Somalia’s National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Framework

Somalia’s National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Framework February 2022 Directorate of Environment and Climate Change (DoECC), Office of the Prime Minister © Federal Government of Somalia, 2022 All rights for commercial/for profit reproduction or translation, in any form, reserved. Original text: English Cover photo: UN Photo/Stuart Price (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) Somalia’s National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Framework was prepared with assistance from the NAP Global Network via financial support from the Government of Canada. The NAP Global Network was created in 2014 to support developing countries in advancing their NAP processes, and help accelerate adaptation efforts around the world. To achieve this, the Network facilitates South-South peer learning and exchange, supports national-level action on NAP formulation and implementation, and generates, synthesizes, and shares knowledge. The Network’s members include individual participants from more than 155 countries involved in developing and implementing National Adaptation Plans, as well as 12 donor members. Financial support for the Network has been provided by Austria, Canada, Germany, Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Secretariat is hosted by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). For more information, visit www.napglobalnetwork.org. This project is undertaken with the financial support of: Ce projet a été réalisé avec l’appui financier de : Secretariat hosted by: Secrétariat hébergé par : https://flic.kr/p/SJGjdU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/ www.napglobalnetwork.org iiiTitle Acknowledgements This NAP Framework has been developed to guide and advance Somalia’s NAP process in a way that addresses and aligns the medium- and long-term adaptation needs of the country in a coherent and coordinated manner. Through this process, guided by the vision, objectives, principles and coherent next steps of the NAP Framework, the country will aim to maximize the benefits of the recently launched NAP Readiness Project and other adaptation efforts to increase Somalia’s resilience. A wide range of individuals and institutions have participated in the development of this National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Framework and I would like to recognize their efforts. These include representatives from relevant federal government institutions, federal member states, civil society, academia, the private sector and development partners. The Federal Directorate of Environment and Climate Change is grateful to all stakeholders who have provided inputs and comments to shape the country’s NAP process. We are grateful to the NAP Global Network support team, hosted by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), for the financial and technical support in the development of the NAP Framework, and in particular would like to thank Fatuma Hussein, whose insights and contributions were invaluable. We are also thankful to UNDP, UNEP and all other development partners supporting the country’s NAP Process, and we call upon all stakeholders and partners to support the implementation of the country’s NAP. Let’s all work together in delivering the vision of the NAP for strategic, coherent and coordinated interventions on climate action, and for the prosperity and resilience of our people and great country. Ahmed Yussuf Ahmed Director General, Directorate of Environment and Climate Change (DoECC), Somalia ivTitle Foreword Somalia is highly vulnerable to climate change and variability. Climate change effects, including frequent and intense droughts and floods, are wreaking havoc on the already fragile country. Without effective and well-coordinated response measures, these effects are likely to exacerbate existing vulnerabilities and reduce the people’s livelihood options, which in turn may have negative impacts for stability and security in Somalia (Coning et al, 2021). This situation is likely to worsen, as confirmed by the latest scientific reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The Federal Government of Somalia and the country’s federal member states have taken various measures to respond to the effects of climate change. The National Development Plan (NDP-9) for 2020–2024 recognizes the threats that climate change poses to the country’s development objectives and mainstreams climate change into the strategic interventions planned for all vulnerable sectors of the economy to enhance resilience. Somalia has also recently developed a National Climate Change Policy (2020) which offers further direction, particularly on adaptation measures, social development and the mitigation of climate change impacts, and which calls for mainstreaming climate change into the federal government, state, regions and districts, as well as into local-level planning processes. In addition, the National Disaster Management Policy aims to strengthen community resilience and preparedness for disasters and emergencies. The country has also set up a Directorate of Environment and Climate Change to coordinate and lead all matters relating to climate change in the country. However, despite these steps, the country continues to face numerous gaps in policy, institutional and financial capacities to effectively respond to climate change. The National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process provides for a strategic approach by which the Federal Government of Somalia can address climate change impacts in a more integrated and coordinated way. The development of this NAP Framework is a milestone in the NAP process as it will guide the development, coordination and implementation of policies, plans and strategies that will help the country address its medium- and long-term adaptation needs, while aligning these actions with the country’s development and its continued progress toward peace and stability. The Framework promotes adaptation integration, alignment with development and peacebuilding processes, inclusivity, transparency, good governance, institutional building and gender-responsiveness in Somalia’s NAP process. I hope that this Framework will guide our collective climate change adaptation agenda for a prosperous and more climate-resilient Somalia. H.E. Mahdi Mohammed Gulaid Deputy Prime Minister, Federal Government of Somalia vTitle Executive Summary Somalia is considered among the world’s most vulnerable countries to climate change. This vulnerability stems from a combination of political, socioeconomic and geographic conditions. The country has faced protracted conflicts in the last three decades leading to the collapse of governance systems, massive environmental degradation and a high prevalence of poverty. The country is also considered among the poorest countries of the world. Some 80 per cent of its territory is arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs), and highly climate-dependent livestock production and agriculture account for 70 per cent of the country’s livelihood. Recurrent extended droughts and intermittent floods continue to undermine the resilience of the economy’s most vulnerable sectors, including the agriculture, livestock, water, forestry, health and energy sectors. In response to the challenges posed by climate change, the government of Somalia has integrated climate change into its National Development Plan for the period of 2020 to 2024 and has developed a number of other climate-change-related programs and policies, such as the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) 2013 and the National Climate Change Policy (2020). Additionally, and consistent with UNFCCC decisions and guidelines, Somalia is updating its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). The country has also recently initiated its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process through the implementation of Green Climate Fund (GCF)-financed NAP Readiness Project, with which it hopes to strengthen capacities and coordination for climate change adaptation planning and implementation in Somalia. The purpose of this NAP Framework is to guide Somalia in developing, coordinating and implementing various policies, plans and strategies, as well as legislation, that will help the country address its medium- and long-term adaptation needs, while aligning these actions with the country’s development and continued progress toward peace and stability. Specifically, the objectives of the NAP Framework will be to clarify the approach, vision, guiding principles, institutional framework and key themes for the Somalia NAP process. The framework aims to align the NAP process with existing policies and strategies, including those regarding peacebuilding, conflict and gender equality, and with adaptation research. The Framework also aims to ensure that the NAP process does not contribute to the proliferation of planning processes and related documents, but rather helps to build the momentum needed for its NAP process and position the country to maximize the expected benefits of the GCF funding. The report was informed by a detailed desk review of various relevant documents, plans and policies as well as international publications. Additionally, under the guidance of the Directorate of Environment and Climate Change (DoECC), the framework was informed by extensive stakeholder consultations both at the Federal and Member State levels. This includes government representatives at both levels, private sector actors, international organizations, civil society and academia. viTitle Mandated by Somalia’s development agenda and Climate Change Policy (2020), the overall goal of the Somalia NAP process is to reduce national and local vulnerabilities to the impacts of climate change and build resilience of the country and its communities. Specifically, the NAP process will aim to: • define medium- and long-term climate adaptation actions and initiatives for implementation; • facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation, in a coherent manner, into development planning processes and strategies; • enhance coordination; and • promote the mobilization of resources to respond to climate change adaptation needs of Somalia. The NAP process will be coordinated by Directorate of Environment and Climate Change (DoECC) in the Office of the Prime Minister. The DoECC will develop and implement the NAP using the coordination structures in place for both at technical and high level decision-making, all with the participation of federal government, federal member states, private sector actors, international partners, and civil society organizations. Key themes for Somalia’s NAP process will include enhancing vertical integration, aligning the NAP with Somalia’s National Development Plans and Somalia’s peacebuilding agenda, instituting a whole-of-society approach, prioritizing resource mobilization for implementation, ensuring good governance, and enhancing community-based adaptation. Key principles for the NAP process will include ensuring that the NAP avoids duplication and is: • country-driven and country-owned; • aligned with national development and peacebuilding efforts; • gender-responsive; • conflict-sensitive; • participatory, inclusive and transparent; • guided by the best available scientific information, including traditional and Indigenous knowledge; • coordinated. The country’s fragile security situation, weak institutional and coordination arrangements, and inadequate technical, technological and financial capacities remain the key impediments to Somalia’s NAP Process. Enhanced support, capacity development, partnerships and investment are required to realize the NAP vision. The NAP Framework identifies key elements for financing the NAP process, including increasing resource mobilization from bilateral and multilateral sources, enhancing private-sector engagement and investment in climate action, and establishing a climate change fund to support adaptation actions in Somalia. Furthermore, an effective monitoring and evaluation system for adaptation is a key component in the NAP process. The NAP Readiness Project can play an instrumental role towards laying down a firm basis for Somalia’s NAP process in line with this Framework. viiTitle Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Current and Future Climate Change Trends ...............................................................................................................3 1.3 Objectives of the NAP Framework ....................................................................................................................................5 1.4 Methodology .........................................................................................................................................................................................6 2.0 Somalia’s National Adaptation Plan Process ....................................................................................................8 2.1 Overview of the National Adaptation Plan Process ............................................................................................8 2.2 Goals of the NAP Process .........................................................................................................................................................8 2.3 Mandate for the NAP Process ................................................................................................................................................9 2.4 Status of the NAP Process in Somalia .......................................................................................................................10 3.0 Linking the Nap Process to the Broader Policy Context ........................................................................... 