲ ۲۲ ۲۲ 1951 AND 2000 ۲۰ ۲۰ ۲۰ ۲۰ ۱۸ ۱۸ ۱۸ ۱۸ ۱٦ ۱٦ ۱٦ ۱٦ ۱٤ ۱٤ ۱٤ ۱٤ Figure 3 Evolution interannuelle de 1951 à 2013 de l’indice des températures minimales moyennes annuelles à N’Djaména ۱۲ ۱۲ ۱۲ ۱۲ 34 et Evolution interannuelle de 1951 à 2013 de l’indice des températures maximales moyennes annuelles à N’Djaména (Source, ۱۰ ۱۰ ۱۰ ۱۰ Direction de la Météorologie Nationale du Tchad, 2016). ۸ ۸ ۸ ۸ ۱٤ ۱٦ ۱۸ ۲۰ ۲۲ ۲٤ ۱٤ ۱٦ ۱۸ ۲۰ ۲۲ ۲٤ ۱٤ ۱٦ ۱۸ ۲۰ ۲۲ ۲٤ : Figure 5 : Isohyètes : a) Moyennes 1951-1980 b) Normale 1961-1990 c) Moyennes 1971-2000 11 5 INFORMATION ON CLIMATE-RELATED HAZARDS 31 ۳٥ al., 2005) et (GIEC,2001) et constituent un signal significatif pour les changements climatiques. être affectée, quelque soit l’augmentation des précipitations. Les perturbations du climat liées au Si cette tendance se réchauffement maintient climatique dans au observéesl’avenir, coursla des situation des décennies dernières écosystèmesont déjà précaire pourrait caractérisées en par des être affectée, épisodes quelque de fortes soit dont chaleursl’augmentation les plus des précipitations. remarquables Les des sont celles perturbations années du climat et 1981-1987 liées au 1997- réchauffement 1999. climatique A N’djaména observées au la température cours des moyenne dernières a été décennies de 42.6°C sont 1999 en avril caractérisées avec unpar des record épisodes journalièrededefortes 46°C.chaleurs dont les plus remarquables sont celles des années 1981-1987 et 1997- 1999. A N’djaména la température moyenne a été de 42.6°C en avril 1999 avec un record journalière de 46°C. y = 0,0202x - 0,4627 5 4 FIGURE 7 y = 0,0202x - 0,4627 53 MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE INDEX AND 42 Indices des Tmax REGRESSION LINE FOR N’DJAMENA 31 Indices des Tmax Source : Second National Communication on 20 Climate Change, Chad, Ministry of Urban and Rural -1 1 Hydraulics, 2012. -2 0 -3 -1 -4 -2 -5 -3 1950 1956 1962 1967 1971 1975 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 -4 Anné e s -5  1950 1956 1962 1967 1971 1975 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005  Anné e s    FIGURE 8 5 y = 0,0466x - 1,094  MINIMUM TEMPERATURE INDEX AND 4 y = 0,0466x - 1,094 REGRESSION LINE FOR N’DJAMENA 53 Indices des Tmin 42 Source : Second National Communication on Indices des Tmin Climate Change, Chad, Ministry of Urban and Rural 31 Hydraulics, 2012. 20 -1 1 -2 0 -3 -1 -4 -2 -5 -3 -4 1954 1958 1950 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 Anné e s -5  1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002  Anné e s    The other climate variables that are most  often measured Among extreme weather events, the National Disaster Risk and monitored for the country are characterized as follows: Management Strategy and Action Plan of Chad, adopted in 2020, highlights drought and flooding as the most 33 - The relative humidity in the air over the entire significant. They are often the cause of recurrent disasters country remains between 10 percent and 95 percent. with considerable impacts on the population and the 33 It registers the lowest values between November environment. and February and the highest values between May and September, with a peak in August. It therefore It is clear from table 4 that droughts impact a much larger experiences a seasonal change identical to that of the number of people. Nevertheless, the frequency and impacts precipitation. of floods have been increasing in recent years, according to - Evaporation varies highly by location, with a data from the United Nations Office for the Coordination of strong gradient between arid and humid areas Humanitarian Affairs. and a seasonal variation that follows that of air temperature. Its annual values range from 2,000 mm to 3,000 mm in the Sahelian zone and approximately 2,000 mm in the Sudanian zone. - The sunshine duration experiences little variation from November to May, when its value is close to 9 hours per day on average. The minimum is about 6–7 hours per day and is observed in August. 32 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD TABLE 4 HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL DISASTERS BETWEEN 1969 AND 2016 (SOURCE: NATIONAL DISASTER RISK MANAGE- MENT STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CHAD). TYPE OF NUMBER OF PEOPLE DISASTER DATE MAIN REGIONS AFFECTED AFFECTED Drought October Kanem, Tibesti, Borkou, Ennedi (East and West), Lac, Bahr el Gazel, 900,000 1969 Batha, Ouaddaï, Wadi Fira, Sila, Guéra, Hadjer-Lamis, Mayo-Kebbi (East and West) Drought November Kanem, Tibesti, Borkou, Ennedi (East and West), Lac, Bahr el Gazel, 1,500,000 1981 Batha, Ouaddaï, Wadi Fira, Sila, Chari-Baguirmi, Hadjer-Lamis, Guéra, Tandjilé, Mayo-Kebbi (East and West) Drought 1984–1985 Sahelian and Sudanian band 1,458,000, of which 948,000 were in the Sahelian zone and 510,000 were in the Sudanian zone Flooding 1988 Lac, Mayo-Kebbi (East and West), Moyen-Chari, Tandjilé, Logone 47,000 (Eastern and Western), Ouaddaï, Sila, Salamat, Guéra, Kanem Drought December Kanem, Tibesti, Borkou, Ennedi (East and West), Lac, Bahr el Gazel, 800,000 1993 Batha, Ouaddaï, Wadi Fira, Sila, Chari-Baguirmi, Hadjer-Lamis, Guéra, Tandjilé, Mayo-Kebbi (East and West) Flooding 1995 Lac, Mayo-Kebbi (East and West), Moyen-Chari, Tandjilé, Logone 81,000 (Eastern and Western), Ouaddaï, Sila, Salamat, Guéra, Kanem Drought 1997 Kanem, Tibesti, Borkou, Ennedi (East and West), Lac, Bahr el Gazel, 356,000 Batha, Ouaddaï, Wadi Fira, Sila, Guéra, Hadjer-Lamis, Mayo-Kebbi (East and West) Flooding August 1999 Chari-Baguirmi, N’Djamena, East Mayo-Kebbi, Tandjilé, Logone 173,506 (Eastern and Western), Moyen-Chari, Salamat, Batha, Lac Drought January Kanem, Tibesti, Borkou, Ennedi (East and West), Lac, Bahr el Gazel, 800,000 2001 Batha, Ouaddaï, Wadi Fira, Sila, Guéra, Hadjer-Lamis, Mayo-Kebbi (East and West) Flooding August 2001 Chari-Baguirmi, N’Djamena, East Mayo-Kebbi, Tandjilé, Logone 175,763 (Eastern and Western), Moyen-Chari, Salamat, Batha, Lac Flooding 2007 Lac, Batha, Ouaddaï, Salamat, Kanem, N’Djamena, Mayo-Kebbi (East 170,000 and West), Logone, Moyen-Chari, Tandjilé, Chari-Baguirmi, Sila, Guéra, Hadjer-Lamis Drought December Kanem, Tibesti, Borkou, Ennedi (East and West), Lac, Bahr el Gazel, 2,400,000 2009 Batha, Ouaddaï, Wadi Fira, Sila, Guéra, Hadjer-Lamis Flooding 2010 Lac, Batha, Ouaddaï, Salamat, Kanem, N’Djamena, Mayo-Kebbi (East 145,000 and West), Logone (Eastern and Western), Moyen-Chari, Tandjilé, Mayo- Kebbi (East and West), Chari-Baguirmi, Sila, Guéra, Hadjer-Lamis Drought June 2012 Kanem, Tibesti, Borkou, Ennedi (East and West), Lac, Bahr el Gazel, 1,600,000 Batha, Ouaddaï, Wadi Fira, Sila, Guéra, Hadjer-Lamis, Mayo-Kebbi (East and West) Flooding September Lac, Batha, Ouaddai, Salamat, Kanem, N’Djaména, Mayo —Kebbi (Est et 700 00028 2012 Ouest), les deux Logones, le Moyen — Chari, Tandjilé, Chari-Baguirmi, Sila, Guera, Hadjar -Lamis. 28 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Chad: Humanitarian Snapshot (as of 24 September 2012), N’Djamena, Chad, 2012. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/SS-2012-TCD_121002.pdf 5 INFORMATION ON CLIMATE-RELATED HAZARDS 33

5.3 SCENARIOS AND PROJECTIONS FIGURE 9 ILLUSTRATION OF UNCERTAINTY IN PRECIPITATION Chad does not have many studies on projections and PROJECTIONS IN CHAD the evolution of climate-related hazards. The most detailed projections were made in the second National Communication on Climate Change, which is over 10 years old. Almost all climate change studies in Chad are based on these projections. The 2021 Climate Risk Profile for Chad by the German Agency for International Cooperation represents the most recent assessment and presents clear, synthesized information on the impacts as well as uncertainties in the models. This risk profile is based on data and analysis generated by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project.29 This section also used data from climateinformation. org, a service developed by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute on behalf of WMO, the World Climate Research Programme and the Green Climate Fund. This site provides instant climate change summary reports for any location in the world as well as easy access to a number of precalculated climate indicators based on state- of-the-art climate science. Data from the Climate Risk Profile for Chad by the German Agency for International Cooperation and from the climateinformation.org website highlight the high degree of uncertainty in climate model projections and the high degree of disagreement among models, particularly for all water-related projections. It is therefore very important to consider this degree of uncertainty when planning and deciding on adaptation measures. 29 See https://www.isimip.org. 34 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD

5.3.1 Precipitation Using the median of the projections, another more recent The projections of variations in rainfall for 2030, 2050 and analysis indicates an increase in mean annual precipitation 2100 presented in the second National Communication of 32 mm under Representative Concentration Pathway vary greatly, according to the country’s zones. They project (RCP) 2.6 and 50 mm under RCP6.0 by 2080, relative to little or no change in rainfall in the south but anticipate 2000.31 It should be noted that precipitation projections a sharp decrease in the Sahelian zone and the southern are highly uncertain owing to the high natural variability part of the Saharan zone. This is estimated as a decrease from year to year, high level of uncertainty and differences of 20 percent in 2030 and could reach 70 percent in 2100, between models.32 compared to the 2000–2009 average. In contrast, the north could experience an increase in rainfall according to these projections.30 FIGURE 10 DIFFERENCES IN RAINFALL FOR 2030, 2050 AND 2100 COMPARED TO 2000–2009 Source : Second National Communication on Climate Change, Chad, Ministry of Urban and Rural Hydraulics, 2012. 14 16 18 20 22 24 24 24 24 24 b) c) a) 22 22 22 22 20 20 20 20 18 18 18 Précipitations 18 Les projections de précipitations sont moins certaine 16 16 16 projections de température en16raison de la variabilité élevée d’une année à l’autre (figure 4). Parmi les quat 14 14 14 14 climatiques sur lesquels s’appuie cette analyse, un pr tendance à la baisse des précipitations annuelles mo 12 12 12 12 Tchad, un ne prévoit aucun changement et deux prév fortes hausses en vertu du RCP6.0. Par rapport à l’an 10 10 10 10 la médiane des projections montre une augmentatio moyenne des précipitations annuelles de 32 mm en 8 8 8 8 RCP2.6 et de 50 mm en vertu du RCP6.0 d’ici à 2080. 14 16 18 20 22 24 14 16 18 20 22 24 14 16 18 20 22 24  Fig. 711: Variation des précipitations (%) FIGURE AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION Précipitationsa) en 2030 PROJECTIONS INb) en 2050 CHAD c) en 2100 FOR DIFFERENT Variation de précipitation (mm/an) 12 100 Jours de fortes précipitations GREENHOUSE Les projections de GASmoins précipitations sont EMISSION SCENARIOS, certaines que les 11 4.2.2.2- RELATIVE en Variation TOraison saisonnière selon 2000 de la variabilité naturelle la latitude 75 projections de température 10 Source élevée d’une année : German à l’autre Agency (figure for International 4). Parmi les quatre modèles 50 (nombre/année) Cooperation. 2021. Climate Risk Profile, Chad. 9 Figure 5 : Projecti climatiques sur lesquels s’appuie cette analyse, un prévoit une du nombre de jou 25 Pour12 FIGURE tendance à la baisse des apprécier la précipitations répartition annuelles saisonnière des précipitations, ont été Figure moyennes au utilisées 84 : les données Moyenne mensuelles annuelle des de fortes précipita simulées et celles de la normale 1961-1990. 0 figure 12 ci-dessousprojections La présente 7 de précipitations au cette répartition au Tchad pour dif pour PROJECTIONS FOR THE NUMBER OF DAYS OF Tchad, un ne prévoit aucun changement et deux prévoient de Tchad pour différents scénarios scénarios d’émiss fortes hausses enHEAVY les du vertu RAINFALL différents RCP6.0. ParINrapport CHAD,à Si horizons. COMPARED l’année TO seulement 2000, trois 25 latitudes (13,75 N, 11,25N et 6 08,75N) d’émissions de été choisies, ontrapport GES, par de GES, par rappo la médiane des 2000 projections montre une augmentation ème de la à l’année 2000. l’année 2000. c’est qu’au-delà du 13 parallèle, il n’y a pas2010 de stations2070disposant d’une 2030 2050 2010 2030série 2050de2070 données moyenne des Source précipitations annuelles : German Agencyde for32 mm en vertu du International Cooperation. Année Année couvrant 2021. RCP2.6 et de 50 mm enClimate laRCP6.0 Risk vertu du période Profile, Chadànormale d’ici 2080. 1961-1990. Comme le montre la figure 15, la marche saisonnière des précipitations aux horizons 2030, 2050 et 2100 est presque identique à celle de la normale. Les 30 Second National Communication, 2012, https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/tcdnc2.pdf. pluies débutent pratiquement en mars et prennent fin en novembre, et août reste le mois le plus 31 German Agency for International Cooperation. 2021. Climate Risk Profile, Chad, https://agrica.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/GIZ_Climate-risk-pro- pluvieux. file-Chad_EN_final.pdf. 12 32 See https://climateinformation.org. Fortes précipitations urs de fortes précipitations 11 Cependant, il faut noter que d’un horizonEnà un autre, réaction au les quantités des réchauffement pluies climatique, projetées les épisodes pour ce mois de fortes ème précipitations ème 10 diminuent surtout au niveau des 11 et 13 parallèles. Par rapport à la normale, ces quantités devraient redoubler d’intensité dans de nom- breuses parties du monde sachant que, lorsque l’atmosphère est (nombre/année) 9 sont nettement inférieures Figure 5 : Projectionsau niveau de toutes les latitudes choisies.ONPar 5 INFORMATION contre, les CLIMATE-RELATED quantités HAZARDS plus chaude, sa capacité de rétention de vapeur d’eau augmente. 35 de du nombre de journées 8 précipitationsdedes fortespremiers mois (mars, Le précipitations avril et de nombre mai) et des journées derniers de fortes mois devrait précipitations (octobre et novembre) également au Tchad pour différents 7 excéderont les normales scénarios de ces mois. En d’autres termes, le début t la fin de saisons d’émissions augmenter. Cette tendance se retrouve dans les projections clima-de pluies l’intervalle central) et la fourchette très probable (90 % de l’intervalle central toute les projections des modèles. Comment lire les cartes Les couleurs représentent les valeurs médianes d’un ensemble multi-modèles de valeurs moyennes sur 31 ans en vertu du RCP2.6 (rangée supérieure) et du RCP6.0 (rangée inférieure) pour différentes périodes de 31 ans (année centrale indiquée en haut de chaq colonne). Les couleurs de la colonne la plus à gauche montrent ces valeurs pour la période de référence (barre de couleur à gauch Les couleurs des autres colonnes indiquent les différences par rapport à cette période de référence (barre de couleur à droite). La présenceHeavy precipitation (absence) de pointevents are autres dans les expected to colonnesincrease in qu’auFIGURE indique moins 13(moins de) 75 % de tous les modèles concordent sur la Changements climatiques prévus intensity in différence en many question. parts Pour en of the plus savoir world,sur since les a warmer figures AIRprésentées et analyses TEMPERATURE PROJECTIONS dans ce FOR CHAD profil, veuillez vous reporter aux informa atmosphere increases its capacity to hold water vapour. complémentaires sur la lecture du profil de risque climatique. Source : German Agency for International Comment lire les graphiques linéaires Cooperation. 2021. Some climate projection models for Chad predict an increase Climatehistorique Risk Profile, Chad.meilleure estimation Les lignes et les zones grisées mo in the number of days with heavy rainfall, from 7 per year in ensemble multi-modèles sur 31 a RCP2.6 fourchette probable du RCP6.0 (rouge). Les lignes rep 2000 to 9 per year (RCP2.6) and 10 per year (RCP6.0) in 2080. RCP6.0 fourchette très probable l’ensemble multi-modèles) et les Température

5.3.2 Temperature l’intervalle central) et la fourchet toute les projections des modèle 4.0 Variation de la température The temperature simulations of the second National Comment lire les cartes En réaction à la hausse des concentrations en gaz à effet de serre Communication therefore show increases over the entire 3.5 Les couleurs représentent les valeurs médianes d’un ensemble multi-modèles de vale (GES), la température de l’air country by 2030, 2050auand Tchad devrait 2100. augmenter The expected de increases (rangée supérieure) et du RCP6.0 (rangée inférieure) pour différentes périodes de 31 a colonne). Les 3.0couleurs de la colonne la plus à gauche montrent ces valeurs pour la pér 2,1 °C à 4,3 °C (fourchette would be, très probable) d’ici à 2080 par rapport on average: de l'air (°C) Les couleurs des autres colonnes indiquent les différences par rapport à cette période à l’année 1876, en fonction des différents scénarios d’émissions présence (absence) de point dans les autres colonnes indique qu’au moins (moins de) 7 2.5 - 1.2°C by 2030, 2.2°C by 2050 and 4.1°C by 2100, in the différence en question. Pour en savoir plus sur les figures et analyses Figure 2 : présentées Projectionsdans de GES (figure 2). Par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels, la Saharan zone, between the sixteenth and twenty- complémentaires sur la lecture du profil de risque climatique. 2.0 de température de médiane des hausses de température des modèles climatiques au fourth parallels l’air au Tchad pour Tchad atteint - 1 .3°C by2,1 environ 2030, 2.4°C by °C en 20302050 and°C et 2,5 4.5°C enby 2100et 2050 inen the2080 1.5 différents scénarios regions between the tenth and sixteenth parallels Température d’émission de GES. 4 en vertu du scénario de réduction des émissions RCP2.6. Pour le 4.0 Variation de la température - 1.2°C by 2030, 2.2°C by 2050 and 4.2°C by 2100 in the 2010 En réaction à la hausse des 2030 2050en gaz concentrations 2070 à effet de serre scénario d’émissions moyennes Sudanian zone à élevées (RCP6.0), la médiane Annéedevrait augmenter de (GES), la température de l’air au Tchad 3.5 des hausses de température des modèles climatiques s’élève à 2,1 °C à 4,3 °C (fourchette très probable) d’ici à 2080 par rapport 3.0 de l'air (°C) Analyses 2,1 °C en 2030, 2,6 °Cbyenthe German 2050 et Agency 3,5 °C en for International 2080. à l’année 1876, en fonction des différents scénarios d’émissions 2.5 Cooperation are consistent and predict that air temperature de GES (figure 2). Par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels, la médiane des hausses de température des modèles climatiques au 2.0 in Chad is expected to increase by 2.1°C to 4.3°C (very likely Tchad atteint environ 2,1 °C en 2030 et 2,5 °C en 2050 et en 2080 1.5 range) by 2080, compared to 1876, depending on different FIGURE 14 2000 greenhouse gas2030 2050 Relative to2080 emission scenarios. pre- Journées très chaudes en vertu du scénario de réduction des émissions RCP2.6. Pour le 2010 PROJECTIONS scénario d’émissionsFOR THE à moyennes ANNUAL NUMBER élevées (RCP6.0), la OF médiane industrial levels, the median temperature increase from VERY des HOTdeDAYS hausses IN CHAD température des modèles climatiques s’élève à climate models in Chad is approximately 2.1°C by 2030 Parallèlement 2,1 °C en 2030, 2,6Agency °C 2050 à laet hausse des températures annuelles moy 3,5 °C en 2080. Source : German for International Cooperation. 2021. and 2.5°C by 2050 and 2080 under the RCP2.6 emissions ClimateleRisk nombre de journées très chaudes par an (journées dura Profile, Chad. RCP2.6 reduction scenario. For the medium-to-high emissions lesquelles 2000 la 2030 température2050maximale dépasse 35 °C) devra 2080 scenario (RCP6.0), the increase in median temperature Journées t from climate models is 2.1°C in 2030, 2.6°C in 2050, and menter avec un degré de certitude élevé dans l’ensemble d Parallèlement 3.5°C in 2080. The number of very hot days per year (days (figure 3). En vertu du scénario des émissions le moyennes nombre de àj in which the maximum temperature exceeds 35°C) is also RCP2.6 RCP6.0, la médiane de l’ensemble multi-modèles (moyenn lesquelles la te expected to increase across the country with a high degree menter avec u of certainty. For the RCP6.0 scenario, the median of the l’ensemble du pays) prévoit 17 journées très chaudes en p (figure 3). En v multiple models (averaged over the entire country) predicts an en 2030 par rapport à 2000, 31 en 2050 et 49 en 2080. RCP6.0, la méd D 17 additional very hot days per year in 2030, 31 additional l’ensemble certaines parties du pays, particulièrement dans le centre, du RCP6.0 days in 2050 and 49 additional days in 2080, compared an en 2030 par équivaut à plus de 300 journées très chaudes parcertaines an d’ici à to 2000. In some parts of the country, particularly in the parti RCP6.0 équivaut à plu centre, this equates to over 300 very hot days per year by 2080. 50 100 150 200 250 75 50 25 0 25 50 75 50 100 150 200 250 75 50 25 0 25 50 75 Jours très chauds (nombre/année) Différence par rapport à 2000 Jours très chauds (nombre/année) Différence par rapport à 2000 Figure 3 : Projections du nombre annuel de journées très chaudes (température maximale quotidienne supérieure à 35 °C) au Tchad pour Figure 3 : Projections du nombre annuel de journées très chaudes différents scénarios d’émissions de GES. (température maximale quotidienne supérieure à 35 °C) au Tchad pour différents scénarios d’émissions de GES. 4 Les changements sont exprimés par rapport aux niveaux de l’année 1876 et utilisent l’évolution de la temp 2000 comme mesure de substitution pour le réchauffement historique observé au cours de cette période. 4 Les changements sont exprimés par rapport aux niveaux de l’année 1876 et utilisent l’évolution de la température médiane sur l’ensemble multi-modèles entre 2000 comme mesure de substitution pour le réchauffement historique observé au 4 cours de cette période. 4 36 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD

5.4 BUSH FIRES Generally speaking, active fires are concentrated in the southern part of the Guéra Region around Lake Fitri and are Although rarely mentioned, bush fires are also a significant found more sporadically in the northern part of the Batha hazard to consider in Chad. Their intensity and frequency Region. The fires detected are primarily located around appear to be increasing, but very few studies or data wetlands and often linked to agricultural practices. Fire exist. These fires strongly influence the dynamics of frequency studies should be discussed with stakeholders at Sahelian agroecosystems. Depending on the region, they the local level to determine the impact of these events on are considered either as a scourge, a tool for agricultural agropastoral practices and thus determine the level of risk management or a means of natural resource management. that these fires pose to the population.33 FIGURE 15 AVERAGE DETECTION OF ACTIVE FIRES FOR THE LAST 15 YEARS arte  21  :  M Source oyenne   des  d : Centre for étections   International Cooperation indes   feux   Agronomic ctifs  p Research for our  les   Development. 15  d International ernières   Fund for Agriculturalannées   Development. 2017. Analysis of the climate and environmental vulnerability of agropastoral systems in central-western Chad.     nfin,  l’analyse  de  la  répartition  du  cumul  des  pluies  au  Tchad  montre  que  le  risque  d’inondatio   concentre  33climate Centre for International Cooperation in Agronomic Research for Development. International Fund for Agricultural Development. 2017. Analysis of the hors   and de   la   vulnerability environmental zone   of agropastoral d’intérêt.   Il  in reste   systems éanmoins   central-western Chad. Ibra une  of the climate et al. 2017. Analysis incertitude   sur   l’extensio and environmental vulnerability of agropastoral systems in central-western Chad. Final report. Montpellier (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/584478/) aximale  du  lac  Fitri  qui  peut  atteindre  jusqu’à  1300  km².  Les  plaines  inondées  située  au  de   vière  Batha  ont  un  faible  risque  pour  les  agropasteurs.   5 INFORMATION ON CLIMATE-RELATED HAZARDS 37 arte  22  :  Estimation  des  pluies  accumulées  sur  le  bassin  du  lac  Tchad   6 VULNERABILITY FACTORS © UN - CHAD The fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel Chad was ranked 182nd out of 182 countries in the 2020 on Climate Change presents a framework for assessing Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative Index. The Index climate risks with a revised definition of vulnerability as summarizes a country’s vulnerability to climate change and the propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. other global challenges in combination with preparedness Vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts or elements, to improve resilience. This ranking indicates that Chad has including sensitivity or fragility and the inability to cope and extremely high levels of vulnerability and low levels of adapt. preparedness to adapt to climate change.34 The risk associated with climate change arises from the link The INFORM Risk Index provides a comprehensive and between climate-related hazards (including trends and open-ended assessment of the risk of humanitarian crises extreme weather) and the vulnerability and exposure of and disasters, which can support prevention, preparedness human and natural systems. Changes in socio-economic and response planning. The Index is broken down to the processes are the main causes of vulnerability. subnational level for the Sahel countries35 and provides a good source of information on vulnerability factors. Analysing and modelling these changes is also important for a complete understanding of that risk. In the case of Chad, where climate models disagree and there is a high level of uncertainty, adaptation should focus more on the socio- economic processes that are the sources of vulnerabilities. Indeed, adaptation decisions should prioritize options to reduce vulnerability and exposure. FIGURE 16 KEY ISSUES ADDRESSED IN THE CONTRIBUTIONS MADE BY WORKING GROUP II TO THE FIFTH ASSESSMENT REPORT Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, AR-5. 34 2020 Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative Index, Available from https://gain-new.crc.nd.edu. Accessed August 2021. 35 See https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Subnational-Risk/Sahel/moduleId/1798/id/383/controller/Admin/action/Results. 6 VULNERABILITY FACTORS 39 Main findings FIGURE 17 COMPONENTS OF THE INFORM RISK INDEX Source : Source: INFORM-Risk. Available from https://drmkc.jrc. ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM- Risk/Methodology. According to the Index, Chad has a very high level of risk (ranked fifth in the world). The Index also indicates a very high level of vulnerability (sixth in the world) and a lack of means and capacities to adapt (second in the world). Figure 1: INFORM summari ses the multitude Figur of factors contributing to the risk for show FIGURE 18 disas humanitarian crises and disasters into a single RISK PROFILE OF CHAD ACCORDINGindex. TO THE INFORM RISK INDEX Source : INFORM-Risk. Available from https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Risk/Country-Profile. As a composite indicator, INFORM : • ranks countries according to the like in the near future ; • creates a risk profile for every countr components of risk ; • allows for trend analysis because the least 5consecutiveyears. Related and future JRC work The JRC is actively involved in the continuousdev methodological improvements for more accurate of new and better(more complete, represent becomes available. The main model is expect comparability over the yea rs and trend analysis. risk at the sub -national level. The JRC and INFO and national counterparts to develop -region and co Quick guide 40 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD The Inde x for Risk Management — INFORM— is a risk of a humanitarian crisis. INFORM is a compos FIGURE 19 VARIATION IN THE INFORM RISK INDEX AT THE SUBNATIONAL LEVEL IN CHAD Source : INFORM-Risk. Available from https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Subnational-Risk/Chad.