11 3.1 Relevant Policy and Regulatory Frameworks and the Somalia NAP Process ...............................11 3.3 GCF Readiness Proposal and Somalia NAP Process .........................................................................................17 3.4 Linkage to Peacebuilding Initiatives ............................................................................................................................18 3.5 Linkage with COVID-19 Preparedness and Response Plan ....................................................................... 19 3.6 Added Value of the NAP Process in Relation to These Other Policy Documents ..................... 19 4.0 Approaches and Structure for the Nap Process ..........................................................................................21 4.1 Context ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21 4.2 Specific Themes for the Somalia NAP Process .................................................................................................... 21 4.3 Proposed Institutional Arrangements for the Somalia NAP Process .................................................24 5.0 Guiding Principles for the NAP Process .............................................................................................................29 Principle 1: Country-Driven and Country-Owned Process ..................................................................................29 Principle 2: Linkages with National Development and Peacebuilding Efforts ....................................29 Principle 3: Gender-Responsiveness ......................................................................................................................................29 Principle 4: Conflict-Sensitive ................................................................................................................................................... 30 Principle 5: Participatory, Inclusive and Transparent ............................................................................................... 30 Principle 6: Guided by the Best Available Scientific Information and Traditional Knowledge 31 Principle 7: Coordination and Avoiding Duplication ................................................................................................... 31 6.0 Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning ..................................................................................................................32 6.1 Establishment of an Online National Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation System .......32 6.2 Selection of Suitable Indicators .......................................................................................................................................33 6.3 Effective Climate Adaptation Coordination Structures ..............................................................................33 6.4 Process for regular reporting and guidelines ..........................................................................................................33 7.0 Climate Finance Resource Mobilization ............................................................................................................. 34 8.0 Next Steps and Milestones .......................................................................................................................................36 References ...............................................................................................................................................................................41 viiiTitle Acronyms CSCC Cross-Sectoral Committee on Climate Change DINA Drought Impact and Needs Assessment DoECC Directorate of Environment and Climate Change DG Director General FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GCF Green Climate Fund IDP internally displaced persons INC Initial National Communication to the UN Climate Convention INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LDC least-developed country MoPIED Ministry of Planning, Investment and Economic Development MoF Ministry of Finance NAP National Adaptation Plan NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NCCC National Climate Change Committee NCCP National Climate Change Policy NDC Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement NDP National Development Plan NGO non-governmental organization UN’s SDGs United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ixTitle Glossary Adaptation: Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities (UNFCCC, n.d.c). Climate change: Change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods (UNFCC, 1992). Climate finance: Local, national or international financing—drawn from public, private and alternative sources of financing—that seeks to support mitigation and adaptation actions that will address climate change (UNFCC, n.d.a). Gender: Roles, responsibilities, values and attitudes ascribed to women, men, boys and girls by a given society at a given place and at a given time. Gender is socially constructed, which means that a given society defines these roles, responsibilities, values and attitudes; they are learned, can change, and are not natural (UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia, 2017). Gender mainstreaming: The process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies and programs, in all areas and at all levels. It is a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programs in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality (UN Social and Economic Council, 1992). Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): National climate plans highlighting climate actions, including climate-related targets, policies and measures that governments aim to implement in response to climate change and as a contribution to global climate action under the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC, n.d.b). National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process: A strategic, iterative process that helps countries conduct comprehensive medium- and long-term climate adaptation planning. It is a flexible process that builds on the country’s existing adaptation activities and helps integrate climate change into national decision-making (Hammill et al, 2019). Vulnerability: The degree to which a system is susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate change and variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity and its adaptive capacity (Parry et al, 2007). 1Title 1.1 Background Somalia is one of the states in Africa with extreme vulnerability to climate change and variability. Somalia’s arid and semiarid lands make up more than 80 per cent of the country’s landmass and are characteristically prone to extreme weather conditions, including high mean surface temperatures, periods of extended drought, highly erratic rainfall and strong winds. The country’s economy is dependent on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, water, energy, wildlife and health, and climate change increases these sectors’ vulnerability. Climate impacts, including those from droughts and floods, multiply existing threats to the attainment of food and water security, productive livelihoods, health and human development capabilities for the people of Somalia. For example, livestock and agriculture, which is the main livelihood base, with more than half of the population primarily engaged in pastoralism, agropastoralism and subsistence agriculture is significantly affected by climate change(World Bank & FAO, 2018). Furthermore, in recent times, unpredictable rainfall patterns, increasing temperatures and natural disasters (mainly droughts and flash floods) have caused decreased production and productivity in these sectors. This compounds an already difficult context: Somalia is already considered a least-developed country (LDC), with nearly 69 per cent of its population living below the international poverty line (Federal Government of Somalia, 2020b). Somalia’s climate vulnerabilities are underpinned by the country’s prolonged conflict, insecurity, institutional collapse and weak governance and capacity. Furthermore, gender and social inequalities remain serious concerns. Somalia has experienced over two decades of civil conflict, terrorism and instability, with the result that the government has limited capacities, resources and institutions to effectively respond to the current and forecasted impacts of climate change. Climate impacts, in turn, exacerbate conflicts over natural resources and increase the challenges posed by large numbers of internally displaced persons. Deep cycles of internal conflicts emerging as a result of the collapse of the Siad Barre government in January 1991 have undermined legitimate institutions and deepened levels of fragmentation. Following a fragile, but positive, transition to peace in mid-2012, Somalia has a full federal government in Mogadishu committed to inclusiveness, reconciliation and peace, based on a provisional constitution. Furthermore, the federal government, with support from its partners, has established regional governments officially consisting of six federal member states: Somaliland, Puntland, Jubaland, Galmudug, Hirshabelle, Southwest and Banadir Regional Administration(special region). 1.0 Introduction 2Title Climate change impacts women, men, boys and girls differently, often to the detriment of women and other vulnerable groups, and existing gender inequalities are likely to be exacerbated by climate change (Huyer, 2016). According to Somalia’s National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) (Federal Government of Somalia, 2013), women and youth are particularly vulnerable to climate change. For women, their role as primary caregivers and providers of food and fuel makes them more vulnerable when flooding and droughts occur. Drought compromises the hygiene of girls and women, as the little available water is used for drinking and cooking. When nearby wells and water sources run dry, women—who are overwhelmingly responsible for the provision of household water—have to travel longer distances in search of water. Longer dry seasons mean that women work harder to feed and care for their families. In both urban and rural areas, women have multiple demands in the home, workplace and community, which leaves them with less time for active participation in decision-making processes. Compounding these challenges, women in traditional Somali communities are subject to cultural beliefs that deny them equal opportunities and rights. At the same time, Somalia has a very young population, with over 80 per cent estimated to be under the age of 35; unfortunately, the unemployment rate remains stuck at approximately 70 per cent (Federal Government of Somalia, 2020b). This makes women and youth more likely to experience poverty, making it difficult for them to cope with and recover from climate change impacts. The government is now faced with the challenge of rebuilding state institutions in the midst of recurrent and protracted conflict with the terrorist group al-Shabaab, a conflict which is now concentrated mainly in the South. The conflict has fragmented the country, destroyed legitimate institutions and created widespread vulnerability. Coupled with climate-related disasters, this has undermined investment in key sectors such as energy, infrastructure and social services, exacerbating the levels of poverty. In fact, the NDP recognizes climate change disasters and conflict as key root causes of poverty in Somalia that should be addressed. In the last decade, Somalia has made great strides in terms of not only stability but also institutional building, including the establishment of political, social, environmental and economic systems that are showing great signs of progress, despite their continued fragility. The country is gradually transitioning from insecurity and emergencies towards peace and stability, paving the way for the development of long-term policies and strategies for achieving sustainable development. This progress presents an opportunity to align the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process with the national development and peacebuilding efforts in the country to ensure that climate action supports Somalia’s peacebuilding objectives and that the shared drivers of both climate vulnerability and conflict start to be addressed. The 8th National Development Plan (NDP) (2017–2019) and the subsequent 9th NDP (2020– 2024) (Federal Government of Somalia, 2017 and 2020b) lay the foundation for plans and policy developments aimed at achieving socio-economic transformation by taking a sustainable and gender-sensitive approach. To address the climate change threat, the Somali government has developed a number of policies, including NAPA 2013, Somalia’s Resilience and Recovery Framework (RRF), the National Environment Policy and the National Climate Change Policy 2020 (Federal Government of Somalia, 2013, 2018c, 2019d, 2020a). The National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process will now bring together Somalia’s adaptation and development agendas. 3Title The NAP process and the policies and frameworks that guide climate action in Somalia are complemented by a number of ongoing climate change adaptation projects. The Green Climate Fund (GCF)-financed National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Readiness Project, implemented through the UNDP, will play an important role in strengthening national and state-level capacity and coordination for climate change adaptation planning and implementation in Somalia. The project is expected to contribute towards the implementation of the country’s adaptation targets in the country’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and to be aligned with the National Development Plan-9. The NAP project implementation is in its early stages, and to help lay out a vision and approach to the NAP process, a NAP Framework is required. 