6.1 ENVIRONMENTAL FRAGILITY AND LAND o wind erosion; DEGRADATION o woodfuels and timber, the need for which has damaged vegetation throughout the country; Environmental fragility and degradation are important o mining. elements of vulnerability. The regression of the vegetation cover, progressive advance of the desert (3 km/year), These factors are the result of increased competition for decrease in biodiversity, degradation of arable agricultural land and other natural resources, owing to growth in land, hydromorphological alterations and silting of agricultural land development combined with population hydrosystems accentuate the fragility of populations. growth, which has been accelerated by the use of ploughing and the recent advent of mechanization. Between 1975 and Change in land use has been a major phenomenon in the 2013, the area occupied by cultivated land is estimated Sahelian region for several decades. to have doubled in West African countries, from 553,696 km² to 1,165,720 km². The average annual expansion rate Degraded areas in Chad are estimated to cover 428,000 is estimated at 4–5 percent in Chad, compared with an km², or 33.43 percent of the total area, according to the average of 2–3 percent per year for the subregion as a whole. National Programme of Action to Combat Desertification The exponential increase in livestock in recent years and (2003).The main factors are: changes in transhumance routes also contribute to altering rural space.36 o overgrazing, responsible for 62 percent of the damage; 36 Institute of Research and Application of Development Methods, BRACED study, 2019. https://www.iram-fr.org/ouverturepdf.php?file=rapport-de-l-ate- lier-braced-du-03-septembre-2019-1570178814.pdf 6 VULNERABILITY FACTORS 41 TABLE 5 VALUES OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE INFORM RISK INDEX, ACCORDING TO REGION Source : INFORM-Risk. Available from https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Subnational-Risk/Chad. Droughts probability Food Physical and Socio- Ot Insecurity exposure Land historical Political Conflict Development & Economic Uprooted Health Children Recent Food Vuln Probability to flood Degradation impact Natural violence probability Human HAZARD Deprivation Inequality Vulnerability people Conditions U5 Malnutrition Shocks Security Gro Barh el Ghazel 5,0 9,0 0,1 6,1 5,9 0,0 9,9 5,0 5,5 9,6 6,3 8,5 1,3 3,0 7,1 7,1 0,0 5,5 5, Batha 3,9 8,9 0,2 5,6 5,5 4,0 9,9 7,0 6,3 9,0 8,0 8,7 2,3 0,3 7,9 6,8 0,0 1,9 4, Borkou 1,3 0,0 0,0 3,6 1,3 4,0 9,9 7,0 4,8 8,9 6,6 8,1 0,6 3,3 6,8 7,7 0,0 10,0 6, Chari-Baguirmi 0,0 6,7 0,9 4,6 3,6 4,0 9,9 7,0 5,6 9,4 6,3 8,4 1,7 3,0 7,7 4,7 10,0 2,4 6, Ennedi Est 2,2 0,0 0,0 3,6 1,6 4,0 9,9 7,0 4,9 9,4 5,3 8,0 4,5 1,3 8,6 4,9 0,0 4,4 4, Ennedi Ouest 2,2 2,0 0,0 3,6 2,0 4,0 9,9 7,0 5,0 9,4 5,3 8,0 0,3 1,3 7,9 6,8 0,0 8,7 6, Guera 3,9 2,1 4,0 5,1 3,9 0,0 9,9 5,0 4,5 8,8 7,2 8,3 1,9 2,9 8,0 5,9 10,0 2,0 6, Hadjer-Lamis 2,2 9,1 5,3 6,1 6,3 4,0 9,9 7,0 6,7 9,5 5,9 8,3 1,9 2,6 8,2 7,9 0,0 0,7 4, Kanem 5,6 8,9 6,1 5,1 6,7 4,0 9,9 7,0 6,9 10,0 6,6 8,9 1,8 0,5 8,8 7,6 10,0 3,9 7, Lac 5,6 8,9 4,5 5,1 6,4 5,0 9,9 7,5 7,0 10,0 5,8 8,6 9,5 3,3 8,2 5,7 10,0 10,0 8, Logone Occidental 1,1 2,3 3,9 5,1 3,2 4,0 9,9 7,0 5,4 5,3 9,8 6,8 3,8 1,8 6,6 3,8 0,0 1,4 3, Logone Oriental 2,2 7,6 6,3 4,1 5,4 4,0 9,9 7,0 6,3 5,9 8,2 6,7 8,4 1,2 6,9 4,2 0,0 2,6 3, Mandoul 1,7 5,7 4,6 4,1 4,2 0,0 9,9 5,0 4,6 6,1 9,8 7,3 5,2 0,4 6,6 1,3 0,0 1,7 2, 42 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD Mayo-Kebbi Est 1,7 7,6 2,7 5,1 4,7 4,0 9,9 7,0 6,0 5,7 6,3 5,9 3,8 2,1 6,8 3,1 0,0 2,0 3, Mayo-Kebbi Ouest 1,7 5,2 5,5 4,6 4,4 0,0 9,9 5,0 4,7 5,4 7,2 6,0 1,3 0,6 6,8 2,6 0,0 0,8 2, Moyen-Chari 1,7 7,6 3,9 4,6 4,8 4,0 9,9 7,0 6,0 4,9 9,8 6,5 5,9 1,9 7,1 2,1 0,0 1,4 3, Ouaddai 2,2 4,4 3,7 5,6 4,1 4,0 9,9 7,0 5,7 9,9 6,2 8,7 8,9 3,8 7,2 7,6 0,0 0,8 4, Salamat 1,7 8,8 6,6 5,1 6,2 4,0 9,9 7,0 6,6 9,2 6,7 8,4 3,6 5,5 9,2 6,9 0,1 1,0 5, Sila 2,2 9,1 3,7 6,1 6,0 0,0 9,9 5,0 5,5 10,0 4,8 8,3 5,8 0,1 7,1 8,5 0,1 0,2 4, Tandjile 2,2 3,8 3,9 3,6 3,4 4,0 9,9 7,0 5,5 5,7 8,9 6,8 3,2 2,8 7,9 5,0 0,0 1,7 4, Tibesti 2,5 0,0 0,0 3,6 1,7 5,0 9,9 7,5 5,3 8,9 6,6 8,1 0,3 3,3 5,5 5,0 0,0 10,0 6, N'Djamena x 9,3 2,5 7,2 7,2 5,0 9,9 7,5 7,4 1,4 6,7 3,2 4,5 5,0 7,0 4,7 0,0 x 4, Wadi Fira 4,4 2,6 5,9 6,1 4,9 4,0 9,9 7,0 6,1 10,0 5,2 8,4 8,8 2,0 6,3 7,8 10,0 1,9 6, ... (CONT.) TABLE 5 VALUES OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE INFORM RISK INDEX, ACCORDING TO REGION Source : INFORM-Risk. Available from https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Subnational-Risk/Chad. Droughts probability Food Physical Other and Socio- LACK OF Ot Uprooted Health Children Recent InsecurityFood exposureVulnerable Land Vulnerable historical Political Conflict Development & Physical Access to Economic COPINGChildren Uprooted Health Recent Food Vuln people Conditions U5 Malnutrition Shocks Security Probability to flood Groups impact DegradationGroups Natural violence VULNERABILITY DRRprobability Governance Institutional Human HAZARD Communication Inequality health Deprivationinfrastructure care Vulnerability people Conditions Infrastructure CAPACITY U5 RISKMalnutrition Shocks Security Gro 1,3 3,0 7,1 7,1Barh el Ghazel 0,0 5,0 5,5 9,0 5,1 0,1 3,4 6,1 5,9 6,6 0,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 5,0 8,6 5,5 9,8 9,6 5,06,3 5,4 8,5 1,3 6,7 3,0 7,8 7,1 6,6 7,1 0,0 5,5 5 2,3 0,3 7,9Batha 6,8 0,0 3,9 1,9 8,9 4,2 0,2 3,3 5,6 6,8 5,5 4,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 7,0 8,6 6,3 9,8 9,0 4,98,0 6,9 8,7 2,3 7,2 0,3 8,0 7,9 7,0 6,8 0,0 1,9 4 0,6 3,3 6,8Borkou 7,7 0,0 1,3 10,0 0,0 6,8 0,0 4,4 3,6 6,6 1,3 4,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 7,0 8,6 4,8 8,9 8,9 6,96,6 8,1 7,7 0,6 7,8 3,3 8,2 6,8 6,4 7,7 0,0 10,0 6 1,7 3,0 4,7 7,7Chari-Baguirmi 10,00,0 2,4 6,7 6,7 0,9 4,7 4,6 6,9 3,6 4,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 7,0 8,6 5,6 9,9 9,4 4,46,3 7,6 8,4 1,7 7,3 3,0 8,0 7,7 6,8 4,7 10,0 2,4 6 4,5 1,3 8,6Ennedi Est 4,9 0,0 2,2 4,4 0,0 4,6 0,0 4,6 3,6 6,6 1,6 4,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 7,0 8,6 4,9 9,4 9,4 9,45,3 7,3 8,0 8,7 4,5 1,3 8,7 8,6 6,6 4,9 0,0 4,4 4 0,3 1,3 7,9Ennedi Ouest6,8 0,0 2,2 8,7 2,0 6,0 0,0 3,7 3,6 6,3 2,0 4,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 7,0 8,6 5,0 9,4 9,4 9,05,3 8,0 7,2 0,3 8,5 1,3 8,6 7,9 6,5 6,8 0,0 8,7 6 1,9 2,9 8,0Guera 5,9 10,03,9 2,0 2,1 6,9 4,0 4,9 5,1 6,9 3,9 0,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 5,0 8,6 4,5 9,4 8,8 5,87,2 5,6 8,3 1,9 6,9 2,9 7,9 8,0 6,3 5,9 10,0 2,0 6 1,9 2,6 8,2Hadjer-Lamis7,9 0,0 2,2 0,7 9,1 4,9 5,3 3,5 6,1 6,3 6,5 4,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 7,0 8,6 6,7 9,8 9,5 3,45,9 6,8 8,3 1,9 6,7 2,6 7,8 8,2 7,0 7,9 0,0 0,7 4 1,8 0,5 8,8Kanem 7,6 10,05,6 3,9 8,9 7,4 6,1 5,2 5,1 6,7 7,5 4,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 7,0 8,6 6,9 9,9 10,0 4,26,6 5,4 8,9 1,8 6,5 0,5 7,7 8,8 7,4 7,6 10,0 3,9 7 9,5 3,3 8,2Lac 5,7 10,05,6 10,0 8,9 8,4 4,5 9,0 5,1 6,4 8,8 5,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 7,5 8,6 7,0 9,9 10,0 4,05,8 8,6 5,6 9,5 6,5 3,3 7,7 8,2 7,8 5,7 10,0 10,0 8 3,8 1,8 3,8 6,6Logone Occidental 0,0 1,1 1,4 2,3 3,1 3,9 3,5 5,1 3,2 5,4 4,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 7,0 8,6 5,4 8,8 5,3 6,49,8 5,4 6,8 3,8 6,9 1,8 7,9 6,6 6,1 3,8 0,0 1,4 3 8,4 1,2 4,2 6,9Logone Oriental 0,0 2,2 2,6 7,6 3,4 6,3 6,5 4,1 5,4 6,6 4,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 7,0 8,6 6,3 9,3 5,9 6,8,2 5,0 6,7 8,4 7,0 1,2 7,9 6,9 6,9 4,2 0,0 2,6 3 5,2 0,4 6,6Mandoul 1,3 0,0 1,7 1,7 5,7 2,4 4,6 3,9 4,1 5,9 4,2 0,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 5,0 8,6 4,6 9,5 6,1 6,9,8 4,9 7,3 5,2 7,1 0,4 7,9 6,6 6,0 1,3 0,0 1,7 2 3,8 2,1 6,8Mayo-Kebbi3,1Est 0,0 1,7 2,0 7,6 3,2 2,7 3,5 5,1 4,7 4,8 4,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 7,0 8,6 6,0 9,2 5,7 6,76,3 5,5 5,9 3,8 7,1 2,1 7,9 6,8 6,1 3,1 0,0 2,0 3 1,3 0,6 6,8Mayo-Kebbi2,6Ouest 0,0 1,7 0,8 5,2 2,6 5,5 2,0 4,6 4,4 4,3 0,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 5,0 8,6 4,7 8,8 5,4 7,07,2 4,2 6,0 1,3 6,7 0,6 7,8 6,8 5,4 2,6 0,0 0,8 2 5,9 1,9 7,1Moyen-Chari 2,1 0,0 1,7 1,4 7,6 3,0 3,9 4,6 4,6 4,8 5,6 4,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 7,0 8,6 6,0 8,3 4,9 5,29,8 5,3 6,5 5,9 6,3 1,9 7,6 7,1 6,3 2,1 0,0 1,4 3 8,9 3,8 7,2Ouaddai 7,6 0,0 2,2 0,8 4,4 4,6 3,7 7,3 5,6 8,1 4,1 4,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 7,0 8,6 5,7 9,8 9,9 7,16,2 8,7 7,6 8,9 8,2 3,8 8,4 7,2 7,3 7,6 0,0 0,8 4 3,6 5,5 9,2Salamat 6,9 0,1 1,7 1,0 8,8 5,6 6,6 4,7 5,1 6,2 6,9 4,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 7,0 8,6 6,6 9,7 9,2 5,86,7 6,1 8,4 3,6 7,2 5,5 8,0 9,2 7,1 6,9 0,1 1,0 5 5,8 0,1 7,1Sila 8,5 0,1 2,2 0,2 9,1 4,4 3,7 5,1 6,1 6,0 7,0 0,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 5,0 8,6 5,5 8,8 10,0 6,14,8 6,2 8,3 5,8 7,0 0,1 7,9 7,1 6,7 8,5 0,1 0,2 4 3,2 2,8 7,9Tandjile 5,0 0,0 2,2 1,7 3,8 4,1 3,9 3,7 3,6 3,4 5,5 4,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 7,0 8,6 5,5 9,4 5,7 6,18,9 4,8 6,8 3,2 6,8 2,8 7,8 7,9 6,2 5,0 0,0 1,7 4 0,3 3,3 5,5Tibesti 5,0 0,0 2,5 10,0 0,0 6,1 0,0 3,8 3,6 6,4 1,7 5,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 7,5 8,6 5,3 8,9 8,9 7,56,6 8,1 7,5 0,3 8,0 3,3 8,3 5,5 6,6 5,0 0,0 10,0 6 4,5 5,0 7,0N'Djamena 4,7 0,0 x x 9,3 4,6 2,5 4,6 7,2 7,2 3,9 5,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 7,5 8,6 7,4 5,5 1,4 4,36,7 6,4 3,2 4,5 5,4 5,0 7,3 7,0 6,0 4,7 0,0 x 4 8,8 2,0 6,3Wadi Fira 7,8 10,04,4 1,9 2,6 6,8 5,9 8,0 6,1 8,2 4,9 4,0 9,2 9,9 8,0 7,0 8,6 6,1 10,010,0 8,95,2 8,4 7,4 8,8 8,8 2,0 8,7 6,3 7,6 7,8 10,0 1,9 6 6 VULNERABILITY FACTORS 43 exponentiel du cheptel Occupation desannées ces dernières terres 1975 Occupation et les changements dans les destranshum circuits de terres 20 34 contribuent également à la recomposition de l’espace rural. Occupation des terres 1975 Occupation des terres 2013 FIGURE 20 exponentiel exponentiel du cheptelduces CHANGE INcheptel dernières LAND ces IN USE dernières années CHADet années et les BETWEEN lesAND 2013 changements 1975 dans changements circuitsles les dans decircuits transhumance de transhumance 34 34 contribuent contribuent également Source : à la également recomposition NAP-GEF à la2021. de Project. recomposition l’espace Vulnerability derural. and l’espace to adaptation rural. climate change in the agriculture, livestock, fishery and water resource sectors in Chad. Occupation des Occupation terres des 1975terres 1975 Occupation des Occupation terres des 2013terres 2013 Land occupancy 1975 Land occupancy 2013 Figure 20 changement des occupations des terres au Tchad entre 1975 et 2013 Source : Project PNA-FEM. 2021. Vulnérabilité et adaptation aux changements climatiques des secteurs a en eau au Tchad La pression sur les ressources naturelles a aussi contribué à la dégradation d sociétés des Figure 20 changement des occupations pastorales et agricoles. terres au Tchad Laetcomplémentarité entre 1975 2013 sur laquelle reposaient l agriculteurs Source : Project PNA-FEM. 2021. s’est Vulnérabilité et ainsiaux adaptation souvent transformée changements ensecteurs climatiques des compétition agriculture,sur les pêche élevage, ressource et resso en eau au Tchad multiplication des conflits fonciers. Les superficies dégradées ont été évaluée de la superficie La pression sur les ressources naturellestotale. a aussiLes forêts claires contribué ont régressédes à la dégradation derelations 29 % entre 1975 et 2 historiques sociétés pastorales et km2. L’expansion agricoles. La agricole estsur complémentarité largement laquelleresponsable reposaient les du déclin relations duentre couvert élevevég un taux transformée agriculteurs s’est ainsi souvent moyen d’expansion de 5%. A sur en compétition l’échelle du pays, les les ressources superficies naturelles, cultivées résultant e multiplication des conflits 1975 et 2013. fonciers. LesLa réductiondégradées superficies de la superficie ont étéduévaluées lac Tchad qui est à 428 000passée de33 km², soit 25 de la superficie totale. Les1963 et 2008 forêts claires a eu ontdes effets de régressé négatifs 29 % sur la 1975 entre qualitéetde vie des 2013, communautés soit une perte de km2. L’expansion agricole deest migration largement et de conflit.35 du déclin du couvert végétal entre 1975 et 2013 responsable un taux moyen d’expansion de 5%. A de L’évaluation l’échelle la du pays, lesaux vulnérabilité superficies cultivées ont changements augmenté climatiques de 190% s’avère d’aut 1975 et 2013. La réduction de la superficie caractéristiques du du lacleTchad pays qui hautement rendent est passée de 25 000auxdits sensible km2 àchangemen 2 500 km2 to a eu6.2 1963 et 2008 Pressure on natural resources has also contributed desGENDER effets premier 35 lieuINEQUALITY négatifs àsur la qualité identifier lesde vie desclimatiques risques communautés, la groupes et les biodiversité et les ri vulnérables de migration degrading the historical relationship between pastoral et de conflit. incidences des changements climatiques sur les systèmes aussi bien naturels and agricultural societies. As a result, the relationship L’évaluation de laGender inequalities vulnérabilité are very aux changements pronounced climatiques s’avèreind’autant Chad; plus primordiale qu Figure 20 changement between occupations changement Figure 20 des herders desdes and terres au des occupations farmers Tchad Tchad au1975 entre terresthat was caractéristiques based etentre 2013 1975 et du pays le rendent hautement sensible auxdits on2013however, the political, legal and socio-economicL´évaluation a consis changements. Source : Project complementarity has devolved into competition over à 2021. Vulnérabilité PNA-FEM. 2021. Project PNA-FEM. Source : et Vulnérabilité adaptation et aux changements adaptation aux premier changements climatiques lieu des identifier secteurs 34 les environment climatiques des agriculture, Etuderisques secteurs élevage, climatiques Chad in pêche agriculture, IRAM/Braced, is et élevage, et ressources 2019. leset groupes gradually pêche ressources vulnérables, changing and pour examiner ensui https://www.iram-fr.org/ouverturepdf.php?file=rapport-de-l-ate en eau au Tchad en eau au Tchad incidences des changements climatiques sur les systèmes aussi bien naturels qu’humains. 2019-1570178814.pdf natural resources, resulting in an increase in land a response is being made. Several international 35 La pressionLasur les conflicts. pression Degraded ressources sur les areas aare naturelles ressources estimated aussi naturelles a contribuéto cover aussi à 428,000 contribué la dégradation instruments, dégradation à la des Project PNA-FEM. relations desuch as 2021. relations historiques Convention the Vulnérabilité entre historiques onentre the et adaptation auxElimination changements climatiques des secteurs de l’agr ressources en eau au Tchad, sociétés pastorales sociétéskm², et or 33.43 etLa agricoles. pastorales percent La total complémentarité agricoles. of the sur Open area. complémentarité laquelle forests sur laquelleof les reposaient All Forms reposaient relations of Discrimination lesentre relations éleveursentret against éleveurs etWomen and the 34 Etude IRAM/Braced, 2019. https://www.iram-fr.org/ouverturepdf.php?file=rapport-de-l-atelier-braced-du-03-septembre declined by 29 44 agriculteurs s’est ainsi agriculteurs s’est souvent ainsipercent souvent transformée between en 1975 compétition transformée and 2013, en sur les compétition a loss ressources 2019-1570178814.pdf sur 2030 les Agenda, ressources naturelles, have increased naturelles, résultant en the résultant une focus en uneon the need ofconflits 4,700 des multiplication multiplication des km2. Agricultural conflits fonciers. Les superficies fonciers. expansion has 35 dégradées Les superficies largely ont been dégradées été évaluées ont forétéaccess à évaluées 428 to basic 000 social services for girls%and women, Project PNA-FEM. 2021. Vulnérabilité et à km², 428 adaptationsoit 00033,43 aux km², %oit changements 33,43 climatiques des secteurs de l’agriculture, de l’élevage, de la pêche de la superficie responsible for Les forêts superficie de la totale. the decline claires totale. Les forêts in vegetation ont claires régressé ontde 29cover régressé between % entre de 29 ressources en 1975 eau au entre % et although Tchad, 2013, 1975soit the et une results 2013, perte are soit de still une4 700mixed in perte de terms 4 700 of reducing 1975 and 2013, with an average expansion rate of 5 percent. social inequalities. km2. L’expansion km2. agricole L’expansion estagricole largement est largement responsable du responsable déclin du ducouvert déclin du végétal couvert entrevégétal 1975 et entre2013 1975 avecet 2013 avec 44 Nationwide, the area under cultivation increased 190 un taux moyen un taux d’expansion moyen de d’expansion 5%. A de l’échelle 5%. A du pays, l’échellesdu pays, superficies les cultivées superficiesont cultivées augmenté ont de augmenté 190% entre de 190% entre percent between 1975 and 2013. The reduction in the size In addition, the process of adopting the National Gender 1975 et 2013. 1975Laet 2013. réduction La de la réduction superficie de la du lac superficieTchad duquilac est Tchad passée qui est de 25 passée 000 de km25à 2 000500 km2 km2 à 2entre 500 km2 entre of Lake Chad from 25,000 km2 to 2,500 km2 between Policy lasted seven years, between 2010 and 2017. The 1963 et 2008 1963 a eu et des 2008 aeffets eu des négatifs effets sur la négatifs qualitésurdela vie qualité des de vie communautés,des communautés, la biodiversité la et les biodiversité risqueset les risques 1963 and 35 2008 has 35 negatively impacted biodiversity and vision of this policy is: “By 2063, Chad will be a country free de migration deet de migration conflit. et de conflit. quality of life in the surrounding communities. It has of all forms of gender inequalities and inequities, all forms L’évaluation de also de la L’évaluation increasedla the vulnérabilité auxrisk of migration and aux changements vulnérabilité climatiques changements climatiques of conflict.37s’avère d’autant violence, s’avère plus where d’autant men and primordiale plus les have women primordiale que que lesequal access to caractéristiques du caractéristiques pays le du rendent pays lehautement rendent sensible hautementauxdits sensible auxdits changements. and control changements. L´évaluation over a resources L´évaluation consisté andaenconsisté participate enequitably in premier lieu àpremier Assessing vulnerability lieu à les identifier risqueslesto identifier climate et risques climatiques les is all change climatiques groupes etthelesmore decision-making vulnérables, pour groupes vulnérables, examiner bodies pour for ensuite examiner sustainable les development.” ensuite les incidences des important incidences des because changements changements the sur climatiques country’s climatiques characteristics les systèmes sur lesaussi systèmesmake it bien naturels aussi bien naturels qu’humains. qu’humains. highly sensitive to such changes. The assessment began Even before the Policy was adopted, several sectoral by identifying climate risks and vulnerable groups and programmes and strategies, including the National then examined the impacts of climate change on both Food Security Programme, the National Rural Sector 34 Etude IRAM/Braced, 34 Etude 2019. IRAM/Braced, https://www.iram-fr.org/ouverturepdf.php?file=rapport-de-l-atelier-braced-du-03-septembre- 2019. https://www.iram-fr.org/ouverturepdf.php?file=rapport-de-l-atelier-braced-du-03-septembre- natural and human systems. Investment Plan and the National Social Protection 2019-1570178814.pdf 2019-1570178814.pdf Strategy, had identified opportunities to address social 35 35 Project PNA-FEM. Project 2021. PNA-FEM. Vulnérabilité 2021.et adaptation Vulnérabilitéaux changements et adaptation changements auxclimatiques climatiques des secteurs dedesand gender l’agriculture, secteurs de inequalities de l’élevage, l’agriculture, dede in la pêche rural l’élevage, et development. desla pêche et des ressources en eau au ressources Tchad, en eau au Tchad, 44 to climate 37 NAP-GEF Project. 2021. Vulnerability and adaptation 44 change in the agriculture, livestock, fishery and water resource sectors in Chad. 44 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD Two studies have recently been completed, the first on hazards. Nevertheless, there continues to be insufficient gender and climate change in Chad,38 the second on understanding of the different coping strategies used by gender mainstreaming in the NAP process in Chad.39 men and women of different social classes and groups to secure their livelihoods in the short and medium term. Both studies also highlighted the poor understanding Access to resources (land, water and money) is important, of the concept of gender by different actors (i.e. national but the way in which they relate to social roles, norms, decision makers and some women themselves) and its values and cultural identities in different contexts must links to climate change. They show that limited education, be analysed. Further analysis should be done to examine cultural barriers, unequal social responsibilities and low how adaptation is shaped by the differences in household participation in decision-making by girls and women are structures, the division of labour and the rights and at the root of their vulnerability and hinder their ability responsibilities that flow from them. to adapt to climate change. In particular, these studies emphasize that persistent prejudices and stereotypes within administrations make it difficult for planners and 6.3 POVERTY policymakers to take ownership of gender. Despite considerable structural obstacles, Chad has Both studies emphasize three cross-cutting priorities made significant progress in reducing poverty over the that will be important to making progress in both the past 15 years. Nevertheless, Chad remains one of the adaptation and mitigation components of the NDC: poorest countries in the world. According to the 2018 Human Development Index, Chad ranks 187th out of 189 ʍ⚫ Strengthen the capacity of the Ministry in charge countries and territories. of gender and other ministries involved in climate change to fulfil their catalytic role in integrating According to the latest Household Consumption gender into gender-responsive adaptation and Informal Sector Survey of Chad (2018–2019), planning, budgeting and training. approximately 42 percent of Chadians, or 6.5 million ʍ ⚫ Systematize the implementation of a gender people (i.e. 3.4 million women and 3.1 million men), live approach in formulating climate policies, below the national poverty line of 242,094 CFA francs strategies, plans and programmes and per year, or 663 CFA francs (equivalent to $1.20) per day. sustainable development projects. Approximately 15 percent of the population (2.4 million ʍ ⚫ Ensure women’s access to decision-making people) live in extreme poverty, i.e. they cannot meet spheres with support that provides education, their basic nutritional needs of 2,300 calories per day. information and economic empowerment. Using the international poverty line of $1.90 per day (based on 2011 purchasing power parity), data show that It is important to note that these studies are preliminary 33.7 percent of the population lives in extreme poverty.41 and do not enter into the level of detail required to properly inform adaptation planning. Indeed, research has shown that vulnerabilities related to climate change and its effects on communities are gendered and that weak gender analysis in planning processes deprives the most vulnerable of assistance.40 In order to understand people’s capacities to cope with and adapt to climate change, it is therefore essential to develop a broad understanding of the gender- related vulnerability that emerges from poverty, social discrimination and sociocultural practices in different political, geographic and historical contexts, in addition to climate variability and environmental and/or natural 38 Sarr and Djoula. 2020. Chad: gender analysis and climate change. Project to strengthen the resilience of local communities to the impact of climate change in Chad. National Water Fund. 39 National Adaptation Plan Global Network and the Ministry of Environment, Water and Fisheries. 2021. 40 Rao et al. 2017. Gendered vulnerabilities to climate change: insights from the semi-arid regions of Africa and Asia, Climate and Development, vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 14–26, https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2017.1372266. 41 World Bank. 2020. Chad: Economic and poverty update under COVID-19. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/34563. 6 VULNERABILITY FACTORS 45 The latest World Bank study Chad Poverty Assessment: The Multidimensional Poverty Index measures different Investing in Rural Income Growth, Human Capital, and deprivations that an individual or household faces at a Resilience to Support Sustainable Poverty Reduction, given time. People are considered multidimensionally poor published in October 2021, represents the most recent if they are defined as deprived in at least 30 percent of the and detailed study on the various aspects of poverty. It indicators covering six dimensions of well-being. is the source of the data in this section. This study shows that poverty rates at the national level have decreased significantly over the past 15 years. The share of Chadians living below the national poverty line decreased by 12 percentage points between 2003 and 2018. Poverty levels vary considerably by region, with a significant difference between rural and urban areas. Nearly 89 percent of poor households are in rural areas, while only 3 percent are in the capital city of N’Djamena. FIGURE 21 DISTRIBUTION OF THE POOR POPULATION BY REGION Source : World Bank. 2021. Chad Poverty Assessment: Investing in Rural Income Growth, Human Capital, and Resilience to Support Sustainable Poverty Reduction. 46 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD pement et pour lesquels, les causes profondes doivent les même zones que celles affectées par les vulnérabilités humanitaires. Cette solutions à moyen etsituation long terme. confirme que les besoins humanitaires sont pour la plupart hérités des problématiques de développement et pour lesquels, les causes profondes doivent élienne est essentiellement dueêtre aux niveaux solutionnées élevésavec des d’insécurité alimentaire solutions à moyen et det long terme. bée dans les régions frontalières qui accueillent les réfugiés, déplacés ou retournés. La vulnérabilité des régions de la bande sahélienne est essentiellement due aux niveaux élevés d’insécurité alimentaire et de cès aux services sociaux de base notamment la santé, l’éducation et l’eau potable malnutrition. Cette vulnérabilité est exacerbée dans les régions frontalières qui accueillent les réfugiés, déplacés ou retournés. En outre tout le pays fait face à un faible accès aux services sociaux de base notamment la santé, l’éducation et l’eau potable The lowest scores inrenforçant la fragilité the country are indes populations.followed N’Djamena, FIGURE 22 by the Sudanian zone in the south. The Saharan zone in the TE DE SEVERITEnorth DEShas the BESOINS 16 [32] MULTIDIMENSIONAL CARTE DE SEVERITE highest average scores. Regionally, the highest DES BESOINS POVERTY INDEX BY REGION [32] Source : United Nations Office for the Coordination of Vulnérabilité scores on the Index are humanitaire found in the Lac Region, [32] which is Humanitarian[33] Vulnérabilité Affairs. 2017. 2018 structurelle Humanitarian Needs Overview: [33] Vulnérabilité experiencing widespread population displacement due to structurelle Chad. the Boko Haram insurgency and accelerated environmental instability. It is followed by the Sila Region,- which is + facing escalating tensions between farmers and herders, spillover effects from recurring conflicts in neighbouring Sudan and a sharp decline in world prices of cotton, the region’s main export. The decline in the Index scores reflects significant progress in improving housing conditions and available assets among the country’s poorest households. Pro-poor nutrition and education policies have also contributed to the decline in multidimensional poverty. Progress in improving access to basic services among multidimensionally poor households has been mixed. [32] Cette carte de sévérité des besoins est une superposition des cartes de [33] Carte faite sur base de combinaison de plusieurs indicateurs de développe- sévérités des différentes crises produites à partir de l’outil de comparaison des ment pris en compte pour déterminer l’indice de pauvreté multidimen- besoins sur la base d’indicateurs de vulnérabilité identifiés pour chacune des sionnel. Ces indicateurs inclus le taux de fréquentation scolaire, le taux de crises au niveau de chaque département. l’outil, accompagné d’instructions mortalité infantile, la situation nutritionnelle, l’utilisation de combustibles techniques, peut être téléchargé sur le site HumanitarianResponse.info. de cuisine, le taux d’assainissement, l’accès à l’eau, l’accès à l’electricité. www.humanitarianresponse.info/programme-cycle/space/document/humani- Source: rapport de l’étude sur la vulnérabilité (INSEED 2012). tarian-needs-comparison-tool-guidance. FIGURE 23 DEPRIVATION BY INDICATOR AMONG MULTIDIMENSIONALLY n des cartes de POOR HOUSEHOLDS [33] Carte faite sur base de combinaison de plusieurs indicateurs de développe- il de comparaison des ment pris en compte pour déterminer l’indice de pauvreté multidimen- és pour chacune des Source : World Bank. 2021. Chad Poverty sionnel. Ces indicateurs inclus le taux de fréquentation scolaire, le taux de pagné d’instructions Assessment: Investing in Rural Income mortalité infantile, la situation nutritionnelle, l’utilisation de combustibles nResponse.info. Growth, Human Capital, ande cuisine, Resilienceleto taux d’assainissement, l’accès à l’eau, l’accès à l’electricité. e/document/humani-Support Sustainable PovertySource: rapport de l’étude sur la vulnérabilité (INSEED 2012). Reduction. 6 VULNERABILITY FACTORS 47 Due to the substantial differences in livelihood has committed to involving these populations in patterns within Chad, the analysis examined the national adaptation efforts and facilitating their own Saharan, Sudanian and Sahelian agroecological adaptation, including by appointing Hindou Oumarou, zones separately.42 Transhumance pastoralism is the the President of the Association of Peul Women and dominant economic activity in much of the sparsely Indigenous Peoples and a human rights and climate populated Saharan zone. Households in this zone activist, as the Goodwill Ambassador to the Presidency are less likely to experience monetary poverty than of the Republic. households in other areas, but they are highly likely to experience multidimensional poverty. By contrast, monetary poverty is extremely pervasive in the densely 6.5 CONFLICT, MIGRATION AND INTERNAL populated Sudanian zone, where most households DISPLACEMENT derive their income from smallholder farming and related activities. Agropastoralism is common in the Violence in the Central African Republic, Nigeria, South semi-arid Sahelian zone, where a favorable climate Sudan and Sudan continues to push people across the for crops and livestock offers considerable potential border into Chad, exacerbating already protracted for diversification, but environmental degradation is refugee crises in the country’s east, south and lake intensifying conflicts between farmers and herders. regions. As of 31 December 2021, Chad had 555,787 Each zone faces unique challenges, and addressing refugees and asylum seekers in its territory, including poverty will require solutions tailored to address the 374,216 Sudanese from Darfur, 121,511 Central Africans specific circumstances of Chad’s diverse households. primarily in the south, 35,878 Cameroonians and 19,321 Nigerians in the Lake Chad area, 254 Congolese, and The analysis concludes that while the causes of over 4,607 refugees and asylum seekers whose origins poverty are complex and overlapping, four factors are not specified. Between December 2019 and January are particularly relevant: (i) a lack of economic 2020, approximately 16,000 new Sudanese refugees diversification, (ii) low productivity in the rural sector, crossed the border into eastern Chad, fleeing inter- (iii) exposure to shocks and (iv) low levels of human ethnic violence.44 capital. The majority of refugees live in camps; however, approximately 30 percent of Nigerian and Central

6.4 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES African refugees are settled in host villages. In some regions, particularly in the east, the majority of Two groups are considered indigenous to Chad: refugees leave the camps before the start of the rainy the Peul M’Bororo and the Toubou, two pastoralist season for “opportunity villages”. In the Lake Chad communities.43 Their nomadic and semi-nomadic area, the security situation limits refugees’ and host way of life makes it difficult to take a census. These communities’ access to land and fishing areas.45 indigenous peoples face difficulties in accessing land and natural resources such as water and grazing In the Lake Chad region, climate change and conflict land. Climate change exacerbates this situation by dynamics create a loop in which the impacts of accentuating these difficulties. This disrupts the climate change create additional pressures, while transhumance corridors, increasing the vulnerability conflict undermines the communities’ ability to of these nomadic populations. Indigenous peoples cope. The people of Lake Chad are trapped in conflict. contribute to the preservation of the Sahel’s fragile Violent conflicts between State security forces and ecosystems and their traditional knowledge deserves armed opposition groups, poor governance, endemic to be used, as it provides a valuable opportunity to corruption, environmental mismanagement and complement the climate science base and identify poverty have ruined the lives of local people. Climate other sustainable adaptation options. The Government change exacerbates these difficulties.46 42 World Bank. 2021. Chad Poverty Assessment: Investing in Rural Income Growth, Human Capital, and Resilience to Support Sustainable Poverty Reduc- tion 43 See https ://www.iwgia.org/en/chad/3498-iw2019-chad.html. 44 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/country/tcd. 45 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2018. Chad. Country Refugee Response Plan https://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/ files/Chad Country RRP 2019-2020 - March 2019.pdf 46 Vivekananda et al. 2019. Shoring Up Stability: Addressing Climate and Fragility Risks in the Lake Chad Region. Berlin: adelphi. https://shoring-up-stabi- lity.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Shoring-up-Stability.pdf. 48 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD More generally, the socio-economic crises that have The security implications have also disrupted occurred in Chad in recent years are putting pressure traditional cross-border transhumance and trade, with on protection efforts and the ability of authorities, consequences for the national and local economy. communities and families to protect those most at Whether the people trapped in conflict can escape will risk. This concerns both Chadian populations and depend on a nuanced understanding of the interaction refugees and particularly affects children and people between climate change and conflict in this specific with special needs, particularly women and girls. In context. addition, refugees and other displaced persons often face increased risk due to their displacement status. Protection challenges and solutions in Chad can only be properly addressed through a combination of concerted and coordinated humanitarian, resilience and development actions. 7 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON VARIOUS SECTORS © UN - CHAD

7.1 WATER AND SANITATION the per capita water availability in Chad is projected to decline by 75 percent by 2080, relative to the year 2000, under

7.1.1 Water resources both scenarios. Although this decline is primarily due to Detailed quantitative information on water resources, population growth and not climate change, it underscores their monitoring and use remains limited, which is a the urgency of investing in water-saving measures and major impediment to their integrated management. technologies for future consumption. Significant efforts for mapping and developing a database have been made under the ResEau Programme supported Projections on the availability of rainfall also vary by region. by the Swiss Development Cooperation. Nevertheless, the In line with rainfall projections, water availability is expected last comprehensive review of water resources and their to increase in central and northern Chad—the latter in mobilization dates back to the analyses carried out in particular—under both RCP models. It is also important to preparation for the 2003–2020 Water and Sanitation Master note that the models show divergent results with respect to Plan, which is over 20 years old.47 these increases. The impacts of climate change in recent decades on surface In recent decades, Chad has been subject to strong seasonal water resources are well illustrated by the drastic reduction in and annual variations in rainfall, which was a significant the water level of Lake Chad between 1966 and 1975, following problem for agricultural production given the severe droughts a drop in rainfall of up to 95 percent, and the diversion of experienced between 1950 and 1980. Annual precipitation river water for irrigation, for which needs have quadrupled totals then began to increase. Other droughts have been as a result of the significant increase in the population of the recorded more recently, in 2005, 2008, 2010 and 2012. Lake Chad basin. The evolution of Lake Chad over the last few decades has become a symbol of current climate change. It is also important to note that regions with below-average Continuing to face major threats, its current variability to the rainfall are also those with the greatest inter-annual rainfall effects of climate change remains extremely uncertain but still variations, which increases the vulnerability of the rural illustrative. poor, making them more susceptible to climate shocks and exposing more households to the risk of falling below the Other lakes in the country have also been severely impacted by poverty line. Areas affected by population and livestock droughts in the 1970s and 1980s; Lake Fitri dried up completely displacement (including conflict-related displacement) are in 1973 and 1984 as a result of the significant reduction in also vulnerable as a result of the pressure from newcomers inflows. on natural resources, including water, and essential services. These situations contribute to food insecurity or malnutrition, The country’s two major rivers, the Chari and the Logone, which affected nearly 5.5 million people in 2021.48 have also experienced marked variability in their hydrological regimes. In fact, the lowest discharge of the Chari in Adaptation planning for the water sector must be N’Djamena (i.e. 235 m3/s) was recorded in 1984, and there is undertaken through integrated management that a clear downward trend, although the last few years suggest considers population growth scenarios, the changes in some improvement. water usage according to agricultural needs, conflicts between farmers and pastoralists, internal displacement Current projections of water availability in Chad are subject to and migration and the conflict situation that persists in a high degree of uncertainty, regardless of the greenhouse the broader region. gas emission scenario considered. For a constant population level, the median projection of multiple models suggests 7.1.2 Water supply no change in the amount of water available per capita in the The supply of drinking water in both urban and rural areas is country by the end of the century under the two RCP models. largely based on groundwater exploited from boreholes and In contrast, if population growth as estimated in the Shared large diameter wells. Because these structures are not always Socio-economic Pathways projections is taken into account, resilient, they may be adversely affected by climate change. On 47 World Bank. 2019. Water and Sanitation Sector Note. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/990891563355313917/pdf/Chad-Water-and-Sani- tation-Sector-Note.pdf. 48 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 2021. Chad Situation Report. https://reports.unocha.org/en/country/chad/. the one hand, the combined effects of reduced precipitation 5 years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. The rainy season and and high temperatures can cause these structures to dry stagnant water in the lowlands aggravate the intensity and even up. On the other hand, floods cause groundwater pollution the lethality of malaria cases. 52 through poorly protected catchments. These factors are among the major causes of poor access to 7.2 AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK basic services and safe drinking water, which is estimated at only 44 percent of the population nationwide, according Chad is characterized by the absence of disaggregated to recent data from the Joint Monitoring Programme (2019– data on agriculture at the regional level. The country is also 2020). These data also show that approximately 10 percent of characterized by varied production systems depending on the country’s rural population continues to rely on untreated the bioclimatic zone. For these reasons, current knowledge surface water—a source that is highly vulnerable to the on the effects of climate change on the agricultural sector in impacts of climate change.49 Chad remains very general, with few quantified references by crop and by region and very little socio-economic data.53

7.1.3 Sanitation Access to hygiene and sanitation services in Chad is still poor. Largely rain-fed and shifting, Chadian agriculture is highly According to the Joint Monitoring Programme report, 66 percent dependent on the rainfall regime and will therefore be strongly of the population still practice open defecation and only 20 impacted by climate change. Food crops dominate agriculture, percent have adequate sanitation services. Open defecation is making up 80–85 percent of the subsector. Agriculture almost the norm in rural areas (82.4 percent of the population).50 contributes 23 percent of GDP, of which 20 percent comes from food production and 3 percent from cash crops.54 In urban areas, most people relieve themselves in latrines that are not watertight or only loosely sealed and dug at depths Livestock production in Chad is largely extensive and based above the water table. This practice constitutes a definite on natural rangelands, which are the main forage resources source of pollution for groundwater as well as surface water recommended for feeding livestock. Inevitably, livestock sources in the event of a strong rise in the potentiometric production remains dependent on the availability of surface. In addition, the poor management of household, forage resources, the productivity of which remains closely medical or industrial waste can be the cause of pollution for linked to annual rainfall. In addition, a “clear regression of both surface water and groundwater owing to flooding or rising pastoral areas, due not only to anthropic pressure but also potentiometric levels.51 to the decrease in rainfall,” was noted. The combination of poor livestock nutrition and diseases accelerated by It is important to link water, sanitation and hygiene deficits to climate change, particularly trypanosomiasis, has led to other development indicators and human capital development. high mortality rates, which reached 30 percent of the cattle Certain factors are particularly critical in terms of both herd, or 780,000 head, in 2009 in the regions of Kanem, underdevelopment and the humanitarian crisis facing many Lac, Chari-Baguirmi, Hadjer-Lamis and Bahr el Gazel. Other parts of Chad, especially its conflict-prone border areas. Access species have not been spared.55 (or lack thereof) to water, sanitation and hygiene contributes greatly to the country’s structural vulnerability and affects its The impact of climate change and hazards on agriculture and health and nutritional situation. In education, the lack of water, livestock production is reflected in: sanitation and hygiene also limits the development of human capital. ʍ ⚫ a reduced agricultural season and increased frequency of dry days during the agricultural season, resulting Problems related to access to water, water storage and the lack in significant drops (of 10–25 percent) in the yields of sanitation and hygiene also increase the risk of epidemics. and production of food crops (i.e. millet, sorghum and Since 1990, diarrhoeal diseases remain the leading cause of maize) owing to water shortfalls caused by successive premature mortality in Chad, which has the highest mortality droughts, high temperatures, late onset of rainy rate attributable to diarrhoeal diseases among children under seasons and/or the early cessation of rain 49 Contribution by the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Team. 50 World Bank. 2019. Water and Sanitation Sector Note (see footnote 46). 51 Contribution by the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Team 52 World Bank. 2019. Water and Sanitation Sector Note (see footnote 46). 53 NAP Project 2021. Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in the agriculture, livestock, fishery and water resource sectors in Chad. 54 See http://www.fao.org/tchad/notre-bureau/le-pays-en-un-coup-doeil/fr/. 55 Second National Communication on Climate Change, Chad, Ministry of Urban and Rural Hydraulics, 2012. 52 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD 7 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON VARIOUS SECTORS 52 ʍ ⚫ a shrinking production area for cash crops, such as The impacts of climate change on agriculture and livestock cotton, the cultivation of which has gradually moved will also have significant effects on the entire food chain of from the Sudano-Sahelian zone to the Sudanian zone the Chadian population, which suffers from malnutrition ʍ ⚫ a regression of the vegetation cover and an expansion and food insecurity. of cultivated lands at the expense of forest lands, which can lead to irreversible deforestation in the long term ʍ ⚫ an extension of the distribution area of crop pests 7.3 FISHERY RESOURCES AND AQUACULTURE (insects, diseases, etc.) that can lead to a decrease in agricultural production Chad is well endowed with water resources, with several ʍ ⚫ significant impacts on the modalities of livestock major permanent watercourses: Lake Chad, inland lakes, transhumance owing to possible reductions in forage the Chari River (1,200 km), the Logone River (1,000 km) biomass with prolonged stays in the south, as well as and other temporary watercourses. Chad has 136 species an evolution towards agropastoral systems. of freshwater fish, 80 percent of which are suitable for commercial exploitation. These species include catfish, These impacts primarily affect already fragile populations tilapia, African threadfin and other species such as those of and add to existing frequent food insecurity and conflicts the genera Alestes and Hydrocynus. Average fish production between nomadic pastoralists and sedentary farmers. is estimated at 100,000 tons per year. The production of artisanal and improved spirulina is estimated at 405 tons. They are all the more worrying given the importance of this Nearly 35 percent of the sector’s production comes from Lake sector in Chadian society. These issues are fundamental for the Chad, and 65 percent comes from rivers, floodplains and country’s development objectives because the sector employs inland lakes. The fishing and aquaculture sector represents 83 percent of the country’s active population, 47.9 percent of 3 percent of GDP.59 Fish farming is still underdeveloped and whom are women. Livestock alone accounts for 8 percent of produced only 156 tons in 2016; this represents a very small GDP56 and provides direct and indirect income to 40 percent of percentage of total national fish production.60 the population.57 Given the concentration of poor households in the agricultural sector—52 percent of people living in a household headed by a farmer are poor58 —the fluctuating rainfall pattern has a strong influence on poverty. FIGURE 24 ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES IN CHAD Source : World Bank. 2021. Chad Poverty Assessment: Investing in Rural Income Growth, Human Capital, and Resilience to Support Sustainable Poverty Reduction. 56 Second National Communication on Climate Change, Chad, Ministry of Urban and Rural Hydraulics, 2012. 57 Economic Commission for Africa, 2016. https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/23690. 58 World Bank. 2020. Chad: Economic and poverty update under COVID-19. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/34563. 59 National Rural Sector Investment Plan. 2016. http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/Cha173116.pdf. 60 Agricultural Development Policy Declaration, 2016. Recent studies by the Economic Commission on Cattle, 7.4 ENVIRONMENT AND FOREST Meat and Fish Resources, carried out in 2020, estimate RESOURCES that 435,175 people live off of fishing and related activities. The number of fishers is estimated at 208,452, of which Climate change is expected to have a significant influence 20,845 are professionals (including a significant proportion on the ecology and distribution of ecosystems in Chad, of foreign fishers) and 187,607 are agrofishers (including especially forest ecosystems; nevertheless, the magnitude, 3,500 women). The fishing and aquaculture sector is largely level and direction of these changes are uncertain. There is artisanal and is confronted with recurring droughts, the a significant lack of environmental data, which limits the clogging of rivers and lakes due to erosion in watersheds and ability to assess impacts. Forests are perhaps one of the the consequences of accelerated deforestation. The lack of most important ecosystems, not only because they are supervision and overfishing are also major challenges for the home to a large number of animal species but also because sector.61 of their socio-economic value. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations reports that since the The climate change recorded to date has significantly existence of the forestry service in Chad, no national forest modified aquatic environments with the following impacts: inventory has been conducted. Only a few localized and specific parcel inventories have been conducted in the - Droughts and the related silting of the river system context of scattered projects and programmes.63 have resulted in the loss of an estimated 210,000 ha of spawning areas in the Chadian floodplains and the Chad has a biodiversity that is particularly rich in the Tibesti marshes of Lake Chad.62 desert, the southern Sudanian zone and the floodplains - Most of the known fish species in Chad are endangered and wetlands surrounding various watercourses.64 As today because of climate-related hazards and, more temperatures rise and droughts increase in frequency and particularly, because of the sharp decline and change intensity, wetlands and river systems are increasingly at in the quality (i.e. salinization) of surface waters. risk of evolving into other ecosystems, with plants being - An increase in temperature and accelerated supplanted by other species and animals losing their decomposition of organic matter have led to a loss of habitat. oxygen saturation that eliminates many fish species, especially in marsh water. The projections made in the framework of the German - Reproduction of many migratory species in the Agency for International Cooperation Climate Risk Profile floodplains, which receive very little water owing to (2021) represent the most recent and relevant data on the low inflows, has been poor. This includes an important impact of climate change on ecosystems. trade species, the pebbly fish (Alestes baremoze), which recovers in years of good riverine flooding. The analyses evaluated projections related to species diversity (amphibians, birds and mammals) and forest cover Furthermore, the increase in the number of fishers and in Chad, which show similar patterns of change regardless the widespread use of small-mesh nets and active gear of the RCP considered. The models predict that the have aggravated these negative effects on the fishery number of species will increase up to 40 percent in north- potential by increasing the depletion of rare species and eastern Chad and decrease up to 20 percent in western capturing juveniles. The lack of planning and management and southern Chad by 2080. Another analysis shows that mechanisms has resulted in a production shortage and a biodiversity and protected areas in Chad are currently sharp reduction in economic gains for fishers. affected by climate change; those in the western part of the country are more vulnerable than others to its impacts. This Fishing is considered a growth sector in the National analysis expects relatively small changes in species richness Development Plan (2017–2021) and in the NDC (2015). for mammals, birds and amphibians, but identifies many Nevertheless, the integration of climate considerations in species as vulnerable to climate change based on their this sector is very weak because of a lack of quality economic specific biological traits. In particular, a significant number analyses and in-depth risk and vulnerability assessments of species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and of the fishing sector. freshwater fish have been identified, particularly in the 61 NAP Project. 2021. Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in the agriculture, livestock, fishery and water resource sectors in Chad. 62 Second National Communication 63 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2020. Global Forest Resources Assessment. Chad Report. https://www.fao.org/3/ca9825fr/ ca9825fr.pdf 64 Convention on Biological Diversity. Country Profile. Chad. https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=td. Accessed August 2021. 54 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD 7 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON VARIOUS SECTORS 54 Sahelian and desert regions. Of these species, those that of climate change on this sector are reflected in: have been assessed as globally threatened should be - the fact that vegetation is limited to the lowlands, considered priorities for conservation.65 outwash plains and outcrops of the water table in the north; it is also highly vulnerable to extreme weather With respect to forest cover, the models predict a 2 percent conditions decrease in forest cover for the southernmost part of Chad - increased dieback of woody plants and soil cracking according to RCP2.6 and a 2 percent increase according in the Sahelian zone to RCP6.0 by 2080. It is very important to note that forest - a relative reduction in the number of large trees, cover projections should be considered with caution, given mainly in the Sudanian zone the uncertainty in related values for most regions of Chad. - the disappearance of certain animal and plant species, especially aquatic species Although these results describe a rather positive view of the - degradation of ecosystems and ecosystem services, impacts of climate change on biodiversity and forest cover, especially wetlands and river systems that risk it is important to keep in mind two important factors: transforming into other ecosystems - rising temperatures and increased droughts, which - the degree of uncertainty in climate models could also influence the renewal of forest systems - the fact that model projections exclude the and may lead to irreversible deforestation impact on biodiversity of human activities such as - an increase in the risk of invasive species becoming overexploitation and land use established - an increase in the risk of forest and bush fires Indeed, the country’s natural resources are already exposed to anthropic pressure that greatly exceeds their capacity. Overexploitation and the unsustainable use of biological 7.5 HUMAN HEALTH AND NUTRITION resources owing to extreme poverty and demographic pressures (i.e. waves of refugees and a growing population) Climate change poses significant threats to the health and nu- are the main factors of loss. Pressure on terrestrial ecosystems trition sector owing to the increased frequency of heat waves, and biodiversity is exerted through poorly managed pastoral floods, droughts and storms. systems, deforestation, land clearing and bush fires for agriculture, and the proliferation of pests and invasive The main health impacts would be in increased morbidity species. The concomitance of this pressure with the negative and mortality from vector- and non-vector-borne tropical di- effects of climate change (e.g. weakened productivity, seases (e.g. malaria, cholera, bacillary dysentery and measles) reduced natural regeneration, etc.) only aggravates and water-related diseases, which often occur after floods (e.g. degradation in terms of both vegetation dynamics and diarrhoea and cholera). These impacts are already beginning to spatial occupation, which was reduced from 23.1 million ha be seen; over 2.5 million malaria cases, including 8,693 deaths, in 1990 to 21.7 million ha in 2005.66 The influx of people into were reported in 2018.69 Increases in temperature and decreases affected areas, timber exploitation and the need for pastures in humidity resulting from climate change could lead to a signi- and farmland have led to high rates of deforestation; Chad ficant increase in the number of meningitis cases and advance lost 1.54 million ha (i.e. 25 percent) of forest cover between its seasonal onset. The southern part of Chad is part of the “me- 2001 and 2016.67 The overexploitation of wood resources ningitis belt,” which largely corresponds to the Sahel region and for domestic use combined with climate change has led to is the site of the majority of meningitis epidemics. 70 deforestation in over 90 percent of the national heritage and has caused some plant species to go extinct between 1970 The significant impacts of climate change on food and water and the present.68 supplies will increase the risk of malnutrition and food insecu- rity (two major health problems), as discussed in the previous Biodiversity loss in Chad has been greatly affected by sections. Food insecurity is one of the major problems in the recurrent droughts and extensive desertification. The effects country and is the subject of a significant amount of emergen- 65 United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 2016. Improving the resilience of protected areas to climate change in Chad, PARCC Project Policy Brief. http://parcc.protectedplanet.net/system/comfy/cms/files/files/000/000/180/original/PARCC_Policy_Brief_CHAD.pdf. 66 According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, as quoted by the second National Communication. 67 German Agency for International Cooperation. 2021. Climate Risk Profile, Chad. op. cit. 68 Green Climate Fund Chad Country Programme. 2019. https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/chad-country-programme.pdf. 69 World Health Organization. 2019. World Malaria Report 2019. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565721. 70 German Agency for International Cooperation. 2021. Climate Risk Profile: Chad. op. cit. cy aid. Chronic malnutrition in 14 regions of Chad impacts from world for countries in which children are most at risk from 40.1 percent to 63.9 percent of people. The effects of climatic climate change.73 shocks associated with conflicts and migration exacerbate the various conditions of malnutrition. 71 Master plans, strategies and other plans, as well as the National Adaptation Programme of Action, rarely take Climate change is also likely to aggravate difficulties in acces- into account the specific needs, knowledge and skills of sing basic health services, high mortality rates (i.e. infant, child, students, which are sustainable levers of change that can maternal and senile mortality) and low life expectancy at birth. contribute to combating and adapting to climate change and other potential disasters.74 Access to useful and usable Chad is one of the countries in which temperatures are projected climate information remains a problem in Chad, mainly to rise significantly, by as much as 5°C by 2100, which will lead to because of poor access to the climate-related information more frequent heat waves and thus more heat-related deaths. that people need for production activities. People must not Projections of the share of the population affected by at least only be informed and sensitized, but above all they must one heat wave per year show a large increase for the RCP6.0 sce- be educated on the specific nature of environmental issues nario, from 2.5 percent in 2000 to 14 percent in 2080. Moreover, related to climate change.75 for the same scenario, heat-related mortality is likely to increase threefold, to 12 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants annually.72 The education and communication sector can also make an important contribution to adaptation. Investments in education for sustainable development have significant