1.2 Current and Future Climate Change Trends Somalia’s climate is generally tropical, hot and dry due to its geographical location near the equator. Somalia’s coastline, the longest in Africa, contributes to temperature variations between the south and north of the country. Much of the country is considered to be made up of arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs), characterized by scarce erratic rains and extreme temperatures. This has significant implications for both livestock and agricultural production, the main sources of livelihood for the majority of the population. Temperature Somalia has experienced significant variations in its climate during the last century, evidenced by the country’s continuous uptick in its mean annual temperatures since 1991. In the last three decades, maximum temperature increases were experienced in much of Somalia. Projections indicate continued increases in average temperature in both the near and long term (Ogallo et al, 2018). The Greater Horn of Africa region will continue to warm throughout the 21st century, with an increase in temperature of 3.1 °C by 2100 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014). Temperatures over Somalia are expected to increase at a rate of 0.3 to 0.5 °C per decade until 2050. This means that the mean temperature is projected to increase between 3 °C and 4 °C by the end of the century. This will have significant implications for many critical sectors of Somalia’s economy, including water, agriculture, livestock, fisheries, health and infrastructure, among others. Figure 1. Projected annual average temperature (2020–2076) Source: World Bank Climate Knowledge Portal—Somalia 4Title Among other things, these climate-change-related temperature variations increase the risks of faster breeding among disease-causing vectors and pests. Locusts, for example, have ravaged Somalia’s vegetation over the past two years, destroying key crops such as sorghum and maize. Climate change is also one of the main factors that can cause the extinction of certain species. Climate change and the increased frequency of natural disasters have contributed to a mass migration of wildlife from Somalia to neighboring countries, while the influx of invasive species such as Prosopis juliflora, an evergreen shrub, has also constrained the productivity of both the livestock and wildlife sectors. Rainfall Somalia has an average annual rainfall of 250 mm, which fluctuates across the country. In the north, the conditions are very hot and arid, and the average annual rainfall is less than 200 mm, while the south-west region gets the most rain in a year, around 500 mm. Some regions in Somalia receive less than 50 mm of precipitation per year (Federal Government of Somalia, 2021a). During the Xagaa, or long dry season, which runs from June to September, some regions receive significantly less rainfall, resulting in drought incidences that often have a devasting impact on livelihoods. The Gu season, characterized by long rains, usually occurs from April to June, and is expected to feature increased flood incidences. The season’s peak occurs from April to May. Somalia’s annual rainfall is expected to increase within the next couple of decades, with mean annual rainfall increasing by one per cent by 2030. Also, the seasonal rainfall variability over the country will increase; this growing unpredictability will further affect major sectors such as agriculture, livestock, fisheries, health and infrastructure, among others. The El Niño and La Niña phases of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon1 are closely linked to precipitation in East Africa. While the former can trigger flooding and drought, the latter can trigger strong winds and cause more droughts (Eklöw & Krampe, 2019). As such, Somalia is affected by both, and the effects can be devastating. Somalia has witnessed increased cases of droughts and floods in the last few decades. In 1992, a severe famine resulted in the death of 300,000 people (Federal Government of Somalia, 2018b).A pattern has emerged in the last two decades, with drought typically occurring every three years; this includes the 2011 drought that resulted in the death of 250,000 people, the majority of them women and children. Increased flooding has also been experienced, including the 1997–1998 El Niño floods and the more recent flash floods in Belet-Weyne, Central Somalia, which killed more than 20 people while displacing nearly half of the region’s population (Federal Government of Somalia, 2018b). 1 A recurring climate pattern involving changes in the temperature of waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (https://www.weather.gov/mhx/ensowhat). https://www.weather.gov/mhx/ensowhat 5Title Figure 2. Average rainfall distribution for each season Source: Federal Government of Somalia, 2021 1.3 Objectives of the NAP Framework This National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Framework is designed to help guide the government of Somalia in developing, coordinating and implementing the various policies, plans, strategies and legislation that will help the country address its medium- and long-term adaptation needs, while aligning these actions with the country’s development and continued progress toward peace and stability. Specifically, the objectives of the NAP Framework are to: • Clarify Somalia’s approach to its NAP process. This will include an articulation of the country’s vision of climate change adaptation, its adaptation objectives, the principles that will guide adaptation in Somalia, roles and responsibilities within the national government, and any priority actions to be undertaken. It will also provide a reference point for bringing together various adaptation planning efforts from different sectors and scales of decision-making. 6Title • Guide the government in formulating and implementing relevant policies and strategies that respond to medium- and long-term adaptation priorities. • Align the NAP process with existing policies and strategies , including those related to peacebuilding, conflict and gender equality, and with adaptation research. • Focus on specific themes that are particularly relevant or unique to the country’s context, including gender-responsive adaptation planning and implementation. The NAP Framework is designed to ensure that the NAP process in Somalia does not contribute to the proliferation of planning processes and related documents. It will not only help the government of Somalia build the momentum needed for its NAP process, as it initiates its Green Climate Fund (GCF) NAP Readiness Programme project, but will also help position the country to maximize the expected benefits coming from the GCF and other funding sources. 1.4 Methodology The NAP Framework was developed under the direction and coordination of the Directorate of Environment and Climate Change (DoECC), which lies within the Office of the Prime Minister of the Federal Government of Somalia. The NAP Framework for Somalia takes into account the country’s sectoral vulnerabilities, the gender dimensions of climate change, the peacebuilding context and the impacts of climate change in Somalia. It builds on the ongoing work of NDC revision, the GCF NAP Readiness Project, and other relevant projects and programs. Below is an overview of the methodology used for the development of the Framework. 1) DESK REVIEW The NAP Framework was developed based on an extensive review of key climate-related documents, including (Federal Government of Somalia, 2020b, 2021a, A?, 2013, 2020a, 2018b, 2018c, 2018d, GCF 2019): • The National Development Plan-9 • The Nationally Determined Contribution – Adaptation Baseline 2020 • National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) • National Climate Change Policy • Drought Impact Needs Assessment; • Recovery and Resilience Framework • Somali National Disaster Management Policy • Somalia NAP GCF Readiness Proposal. This review was complemented by a review of the draft National Gender Policy (Federal Government of Somalia, 2018), the UN Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework (2021–2025), national and UN peacebuilding reports, and sectoral and state policies and plans, among others. Other relevant international reports and reports from countries in the region were also reviewed. 7Title 2) STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS Stakeholder consultations underpinned the whole NAP Framework development process. The lead consultant worked under DoECC and with support from a local consultant to undertake stakeholder consultations, including through FGDs, with the interviews providing inputs and informing the draft. Key stakeholders consulted included representatives from government, international partners, civil society and the private sector, with the interviews guided by a need to ensure inclusivity. Consultations were held with key stakeholders in the ministry responsible for the environment and climate change, as well as other relevant ministries such as the Ministry of Women and Human Rights Development, to develop a detailed outline for the NAP Framework. The draft NAP Framework was shared with stakeholders for feedback. Somalia’s NAP focal point provided a list of relevant actors to speak with. 3) VALIDATION A validation workshop was organized to present the draft NAP Framework to relevant stakeholders and to gather feedback on the document. The validation meeting involved all key NAP process stakeholders, including government departments and institutions (federal and state), non-government organizations (local and international), private-sector representatives, researchers and academics. Comments and inputs from the validation meeting were incorporated into the draft, and a final and validated NAP Framework was submitted for final government review and approval. 8Title 2.0 Somalia’s National Adaptation Plan Process 2.1 Overview of the National Adaptation Plan Process The National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process is a strategic, iterative process that helps countries conduct comprehensive medium- and long-term climate adaptation planning. It is a flexible process that builds on the country’s existing adaptation activities and helps integrate climate change into national decision-making. The NAP process was established under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change to enable developing countries, including least-developed countries (LDCs), to formulate and implement NAPs (LDC Expert Group, 2012). Building on the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA)—which focused on short-term, urgent and immediate adaptation needs—the NAP process is designed to offer LDC countries like Somalia an opportunity to take a more considered approach, working towards transformational change in their capacity to address adaptation, with a medium- to long-term approach to reducing vulnerability. This includes the institutional arrangements and capacities that have been built, the awareness-raising efforts that must be undertaken, and any assessments of vulnerabilities and adaptation priorities that are required. It is an entirely country-owned process; there is no one way to develop a NAP, and each country’s NAP will match and meet its unique context. This section highlights the goals, mandates and status of Somalia’s NAP process. 2.2 Goals of the NAP Process The overall goal of Somalia’s NAP process is to reduce vulnerabilities to the impacts of climate change and build the resilience of the country and its communities. Specifically, the NAP process aims to: • Define medium- and long-term climate adaptation actions and initiatives for implementation by state and non-state actors. • Facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation, in a coherent manner, into development planning processes and strategies, within all relevant sectors and at different levels. • Enhance the coordination of climate change adaptation in the country. • Promote the mobilization of resources to respond to Somalia’s climate change adaptation needs. 9Title 2.3 Mandate for the NAP Process Somalia’s NAP process is clearly mandated in its development plans and objectives, given that climate change has been identified as a core issue in the country’s development. This is particularly clear in Somalia’s most recent National Development Plan (NDP-9), as well as its National Climate Change Policy; these two documents, alongside other relevant climate-related legislation and policy, explicitly call for the increased integration of Somalia’s development and climate adaptation agendas. The NAP offers a crucial opportunity for bringing these together, alongside continued local, regional and national efforts to build peace and stability. The National Development Plan (NDP-9) for 2020–2024 provides for the country’s development priorities for the next five years. Climate change resilience-building is a key theme of the NDP 9, and the plan recognizes the threats that climate change poses to the government meeting its development objectives. Further, it recognizes the poor as the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The plan recommends strategic interventions across all vulnerable sectors of the economy to enhance resilience, while also calling for emissions reductions. There is a need for the NAP process to inform and complement the effective implementation of the interventions described in the NDP-9 and subsequent NDPs to ensure the sustainable and resilient development of Somalia. Somalia’s National Climate Change Policy offers further strategic direction for the NAP process, particularly on adaptation measures, social development and the mitigation of climate change impacts. The policy captures the sectoral laws and strategies that form the legislative foundation for specific activities that need to be evaluated for potential improvements in order to enhance those activities’ ability to tackle climate change challenges and exploit emerging opportunities. The policy calls for better coordination of climate change adaptation in the country and for opportunities for cooperation and collaboration between the national and sub national levels of government, as well as with development partners and with international and regional institutions. The policy also argues for mainstreaming climate change into the federal government, state, regions and districts, and into local-level planning processes, including national development policies and plans and state development plans. The Somali National Disaster Management Policy is another key foundational policy for the NAP, as it aims to strengthen community resilience and preparedness for disasters and emergencies. The policy seeks to provide a legislative framework for disaster management within government institutions while also strengthening the coherence and coordination of humanitarian support from international donor organizations. This mandate extends down from the national level; besides the federal policies, the Somalia NAP process is also guided by other sectoral and state policies and legal frameworks that support the adaptation actions, including Somalia’s Integrated Water Resources Management Strategy, the Puntland Five-Year Development Plan (2019–2024) and the National Energy Policy (2018), among others. 