7.6 EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION multiplier effects. Better quality education that builds knowledge and skills will help to improve sustainability The education sector is a critical sector for advancing all of practices and adaptation at the individual, institutional the country’s development goals. It is directly and indirectly and community levels. impacted by climate change. It is also directly impacted by extreme weather events (e.g. floods, heat waves, etc.), Improving educational outcomes could include invest- which can lead to the deaths of school children and ments in disaster-resilient infrastructure to reduce long- teachers or impact school infrastructure. It is important to term disruptions to children’s learning processes, as well note that children are particularly vulnerable to the impacts as solutions that improve access to and the content of of climate change. They are physically more vulnerable and education to empower children, adolescents and teachers less able to withstand and survive shocks such as floods, to participate in school-based activities focused on climate droughts, severe weather and heat waves. change adaptation and resilience and thus encourage children to contribute to solutions. The education sector is indirectly impacted by worsening deficiencies in water, sanitation and hygiene, which also negatively impact the quality of education and the 7.7 INFRASTRUCTURE, RISK MANAGEMENT development of human capital. According to the Joint AND ESSENTIAL LAND-USE PLANNING Monitoring Programme (2018), 7 of 10 students lack access to adequate sanitation facilities and clean water. A Chadian It is clear that extreme weather events such as floods can girl spends about 1,500 hours a year, or 62 days, collecting severely affect infrastructure such as roads, storm sewers, water instead of studying. Those lucky enough to study drainage systems, housing and health infrastructure, as well must still miss school because there are no toilets adapted as facilities for food production, water management and to their specific menstrual hygiene needs. power generation. According to the Children’s Climate Risk Index of the United Heat waves and rising temperatures can also impact Nations Children’s Fund, Chad is ranked second in the infrastructure and human settlements as they can cause 71 Green Climate Fund Chad Country Programme. 2019. op. cit. 72 German Agency for International Cooperation. 2021. Climate Risk Profile: Chad. op. cit. 73 United Nations Children’s Fund. 2021. The climate crisis is a crisis of children’s rights. https://www.unicef.org/media/105376/file/UNICEF-climate-crisis- child-rights-crisis.pdf 74 International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2020. Policy Brief: Integrating Climate Change into the School Curriculum in Chad. https://www.iucn. org/sites/dev/files/content/documents/note_de_politique_-_integration_des_changements_climatiques_au_programme.pdf. 75 Global Climate Change Alliance-International Union for Conservation of Nature. Project to improve information, education and communication among rural and peri-urban populations on climate change adaptation. https://hrms.iucn.org/iresy/index.cfm?event=vac.offline.download&offline_va- cancy_id=3664. 56 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD 7 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON VARIOUS SECTORS 56 cracking and faster degradation of roads, bridges and In Chad, there have been several initiatives related to protective structures. Chad relies heavily on road transport, producing climate information, notably through the but the country’s road density ranges from 6 km to 40.5 Action Plan to Implement the National Climate Services km per 1,000 km2, and many unpaved roads become Framework of Chad (2016–2020). Nevertheless, it is critical impassable during the rainy season, leaving many villages that adaptation planning be based on integrated risk and rural communities isolated. assessments that take into account the spatial evolution of infrastructure, human settlements and land use, which can Climate change will also have significant impacts on human greatly increase exposure to climate risks. Given the country’s settlements and economic production sites, particularly in significant population growth rate, Chad will have nearly 16 densely populated urban areas such as N’Djamena, Moundou million people by 2025 and could have over 25 million by or Sarh. Informal settlements are particularly vulnerable 2050. It is therefore essential to consider infrastructure, to extreme weather events. Makeshift dwellings are often disaster risk management and land-use planning together. built in unstable geographic locations such as riverbanks, The new national policy on land use, urban planning and where flooding can result in the destruction of homes, water housing may create opportunities in this regard. contamination, injury or death. Inhabitants generally have a low capacity to adapt to such events owing to high levels of poverty and a lack of infrastructure to reduce risk. Urban centres face episodes of flooding during heavy rains or river floods. For example, heavy flooding occurred in 1996, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007/08, 2010 and 2016, which also affected precarious neighbourhoods in urban centres. In N’Djamena, these floods have destroyed houses and left thousands of people homeless.76 In 2012, heavy flooding in southern Chad affected up to 700,000 people and at least 255,000 ha of arable land, and 96,000 houses were destroyed.77 FIGURE 25 RANKING OF CHAD IN THE CHILDREN’S CLIMATE RISK INDEX Source : United Nations Children’s Fund. Children’s Climate Risk Index. 76 Green Climate Fund Chad Country Programme. 2019. op. cit. 77 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Chad: Humanitarian Snapshot (as of 24 September 2012). N’Djamena, Chad. 2012. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/SS-2012-TCD_121002.pdf. 8 8 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PRIORITIES © UN - CHAD This chapter presents a set of adaptation priorities that have It is important to note that most of the priorities presented two objectives: here will require further details under the NAP process, including those funded by the NAP-GEF Project, to build a ʍ⚫ improve the integration of adaptation into pipeline of bankable projects. Other priorities will also be development planning added to and/or updated on this list as the NAP process and ʍ ⚫ strengthen the resilience of Chadian society and the other adaptation initiatives in Chad move forward, allowing economy to climate change other sectors and administrative levels to identify their adaptation priorities. These priorities take into account the fact that several projects and initiatives with the same objectives are underway and continue to produce important studies. 8.1 PRIORITY AREAS OF INTERVENTION The identification and selection of the priorities contained in The review of national adaptation strategies and plans this document was made in several steps: showed that most climate-related strategies echoed the priorities identified in the National Adaptation Programme ʍ⚫ Identification of information gaps and enabling of Action that were meant to be urgent priorities, addressing actions described in section 4.4 the short term. They did not consider the medium or long ʍ ⚫ Review and prioritization of key climate-related term and can be replaced by new priorities. It should be hazards and impacts in Chad noted that Chad did not have comprehensive and detailed ʍ ⚫ Review of priorities identified in key adaptation studies of the vulnerabilities impacting the population or planning documents, especially the National socio-economic sectors. This task has been identified as a Adaptation Programme of Action, the first NDC, the priority for the Chad NAP process. National Climate Change Strategy and the Green Climate Fund Country Programme The priority areas of intervention and groups vulnerable ʍ ⚫ Technical consultation workshop in July 2021, which to climate change described in the National Adaptation discussed the results of the above items and adopted Programme of Action and included in the first NDC were a list of priority intervention areas and adaptation repeated and slightly updated in the second National measures Communication and the Green Climate Fund Country ʍ ⚫ Regional consultation with communities and regional Programme. officials to confirm and prioritize the results of the technical consultation workshop ʍ ⚫ Final pre-validation workshop in September 2021 to confirm these priorities TABLE 6 SUMMARY OF ADAPTATION PRIORITIES IN MAJOR CLIMATE CHANGE PLANS AND STRATEGIES IN CHAD National Adaptation Programme of Action, Nationally determined National Climate Change Green Climate Fund Country 2009 contribution, 2015 Strategy, 2017 Programme, 2019 Water Water Agro-sylvo-pastoral and fishery Improve the resilience of production systems agricultural production systems Agricultural production Agriculture and urban systems Grazing land Livestock breeding - Fishing - Risk management for extreme Prevent risks and manage Risk management Risk management weather events extreme weather events TABLE 7 MAIN CLIMATE-RELATED HAZARDS AND IMPACTS AFFECTING CHAD Main climate- Factors aggravating related hazard Priority sectors vulnerability Main impacts Drought • Livestock breeding • Reduced biodiversity • Decrease in drinking water supplies • Agriculture and the degradation of • Loss of agricultural and livestock potential • Water and sanitation productive and forest and associated income (i.e. loss of crops, • Health/nutrition, environment ecosystems livestock) • Fishing • Degradation of the • Loss of fishery potential and associated • Social quality of water income • Education, trade resources and the • Malnutrition fragility of aquatic • Loss of life ecosystems • Loss of natural habitat for wildlife and birds • Erosion Increased • Livestock breeding • Urbanization • Decrease in drinking water supplies temperatures • Agriculture, health/nutrition, • Degradation of • Loss of agricultural and livestock potential environment, education agroforestry systems and associated income (i.e. loss of crops, • Social • Degradation of the livestock) • Water and sanitation quality of water • Loss of fishery potential and associated • Trade resources and the income fragility of aquatic • Malnutrition ecosystems • Loss of life • Increased attacks from pests and insects • Impacts on biodiversity and degradation of the ecosystem Floods • Water and sanitation • Erosion • Extended and multiplied flood zones • Livestock breeding • Solid and liquid waste • Destruction and loss of land, habitat, • Agriculture, health/nutrition, • No territorial planning community resources and associated environment • Inadequate sewage income • Fishing systems • Disruption of certain natural and • Social productive ecosystems and associated • Trade, infrastructure and income housing • Loss of pastures • Transport • Loss of crops • Tourism • Loss of public and private infrastructure • Diseases • Loss of life Strong winds • Livestock breeding • Degradation of forest • Destruction and degradation of • Agriculture and vegetation cover infrastructure • Health/nutrition • Inadequate • Loss of livestock • Environment infrastructure • Silting of wells and ponds • Fishing • Eye diseases • Social • Wind erosion • Water and sanitation • Trade • Infrastructure and housing • Transport • Tourism Bush and forest • Livestock breeding • Drought • Loss of crops, harvests and livestock fires • Agriculture • Dwellings using • Loss of forest cover • Health/nutrition vegetation (wooden • Damage to infrastructure and housing • Environment roofs, etc.) • Social • Infrastructure and housing 60 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD 8 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PRIORITIES 60 The main areas of intervention are clusters of specific For each area of intervention, a number of priority adaptation actions that aim to reduce vulnerabilities and adaptation options were identified based on national impacts and improve resilience to climate change. In some priorities, consultations with stakeholders at the national cases, they correspond to an economic sector, but this is not and regional levels and consultations in the regions of Chad always the case. Additionally, in some cases, stakeholders with communities and regional officials. The latter were recognize that acting on vulnerabilities or causes of a carried out in the bioclimatic zones and took into account problem will impact other priority sectors. For example, national realities. for the health and nutrition sector, the adaptation actions needed to address the causes of disease and malnutrition fall It should be noted that most of these measures are no-regret under the fields of agriculture, water and sanitation. measures. This is in response to the lack of studies on sector- specific risks, as well as the uncertainty of climate projections. The priority areas of intervention were ranked according They also consider implementation capabilities and to the results of consultations with stakeholders. It should constraints. For the most part, they were ranked according to be noted that the number and order of priority areas has a score compiling assessments of the effectiveness, feasibility, changed compared to other strategic documents, including cost/benefit ratio and acceptability of each measure. The the first NDC. Stakeholders identified additional priority table and graphs below show the national average of the sectors, namely, the environment, gender and social scores from the regional consultations. protection, education and land-use planning. Stakeholders emphasized that the absence of these various sectors from climate change projects and strategies is not necessarily because they are not important or seen as a priority. The choice of priorities in previous documents was largely governed by the demands of technical and financial partners, weak political will and weak national coordination capacity for climate action. The priority areas of intervention are as follows: 1 Agriculture and livestock 2 Environment and forestry 3 Water, hygiene and sanitation 4 Renewable energy 5 Gender and social protection 6 Education and communication 7 Management of risks and extreme weather events, infrastructure and land-use planning, housing and urban development 8 Aquaculture and fishery resources TABLE 8 PRIORITY ADAPTATION MEASURES AND OPTIONS National average Cost/ Combined Option Effectiveness Feasibility benefit Acceptability score Delimitation and planning of pastoral areas 2.75 2.72 3.25 2.52 11.25 Forage crop development 3.12 2.75 3.5 3.12 12.5 Regulation of pastoral mobility 3.57 3.2 4.4 3.4 14.57 Agriculture and livestock Management and creation of pastoral water points 4 3.275 4.3 3.45 15.02 Diversification of water and soil conservation 3.95 2.8 3.85 4.475 15.07 techniques Improvement of the adapted animal breed 3.975 3.15 4.6 4.125 15.85 Water management for irrigated crops 4.175 3.1 4.35 4.675 16.3 Development of a commodity chain approach in the 4.25 3.4 4.25 4.575 16.67 agropastoral and organic agriculture sectors Agroforestry development 4.3 3.925 4.45 4.025 16.7 Promotion of improved crop varieties 4.5 4.275 4.25 4.2 17.22 Bush and forest fire management 3.5 2.5 3.5 3 12.5 Promotion of deferred grazing 3.65 2.85 3.9 2.825 13.22 Environment and forestry Protection and conservation of biodiversity and 3.75 2.72 4.25 3.55 14.27 protected areas Establishment and/or effective management of 4 3.5 4 3.5 15 community forests Showcasing of aboriginal skills and knowledge 3.82 3.9 3.6 4.22 15.65 Promotion and development of non-timber forest 4.37 4.27 4.3 4.57 17.52 products Rainwater collection and treatment systems 3.6 2.725 3.075 3.225 12.62 Promotion of basic sanitation measures (e.g. 4.2 4.35 3.925 3.05 15.52 Water and sanitation community-led total sanitation project and ecological sanitation) Improvement of knowledge on surface and 4.12 3.05 4.5 5 16.67 groundwater resources Management of ponds and adaptive dams 4.57 3.4 4.5 4.625 17.1 Construction of modern wells and boreholes 4.77 3.37 4.5 4.875 17.52 Development of biogas 2.2 2.4 2.8 2.2 10 Renewable energy Promotion of wind energy 3.1 1.8 3.1 3.67 11.85 Popularization of butane gas 4.475 3.475 4.3 3.82 16.07 Promotion of solar energy 4.7 3.65 4.9 5 18.25 Popularization of improved stoves 4.9 4.4 4.9 5 19.2 62 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD 8 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PRIORITIES 62 National average Cost/ Combined Option Effectiveness Feasibility benefit Acceptability score Development of a disaggregated database 1 1 1 1 4 Gender and social Development of social safety nets 2.95 2.7 3.2 2.7 11.55 Fight against negative social norms 3 2.8 3.4 3.4 12.6 protection Facilitation of access to land for women and youth 3.375 3.025 3.35 3.075 12.82 Promotion of green entrepreneurship for women and 3.475 3.425 4 3.625 14.52 youth Popularization of books and training guides 2 2.4 2.4 2.6 9.4 Education and communication Adaption of school calendars to climate change 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.4 10 Integration of adaptation into the education 2.6 2.6 2.6 3 10.8 curriculum and in higher education modules Promotion of environmental literacy for adults 3.35 3.45 3.2 3.3 13.3 Finalization and implementation of the NAP 3 4 4 4 15 communication strategy* Promotion of environmental clubs in schools and 3.75 3.75 4.2 4.3 16 universities Development of climate insurance 1 1 1 1 4 Risk management, infrastructure and land- Development of alerts and early warning systems 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.6 5.6 Promotion of instruments such as zoning, building 4 2 4 1 11 codes and redevelopment* Implementation of risk-sensitive and participatory 4 2 4 1 11 land-use planning* use planning Management of new climate-related natural 4 2 4 2 12 disasters based on risk zone maps* Implementation of risk management and climate 3.2 2.73 3.4 3.4 12.73 disaster plans at the national and local levels Community awareness on climate risk prevention 3.27 3.02 3.5 3.25 13.05 and management Promotion of spirulina aquaculture 3 3 3.5 3 12.5 Fishery Resources Promotion of fish farming 3.375 2.875 3.75 3.375 13.37 Stocking of dams and retention basins 3.3 2.7 3.7 3.7 13.4 Use of appropriate fishing gear and equipment 3.5 2.9 3.5 3.5 13.4 Increased fish supply 4.1 3.45 4.1 4.1 15.75

8.2 SYNERGIES WITH THE NATIONALLY and reduce deforestation. Those that target the impact of DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION flooding will contribute to carbon sequestration and help communities establish alternative income-generating As this first NAP was developed in parallel with the NDC activities. and with the goal of updating the adaptation priorities for both documents, stakeholders emphasized that the imple- Integrating adaptation and mitigation into access to water, mentation of this first NAP will occur within the framework sanitation and hygiene will improve health and contribute for implementing the NDC for the period 2021–2026. to economic benefits for communities. Adaptation measures will improve community access to basic water Stakeholders also stressed the importance of synergies and sanitation and support climate-resilient water and between adaptation and mitigation actions. The following sanitation infrastructure. Mitigation measures will also four points are particularly important to consider in the be incorporated in terms of wastewater treatment and joint implementation of the NAP and the NDC. the use of solar energy to extract water, which can reduce emissions.

8.2.1 Prioritize measures with co-benefits One of the important elements that emerged from the It is also important to note that stakeholders have consultations in Chad is the importance of emphasizing and identified renewable energy as an important focus area for prioritizing actions that create synergies and co-benefits for adaptation. Promoting and supporting the use of renewable adaptation and mitigation, thereby maximizing the impact energy, such as biogas and solar energy, will generate co- of climate change investments in Chad through better benefits by reducing methane and nitrous oxide emissions synergy between the NAP and the NDC. Indeed, by 2030, from manure and reducing communities’ dependence Chad will implement several climate change adaptation on firewood. This will help reduce deforestation and measures that will have mitigation benefits, especially land cover degradation, which, in addition to increasing nature-based solutions that will build resilience to climate carbon sequestration, is an important element in reducing change, contribute to capturing greenhouse gas and help to vulnerability to climate change and will have economic, achieve other SDGs. These actions will also have beneficial public health and environmental benefits. effects on biodiversity, health and the socio-economic well- being of communities. 8.2.2 Enhance synergies between the Rio Conventions and the Sustainable Development As such, given the vulnerability of agriculture to changes Goals in precipitation patterns in the country, natured-based The majority of the adaptation and mitigation measures in solutions for sustainable and climate-smart agriculture this NAP are in perfect synergy with commitments made and agroforestry should be promoted and supported. by Chad under the three Rio Conventions on biodiversity, These include cropland nutrient management, the climate change and desertification, as well as the 2030 planting of trees in croplands and conservation agriculture, Agenda and the Bonn Challenge (i.e. to restore 5 million ha which offer significant mitigation benefits alongside a of degraded and deforested land by 2030). considerable number of adaptation benefits. They also provide environmental and socio-economic benefits in In this context, the priority adaptation measures in this NAP terms of improved biodiversity and ecosystem services, will support forest and land restoration, address the causes as well as increased agricultural production, improved of biodiversity loss and land degradation and contribute to livelihoods, food security and nutrition. reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Livestock management and sustainable grazing and In this way, through nature-based solutions, these actions feeding practices can have benefits in terms of improving will contribute to the goal of land degradation neutrality by soil fertility, vegetation cover and grassland ecosystems, 2030. At the same time, they will promote the conservation, which will have associated climate change adaptation and management and restoration of several ecosystems, as well carbon sequestration benefits. These actions will also be as interventions that call for protecting and conserving associated with manure management and composting, biodiversity and restoring ecosystems and their services, which will have mitigating effects by reducing methane which are goals under the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. under the Convention on Biological Diversity. Other adaptation measures with mitigation benefits Some of the response measures will also create synergies will support forest restoration and sustainable forest and co-benefits, including mitigation, in the course of management, which will benefit biodiversity conservation activities that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which will 64 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD 8 NATIONAL ADAPTATION PRIORITIES 64 be carried out in agriculture, forestry and other land-use complementarity among the adaptation priorities sectors. identified in the NAP and these regional projects will be The NAP also creates synergies that can generate co- important and will require the continued involvement of benefits for several of the SDGs, particularly with respect to technical partners and consideration of lessons learned activities related to clean water and sanitation, agriculture, from these regional projects, including: resilience, infrastructure, land use and management, forests, ecosystems, the environment, disaster risk ʍ⚫ Projects related to the sustainable management reduction, awareness, employment, well-being, resource of Lake Chad, in particular, projects carried out by efficiency and adaptive capacity, which are related to Goals the Lake Chad Commission within the framework 1–7, 9, 10, 13 and 15. of its 2025 vision.78 There are also two projects under development, one by the Sahara and Sahel

8.2.3 Promote land-use planning Observatory and financed by the Green Climate Land-use planning was identified as an important cross- Fund79 and the other by WMO and financed by the cutting element for the planning and effectiveness of Adaptation Fund.80 adaptation priorities and is therefore an essential tool for ʍ ⚫ Projects related to the Great Green Wall Initiative, the implementation of this NAP. including two recent projects funded by the Green Climate Fund. The first project began in Effective land-use planning is an important component 2021 with the support of the International Fund of a successful climate response, as it can both influence for Agricultural Development and the African greenhouse gas emissions and represent a cost-effective Risk Capacity and aims to increase resilience and adaptation strategy at the national, regional or local improve the livelihoods and water and food security levels. Land-use choices significantly influence the long- for smallholder farmers and rural communities term effects of climate change and can increase resilience in seven Great Green Wall countries through to its impacts through the location, mix and design of integrated climate risk management for natural development. Currently, more and more countries are resources (water, soil, etc.). This project will also incorporating climate risk considerations into risk-sensitive enable target countries, including Chad, to adopt planning decisions, particularly in urban areas. low-emission and climate-resilient agricultural development paths. The second project under Indeed, land use and infrastructure decisions can either development will be carried out with the support of significantly decrease or increase risk, particularly in the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United cities. If investments in infrastructure, housing and other Nations. It aims to remove barriers to facilitate facilities were made in hazardous locations, the risk would greater resilience and mitigation by scaling up persist for decades and it would be much more expensive successful restoration practices and strengthening to address it than to prevent it from happening. It will be national and regional Great Green Wall institutions. important to further integrate risk reduction measures that consider the effects of climate change and variability, with the help of early warning mechanisms for floods and droughts to improve community preparedness. Adaptation actions will benefit urban settlements by reducing their vulnerability to extreme weather events through hazard mapping, climate-resilient building codes and upgrades to infrastructure. The measures will also include energy efficiency improvements to buildings, green space and parks that will have mitigation benefits.

8.2.4 Ensure alignment with regional projects Cross-border aspects must be taken into account when implementing the NAP, especially since Chad contributes to many regional projects. Ensuring consistency and 78 The list of Lake Chad Commission projects is available from https://cblt.org/category/projects/on-going-projects/. 79 The project concept note is available here: https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/23120-lacc-project-lake-chad-adaptation-cli- mate-change.pdf. 80 The project document is available here: https://www.adaptation-fund.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/AFB.PPRC_.27.20-Proposal-for-Came- roon-Central-African-Republic-Chad-Niger-and-Nigeria.pdf. 9 CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT OF AN EFFECTIVE NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN PROCESS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SECOND, MORE COMPREHENSIVE NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN © UN - CHAD A number of studies and priority actions are needed to fill 3- Undertake baseline risk assessment studies to in- the most significant gaps, reduce barriers and improve and form and clarify national priorities and integrate systematize considerations for climate risks and adaptation climate and non-climate risk information into de- needs in development planning. velopment planning 4- Strengthen the enabling environment for adap- These activities seek to advance four urgent priorities to tation planning by ensuring strategic communi- better advance the NAP process: cation at all levels of government and at the com- munity level 1- Facilitate a coordination mechanism for the NAP process 2- Identify capacity needs to guide and coordinate efforts to develop capacity in a systematic and sustainable manner Actions Expected results 1- Facilitate a coordination mechanism for adaptation planning and implementation in Chad - Undertake a study to analyse the current institutional framework and capacity - A study report describing the best and propose the best options for institutional coordination mechanisms and the options for the governance system governance system according to the national context - A formal coordination and governance - Organize a consultation workshop with key stakeholders (including regional structure and mechanisms validated by representatives and key vulnerable groups) to discuss and agree on an institutional stakeholders, with clearly defined roles arrangement for coordination and governance and mandates to coordinate adaptation - Draft a regulatory text (e.g. ministerial order) that describes the coordination and planning and implementation in Chad governance structure for climate change adaptation, defines the coordinating - Climate change focal points in key bodies (at the national and regional levels) and their mandates and identifies focal ministries and regional institutions points and participating institutions - A technical partner coordination group - Establish a technical partner coordination group for the implementation of the established to support the coordinated NAP implementation of the NAP 2- Identify capacity needs to guide and coordinate efforts to develop capacity in a systematic and sustainable manner - Conduct a capacity needs assessment and establish a baseline to compile key - Capacity needs assessed with an gaps and needs identified through relevant initiatives and direct requests, established baseline considering complementarity with ongoing initiatives on climate change capacity - Sustainable capacity development development by the Green Climate Fund and technical and financial partners strategy with performance indicators - Create a capacity development strategy, with tailored performance indicators to build and improve the capacity of technical staff in public planning and financing institutions at the national and regional levels with regard to climate change adaptation; hazard, vulnerability and risk assessments; financial assessments of climate impacts and disaster risks; adaptation planning; and adaptation budgeting tools, particularly to support investment in and the implementation of adaptation options Actions Expected results 3- Undertake studies to inform and clarify national priorities and integrate climate and non-climate risk information in development planning - Analyse the main economic costs of climate change for Chad, including - A quantitative analysis of the costs and quantifying impacts on the priority sectors and development objectives most at impacts of climate change for priority risk, and assess the main investments at the national and regional levels, with key sectors and investments indicators for the country’s economy to facilitate informed decision-making on - Socio-economic vulnerability analysis adaptation needs - Updated priority adaptation measures - Conduct a study and mapping of socio-economic vulnerabilities for the entire - In-depth cost/benefit and cost- country of Chad, with a view to providing usable information on the social and effectiveness analyses of adaptation economic impacts of climate change in key sectors and on key issues, in order to measures support data-based adaptation planning by the Government and at the local level (i.e. the lowest scale for which census data are available) and link them to relevant indicators in the National Development Plan - Based on the results, update the list of key adaptation measures for priority sectors and ecosystems in Chad - Conduct cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses of prioritized adaptation measures, by order of priority 4- Strengthen the enabling environment for adaptation planning by ensuring strategic communication for government officials and communities - Reproduce and disseminate the study to relevant actors (including at the local - Communication products focused on the level) studies conducted - Compile the list of priorities and submit the draft NAP for stakeholder review; - NAP finalized and distributed validate and disseminate the NAP - Share the progress of the NAP in Chad at the national, regional and local levels; with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat; and in international forums The NAP-GEF Project will be an important tool in the established under the Global Climate Change Alliance continuation of the NAP process, as the activities already Project (i.e. purpose, scope, focus, indicators, types of planned intend to address some of these needs, in addition data and information, sectors, verification methods, to the vulnerability studies that were just finalized in late data sources and reporting) and propose more effective September 2021. The project plans to: monitoring and evaluation tools (i.e. collection, processing and management of information; specific - Establish an information system (database) that assessments; reporting; and gender disaggregation). includes climate and socio-economic databases and - Implement the environmental education strategy on available GIS data. adaptation in all 15 regions. - Develop and implement the training programme on mainstreaming climate change adaptation through Two outcomes of the NAP Project are particularly relevant to participatory workshops. advancing the NAP process and integrating adaptation into - Develop climate products to inform short-, medium- development planning: and long-term decision-making and provide them to planners in targeted socio-economic sectors and - a national development plan and 15 regional plans that regions. effectively integrate priority adaptation activities - Improve the identification and assessment of - the revision of sectoral policies (i.e. agricultural, pastoral, adaptation options in the agricultural, livestock, fishery fisheries and water) and associated action plans by and water resource sectors. effectively integrating priority adaptation actions, as well - Strengthen the capacity of the Special Environment as the inclusion of these actions in the annual budgets Fund of Chad to access funding and select adaptation of the ministerial departments of the most vulnerable projects. sectors, with regular updates to the action plans - Strengthen the monitoring and evaluation system 68 9 FIRSTCONTINUED NATIONAL CLIMATE DEVELOPMENT CHANGE OF AN ADAPTATION EFFECTIVEPLAN NATIONAL OF CHAD ADAPTATION PLAN PROCESS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SECOND, MORE COMPREHENSIVE NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN 68 This first NAP in Chad lays the foundation for beginning The financial requirements for implementing this NAP are to consider and address the impacts of climate change significant. Given the lack of studies and quantified data to on development goals and to integrate adaptation into determine the socio-economic impacts of climate change medium- and long-term development planning. on various sectors in Chad, it was difficult to estimate the The drafting of this initial NAP has highlighted the gaps and cost of adaptation interventions. The financing needs for barriers that prevent integration. The process of updating the actions identified in this NAP have therefore been this NAP should incorporate the results of ongoing studies, estimated according to a top-down approach, which particularly those from the NAP-GEF Project and the Green estimates adaptation needs as a percentage of GDP. This is Climate Fund Country Programme, in order to: based on global simulations of adaptation needs developed by the United Nations Environment Programme (i.e. the - Update the list of adaptation measures, encourage top-down approach from the Adaptation Gap Report), as quantified cost-benefit analyses and formulate a well as several reports and studies which have estimated more elaborate portfolio of adaptation projects as that adaptation costs could be equivalent to an annual well as a financing strategy. loss of between 1.5 percent and 3 percent of GDP in Africa - Implement mechanisms and tools to facilitate by 2030.81 As Chad is one of the most vulnerable countries effective governance and the means to ensure in the world, the estimate of 3 percent of GDP was chosen. monitoring, evaluation and transparency while undertaking adaptation actions. According to this approach, the financing needs to respond - Develop tools to facilitate climate-sensitive to the significant climate risks expected in Chad could budgeting at the national and local levels. amount to over $375 million as early as 2021 (based on the - Advance the planning and execution of adaptation estimate of 3 percent of GDP) and reach an annual cost of actions at the local level. $510 million by 2026. Based on these annual simulations, - Develop specific tools to ensure that the planning funding requirements for the period 2021–2026 could and execution of adaptation actions are gender amount to over $2.6 billion. sensitive. 81 Watkiss, P. 2010. AdaptCost project: analysis of the economic costs of climate change adaptation in Africa. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Pro- gramme. ANNEXES © UN - CHAD_Mayanne Munan

ANNEXE 1 PROGRAMME OF THE TECHNICAL WORKSHOP TO CONSULT STAKEHOLDERS IN THE PREPARATION OF THE FIRST NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN AND THE NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION CHAD LOCATION: N’DJAMENA | DATE: 13–16 JULY 2021 Background Nationally determined contributions (NDCs) are at the heart of the Paris Agreement. They define a party’s contribution to achieving its goals, including what the party must do to transition to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy. By ratifying the Paris Agreement on 12 January 2017, Chad agreed to revise its successive NDCs every five years, knowing that each one must «progress» from the previous version. The Government therefore decided to draft an initial National Adaptation Plan (NAP) as a first step towards drafting a more comprehensive NAP. This initial NAP will aim to synthesize the most recent studies, data and knowledge on climate change adaptation in Chad and identify the gaps to be filled. The NDC and the NAP are the primary means of communication by which the Government informs the international community of its actions to address climate change. Nevertheless, from the drafting phase of these two documents, the mobilization of all stakeholders in the fight against climate change in Chad is essential to ensure their effective and successful implementation. Through the Directorate of Environmental Education and the Fight against Climate Change, the Ministry of Environment, Fisheries and Sustainable Development has deemed it essential to organize a technical workshop with stakeholders in order to involve them in a participatory process to draft these two key documents for Chad. Objectives The overall objective of this national technical consultation workshop is to inform and consult stakeholders regarding the two ongoing climate-related processes in Chad, namely the NDC and the initial NAP. It aims to validate a situation analysis on climate change in Chad, gather additional information and discuss and agree on strategic priorities for adaptation and mitigation. In particular, the workshop will: ʍ⚫ Raise awareness and share knowledge about the intent and purpose of the NAP and NDC processes. ʍ⚫ Encourage ownership and buy-in from key stakeholders for the NAP process and the NDC. ʍ ⚫ Ensure that the NDC and the initial NAP are aligned with national development priorities and sectoral policies and strategies. ʍ ⚫ Collect missing data. ʍ ⚫ Conduct an initial review of the mitigation and adaptation priorities to be included in the NDC and initial NAP. ʍ ⚫ Discuss promoting synergies between the revision of the NDC and the preparation of the initial NAP to guarantee consistency between the two documents. Outcomes The main outcomes of this workshop are to determine initial strategic directions as well as recommendations for adaptation and mitigation priorities that have been validated by stakeholders. These recommendations and strategic directions will be further developed by national and international consultants hired by the National Adaptation Plan Global Support Programme, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the European Union (EU). They will eventually lead to the formulation of an initial NAP and the NDC. Methodology An interactive participatory approach will be used for the workshop. The plenary sessions will be preceded by discussions and breakout sessions to ensure that all stakeholders can fully participate and provide input. Participants The workshop will bring together approximately 60 participants from various public and private institutions and regions, as well as civil society representatives and technical and financial partners. WORKSHOP PROGRAMME DAY 1: Tuesday, 13 July 2021 Time Session Participants 8-30 - 9.00 Registration Participants 9.00 - 9.30 Opening remarks M. Oualbadet Magomna, DGM du Ministère de l’Environnement et de la Pêche 9.30 - 10.45 Session 1: Process for drafting the NAP, the initial NAP and the Presentation 1: Evolution of climate NDC change impacts and responses in Chad (Mr Mahamat Abdoulaye Objective: Raise awareness among stakeholders on the evolution Issa, Director of Environmental of climate change response strategies in Chad (i.e. the National Education and the Fight against Adaptation Programme of Action, preliminary NAP, NAP) Climate Change – 15 min.) and on the NDC (2015 and revised NDC) and reach a common understanding of the goal of these three documents and their Presentation 2: The NDC process – synergies. Mitigation (EU team – 10 min.) General discussion (in plenary) Presentation 3: The NDC adaptation process and the NAP process (preliminary and detailed) (UNDP team – 10 min.) 10.45- 11.00 Coffee break 11.00 - 13.00 Session 2: State of knowledge on climate risks and vulnerabilities Presentation 1: Adaptation as well as mitigation and adaptation efforts in Chad situation analysis (UNDP team – 15 min.) Objective: Present a brief situation analysis of emission trends and key climate risks and vulnerabilities in Chad, as well as key gaps Presentation 2: Mitigation and barriers. Obtain validation from participants and discuss gaps situation analysis and preliminary to be filled. results (EU/Initiative for Climate Action Transparency (ICAT) team Group exercise: Discussion in four groups (two groups for – 15 min.) adaptation and two groups for mitigation) on the primary information gaps on emissions, climate risks and needs in order to fill these gaps and address barriers. Issues to be considered by each group: 1- priority risks and vulnerabilities (adaptation)/biggest emitting sectors (mitigation) 2- needs in order to fill information gaps 3- barriers to filling information gaps 13.00 - 14.00 Lunch 72 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD ANNEXES 72 DAY 1 (continued): Tuesday, 13 July 2021 Time Session Participants 14.00 - 15.45 Session 2 (continued) Focus groups (continued) Report to plenary 15.45 - 16.00 Coffee break 16.00 - 17.00 Session 3: State of knowledge and implementation of adaptation Presentation 1: Analysis of and mitigation programmes and projects in Chad adaptation programmes and projects in Chad (UNDP team – 10 Objective: Present and validate a summary of the main adaptation min.) projects and programmes Presentation 2: Analysis of in Chad and discuss lessons learned from their implementation as mitigation programmes and well as key gaps. projects in Chad (EU/ICAT team – Discussion: Four discussion groups: two on mitigation and two on 10 min.) adaptation. Issues to be considered by each group: 1- Fill in the list of existing projects or those being prepared. 2- What are the lessons learned from their implementation? 3- What are the difficulties observed in the implementation of adaptation and mitigation projects? 4- What other sectors or priorities are not covered by projects/ programmes and why? DAY 2: Wednesday, 14 July 2021 Time Session Participants 9.00 - 10.45 Session 3: (continued) Group discussion (continued) Report to plenary 10.45 - 11.00 Coffee break 11.00 - 13.00 Session 4: Gender and climate change in Chad Questionnaire Objective: Hold an initial discussion on gender considerations in Presentation 1: The importance climate mitigation and adaptation measures. of considering gender in adaptation and mitigation At the beginning of the session, a questionnaire will be distributed actions (International Institute for and completed by all participants. The questionnaire will collect Sustainable Development team – information to understand the motivations, barriers and context of 15 min.) actors working on gender and climate change in Chad. Presentation 2: Next steps to General discussion (in plenary) on the need to better integrate ensure gender mainstreaming in gender issues into the NDC and NAP processes in Chad the NAP process (Colette Benoudji – 15 min.) 13.00 - 14.00 Lunch DAY 2 (continued): Wednesday, 14 July 2021 Time Session Participants 14.00 - 15.45 Session 5: Vision and objectives for adaptation and mitigation Presentation 1: Suggestions for an adaptation vision and objectives Objective: Agree on a clear vision and objectives for adaptation and for the NDC and the initial NAP mitigation in Chad and review and agree on priority sectors. (UNDP team – 10 min.) Discussion: Two discussion groups, one on mitigation and one on Presentation 2: Suggestions for a adaptation. mitigation vision and objectives (EU/ICAT team – 10 min.) Issues to be considered by the adaptation group 1- Review and validate the adaptation vision and objectives for the NDC and the initial NAP. 2- Review the list of priority sectors based on the 2015 NDC and the Green Climate Fund Country Programme. Issues to be considered by the mitigation group 1- Review and validate the mitigation vision and objectives for the NDC. 2- Review the list of priority sectors based on the 2015 NDC and the Green Climate Fund Country Programme. 15.45 - 16.00 Coffee break 16.00 - 17.00 Session 5 (continued) Group discussion (continued) and return to plenary DAY 3: Thursday, 15 July 2021 Time Session Participants 09.00 - 10.45 Session 6: Discussion of adaptation and mitigation priorities Presentation 1: Synthesis of the priority adaptation measures in the Objective: Review and validate strategic priorities for adaptation current documents of Chad (UNDP and mitigation in Chad, based on the strategic documents (2015 team – 15 min.) NDC and the Green Climate Fund Country Programme). Presentation 2: Synthesis of the Discussion: Sectoral groups are invited to review, validate and priority mitigation measures in the expand on adaptation and mitigation priorities. current documents of Chad (EU/ ICAT team – 15 min.) Preliminary list of groups (to be adjusted after the results of session 5) 1- Agriculture, forestry and livestock 2- Water 3- Fishing 4- Infrastructure 5- Human settlements 6- Health and nutrition 7- Energy and transport Issues to be considered by each group/sector: i- Identify priority adaptation/mitigation measures for your sector. ii- Identify the most vulnerable groups (for adaptation) or the biggest emitters (for mitigation) in your sector. iii- Identify the priority regions for your sector and explain why. iv- Identify the criteria for prioritizing measures in your sector. 74 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD ANNEXES 74 DAY 3 (continued): Thursday, 15 July 2021 Time Session Participants 10.45 - 11.00 Coffee break 11.00 - 13.00 Session 6 (continued) Group discussion Return to plenary 13.00 - 14.00 Lunch 14.00 - 15.45 Session 7: Co-benefits of adaptation and mitigation actions Presentation 1: Nature-based solutions: synergies between Plenary discussion on nature-based solutions and how to prioritize adaptation and mitigation synergies between adaptation and mitigation. measures (UNDP team – 15 min.) 15.45 - 16.00 Coffee break 16.00 - 17.30 Session 8: Climate governance in Chad Presentation 1: Existing coordination mechanisms in Objective: Overview of existing governance and coordination Chad (Mr. Ndodjide Aubain, NAP arrangements for adaptation and mitigation in Chad and Director – 15 min.) discussions on strengthening them. Presentation 2: Examples Plenary discussion on gaps in adaptation and mitigation from other countries and coordination and suggestions for strengthening the coordination draft recommendations for an mechanism in Chad and encouraging the involvement of all institutional climate framework in stakeholders. Chad (UNDP – 10 min.) DAY 4: Friday, 16 July 2021 Time Session Participants 9.00 - 10.45 Session 9: Discussion of entry points and needs for monitoring and Presentation 1: National evaluating the implementation of the NDC and the NAP measurement, reporting and verification system in the context The session will present the previously discussed and validated of implementing the NDC in Chad national measurement, reporting and verification system and (Mr. Katien, ICAT team – 20 min.) discuss whether there is a need to complement it with other monitoring and evaluation needs for the effective implementation of the NDC and NAP. Objective: Introduction to the need for monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the NDC and the NAP. Plenary discussion on specific entry points and needs for monitoring and evaluating climate change adaptation and mitigation. 10.45 - 11.00 Coffee break DAY 4 (continued): Friday, 16 July 2021 Time Session Participants 11.00 - 13.00 Session 10: Needs and enabling activities Presentation 1: Cross-cutting needs and enabling activities in national Objective: Review and validate the needs and enabling conditions documents (UNDP team – 15 min.) necessary to fill the gaps identified in previous sessions. Presentation 2: Communication Group discussion: two for adaptation and two for mitigation strategy of the NDC and NAP (UNDP team – 15 min.) Discussion and prioritization of cross-cutting needs and the enabling activities needed to implement the priorities and activities identified in the previous sessions (e.g. capacity needs, climate data collection and processing, communication and outreach, etc.) Report to plenary 13.00-14.00 Lunch 14.00 - 15.45 Session 11: Next steps Plenary discussion: Agree on the next steps to complete the NDC (adaptation and mitigation), regional visits and the initial NAP, including synergies with the development of a more comprehensive NAP by 2023. 15.45 - 16.00 Coffee break 16.00 - 17.00 Validation of the recommendations and closing of the workshop 76 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD ANNEXES 76