10Title 2.4 Status of the NAP Process in Somalia Adapting to climate change is crucial in Somalia’s pursuit of sustainable development and stability. To date, climate adaptation actions are implemented by sector ministries, federal member states and CSOs, with support from development partners in Somalia. This work is guided by the DoECC, which is based in the Office of the Prime Minister and is the overall technical institution mandated to coordinate climate action and implement climate policy. However, the DoECC’s role is hampered by a lack of technical, human and financial capacities to effectively undertake its mandate. This has resulted in formalized and structured horizontal or vertical coordination mechanisms for adaptation planning and actions at the federal level, and undefined federal-state roles for climate change adaptation. This has led to a fragmented response to humanitarian emergencies as well as weak linkages between immediate relief, recovery and longer-term adaptation and development. The NAP is to be designed and implemented to address these challenges. Somalia is now at the initial phase of its NAP process, and it currently starting to implement its NAP Readiness Project, which is funded by the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and will have the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) act as its implementing partner. The overall goal of the Readiness Project is to strengthen national and state capacities and coordination for climate change adaptation planning and implementation in Somalia. The project has three primary expected outcomes, each of which are divided into anticipated sub-outcomes and outputs to address the barriers to mainstreaming climate change adaptation in national systems. The expected outcomes of the project are (Green Climate Fund, 2019): • Enhanced national institutional coordination and capacity for adaptation planning. • Strengthened capacity for climate change adaptation planning at the state level. • Strengthened financial planning for climate change adaptation. Through its expected outputs and outcomes, the project aims to support the establishment of a national climate change adaptation plan to serve as a baseline and to guide future climate change adaptation policies and projects. The NAP report and process will identify Somalia’s medium- and long-term adaptation needs and will be informed by the latest assessment and reports. This NAP Framework, in laying out the NAP’s vision, guiding principles and approach, among other things, is designed to inform the development of Somalia’s NAP process at the outset of the Readiness Project. 11Title 3.0 Linking the Nap Process to the Broader Policy Context Climate change is a key development challenge for Somalia. Climate change impacts, such as severe and more intense floods, heat waves and droughts, continue to have devastating effects on the lives and livelihoods of Somalis and on the wider economic development of the country; this risks reversing the hard-gained though modest development and security milestones that the country has achieved over last few years. It is crucial that Somalia’s adaptation planning be integrated into its development planning and budgeting processes at both the federal and member state levels and across sectors. This section aims to explore linkages between the Somalia NAP process and the broader national development planning and policy discourse— including peacebuilding—with a view to identifying key entry points and the added value of the NAP process in relation to the development documents. 3.1 Relevant Policy and Regulatory Frameworks and the Somalia NAP Process NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN (NDP), 2020 The NDP is Somalia’s development blueprint. It lays out the country’s key priorities for the development period, usually for a period of five years. It is essential that the short- and medium-term adaptation priorities of the NDP are reflected in the NAP process; this will help to facilitate effective linkages (including implementation) with sectoral ministries, federal member states and other development actors, in both their planning and budgeting processes. The current plan is the NDP-9, which covers the period of 2020–2024. The NDP-9 identifies climate change as one of the key root causes of poverty in Somalia; for development to succeed, climate-proofing economic growth is crucial. As such, climate change resilience-= building is a key theme of the NDP-9. The plan recognizes the country’s vulnerabilities to climate change impacts, such as frequent and intense floods and droughts. It also notes that these can exacerbate population displacements, conflicts and poverty, particularly in a context in which they are increasing in their frequency and intensity. The plan recognizes the poor as the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Climate change is mainstreamed into the economic development pillar of the NDP, with an emphasis on enhancing adaptation and building the climate change resilience of the agriculture and livestock sector (mainstay of the economy and livelihoods). NDP-9 outlines priority interventions in each of three pillars and in all vulnerable sectors of economy to both prevent and respond to climate crisis and its effects. These include water management investments, social protection and investment in renewable energy for Somalia. The NAP’s alignment with this plan and its prioritized actions will be crucial to its success. 12Title THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT POLICY, 2019 The National Environment Policy (NEP), approved by Cabinet, is a core document concerning the sustainable management of natural resources for Somalia. It treats climate change and disaster management as emerging environmental issues. In this policy document, the government seeks to adopt mitigation and adaptation approaches to deal with climate change. This policy recognizes that many of the natural disasters in Somalia, such as floods and drought, are climate-related and that their negative impacts cut across all key sectors of the economy. The NEP is a core document concerning the sustainable management of natural resources for Somalia. It provides the necessary government policy regarding climate change in the areas of biodiversity protection, GHG emissions reduction, waste and clean technology. The NEP acknowledges that Somalia has a limited adaptive capacity when it comes to the impacts of climate change. The policy also emphasizes that country’s continued vulnerability to climate change and the threat this poses to achieving long-term development goals should thus be recognized. Further, the policy states that the government shall adopt various measures to overcome the many challenges brought on by climate change. NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY, 2020 This overarching national climate change policy serves as the pillar for comprehensive sectoral strategies and action plans. The policy offers a strategic direction, particularly on adaptation measures, social development and the mitigation of climate change impacts. The policy captures sectorial laws and strategies that form the legislative foundation for specific activities that need to be evaluated in order to determine potential improvements that could enhance their ability to tackle climate change challenges and exploit emerging opportunities. The policy enables better coordination of climate change work in the country and provides opportunities for cooperation and collaboration between the national and sub-national levels of government as well as with development partners and with international and regional institutions. The policy also stipulates the country’s vision and strategies that recognize the importance of climate change and of international agreements and national commitments on climate change. SOMALIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC), 2021 NDCs are climate change plans and contributions submitted by countries as part of their commitment to the Paris Agreement, which Somalia ratified in 2016. Somalia submitted an Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) in 2015, which included nationwide sectoral mitigation and adaption measures. The document provides a brief overview of Somalia’s climate and some economic drivers of vulnerability. The enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (2021–2030) submitted by Somalia in 2021 has comprehensive adaptation and mitigation actions to be implemented by the country. The NAP will complement Somalia’s NDC, outlining how the country intends to meet its medium- and long-term adaptation priorities and reduce climate vulnerabilities. SOMALI NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT POLICY, 2018 The Somali National Disaster Management Policy aims to strengthen community resilience and preparedness for disasters and emergencies. The policy seeks to provide a legislative 13Title framework for disaster management within government institutions while also strengthening the coherence and coordination of humanitarian support from international donor organizations. The framework provides guidelines for incorporating disaster risk reduction into the national development planning process, and will outline priority investments in disaster preparedness, early warning, mitigation and recovery. This policy provides an entry point for exploiting synergies between disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in terms of institutional support and developing project pipelines; the NAP will build on the work of this policy and on the lessons learned to date in its implementation. DROUGHT IMPACT NEEDS ASSESSMENT AND RECOVERY AND RESILIENCE FRAMEWORK, 2018 The Drought Impact Needs Assessment estimated the impacts of the 2016–17 drought on Somalia and attempted to identify key adaptation needs. The assessment fed into the development of a Recovery and Resilience Framework (RRF). The RRF will support Somalia’s progress from early drought recovery through to longer-term resilience and disaster preparedness and is intended to enable the country to break the cycle of vulnerability and humanitarian crisis caused by frequent climate-related shocks. The Framework aims to facilitate a more efficient financial response by the Government of Somalia and its development and humanitarian partners, primarily using current funding modalities and aid coordination structures. The RRF aims to: • strengthen the capacity of the government to support drought recovery and improve disaster risk management; • revitalize, strengthen and diversify economic livelihoods and key infrastructure; • promote durable solutions for displacement-affected communities; • enhance the sustainable management of natural resources and access to renewable energy; and • improve primary service delivery in affected urban and peri-urban areas. The RRF has prioritized the following sectors: agriculture, nutrition, education, transport, environment, social protection, gender, governance, disaster management, and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). NATIONAL VOLUNTARY LAND DEGRADATION NEUTRALITY TARGETS (LDN), 2020 This document, developed under global initiative of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), recognizes land degradation caused by drought as a major impediment to national economic development as it adversely affects livestock and agriculture, which contributes heavily to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Some of the targets set under the document include: • achievement of LDN by 2030 as compared to baseline 2015 (no net loss) • improvement of an additional 10 per cent of the territory by 2030 14Title • increase of national forest cover from 10.14 per cent (2015) to 10.20 per cent (2022) and maintained at 30 per cent by 2030 through agroforestry and sustainable land management • reduced consumption of biomass energy by half • reduced soil erosion • reduced conversion of forests and wetlands into other uses • restoration and increase of land productivity. SOMALIA’S NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NBSAP), 2015 The NBSAP, developed under the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2015, has direct linkages with biodiversity and climate change response in the country. The strategy aims to establish understanding of drivers of biodiversity degradation, many of which are shared with climate vulnerability, and to devise response measures. The strategy identifies gaps in capacities, policy and resource mobilization and coordination for the effective management and monitoring of biodiversity, and how these must be addressed. Complementing these response strategies through the NAP will lead to shared benefits for climate resilience and biodiversity. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PROGRAMME OF ACTION (NAPA), 2013 Somalia’s National Adaptation Programme for Actions on Climate Change (NAPAs) was submitted to UNFCCC in April 2013. It was the first national-level document to identify the urgent and immediate climate change adaptation needs of the most vulnerable groups throughout Somalia. It provides the starting point from which climate change adaptation can be mainstreamed into development plans as a critical strategy for attaining sustainable development and poverty reduction (MDG, 2010). The NAPA acknowledges and addresses the fact that climate change has and will continue to have wide-ranging impacts within and across multiple sectors and that the knowledge and capacity to respond is lacking. The document presents an analysis of institutional, financial, technological and informational barriers facing climate action in Somalia. The NAPA has three main objectives: to build community awareness on climate change, to increase monitoring and risk forecasting capacities, and to support the adoption of government policies and strategies to improve resilience to climate risks among vulnerable population groups (including women and children) and economic sectors. The NAP intends to build on the legacy of this important document, extending its timeline beyond urgent and immediate needs to medium- and long-term climate resilience. NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY (NEP), 2018 The overall objective of the NEP is to increase access to efficient, affordable and sustainable energy for urban and rural communities in order for the private sector to thrive and for the public sector to meet national energy demand in order to provide better essential services, boost economic growth and reduce poverty. The policy promotes the widespread production, use and storage of renewable energy through diversification, innovation, technical cooperation and technology transfer as a way of reducing deforestation pressures for biomass energy generation. It also promotes investment in modern, integrated and commercially viable models of energy supply. The NAP’s alignment with the National Energy Policy is crucial for the advancement of shared goals, such as reduced deforestation, but also given that the provision 15Title of reliable renewable energy will be a central component of Somalia’s development strategy going forward. SOMALIA NUTRITION STRATEGY, 2020–2025 Somalia’s Nutrition Strategy was developed by the federal government’s Ministry of Health and Human Services. The strategy aims to ensure the provision of quality nutrition services to all people, with a specific focus on the most vulnerable, including women and children. It targets the strengthening of local and national capacities of workers involved in the sector to contribute to the overall enhancement of the quality of health service delivery in Somalia. The Somalia Nutrition Strategy (2020–2025) is aligned with the NDP and other downstream policies and strategies, and is designed to address the triple burden of malnutrition: the coexistence of overnutrition, undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. It is also designed to contribute to the achievement of the nutrition-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), World Health Assembly resolutions, and Global Nutrition Targets for 2025. Much work remains to be done; the evidence points to a high continued malnutrition rates among children under five and women, particularly during climate-change-related flash floods or extended drought periods, both of which serve to undermine household food security. A key aspect of the NAP will be ensuring food security in the face of a changing climate; alignment with the Nutrition Strategy is therefore crucial. INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (IWRM) STRATEGY This strategy is under development. It will co-ordinate integrated water management, guide the creation of appropriate rates and standardize best practices. SOMALIA’S INITIAL NATIONAL COMMUNICATION (INC), 2018 The INC, submitted to UNFCCC in 2018, highlights the country’s situational context with respect to climate change and its steps towards the implementation of the UN Climate Convention as well as proposed mitigation and adaptation strategies. The report indicates that Somalia’s climate change actions aim to safeguard the environment, sustain the society and support economic growth and sustainability for future generations. It also promotes a comprehensive nationwide response to climate change actions, including adaptation, mitigation and creating resilient communities. The report indicates overall gaps and constraints, including the capacity, financial and technological challenges faced by the country in its efforts to respond to climate change. NATIONAL CAPACITY SELF-ASSESSMENT TOWARDS IMPLEMENTING RIO CONVENTIONS, 2017 The National Capacity Self-Assessment outlines the key challenges Somalia faces in meeting the commitments outlined in the Rio Convention. This document highlights some of the key national-level capacity gaps for responding to the challenges of climate change, biodiversity loss, ecosystem degradation and conflict and security. DRAFT NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NESAP), 2021 The Federal Government of Somalia, with support from UNEP, has prepared a draft NESAP whose main goal is to put in place mechanisms and measures to ensure the sustainable 16Title management and use of Somalia’s rich natural and environmental resources for the wellbeing of the people and for the growth and development of the economy. The strategy has four strategic objectives: strengthening governance, conducting assessments, implementing priority interventions, and increasing public awareness and knowledge management for effective environmental management and climate change response. Climate change is a key challenge elaborated in the NESAP, and it recommends measures to assess climate change risks and key adaptation measures to be implemented for the next five years. The NAP should be fully aligned with and build on this risk assessment and identification of adaptation measures. DRAFT CHARCOAL POLICY, 2020 The draft Charcoal Policy aims to halt the export of charcoal from Somalia and to regulate its domestic consumption in a sustainable manner in order to minimize the negative socio economic and environmental impacts of domestic charcoal production, including deforestation. The policy will also pave the way for promoting alternative energy sources by providing alternative livelihoods to the charcoal value chain beneficiaries involved in the charcoal production and trade. DRAFT GENDER POLICY, 2020 Somalia’s draft gender policy aims to establish a framework to guide the process of developing and implementing legislation, policies, and programs that will promote equal rights and opportunities for women and men in all spheres of life. Specifically, the policy’s objectives are to eliminate gender discrimination, reduce inequalities, increase women’s participation in decision making, promote women’s empowerment, create awareness and positive culture change and enhance the government’s accountability. The policy proposes priority interventions in the sectors of economic empowerment, health, education and political participation. Responsibility for undertaking these interventions lies with all actors, including government ministries, directorates and agencies, local governments, the private sector and civil society. Promoting gender equality will be a guiding principle for the NAP. THE UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION FRAMEWORK, 2020 The United Nations Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework (2021–2025) represents the commitment of the Federal Government of Somalia and the United Nations to work together to achieve peace, stability and prosperity for all Somalis in support of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals. The Cooperation Framework reflects the commitment of the United Nations in Somalia to advancing Somalia’s peace and development priorities and fully aligning its support to the Somalia’s National Development Plan-9 in a spirit of partnership, cooperation, transparency and mutual respect, in accordance with the 2017 New Partnership for Somalia. The Cooperation Framework also serves as the United Nations’ accountability framework to the Federal Government of Somalia and its people. The Cooperation Framework’s strategic priorities are inclusive politics and reconciliation, security and rule of law, economic development and social development. Recognizing that climate change impacts can exacerbate local and national conflict drivers, and that stability and security will not be achieved without increased climate resilience, climate change actions are mainstreamed in the strategic priorities of the framework, particularly under security and rule of law, economic development and social development. The 17Title NAP, through a comprehensive and participatory identification and implementation of priority climate actions, can help to address some of the shared vulnerabilities to both climate impacts and conflict in Somalia. UN GENDER EQUALITY STRATEGY, 2018–2020 UN organizations play a key role in Somalia’s development. The UN Gender Equality Strategy (2018–2020) provides a framework for planned, systematic and collective attention to gender equality and women’s empowerment and action by the different UN entities in line with global commitments and commitments in the diverse assistance and co-operation frameworks to Somalia. The Strategy responds to the country’s current gender inequalities and related developmental challenges, and articulates the centrality of gender mainstreaming in the implementation of the assistance and cooperation frameworks of the UN. It also provides a framework and guidance for the promotion and institutionalization of gender mainstreaming, which will continue in the NAP process. It calls for a greater accountability for delivering gender-related results, and offers practical tools and guidance on how to achieve this. The implementation plan of this Strategy sets out in detail the actions, actors and timeframe for realizing results and fulfilling the objectives and goals set forth in the Strategy. 3.3 GCF Readiness Proposal and Somalia NAP Process NAP READINESS PROJECT Somalia is implementing a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Readiness Programme funded by the GCF, with implementation support from UNDP. The overall goal of the project is to strengthen national and state-level capacity and coordination for climate change adaptation planning and implementation in Somalia. The project has three primary expected outcomes, each of which are divided into expected sub-outcomes and outputs to address the barriers to mainstreaming climate change adaptation in national systems. Through its outputs and outcomes, the projects aim to support the establishment of a national climate change adaptation plan to serve as a baseline and to guide future climate change adaptation policies and projects. The expected outcomes of the project are: enhanced national institutional coordination and capacity for adaptation planning, strengthened capacity for climate change adaptation planning at the state level, and strengthened financial planning for climate change adaptation (Green Climate Fund, 2019). The ultimate objective of the NAP Readiness Project is to develop to identify medium- and long-term adaptation needs informed by the latest assessment and reports. The NAP Readiness Project is currently in its initial planning phase, with the project management team being established. NATIONAL DESIGNATED AUTHORITY (NDA) READINESS PROJECT The government of Somalia is developing a second proposed Readiness Project for submission to the GCF. It will be the first readiness request to the GCF outside of NAP Readiness Project. The proposal is under development in close consultation with the Global Water Partnership (GWP). Activities under this request will fill the urgent need for strengthening the National Designated Authority (NDA) and with the development of a GCF Country Program, a climate 18Title finance policy and project pipeline for Somalia, and concept note. Key priorities to be elaborated in the country program and project pipeline will include adaptation priorities and actions. 