ANNEXE 2 LIST OF PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS FUNDED BY MAJOR DONORS IN THE FIELDS OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RESILIENCE AND CLIMATE CHANGE1 Financing from the African Development Bank (AfDB) Relevant Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ Cost in billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution currency CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Programme to build Food and nutrition security + resilience: Vulnerable farmers Kanem and Bahr el Ministry of 9 770 UC 7,78 (5,515) 04/12/ 2014 30/06/2020 resilience to recurrent increase interregional trade Gazel Production, (9 .192.000 $) food and nutrition Increase agro-sylvo-pastoral and fishery Pastoralists and Irrigation and insecurity in the Sahel production and productivity, improve agropastoralists Agricultural (P2RS) the income of vulnerable populations, Equipment Improve women’s access to resources Artisanal fishers Programme to Eastern and Western Ministry of 5 350 000 UC 4,21 09/03/2015 30/09/2020 rehabilitate and Logone, Chari- Environment, strengthen the resilience Baguirmi, Hadjer- Water and of socio-ecological Lamis, Tandjilé, Fisheries systems Lac, Mandoul, (PRESIBALT) Moyen-Chari, Mayo-Kebbi East and West, Kanem, Guéra, Ouaddaï and Batha Programme to 60 ha, 640 km of lake road, 73 km of Lake Chad, Hadjer- Ministry of 6 779 754 UC 5,40 07/2018 30/09/2019 rehabilitate and paths, 1 health centre, 1,500 ha of anti- Lamis and Kanem Environment, strengthen the resilience erosion development and 22 classrooms Water and of socio-ecological Fisheries systems (PRESIBALT) Urgent humanitarian aid Ministry of 653 877 000 UC 0,52 22/12/2017 31/12/2018 for nutrition, Sahelian Production, band (emergency food Irrigation and assistance) Agricultural Equipment 1 This list was created by the study Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience-building in Chad, conducted by the Institute of Research and Application of Development Methods for the BRACED programme (Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Extremes and Disasters) in 2019. 78 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD Financing from the World Bank Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of Relevant ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Social safety net project Cash transfers (conditional and 6,200 poor Bahr el Gazel, Ministry of the Economy 10 US $ 5,4 05/10/ 2016 2019 unconditional) households N’Djamena and and Development BM-DFID Western Logone Planning Assistance for productive development Project for women’s Regional (Chad, Ministry of the Economy 25,75 US $ 14,1 18/12/ 2014 empowerment and the Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, and Development demographic dividend in Mauritania, Niger) Planning/Ministry of the Sahel Public Health/Ministry of Women, Protection of Early Childhood and National Solidarity Support project for Modernization of infrastructure and 400,000 pastoralists Hadjer-Lamis, Kanem, Ministry of Livestock 45 US $ 11/02/2016 31/12/2021 pastoralism in the Sahel capacity-building for veterinary services and agropastoralists, Lac, Bahr el Gazel, and Animal Husbandry (PRAPS) of which 20 percent South Borkou, Batha, Pastoral facilities (wells, ponds, stations, are women Guéra, Wadi Fira, markers) Ouaddaï, Sila, East and West Ennedi Trade support (markets, transit stations) Support for pastoral crisis management Support project for Develop and manage irrigation and Vulnerable farmers Ouaddaï, Wadi Fira, Ministry of Production, 27,5 US $ 13,7 23/05/2018 31/03/2024 irrigation in the Sahel increase irrigated areas Sila, Guéra, Salamat, Irrigation and (PARIIS) Pastoralists and Mayo-Kebbi East and Agricultural Equipment agropastoralists West, Tandjilé, Eastern and Western Logone, Moyen-Chari, Mandoul, Hadjer- Lamis and Chari- Baguirmi Project to strengthen Development of sustainable and 360 000 Mandoul, Moyen-Chari Ministry of Production, 41 US $ 11/2018 11/2023 climate resilience and climate-resilient agriculture (adoption people and Salamat Irrigation and sustainable agricultural of innovative technologies) Agricultural Equipment productivity (PROPAD) Emergency response Support project for Improved access to basic services Refugees and host Eastern Logone, Ministry of the Economy 60 US $ 30 06/10/2018 12/2023 refugees and host (health and education) communities Ouaddaï and Lake and Development ANNEXES 78 communities (PARCA) Chad Planning/National Unconditional cash transfers 25,000 poor Commission for households Assistance to Refugees Subsidies for productive activities and (transfers) and Returnee training ... (cont.) Financing from the World Bank Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Support for measures Cash transfers 4,650 households Western Logone Office of 2016 2020 to support sustainable Host communities (Lake Wey) the United human development Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) -CARE Response to the food crisis Cash transfers 31,500 people Eastern Logone (La Food and 2017 2019 Distribution of garden seeds Nya Pendé) Agriculture Refugees, returnees Organization Moyen-Chari of the United (Grande Sido) Nations (FAO)- World Food Programme (WFP) Emergency food and Support for agriculture, gardening and Refugees, displaced Eastern Logone FAO - 2018 2019 livestock crisis response livestock persons, host (Monts de Lam, La Association for project communities, Pendé, La Nya Pendé, Development indigenous peoples Kouh-Ouest) Actors and Actions Mandoul (Barh [Association Sara, Mandoul des Témoins, Occidental) d’Urgences et des Actions de Moyen-Chari (Barh éveloppement]/ Köh, Ministry of Grande Sido) Production, Irrigation and Salamat (Barh Agricultural Azoum, Haraze- Equipment Mangueigne, Aboudeïa) Ministry of Livestock Eastern Logone (La and Animal Nya Pendé, Monts de Husbandry Lam, Kouh-Ouest, La Pendé) Famine Action Better formalize, strengthen and Mechanism (FAM) encourage linkages between early warning systems, financing for interventions and implementation modalities, while enhancing the impact of international famine mitigation efforts 80 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD Financing from the Central African States Development Bank and the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa Relevant Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ Cost in billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution currency CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Rice farming Improving food security and reducing 1,400 producers Hadjer-Lamis and 10,000,000 6 2014 2018 development project in poverty: irrigation; support for Vulnerable farmers East Mayo-Kebbi Arab Bank the Chari-Logone 2 Plain production and storage facilities; Pastoralists and for Economic (PDRI-CL2) training in production, storage and agropastoralists Development in trade Artisanal fishers Africa/State Project to construct micro- Guéra (Mongo) Ministry of Arab Bank 11,00 09/05/2016 30/04/2020 dams for agriculture and Ouaddaï (Abéché) Production, for Economic livestock in three regions Wadi-Fira (Biltine) Irrigation and Development in Agricultural Africa Equipment/ Ministry of Livestock and Animal Husbandry Development of East and West Ministry of Central 16,03 groundwater resources Ennedi Environment, African States and reclamation of run- Water and Development off water Fisheries/Ministry Bank/State of Production, Irrigation and Agricultural Equipment/ Ministry of Livestock and Animal Husbandry ANNEXES 80 Financing from the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) Relevant Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ Cost in billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution currency CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Project to develop the rice Increased rice production and income Chari-Baguirmi, $53,550,000 32,130 2014 2019 sector in the Chari-Logone for producers East Mayo-Kebbi, IDB/State Plain (PDRI-CL) Western Logone and Moyen-Chari Project to strengthen Food and nutrition security + resilience: Vulnerable farmers Tibesti, Borkou, $32,020,000 19,212 2015 2020 resilience and combat livelihood support, climate change East Ennedi, West IDB/State food insecurity in Chad adaptation, food crisis management Poor households Ennedi, Wadi Fira, (PDRLIAT) capacity Ouaddaï, Batha, Sila, Guéra, Salamat, Lac, Kanem, Bahr el Gazel, Chari- Baguirmi and Hadjer-Lamis Project for the Food and nutrition security Vulnerable farmers Eastern Logone, $22,320,000 13,392 2015 2019 management and Western Logone, IDB/State development of natural Increased agricultural production, Mandoul, East Mayo- resources in the Sudanian irrigation development, creation of Kebbi, Tandjilé and zone (PGRN/ZS) credit cooperatives Moyen-Chari 82 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD Financing from the German Cooperation Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries Area of intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Food security and Distribution of seeds and agricultural 2,200 households 7 districts in Ouaddaï Ministry of German Agency for €3.2 Federal 2,09 01/11/2017 31/10/2020 increased resilience of tools (Molou, Guerngné, Production, International Cooperation Ministry for local populations and Refugees, host Manjobok, Bardé, Ouadi Irrigation and (GIZ) Economic refugees in Ouaddaï Income-generating activities: small communities Hamra I/II, Troané) Agricultural Cooperation and (SAAR) processing equipment and subsidies for Equipment Development microprojects (BMZ) Strengthening the Emergency livelihood support: Refugees, returnees, Moyen-Chari (Grande UNHCR-Lutheran World Diakonie 2017 2020 resilience of refugees distribution of agricultural inputs and host communities, Sido) Eastern Logone (La Federation (LWF) Katastrophenhilfe and returnees from the tools, distribution of animals, animal indigenous peoples Nya Pendé) (DKH)-BMZ Central African Republic health support and promoting social Income-generating activities: cohesion within host equipment, microcredit communities in southern Risk reduction plans Chad Equip training centres Project to empower Livelihood support: distribution Returnees, host Moyen-Chari (Grande CARE BMZ 2017 2018 and integrate Chadian of agricultural inputs and tools, communities Sido) returnees in southern distribution of animals, animal health Chad (PAIR-Chad) support Income-generating activities: distribution of kits and cash transfers Strengthening the Livelihood support: distribution Displaced persons, Lac (Mamdi, Kaya, Fouli) CARE 0,735 2017 2020 resilience of Lake Chad of agricultural inputs and tools host communities US $ communities to climate Distribution of animals Indigenous peoples BMZ change and Ensuring the socio- Training for market gardeners, rain-fed economic integration of farmers, school gardens, livestock populations affected by farmers, tree production and planting the Boko Haram crisis Construction of a community warehouse for storage Project to strengthen Distribution of agricultural inputs, tools 7,280 indigenous Chari-Baguirmi GIZ- 18 € 2016 2019 resilience and peaceful and training for beneficiaries households (Baguirmi) coexistence in Chad Hadjer-Lamis (Dagana) Unit for Study, Support and EU Emergency (PRCPT) East Mayo-Kebbi (Kabbia, Action for Development and Trust Fund-BMZ Mayo-Boneye, Mont Illi, Peace [Cellule d’Etudes, de Mayo-Lémié) Soutien et d’Action pour le West Mayo-Kebbi (Mayo- Développement et la Paix]- ANNEXES 82 Dallah, Lac Léré) Association for the Rural Salamat (Barh Azoum) Cooperation in Africa and Sila (Kimiti) Latin America Borkou Association for the promotion of local initiatives-Univ Pop ... (cont.) Financing from the German Cooperation Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Strengthening nutritional Cash transfers 15,000 indigenous Guéra (Mangalmé) Oxford German Foreign 2016 2018 and food security of households Famine Relief Office vulnerable populations Strengthening livelihoods; support for Organization in the Sahelian band agriculture, livestock (OXFAM)-Chad of Chad: access to Association of urgent food needs and Volunteers for strengthened livelihoods Progress (ATVP) Programme «Sustainable BSB Yamoussa Ministry of 6,9 € 4,52 20/04/2015 31/10/2018 forest management in (Bouba N’Djidda Environment, the Congo Basin», Project National Park/ Water and «Support for the BSB Cameroon and Sena Fisheries Yamoussa Transboundary Oura/Chad) and Park” (COMIFAC) periphery Sustainable management Pilot area: Ministry of 6€ 3,93 11/2017 30/06/ of water resources in the Yaere wetlands: Environment, 2019 Lake Chad basin, Africa, N’Djamena- Bongor Water and supraregional - Far North of Fisheries Cameroon (Maroua) Programme ‘’Run-off Number of systems constructed: 146 of 1,682 farmers or Batha - Wadi-Fira - Ministry of 7,5 € 4,53 01/11/2015 31/10/2018 water management in the 180 planned herders, including West Ennedi - East Production, Sahelian zone of Chad” 954 women and 139 Ennedi Irrigation and (GERTS) Number of hectares under full or partial young people Agricultural control: 8,083.73 ha Equipment Access to support services Protection, multisectoral Refugees UNHCR 1,12 $ assistance and sustainable solutions for refugees in southern, eastern and urban Chad Emergency food Food assistance Displaced persons, Lac WFP 2,312 $ 2018 2019 assistance project for host communities, internally displaced refugees persons, returnees and refugees Lake Chad Humanitarian aid PAM 2,37 $ 84 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD ... (cont.) Financing from the German Cooperation Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Possibilities for the Livelihood support: creating assets Vulnerable WFP 9,988 $ 2019 2023 strengthening of the populations independence by «cashed- based assistance» insb. from refugees are compiled Besides, are moved, e.g., the construction by well for the cattle position and the agriculture and repair of streets ANNEXES 84 Financing from Canada Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Integrated emergency Emergency livelihood support: Displaced persons, Lac (Kaya, Fouli) CARE 2017 2019 assistance for the Lake host communities, Chad crisis Support for market gardening, fishing returnees Realization of market gardening projects Cash transfers: Cash For Work Support for food and Emergency livelihood support: 1,800 host Kanem (Kanem, FAO-Directorate 1,705 US $ 2018 2019 nutritional security to community Nord Kanem) Lac of Veterinary improve the livelihoods of Support for livestock households (Mamdi, Kaya, Fouli) Services the populations affected by the current pastoral crisis in the Lake and Kanem Regions Multisectoral assistance Cash transfers 4,170 people Lac (Kaya, Fouli) International 1,728 US $ 2018 2020 to displaced women and Rescue girls in the Lac Region, Business skills training and start-up Displaced persons, Committee (IRC) Chad (2018—2020) fund endowment host communities Emergency food Food assistance Internally displaced WFP 5,627 US $ 2018 2019 assistance project persons, returnees and refugees from Lake Chad Affected vulnerable populations in the Sahelian zone Drought Prevention of acute Nutrition, integrated management of WFP 0,24 US $ 2018 2019 malnutrition for internally moderate acute malnutrition displaced populations in Lake Chad Annual Humanitarian Food security WFP 0,894 US $ 2019 2020 Allocations - WFP Country Support: Food (P007070) Emergency project Nutrition, water, sanitation and hygiene Vulnerable Action Against 0,786 US $ 2018 2019 populations affected Hunger by droughts Support of 2018 Refugees UNHCR 1,807 US $ 2018 2019 operations of UNHCR in Chad (P005413) 86 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD Financing from the French Cooperation Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) PASTOR Improve access to basic mobile services 125,000 Department of Fitri, Ministry of €6 AfDB 3,93 07/07/2015 30/06/2021 for livestock farmers: drinking water, transhumant Regions of Guéra, Livestock health, education and information nomads Mandoul, Moyen- and Animal Chari, Husbandry 3 million rural East Ennedi, Wadi population Fira, Ouaddaï, Sila, Salamat Moundou flood control Storm drains, waste management, flood 80,000 inhabitants Moundou Ministry of €10 AfDB 6,56 07/03/2016 31/12/2021 project management living in flood-prone Environment, areas Water and Fisheries Building resilience and Distribution of agricultural inputs and 1,500 households of Eastern Logone Islamic Relief Crisis Centre 2017 2019 improving food security training returnees and host (Monts de Lam) France - (Ministry of for displaced and host communities Foreign Affairs, populations in Monts Small ruminant distribution Unit for Study, France)/Société de Lam Support and Informatique de Action for France Development and Peace Project to respond to the Distribution of tools, seeds 750 indigenous Lac (Wayi) ACTED €0.5 2018 2019 food and nutrition crisis households in the Wayi Department, Technical support for development French embassy Lac Region (irrigation) and training of beneficiaries in market gardening Emergency response for Cash transfers: Cash for work 280 households Eastern Logone (La ACTED Crisis and 2018 2019 host communities and Nya Pendé) Support Centre refugees affected by the Refugees, host Central African crisis communities in the Eastern Logone Region Prevention and treatment Food security WFP 0,617 $ 2018 2019 of acute malnutrition + resilience (4R) Nutrition Cash for work: Food security WFP 0,868 $ 2018 2019 participation in planning and planting gardens to ANNEXES 86 support the school food programme ... (cont.) Financing from the French Cooperation Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Support to women Nutrition WFP 0,341 $ 2018 2019 producers of local fortified food for children aged 6 to 23 months in Chad Multisectoral response to Refugees UNHCR 1,361 $ 2018 2019 refugees in the south-east Chad RESILAC - Lake Chad Strengthen the resilience of local 90,000 beneficiaries Chad: Lac Region, AfDB - Action €30 EU Trust 2018 2022 inclusive economic and communities by linking relief, Bassin Nord Niger: Against Hunger Fund social recovery rehabilitation and development (LRRD) Host communities, Diffa Region - CARE - Groupe €5 in areas particularly affected by current displaced persons URD AfDB environmental, socio-economic and and refugees Cameroon: Far securitý issues North Region Nigeria: Borno State 88 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD Financing from the Swiss Cooperation Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Relevant ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries Area of intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Chad: action against hunger Health Nutrition Ministry of Production, Action Against 0,1 CHF 01/10/2018 30/06/2019 emergency response south Irrigation and Agricultural Hunger Equipment/Ministry of Women, Protection of Early Childhood and National Solidarity Project to build community Cash transfers: purchase of draft horses 1,220 households Batha Ouest Ministry of Production, French Red Cross- 15/08/2018 28/02/2019 capacity for resilience and Income-generating activities: working Irrigation and Agricultural Red Cross of Chad improve food and nutritional capital 26 mothers’ clubs Equipment security in the Batha Region, Extension of moringa cultivation Phase 1 Literacy 7F-10226.01 Batha resilience, Ministry of Production, 01/03/2019 31/12/2020 phase 2 Irrigation and Agricultural Equipment Strengthening pastoral Improved living conditions and food Batha, Ennedi and Wadi Ministry of Livestock and 9,5 CHF 01/07/2018 30/06/21 breeding, phase 2 security for pastoralists Fira Animal Husbandry 7F-08038.03 Weirs Sahelian Ennedi, Wadi-Fira, Batha Ministry of Production, 6,25 01/11/2015 31/10/2018 zone Irrigation and Agricultural Equipment Operationalization of the Distribution of agricultural inputs Farmers Moyen-Chari (Grande GIZ Swiss Agency for 2018 2022 seed value chain in Chad (seeds, light tools and fertilizers) Sido, Lac Iro, Barh Köh) Development (OFST Phase2) and Eastern Logone (Monts de Cooperation Lam, La Nya Pendé, Kouh, La Pendé) Batha (Batha Est-Ouest, Fitri) Wadi Fira (Biltine, Kobé, Dar Tama) Mandoul (Mandoul Occidental, Mandoul Oriental, Barh Sara ANNEXES 88 UNHCR earmarked Refugees UNHCR 1,524 $ 2018 2019 contributions 2018 WFP Multi-Bi Allocation- WFP 1,065 $ 2018 2019 Contributions under the Food Assistance Convention ... (cont.) Financing from the Swiss Cooperation Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) (Lake Chad basin) Food assistance WFP 1,003 $ 2018 2019 Additional contribution Sahel crisis to support WFP’s emergency response: food security, emergency food assistance 2019 Allocation: Food assistance WFP 1,001 $ 2019 2020 contributions under the Food Assistance Convention: food security, emergency food assistance Project to manage run-off Batha - Wadi-Fira - Ministry of 4, 37 01/11/2015 31/10/2018 water in the Sahelian zone West Ennedi - East Production, of Chad, phase 2 Ennedi Irrigation and Agricultural Equipment 7F-07801.02 Water The entire north and Ministry of 5,34 01/09/2015 31/07/2021 resource knowledge/ centre of the country Environment, management, Phase 1 Water and and 2 Fisheries Water resources mapping, Territory mapping, capacity-building National coverage Ministry of 7,67 06/2012 2023 phase 1 (continuing education and diploma Environment, courses, water resource databases) Water and Fisheries Water resources mapping, Territory mapping, capacity-building National coverage Ministry of 4, 31 01/09/2015 31/07/2021 phase 2 (continuing education and diploma Environment, courses, Water and water resource databases) Fisheries 7F-06573.01 Blue Ministry of Public 01/01/2018 31/12/2022 programme (BP) Chad Health/Ministry of Environment, Water and Fisheries 90 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD Funding from the European Union European Development Fund (EDF) Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) of CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Chad State consolidation General and non-targeted State Government/ 88 € EDF 2016 2018/19 support programme consolidation support Ministry of (ACET) - Phase 2 Finance and Support for reforms in the area of food and Budget {11th EDF sector 1 = Food nutrition security Security, Nutrition and Rural Development} Budgetary support (€80 million sector 1) + complementary support (€8 million sector 3) Food and nutritional Multisectoral action to reduce chronic Support for Ouaddaï, Wadi Fira, Ministry of the 156 € EDF 102,32 2018 2023 security programme malnutrition: vulnerable Guéra, Western Economy and (SAN) households in Logone and Tandjilé Development - support for the establishment of an intervention areas Planning/ {11th EDF sector 1} adequate political, institutional and Ministry of Public budgetary framework; Health/Ministry of Production, - sustainable strengthening of production Irrigation and systems and livelihoods of agropastoral Agricultural households, also in terms of climate change; Equipment /Ministry of - improved access to primary health care, Environment, water and sanitation services; the adoption of Water and good feeding practices; and family hygiene Fisheries/Ministry of Infrastructure and Development Structured support i) Improve the concerted management of 125,000 Department of Fitri, Ministry of 20 € EDF 13,11 20/11/2015 2021 programme for pastoral agropastoral resources (consultations, transhumant Region of Guéra, Livestock development (PASTOR) transhumance corridors, pastoral water nomads and Animal points), Mandoul, Moyen- Husbandry {11th EDF sector 2 ii) Establish a permanent management 3 million rural Chari, East Ennedi, = natural resource system for the maintenance of pastoral population Wadi Fira, Ouaddaï, management} facilities, Sila, Salamat iii) Test innovative human and animal health and education systems that are adapted and sustainable in pastoral environments, iv) Support innovations in agriculture- livestock association in areas experiencing demographic pressure, ANNEXES 90 v) Support the improvement of public policies in pastoral development and capacity-building at the central and deconcentrated levels ... (cont.) Funding from the European Union European Development Fund (EDF) Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) of CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Chad protected areas Borkou-Ennedi- Ministry of 33 € EDF 21,64 11/04/2017 and fragile ecosystems Tibesti, Wadi Fira, Environment, support project (APEFT) East and West Water and Ennedi, Chari- Fisheries Baguirmi, Salamat, Moyen-Chari, Guéra {11th EDF sector 2} and N’Djamena REVANCHE initiative: Ouaddaï, Wadi Fira Ministry of Public 9,4 € 6,19 01/01/2017 01/06/2019 resilience and adaptation and Guéra Health to climate variability for Support for agricultural and pastoral Indigenous peoples, Ouaddaï (Wara) CARE-Rural 2017 2019 sustainable food and development: provision of water host communities Development nutrition security drainage equipment, provision of kits to Programme in livestock auxiliaries, small ruminant fair, Wadi Fira (PDR- market gardening training WF) and Association Support for building stock for grain for the banks Promotion of Integrated Cash transfers: Cash for work Development for Women and Children (APRODIF) Support for agricultural and pastoral Indigenous peoples Guéra (Mangalmé) OXFAM - 2017 2019 development: creation of agricultural Sahelian Alliance and pastoral facilities for Applied Research for Income-generating activities: support Sustainable for small businesses Development (ASRADD) Support programme Sustainable management of protected Local populations Salamat Ministry of 4 € EDF 2,62 07/04/2017 07/04/2022 for the preservation of areas and peripheral zones Environment, biodiversity and fragile Water and ecosystems - phase 6 Development of socio-economic Fisheries (ECOFAC 6) activities 92 