3.4 Linkage to Peacebuilding Initiatives The security situation in Somalia has improved in recent years, but remains fragile, and the gains could be reversed if they are not consolidated. Climate change and its effects, including droughts leading to water and pasture scarcity, are recognized as a significant cause of conflict in Somalia’s nomadic pastoralist societies. Recurrent recent droughts and related environmental shocks have contributed to increased poverty, displacement, biodiversity loss and, ultimately, exacerbated conflict (Federal Government of Somalia, 2020b). To strengthen the sustainability of both climate adaptation and peacebuilding efforts, it is essential that inclusive and gender responsive climate action be integrated into peacebuilding and state-building efforts. Some of the key policies related to peacebuilding efforts in Somalia, and their links to climate change and the NAP process, are described below. NATIONAL RECONCILIATION FRAMEWORK (NRF) The goal of the NRF is to contribute to a sense of sustained peace and stability by laying the ground for genuine, comprehensive national reconciliation for the Somali people. It will do so by restoring trust among different segments of the population and increasing confidence in all levels of government institutions, resulting in peaceful coexistence, renewed relationships, and social and economic recovery. Social reconciliation is a key pillar of the NRF, which aims to address issues around disputed areas and lands by addressing the challenges of the past, including a lack of trust, suspicion, clan rivalry, active conflicts, displacement, destruction of traditional mechanisms, poor clan leadership, and the relationship between clan and state. Adapting to climate change, through the NAP process, could provide a shared challenge around which formerly conflictual parties can unite and build dialogue, trust and partnership. NATIONAL STABILIZATION STRATEGY (NSS) The overall goal of NSS is to improve stability in Somalia by delivering tangible results that strengthen cohesion within communities and between communities and their government. The purpose of the strategy is to support a combination of peacebuilding and state-building interventions and to prevent violence through, among other efforts, engaging communities in dialogue to address their legitimate grievances, developing confidence-building measures, and expanding socio-economic opportunities to build resilient communities and reduce poverty. The focus areas are community recovery, social reconciliation, local governance, and rule of law. The inclusion of women, youth and other vulnerable or under-represented groups in stabilization efforts is a core element of the strategy. The stabilization interventions are collectively intended to remove conflict drivers that are exploited by al-Shabaab, and to develop more inclusive, accountable and democratic structures. As with the NRF, a participatory, inclusive and gender responsive NAP process could provide one means of achieving the objectives of the NSS. 19Title THE WADAJIR FRAMEWORK FOR LOCAL GOVERNANCE This framework was adopted in November 2015, outlines a series of measures focusing on the third tier of the government structure: the district level. The Wadajir Framework recognizes the crucial functions performed by the elected and lowest level of government, while maintaining sufficient coherence within the state and society structures. Decentralized governance arrangements and service delivery are pivotal in building incremental trust between citizens and federal, state and local government. Therefore, the implementation of the Wadajir Framework for Local Governance will be an extension of the government’s bottom-up approach to political and local security stabilization. Similarly, resilience-building will be impossible without the cooperation and input of local governments; it is at this level that climate impacts are most felt, and most effectively addressed. The lowest level of government will play an important role in Somalia’s evolving governance arrangement and thus should be engaged fully in the NAP process. 3.5 Linkage with COVID-19 Preparedness and Response Plan The Somalia COVID-19 Country Preparedness and Response Plan (CPRP) is a joint effort by UN agencies and cluster partners, including NGOs, to respond to the direct public health and indirect immediate humanitarian and socio-economic consequences of COVID-19. The plan does not include a program for “building back better.” The plan recognizes climate change as a threat multiplier aggravating the already fragile situation, increasing threats to food security and livelihoods and thus also increasing social tension and conflicts, including increases in domestic violence, human rights violations, violence against vulnerable populations, and inter-, intra-communal and clan violence. As the country undertakes recovery plans, it is essential that climate change adaptation and resilience-building be incorporated into these planning and budgeting processes. This can be included in all vulnerable sectors that are also of priority in recovery efforts, including water, agriculture and livestock, energy and the informal sector. 3.6 Added Value of the NAP Process in Relation to These Other Policy Documents The NAP process can help to identify priority adaptation goals and translate them into action to support the wider federal and federal member states’ development planning and policy processes in Somalia. The NAP process • highlights and provides focus on the importance of adaptation and resilience-building actions in development; • supports the integration of climate change adaptation into national and sub-national level development planning and budgeting processes; • enhances synergies between adaptation and mitigation actions for a low-carbon and climate-resilient economy; • enhances linkages between adaptation and peacebuilding efforts; and • enhances the resilience of vulnerable populations to climate shocks through adaptation and disaster risk reduction strategies. 20Title Furthermore, the NAP process can inform possible future iterations of the NDC adaptation goals, and help align the NDC to broader sustainable development goals and Somalia’s other international commitments, such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the Convention on Biological Diversity. The NAP process can also support the establishment of coherent and strengthened governance structures at the national level, and, through linking the NAP to other planning and policy processes, can prevent the duplication of efforts and promote transparency, access to limited resources and efficient use of those resources. NAP timelines, focused on the medium to long term, are well aligned with those of the NDP-9 and other development and peacebuilding agendas, and the resources available to Somalia through the NAP process can serve to further strengthen the capacities, institutions and governance mechanisms needed to build lasting resilience and peace (Crawford & Church, 2020). 21Title 4.0 Approaches and Structure for the Nap Process 4.1 Context Somalia is emerging from a series of protracted civil conflicts which have significantly hindered the country’s natural resources management, climate change response and related governance structures. While terrorism remains a critical threat in the south of the country, in the last decade, there is reason for optimism; relative stability has returned to parts of the country, and governance structures are improving, even if they are not yet as effective as the systems that existed before the war. One of the more recently established institutions is the DoECC, which is responsible for managing, coordinating and supervising all matters relating to the environment and climate change in Somalia. The DoECC continues to play a critical role in putting in place the policies and legislative frameworks for addressing climate change in the country, and will lead the NAP process. Under the Climate Change Policy, the federal government has to set up a climate change coordination mechanism to mainstream climate action across the breadth of government. A high level Coordination committee is chaired by the Deputy Prime Minister and comprising of the Ministers for planning and economic promotion, finance, humanitarian and disaster management, fisheries and marine resources, agriculture, livestock and pasture, and power and water. Actions across all vertical levels of government are to be coordinated at technical level by an intergovernmental coordination mechanism involving state-level officials of the environment and chaired by the Director-General of the Environment Directorate at the federal level. The DoECC will spearhead the NAP process, with priorities emerging from the federal government and member state stakeholders. 4.2 Specific Themes for the Somalia NAP Process Through consultation with affected stakeholders, a number of key issues and themes emerged for Somalia’s NAP process. 4.2.1 Enhancing Vertical Integration Somalia’s federal government is based in Mogadishu, and governance is officially divided into six semiautonomous federal member states and one special region, each of which in turn are divided into districts. The federal member states are Southwest, Somaliland, Hirshabelle, Jubbaland, Galmudug, Puntland, and the Banadir Regional Administration.The NAP process, led by the federal government, has to make deliberate and strategic linkages between adaptation planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation at the federal and federal member state levels so that these activities can be aligned, informed and mutually supportive. Vertical 22Title integration between these levels of governance will enable sub-national authorities and local organizations to access the information, resources (including finance) and capacity they need to plan and implement adaptation. Additionally, this will facilitate the capturing of sub-national adaptation processes, outcomes and learning, while ensuring that national-level results and lessons are shared to inform sub-national planning and implementation (Dazé, Price-Kelly & Rass, 2016). Clear coordination structures should be put into place that bring together federal member states and federal government stakeholders through the planning and implementation of adaptation actions. 4.2.2 Alignment with National Development Plans and Peacebuilding Processes There is a clear link between climate change, conflict and poverty in Somalia. Thus, the effective mainstreaming of adaptation planning will require that adaptation priorities be aligned with and integrated into National Development Planning, the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and peacebuilding processes. The priorities identified in the NAP and NDC should be incorporated into the implementation process of the NDP-9, respective sector strategies and plans, and peacebuilding initiatives. Similarly, the objectives and timelines of the NDP and peacebuilding agendas should be reflected in the NAP. NDP-9 is already incorporating climate change considerations, and is aiming to build on NDP-8’s inclusive national planning process, which created widespread awareness about planning and therefore engendered broad ownership. Somalia’s NAP process shares this aim and thus should aim to align with the timelines of the subsequent NDP and sector plans to effectively inform these processes. Furthermore, the NAP process should be aligned with other country-level processes to meet the commitments Somalia has made under the 2030 Agenda, the Paris Agreement, National Environment Action Planning and the Sendai Framework. This will increase coherence, efficiency and effectiveness towards development outcomes that are resilient and sustainable. 4.2.3 A Participatory, Inclusive, Whole-of-Society Approach Climate change impacts are felt by all; urban and rural populations, pastoralists, farmers and businesspeople. As part of its NAP process, the government of Somalia will develop and disseminate climate-sensitive information, particularly for adaptation, tailored for different sectors and audiences. Recognizing that civil society organizations are active in planning and undertaking responses to disasters, which are largely induced by climate change, the government will encourage such organizations to take a long-term view of their interventions in order to enhance their climate resilience. The government will also involve academia and the international research community to help it analyze climate vulnerabilities and propose technologies and approaches to minimize emissions and adapt to the challenges of climate change. The private sector must also be a key partner. The private sector in Somalia is very vibrant and continues to prosper despite decades of conflict. As a result, many traditional public goods and services—including electricity, water, health and agriculture—are largely provided by the private sector. These sectors are often responsive to new innovations and quick to adapt new, cost effective technologies. In its NAP process, Somalia will prioritize creating awareness among the private sector of the need to climate-proof their investments, and of the business opportunities – including new goods and services – presented by the urgent need to adapt to climate change. 23Title 4.2.4 Gender-Responsive NAP Process According to UNDP’s Gender in Somalia report, Somalia’s Gender Index stood at 0.776 (with 1 denoting complete gender inequality), placing Somalia at the fourth highest position globally (UNDP Somalia, n.d.). The report further indicates that Somalia remains a highly unequal society by income, gender and geographical location. Gender inequality and climate change vulnerability are inextricably linked. Climate change and its devastating effects on all sectors of the economy in Somalia has significant gender dimensions, as discussed. Women and youth, and especially those in rural areas, are most affected due to their vulnerabilities, their reliance on livelihoods that are dependent on natural resources affected by climate, their responsibilities toward their families, and their role in safeguarding community survival. Women are on the frontline of confronting the challenges posed by climate change to the livelihoods and the health of their families, and yet they are often poorly equipped and under-resourced to respond to the challenge, and are not adequately included in decision-making on climate action. Adding to the challenge, conflicts have eroded many of the gains made in education, health care and employment prior to the civil war, which has perpetuated and deepened gender inequality. The government of Somalia is committed to mainstreaming gender equality across its development and climate change policies and plans. It recognizes the critical need to actively pursue the greater involvement of women, youth, people with disabilities and other marginalized groups in the development and implementation of the NDP, the NAP and the NDC. This will be pursued by recognizing and mainstreaming the different needs and concerns of men, women and other groups, and ensuring effective and inclusive participation in planning and implementation processes. This will be done by engaging with NGOs and women’s organizations to strengthen their capacities to mobilize, participate and advocate for change; making deliberate efforts to tailor information packaging and communication to diverse groups to improve inclusion; and providing opportunities to participate in workshops and meetings and to contribute perspectives that can influence greater inclusion and equality. 