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD Fiduciary Funds Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Resilience and Contribute to and maintain social and Indigenous peoples Kanem, Barh el Ministry See below €27 EU Trust 17,71 0102/2017 01/02/2021 employment in Lake Chad economic stability in the Lake Chad region and Gazel and Lac of Internal Fund (RESTE) the Sahelian band in the West Administration, Public Safety and Local Governance/ Ministry of Public Administration Support for agricultural and pastoral Lac (Wayi) CARE - Chora 2017 2021 development: distribution of seeds and farming tools, small ruminant fair, training on the village savings and loan association approach and the provision of kits Income-generating activities: training of beneficiaries in small trades Cash transfers: Cash for work Support for agricultural and pastoral Indigenous peoples Barh el Gazel (Barh OXFAM-AIDER 2017 2021 development: creation of agricultural and el Gazel Sud, Barh el pastoral facilities Gazel Ouest) Income-generating activities: support for small businesses Support for agricultural and pastoral Indigenous peoples Barh el Gazel (Barh Action Against 2018 2021 development: creation of agricultural el Gazel Nord, Barh Hunger (gardening) and pastoral facilities el Gazel Sud, Barh el Oxfam Interm on Income-generating activities: support for Gazel Ouest) small businesses Kanem (Wadi Bissam) Inclusive development Support access to basic services and social 558,000 Ouaddaï, Sila, National UNHCR - NGOs €15 EU Trust 2019 2021 programme in host areas protection mechanisms for all populations people: -187,000 Salamat, Moyen- Commission Fund (DIZA) (local and returnees, refugees) refugees in the East Chari, Mandoul and for Assistance Eastern Logone to Refugees Strengthen the creation of economic -121,000 people in and Returnees, opportunities and jobs in order to empower the South, including National people to achieve economic self-sufficiency, 71,000 refugees and Agency for food and nutritional securitý and resilience 50,000 Chadian Support to Rural to risks (including agro-climatic risks) returnees from Development the Central African Strengthen local governance mechanisms Republic ANNEXES 92 by reinforcing the technical capacities of officials and by encouraging regular - 250,000 dialogue between populations, local indigenous peoples authorities and stakeholders ... (cont.) Fiduciary Funds Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Project to strengthen Improve the living conditions of local Refugees, host Sila, Salamat, Ministry of the €18 11,80 03/05/2016 30/09/2020 resilience and peaceful populations, refugees and returnees by communities, Hadjer-Lamis, Economy and coexistence in Chad creating employment opportunities returnees Chari-Baguirmi, East Development EU Trust Fund/ (PRCPT) and West Mayo- Planning BMZ Kebbi and a pilot in Borkou-Ennedi- Tibesti Support for demining, Integrated approach combining Populations exposed Tibesti, Borkou and National Mines Advisory €23 EU Trust 2017 2021 social protection and demining, implementation of socio- to the dangers of West Ennedi and the Demining Centre Group - Swiss Fund development for economic activities and capacity- mines, munitions Lac Region (NDC) Foundation vulnerable people building for Chadian authorities and for Demining (PRODECO) unexploded - Humanity remnants of war & Inclusion - Catholic Relief and Development Support for the socio- Socio-economic integration of Young people N’Djamena, Bongor, Ministry of National €10.3 EU Trust 6,75 04/2017 01/07/2021 professional integration vulnerable youth by improving and in vulnerable Moundou, Abeché, Vocational Foundation Fund of young Chadians in enhancing the skills of young Chadians situations Sarh and Bol Training and for Vocational vulnerable situations in the labour market and optimizing Microworks/ Training - ESSOR AfDB their professional opportunities Ministry of Youth Promotion, Development of formal apprenticeship Sports and training (dual FAP) in line with the Employment needs of national companies RESILAC - Lake Chad Strengthen the resilience of local 90,000 beneficiaries Chad: Lac Region, AfDB - Action €30 European 20187 2022 inclusive economic and communities by linking relief, Bassin Nord Niger: Against Hunger Trust Fund €5 social recovery rehabilitation and development (LRRD) Host communities, Diffa Region - CARE - Groupe in areas particularly affected by current displaced persons URD AfDB environmental, socio-economic and and refugees Cameroon: Far North security issues Region Nigeria: Borno State 94 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) of CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Socio-economic Support for market gardening and rain- 1,500 households Sila (Kimiti) LWF 1,043 $ ECHO 2018 2019 integration of Sudanese fed agriculture refugees in eastern Chad Refugees, host Distribution of seeds communities Project to empower Livelihood support: distribution of 3,000 households Eastern Logone (La UNHCR - CARE 2 € ECHO 2017 2019 and integrate Chadian small ruminants, support for market Nya Pendé) returnees in southern gardening and Returnees, host Chad (PAIR-Tchad) communities Cash transfers Training and outreach for improved stoves Training of nursery workers in the production and sale of plants Emergency mutual Support for rain-fed crop production 2,990 households Eastern Logone, CARE 1,7 € ECHO 10/2018 12/2019 assistance project for new (inputs, training, materials) Mandoul Central African refugees Refugees, host and host communities Income-generating activities: communities in Goré and Moïssala (PAMUNOR) Global Resilience Network training Revitalization of community structures Protection pending Emergency livelihood support: cash Refugees, host Ouaddaï UNHCR-LWF ECHO 2018 2018 solutions for Sudanese transfers communities (Assoungha) refugees in eastern Chad Income-generating activities: training Project to reduce mixed Emergency livelihood support: support 110 refugees Ouaddaï UNHCR-LWF ECHO 2018 2019 migration and support for small businesses (Assoungha) youth empowerment ANNEXES 94 ... (cont.) European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) of CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Protection and mixed Livelihood support: Support for Refugees, host Salamat (Haraze- UNHCR-LWF 1,748 $ ECHO 2018 2018 solution for Central livestock, market gardening and communities, Mangueigne) African refugees living in employment returnees Mandoul (Barh Sara) southern Chad Eastern Logone (La Cash transfers for the acquisition of Nya Pendé, seeds and agricultural tools, training of Monts de Lam) producers Construction of community granaries for storage Moyen-Chari (Grande Sido) Support for food Cash transfers 2,800 indigenous Kanem, Lac (Fouli) FAO ECHO 2018 2018 security to improve the peoples nutritional status of host Purchase of oxen, slaughtering, drying communities, returnees of meat and distribution and displaced persons affected by the Boko Haram crisis in the Lac and Kanem Regions Support for the Food security Pastoralists Wadi Fira FAO 1,146 $ ECHO coordination of the food Agropastoralists security cluster in Chad and the improvement of nutrition for populations affected by the current pastoral crisis in the Wadi- Fira Region Support for food security Cash transfers: distribution of coupons Indigenous peoples Bahr el Gazel Oxford 3,02 $ ECHO 2018 2019 and the prevention and cash Famine Relief of malnutrition for Organization vulnerable populations in In-kind distributions (OXFAM)-Chad the Sahelian band in Chad Association of (Guéra and Barh el Gazel) Nutrition Volunteers for _HIP 2018 Progress (ATVP) Strengthening nutritional Nutrition Children under 5 Kanem (Kanem, Action Against 4,382 $ ECHO 2018 2018 security in the districts of years and pregnant Wadi Bissam) Hunger Mao, Mondo, Moussoro, Cash transfers: cash distribution and lactating Chadra and Michemiré - women Kanem and Bahr el Gazel Regions, Chad. 3,500 people Indigenous peoples 96 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD ... (cont.) European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) of CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Emergency support to Cash transfers: cash distribution 8,200 indigenous Batha (Batha Est) Agency for 2,699 $ ECHO 2018 2019 populations affected by households Lac (Wayi) Technical food and nutrition crises Strengthening the community early Cooperation and and disaster risk reduction warning and rapid response system Development in the Sahelian band in for disaster risk reduction: training, Chad coordination support, equipment and provision of a contingency fund Support for the socio- Cash transfers: Cash for work 97 refugee N’Djamena Agency for 0,491 $ ECHO 2018 2019 economic integration of households Technical Central African refugees Income-generating activities: training Cooperation and at the Gaoui site in Chad support and cash distribution Development Support for the medical Nutrition Children under 5 N’Djamena Alliance for 0,604 $ ECHO 2018 2018 and nutritional care of years and pregnant International children under 5 years of and lactating N’Gouri and Isserom Medical Action age and for the maternal women health of pregnant and breastfeeding women in N’Djamena and in the districts of N’Gouri and Isserom Support project for Emergency livelihood support: 1,700 very poor Batha (Batha Ouest) Solidarity 1,350 $ ECHO 2018 2018 populations vulnerable agropastoral inputs, training in households with to food and nutrition organizing village savings and loan children under 5 insecurity in the Batha associations, training in vegetable years of age Region production Indigenous peoples, Cash transfers: cash distribution host communities Training of livestock auxiliaries, plant protection officers, local action committees and village development committees Strengthen resilience CARE 1,227 $ ECHO and ensure the socio- economic integration of vulnerable populations affected by the crisis in the Lake Chad region ANNEXES 96 ... (cont.) European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) of CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Support basic needs Host communities, Oxfam Intermon 1,394 $ ECHO coverage, livelihood displaced persons stabilization and recovery and returnees and resilience-building for communities (hosts, returnees and internally displaced persons) affected by the Boko Haram crisis in the Lake Chad region Providing targeted food Food assistance, nutrition Vulnerable WFP 16,76 $ ECHO 2018 2019 and nutrition assistance populations to vulnerable Chadian and refugee populations and Refugees strengthening systems for food security information and analysis Reinforcement of Nutrition International 0,9 $ ECHO the response to the Medical Corps humanitarian crisis through integrated, health and nutrition intervention in the Lake Chad Region Health, nutrition and Health, nutrition and protection IRC 0,988 $ ECHO protection assistance for displaced and indigenous people in the Lake Chad region Improve the prevention Nutrition PMI 0,617 $ ECHO and management of global acute malnutrition in children under 5 years of age and pregnant and lactating women 98 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD ... (cont.) European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) of CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Integrated approach United Nations 11,11 $ to improving the Children’s Fund ECHO management of severe (UNICEF) acute malnutrition in Chad Protection and assistance Response for refugees Refugees UNHCR 3,641 US $ 2019 2020 to refugees in Chad ECHO Multisectoral approach Nutrition UNICEF 5,275 $ ECHO 2019 2020 to improving the management of severe acute malnutrition and strengthening rapid response preparations in Chad Ensuring vulnerable Food assistance, nutrition Vulnerable WFP 3,676 $ ECHO 2019 2020 Chadian and refugee populations population receive adequate and timely food Refugees and nutrition assistance to strengthen their food security and nutrition situation ANNEXES 98 Other lines of financing Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) of CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Project to support Support for agriculture: 1,500 indigenous Lac (Fouli, Wayi) Ministry of SOS €1.1 Global 2016 2019 sustainable and households Environment, Sahel - Ministry of Climate Change diversified agricultural Validation of the ouadis through Water and Environment, Water and Alliance production adapted support for pumping water Fisheries Fisheries to climate change and variability in order to strengthen household resilience by introducing innovative agricultural techniques in the Lac Region Soil fertility management Creation of a centre to explore and 9,990 farmers and Mandoul RAPS- €1.2 Global 2016 2019 project and support popularize techniques herders Mandoul Climate Change for climate-resilient Association for the Alliance agriculture in the Equipment for farmers Promotion of the Shea Mandoul Region Butter Industry in Training in conservation agriculture and Mandoul (APROFIKAM) agroforestry Pastoral infrastructure Project to improve the Establish permanent pools, mark 40,000 transhumant Salamat ALISEI - SAHEL- EcoDev €1.1 Global 2016 2019 concerted management transhumance corridors, delimit nomads and 3,000 Climate Change of pastoral resources pastoral areas agropastoralists Alliance in the Gara/Salamat from the villages plain for integrated and bordering Zakouma sustainable conservation Facilitate a multi-stakeholder dialogue National Park in the peripheral zone of platform for the governance of the Zakouma National agropastoral resources Park Offer innovative services to the transhumant community (drinking water, animal and human health) Project to improve Raise awareness of local populations Farmers: National International Union €0.8 Global 2016 2019 information, education on climate risks and climate change herders/pastoralists, for Conservation of Climate Change and communication adaptation mechanisms fishers, resource users Nature - Social Action for Alliance among rural and Holistic Development peri-urban populations Facilitate the integration of climate (SODAH) - Central on climate change change into education and training African Community and adaptation programmes Local Radio Network for Good Governance, Conservation and Sustainable Resource Management (ReRaC 100 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD ... (cont.) Other lines of financing Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Project to support the Conserve the remaining viable Barh el Gazel, Ministry of Noé 1,8 € 1,18 01/12/2015 01/12/2019 sustainable management populations of Sahelo-Saharan Kanem, Batha, Environment, of Sahelo-Saharan megafauna Borkou and Wadi Water and protected areas Fira Fisheries - Niger and Chad Contribute to the effective management of Sahelo-Saharan protected areas and their sustainable financing Contribute to securing pastoral systems for the benefit of local populations and biodiversity Local production of East Mayo-Kebbi, Ministry of €5 3,27 01/12/2015 01/12/2019 complementary foods West Mayo-Kebbi Women, PRO-ACT for children from 6 to 24 and Kanem Protection of months (PRO-ACT) Early Childhood and National Solidarity ANNEXES 100 Funding from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Emergency food security Refugee and host 0.76 2018 2019 and livelihood protection communities project for refugee and Central host populations in Emergency southern Chad Response Fund Emergency project Vulnerable Sahelian band 0.8 2018 2019 to address the food populations affected Central insecurity of vulnerable by droughts Emergency Chadian households Response Fund living in the Sahelian band Emergency support for Wadi Fira 0.5 2019 2019 food and nutritional Central security in the Wadi Fira Emergency Region Response Fund 102 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD Funding from the International Fund for Agricultural Development Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Project to strengthen the Food and nutrition security + resilience: Vulnerable farmers Guéra, Hadjer-Lamis $36,200,000 21,720 2015 2022 resilience of agricultural -Secure production against climatic and Batha systems in Chad (PARSAT) risks, by improving the mobilization and Poor households management of water on crop plots International Fund for -Intensify agricultural production by Agricultural improving cultivation techniques and Development/ using better adapted varieties State -Improve storage capacity and stockpiling for the lean season -Diversify profitable off-season economic activities and improve access to markets Financements Japon Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Prevention of acute Nutrition Children under 5 WFP 2,5 $ 2018 2019 malnutrition (Sahel) years and pregnant and lactating women Humanitarian assistance Food security WFP 2,7 $ 2018 2019 ANNEXES 102 Funding from the World Food Programme (Central Emergency Response Fund + non-targeted contributions) Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Strengthening the Nutrition, integrated management of Central African Sahelian zone and 0.325 2018 2019 management and prevention moderate acute malnutrition Republic refugees in southern Chad of malnutrition southern Chad Central Emergency Vulnerable Populations Response Fund Emergency food security Refugee and host 1.261 2018 2019 and livelihood protection communities Central project for refugee and host Emergency populations in southern Response Fund Chad Emergency project to Food assistance Vulnerable populations Sahelian zone 5.003 2018 2019 address the food insecurity Central of vulnerable Chadian Emergency households living in the Response Fund Sahelian band Project to improve food Food and nutrition security Refugee and host 3.957 2019 2020 security, livelihoods and communities Central nutrition for refugee and host Emergency populations in southern Chad Children under 5 years Response Fund Prevention of acute and pregnant and Nutrition, integrated management of 2,741 malnutrition lactating women moderate acute malnutrition (Sahel) Treatment of malnutrition Nutrition, integrated management of Children under 5 years 9,509 (crisis response - treatment) moderate acute malnutrition and pregnant and lactating women Food assistance project for Food assistance Vulnerable populations Sahelian zone 10,488 vulnerable populations during the lean season in the Sahel Unconditional food Food assistance Refugee populations 32,199 assistance to refugees from the Central African Republic and Sudan Food assistance and Asset creation Vulnerable populations Sahelian zone 2,987 asset creation project for vulnerable populations Capacity-building of the Institutional support National Food, 1,2 National Food, Nutritional and Nutritional and Pastoral Crisis Prevention and Pastoral Crisis Management System Prevention and Management System 104 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD Funding from the United Kingdom Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Food assistance to Central Food assistance Refugees WFP 1,377 $ African Republic refugees in Chad Humanitarian aid WFP 4,006 $ Nutrition (Part of Nutrition Children under 5 UNICEF 1,424 $ SM180301) years and pregnant and lactating women Social safety net project Cash transfers (conditional and 6,200 poor Bahr el Gazel, Ministry of the $5 05/10/2016 2019 unconditional) households N’Djamena and Economy and World Bank- Western Logone Development Department for Assistance for productive development Planning International Development Financing from Sweden Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Humanitarian assistance Food security FAO 19,425 $ 2017 2019 to affected population Provide and improve Nutrition Children under 5 Lac IRC 0,329 $ 2018 2019 humanitarian assistance years and pregnant focused on health, and lactating nutrition and protection women to emergency affected populations in the Lake Chad region Reduce acute Nutrition Children under 5 N’Djamena IRC 0,242 $ 2018 2019 malnutrition of children years and pregnant under five in N’Djamena and lactating women Emergency support to Nutrition Children under 5 N’Djamena UNICEF 0,173 $ 2018 2019 affected populations years and pregnant ANNEXES 104 and lactating women Contribution to various UNHCR 0,88 $ 2019 2020 operations based on UNHCR’s Global Appeal 2019 Support to Oxfam GB’s Oxfam 0,539 $ 2019 2020 humanitarian activities 2019 Funding from the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Emergency response to Refugee response plan Central African 2.142 2018 2019 new refugees from the Republic refugees in Central Central African Republic southern Chad Emergency and affected host village Response Fund communities Host communities Protection and Refugee response plan Refugees, host 2 2019 2020 multisectoral assistance communities Central to Sudanese refugees Emergency and host communities in Response Fund eastern Chad Funding from the United Nations Children’s Fund Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Strengthening Nutrition, integrated management of Refugee and host 0.325 2018 2019 the management acute malnutrition communities Central and prevention of Emergency malnutrition in response Response Fund to the influx of refugees from the Central African Republic to southern Chad Intensification of activities Nutrition, integrated management of Vulnerable Sahelian band 2.599 2018 2019 for the management of acute malnutrition populations affected Central acute malnutrition in the by droughts Emergency regions in the Sahel band Response Fund affected by the food crisis Integrated approach to Nutrition Refugee and host 2019 2020 improve the nutritional communities 1.248 situation of host and Central refugee communities in Emergency eastern Chad Response Fund Nutrition HTCD18/ Nutrition 3,419 2018 2019 NUT/52816/1 106 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD Funding from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) (In kind): Humanitarian Food aid WFP 45,734 2018 2019 aid and food assistance (USAID/Food for Peace) Emergency food Food assistance Refugees, returnees, Lac WFP 11,493 2018 2019 assistance project for displaced persons internally displaced persons, returnees and refugees from Lake Chad (USAID/Food for Peace) Humanitarian assistance WFP 22,2 2018 2019 (USAID/Food for Peace) 2019 Humanitarian UNHCR 6,5 2019 2020 Response Plan 2018 Humanitarian UNHCR 28,333 2018 2019 Response Plan Project to strengthen the Distribution of market gardening inputs Refugees, returnees, Eastern Logone (La UNHCR - CARE 1.85 2017 2018 socio-economic resilience and equipment host communities Nya Pendé) Mandoul Bureau of of refugees, returnees and (Barh Sara) Population, the host population of Distribution of seeds (corn, peanuts and Refugees, and Goré and Moïssala sorghum) and farming tools Migration Distribution of small ruminants and poultry Cash transfers: Cash for work Food self-sufficiency and Support for agricultural production Refugees, returnees Eastern Logone (La UNHCR-LWF Bureau of 2017 2018 social cohesion (inputs, tools) Nya Pendé) Moyen- Population, Chari (Grande Sido) Refugees, and Support for livestock (distribution, Migration destocking, vaccination, etc.) Nutrition (USAID/Food Nutrition Unicef 2.998 for Peace) Food for Peace Early warning system Ministry of 10,9 US $ 6,00 2003 2032 (Famine Early Warning Production, Systems Network) Irrigation and ANNEXES 106 Agricultural Equipment ... (cont.) Funding from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) C-4 cotton partnership Increased income for men and women Vulnerable farmers Moyen-Chari, 14.8 2014 2018 (USAID «C4CP») producers, as well as cotton processors: Mandoul and East (regional fund: Training, training fields, women Mayo-Kebbi Benin, Burkina empowerment Faso, Chad and Mali) Enhance women’s Cash transfers 1,050 indigenous Lac (Fouli) IRC Office of US 2018 2019 protection and reduce peoples Foreign Disaster the risk of GBV through Assistance improved access to GBV response and prevention services and increased use and control of resources Promote self-resilience Distribution of small ruminants, Very vulnerable Lac (Fouli, Kaya) Agency for Office of US 2017 2018 mechanisms for conflict- training and equipping of livestock women, groups, Technical Foreign Disaster affected households auxiliaries Cooperation and Assistance and improve access Indigenous peoples, Development to humanitarian Support for the establishment of displaced persons, information in the Lake community gardens: inputs, tools, host communities Chad region, Kaya and protective equipment Fouli departments Support for the creation of market garden groups Construction/rehabilitation of market garden wells Food security and Emergency livelihood support: support 4,300 households Lac (Fouli) Intersos Office of US 2017 2018 normalization of living for agriculture Foreign Disaster conditions for displaced Displaced persons, Assistance persons and host host communities communities in Chad, Lac Region Support for the Emergency livelihood support: support 4,600 households Lac (Fouli, Kaya) ntersos Office of US 2018 2019 improvement of for agriculture and fishing Foreign Disaster livelihoods and Displaced persons, Assistance community protection host communities mechanisms to normalize living conditions for internally displaced persons and host communities in the Lac Region 108 FIRST NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN OF CHAD ... (cont.) Funding from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Relevant Cost in Cost in Start date End date Programme/project Area of ministry/ currency billions of (DD/MM/ (DD/MM/ title Purpose Beneficiaries intervention manager Execution (millions) CFA francs YYYY) YYYY) Promotion of local Ministry of the Embassy initiatives (African Economy and Development Foundation) Development Planning ANNEXES 108