4.2.5 Prioritizing Resource Mobilization for Implementation Due to its fragility and widespread multidimensional poverty, Somalia continues to face serious financial, technological and capacity constraints, each of which will hinder the implementation of its NAP and NDC and will require significant financial support and investments from international and domestic partners. Opportunities exist as well; adapting to climate change will create jobs and will require new products and services that the private sector and other partners can provide and profit from. However, significant resources will have to be mobilized to move from adaptation planning to implementation. The NAP process should prioritize mobilizing resources from a wide range of sources, including through international public finance sources, to implement the identified adaptation and climate resilient priority actions. Currently, the country is facing capacity constraints that present challenges in understanding, navigating and accessing climate finance. Therefore, there is need to enhance the country’s capacity to access international climate financing, including the development of its NDC implementation roadmap, its GCF country program and 24Title a pipeline of realistic, bankable adaptation projects targeted for different potential climate finance sources. Somalia must also enhance its access to both bilateral sources of support and multilateral climate funds. There is also a need to focus strategic efforts and engagements on the private sector in order to leverage the potential of these entities to support a more resilient and green Somalia. Somalia will require support to enhance the policy and regulatory environment needed to attract international support and private-sector investment for its adaptation and climate resilience development agenda. 4.2.6 Promotion of Good Governance and Strengthening National Capacity An important impediment to Somalia’s effective adaptation planning, implementation and monitoring is weak governance and the lack of technical capacities among its ministries due to a long period of instability and conflict. The NAP process should be guided by the need to establish and fully operationalize strong, resilient governance structures and institutions that can effectively plan for and implement climate adaptation. 4.2.7 Community-Based Adaptation The women, men and children of local communities in Somalia, including farmers and pastoralists, bear the brunt of climate change. It is essential that NAP process be community centered, with local communities fully participating in defining and planning for adaptation priorities that suit local situations. These communities must also be fully involved in the implementation and monitoring of climate adaptation initiatives. Increased community ownership in adaptation actions will enhance the implementation of these interventions and the capacity of local communities to adapt to climate change and variability. To facilitate this, deliberate efforts have to be made to unpack key concepts and policy frameworks, raise awareness and build the capacities of local communities to understand and participate fully and effectively in the NAP process. 4.3 Proposed Institutional Arrangements for the Somalia NAP Process The National Climate Change Policy (2020), recently approved by the Somalia Cabinet, provides the institutional arrangement required for climate action, including the Somalia NAP process. These institutions, however, have extremely limited operational capacity and are not yet fitted with the institutional frameworks and operational structures required for effective climate change functions and coordination. The main entities established by the policy and their possible role in the NAP process are described below. DIRECTORATE OF ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE This directorate, situated in the Office of the Prime Minister, has the mandate to formulate federal climate policies and coordinate climate change activities by federal institutions, federal member states, local governments, international partners and other stakeholders. The office 25Title also serves as UNFCCC National Focal Point and the National Designated Authority (NDA) for the Green Climate Fund. The office will take the lead in coordinating Somalia’s NAP process. NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE COMMITTEE (NCCC) The NCCC has the mandate for coordinating and supervising the implementation of the climate change policy. The NCCC is a multi-stakeholder, high-level policy coordination committee and is responsible for the overall coordination and supervision of climate change activities in Somalia. It comprises the Prime Minister (or his designate), the Director General of the Directorate of Environment and Climate Change, sectoral ministries, directors of government agencies, member states’ ministers for environment, and representatives from the private sector and civil society organizations. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SECTORAL MINISTRIES The NCCP identifies key ministries which have an important role in climate change. These are the federal ministries of Energy and Water Resources; Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management; Agriculture; Fisheries and Marine Resources; Livestock; Natural Resources and Petroleum; Public Works, Housing and Reconstruction; Ports and Marine Transport; Transport and Civil Aviation; Post and Telecommunication; Health; and Education. These ministries should aim to integrate climate change adaptation into sectoral budgets, strategies, plans and projects. These ministries should work closely with the Directorate on the coordination of NAP process for Somalia. FEDERAL MEMBER STATE GOVERNMENTS The federal member states of Somaliland, Puntland, Galmudug, Southwest State, Jubbaland, and Hirshabelle, and the special region of Benadir, are policy implementers in their respective regions. These states have their own ministries responsible for climate change. The member state governments integrate and mainstream climate change adaptation actions, interventions and duties into their respective development plans, and they coordinate and implement adaptation actions at state levels. Given their role in state and local adaptation action, federal member state governments will be key partners in NAP planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation. CROSS-SECTORAL COMMITTEE ON CLIMATE CHANGE (CSCCC) The proposed CSCCC established by the policy will bring together line ministries, departments and agencies which have roles in climate projects, and programs and in implementing related activities. The CSCCC will be chaired by the DG of the Directorate of Environment and Climate Change, with representatives ideally drawn from the DG level. The primary roles of the CSCCC will be as follows (Federal Government of Somalia, 2020a): • serve as a cross-sector forum for the exchange of ideas, including the provision of updates on ongoing and planned climate change initiatives; • coordinate and advise on the sector-specific and cross-sector implementation of activities, and advise on monitoring and evaluation outcomes as well as future directions of the NCCP; and • address the cross-cutting and social aspects of climate change. 26Title CENTRE FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH A new Centre for Climate Change Research is to be established, primarily to: • facilitate research on climate change; • coordinate interdisciplinary research around climate change, mitigation and adaptation and vulnerabilities and projections; • disseminate research findings to all the stakeholders; and • provide technical and policy relevant guidance to the Directorate and Sector Ministries. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ACTORS AND CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS In recognition of the important role that civil society plays in natural resource and environmental governance in Somalia, the Government of Somalia supports mechanisms for enhancing their role and participation in climate change governance. Currently, a wide range of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society organizations (CSOs) are directly and indirectly involved in environmental protection and climate-change-related issues in Somalia. Some of these NGOs and CSOs implement specific climate change initiatives at the community level, as well as engaging in climate change policy advocacy at the national and international levels. It is important that the country develop a CSO Engagement Strategy to facilitate effective and institutionalized mechanisms for CSO participation in climate change processes. PRIVATE SECTOR Somalia has a vibrant private sector which plays a key role in implementing climate change adaptation actions. The government recognizes their role and thus should develop a private sector engagement strategy to facilitate their effective engagement in the NAP process, including the identification of key strategic actions, financing options and coordination structures. Figure 3 is a diagrammatic presentation of the institutional arrangements in the policy. 27Title Figure 3. Proposed institutional arrangement Note: Arrow lines indicate reporting/information exchange. Source: National Climate Change Policy 2020 In addition, the following key institutions have an important role in Somalia’s NAP process and should be represented in all coordination structures, including at the high-level NCCC and at the technical-level CSCCC established in the policy and described above. MINISTRY OF PLANNING, INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (MOPIED) MoPIED is responsible for development planning and coordination of all development aid to Somalia. The Ministry should support the mainstreaming of climate change adaptation into the overall development planning processes. Directorate of Environment & Climate Change Centre for Climate Change Research Centre for Climate Change Research Centre for Climate Change Research Sector Ministries Cabinet Member States Parliament Centre for Climate Change Research Centre for Climate Change Research 28Title MINISTRY OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT (MOHADM) MoHADM is responsible for streamlining the government’s approach to addressing crises and disasters, including preparing for and managing disasters and coordinating with humanitarian organizations and donor agencies. There are strong linkages between climate change and vulnerability to natural disasters in Somalia, and thus MoHADM has an important role to play in the NAP process. MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND HUMAN RIGHTS DEVELOPMENT (MOWHRD) This ministry is responsible for reversing inequality and protecting the rights of women, children and other disadvantaged groups of people, and for establishing social protection frameworks for vulnerable groups. MoWHRD will play an important role as an entry point for gender sensitive climate change adaptation planning and implementation. MINISTRY OF FINANCE (MOF) The Ministry of Finance serves as the coordinating body for international financial institutions and should be involved in activities that aim to incorporate climate change adaptation considerations into domestic budgeting processes. The MoF should be involved in activities geared towards putting in place the enabling conditions for increased international support for climate change adaptation projects and programs in the country. DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS Somalia receives significant resources from development partners for climate change adaptation, humanitarian assistance and wider development. As such, development partners, including multilateral organizations and bilateral partners, are important players in the NAP process and should be represented where possible in the coordination mechanisms. 29Title 5.0 Guiding Principles for the NAP Process This chapter elaborates key guiding principles for Somalia’s NAP process. These principles build on the principles established by the UNFCCC and are designed to specifically respond to Somalia’s unique context. Principle 1: Country-Driven and Country-Owned Process Somalia’s NAP process must facilitate country-owned, country-driven adaptation action that responds to the country’s specific needs and situations. The country and its people must have full ownership of the NAP process and the NAP process should seek to harness and build upon national-level capacities to respond to the effects of climate change, with support from various partners. Principle 2: Linkages with National Development and Peacebuilding Efforts Climate change and conflict are key developmental issues for Somalia; the NDP-9 considers climate change and conflicts as root causes of poverty in the country. Both climate and conflict vulnerability share common drivers in the country, and this vulnerability threatens to reverse modest development gains. The Somalia NAP process will be guided by the principle that climate change adaptation, development and peacebuilding planning and actions must be aligned in order to most effectively address the shared drivers of vulnerability for Somalia, and to set the country on a strong path of resilience, stability and peace. The NAP will seek to enhance the coherence and integration of adaptation and development planning and peacebuilding processes within the country. This includes efforts to climate-proof governance and peacebuilding actions, and to design adaptation actions that are sensitive to the causes and dynamics of local and national conflicts. The NAP process should also aim to align with Somalia’s other relevant global commitments, including Agenda 2030 and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Principle 3: Gender-Responsiveness Somalia’s NAP process will aim to promote gender-responsive climate adaptation planning, implementation and monitoring across the country—that is, adaptation actions that actively seek to promote gender equality. Climate change has differentiated impacts on women, men, boys and girls in Somalia, with women, children and other vulnerable groups disproportionately affected. Integrating a gender-responsive approach into the NAP process will help to ensure 30Title men’s and women’s equal participation in and influence on adaptation decision-making processes and the implementation of adaptation activities. It will help to ensure that women’s and men’s different adaptation needs and capacities are recognized and acted upon. It will help to ensure gender-equitable access to financial resources and other benefits coming from investments in adaptation (NAP Global Network, n.d.). And at the least, it can help to ensure that the NAP process and the activities it entails will not exacerbate gender inequalities. This leads to better adaptation and more resilient communities, as the wealth of knowledge of all groups is effectively utilized. Principle 4: Conflict-Sensitive Climate change and variability are interlinked with conflict in Somalia. Increasing temperatures, changes in rainfall patterns, and increasingly severe drought and flooding events have combined to exacerbate many of the traditional drivers of conflict in Somalia, including poverty, resource competition and inter-communal tensions and grievances. The burden often falls on the most vulnerable, resource-dependent communities; conflicts among pastoralist groups, for example, are expected to continue to rise as these groups increasingly struggle to find adequate water and pasture. At the same time, the loss of climate-dependent livelihoods, particularly among young people, increases the risks of violence as unemployed and poor youth are lured to armed militia groups, exacerbating the already volatile situation of the country. These tensions could potentially undermine development gains, impact ongoing conflict dynamics and disrupt fragile peace processes. It is therefore important that federal government and federal states integrate climate risks and related adaptation responses into their security planning. Applying this principle means recognizing the potential conflict effects of climate change, and designing adaptation actions that actively seek to address these potential drivers of conflict. The adaptation actions identified and prioritized in the NAP must also be designed in a conflict-sensitive manner; that is, designed in such a way that they do not exacerbate tensions between or among communities (through, for example, the unfair distribution of adaptation benefits). Rather, they should seek to enhance peacebuilding opportunities where possible. This will require that they be designed with a thorough understanding of the local and national conflict context and its actors, dynamics and causes. Principle 5: Participatory, Inclusive and Transparent Climate change affects all sectors, people and stakeholders in the country. It is therefore crucial that Somalia’s NAP process be participatory, inclusive and transparent. Stakeholders in the process should include the public (federal government institutions and federal member state institutions) and private sectors, academia, civil society (Indigenous communities, NGOs and more) and international cooperation organizations. The NAP process itself should be open, communicative and accountable to all stakeholders in Somalia. Through this principle, all actors and their respective needs, interests and functions, should be reflected in defining Somalia’s concrete, high-priority medium- and long-term adaptation 31Title actions. Such an approach will contribute to the implementation and reach of adaptation actions by creating agreements and alliances between key stakeholders. Participation and transparency will also contribute to enhanced coordination and ownership over adaptation actions, and will help strengthen alignment with NDCs and other development plans. This will also result in the consolidation and participation of different cooperation agencies, NGOs and climate change projects to minimize duplication and identify financing opportunities for different priority actions. Principle 6: Guided by the Best Available Scientific Information and Traditional Knowledge Successful adaptation not only depends on the active and sustained engagement of stakeholders but also on the effective management of knowledge. Due to Somalia’s recent history, there is a limited store of scientific knowledge and research specific to the country to help characterize the likely impacts of climate change (Federal Government of Somalia, 2013). The planning and implementation of adaptation actions is an iterative process that should be continuously informed by the best available scientific information (international, regional and national) on climate risks and vulnerability, recognizing that there will be uncertainties and limitations. Local communities have in-depth knowledge and experiences in coping with the effects of climate change to inform planning and adaptation initiatives. This local and traditional knowledge should complement existing and future scientific information to ensure that measures to build disaster and climate resilience promote the replication of effective practices, encourage autonomous innovation and, where appropriate, introduce external technology to help address new or magnified challenges. Strategies and programs should be monitored and evaluated to ensure that learning is captured and should be made publicly available to promote efficiency and effectiveness. Principle 7: Coordination and Avoiding Duplication Climate action to date in Somalia has been largely characterized by a lack of proper coordination among actors at the federal and federal member state levels, often resulting in the duplication of efforts and weak results. Through the promotion of effective coordination and consultations, it is the country’s vision that the NAP process should aim to enhance existing situations and result in a more coherent climate change response with the participation of all stakeholders. 32Title 6.0 Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning The regular progress monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of planned actions against their actual outcomes is important for an effective and sustainable Somalia NAP process. M&E can help practitioners determine if adaptation measures are achieving their aims, or have incurred any unanticipated side effects. More specifically, effective M&E is important for producing knowledge about the evolving adaptation context, needs and experiences and for reporting to stakeholders on progress and results. M&E also makes it possible to check whether a policy, plan or intervention is on track and, if not, to adjust the course of action accordingly (Price-Kelly et al, 2015). M&E should inform the development and the design of adaptation policies, programs and projects. Somalia has no national monitoring and evaluation system in place for adaptation. M&E is mainly linked to specific projects under implementation. Therefore, establishing an M&E system is an important step towards a successful NAP process. The country’s M&E systems should support the generation of knowledge and information to support policy, promote sharing experiences and lessons learned, assess progress against planned adaptation targets and support the country’s reporting obligations under the UNFCCC and other international and regional processes. As an essential step to building a climate change monitoring and evaluation system, the country, with support from Global Water Partnership (GWP), has recently developed a prototype online database platform on climate change, to be housed by DoECC. This will be accessible by sector agencies, state-level agencies, and other government stakeholders as well as the public to inform their respective climate change adaptation planning activities. The platform will also consolidate information on projects relevant to climate change adaptation that have been completed or are currently underway at all levels of government, including projects implemented by national and subnational NGOs. It is expected that the NAP Readiness Project will support the DoECC to build upon and further develop this tool to improve its functionality in tracking climate action, climate finance and the sustainable development benefits of climate actions. The following are key elements of the monitoring and evaluation of the NAP process. 6.1 Establishment of an Online National Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation System The country will need to establish a simple, implementable online M&E system for adaptation. Such a system will aim to capture the details of ongoing adaptation projects and initiatives and the results achieved, including on enhancing the adaptative capacities and building the resilience of society, the economy and the country’s ecosystems. The system should also be 33Title linked to the broader climate change tracking process and M&E of the NDP-9 and on national progress towards gender equality and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The system will provide a platform for reporting on and tracking adaptation actions across the country by different actors. This needs to build on ongoing work under the Global Water Partnership (GWP), through which a prototype online tool has been developed. The tool has to be further refined to be fit for the purpose of the NAP process. 6.2 Selection of Suitable Indicators An important aspect of the monitoring and evaluation of adaptation actions is to identify the indicators that need to be monitored. These indicators should be developed early in the NAP process, during the formation of a detailed adaptation plan, in order to ensure that the selected indicators are appropriate for measuring progress toward Somalia’s adaptation goals and the more specific progress on prioritized adaptation actions. Indicators should be linked to specific actions or objectives. It is important that they be considered during the preparation of the NAP and included as part of the plan. The indicators need to be achievable, realistic, time-bound and gender-responsive. The indicators are sector-specific while linking to the climate change challenge. The linkages to wider development and conflict management processes should be considered, for example by looking at the impact of conflict on NAP implementation and of the NAP on the conflict context (i.e. what is the impact of adaptation actions on peace and conflict indicators). 6.3 Effective Climate Adaptation Coordination Structures An effective M&E system relies heavily on effective M&E institutions, including those in charge of coordination. The capacity of DoECC must be strengthened in order to manage the M&E arrangements for the NAP process while building a coordination platform to ensure all key players fully employ the system. The role of the NCCC in the M&E arrangements also needs to be clarified in order to enable officials to participate in the committee in a meaningful way. It is also important that M&E arrangements be established at the federal member state level, with clear links to the national M&E system established. 6.4 Process for regular reporting and guidelines The M&E system will be most effective if it is backed by a strong legal framework. Somalia will need to develop legislation and regulations that require federal institutions, federal member states and non-state actors to annually report on their adaptation activities. The Directorate will need to further develop guidelines and templates to support effective reporting that feeds into the national M&E system. Capacity-building and awareness will be required to support the implementation and continual improvement of the M&E arrangements for the NAP process. 34Title 7.0 Climate Finance Resource Mobilization Somalia’s government structures are severely hindered by the lack of financial and human resources to implement adaptation actions. The key focus of the limited national public budget is on establishing and maintaining security and partly contributing to the payment of salaries of government staff. Whenever there are climate-related disasters, such as flooding and droughts, Somali-led entrepreneurs, diaspora members, religious scholars and the general public create ad hoc committees, often supported by the government, to mobilize and coordinate funding to help the disaster-affected communities in the country. Somalia receives significant resources from development partners for climate change action and wider development projects. It is estimated that the country received US$2 billion in official development assistance (ODA) annually in 2017 and 2018. Together, the European Union, United Kingdom and Germany provided more than half of development aid in 2018 (US$454 million). The United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union and Germany were the largest providers of humanitarian assistance, together providing 78% (US$883 million) of total humanitarian aid in 2018 (Federal Government of Somalia, 2019a). The Aid Information Management System (AIMS), launched in 2019, serves as a one-stop shop for information related to foreign assistance in Somalia. Somalia has a vibrant private sector, which plays an important role in the country’s response to climate change in sectors such as energy, agriculture, transportation, building, water, and disaster management and response. The private sector is largely unregulated and remains faced with key challenges, such as lack of information and awareness of climate change and the role they play in addressing it, a weak investment climate, continued insecurity, and lack of competitive commercial financing. These challenges will have to be addressed in order to mobilize further significant private-sector support for adaptation. The NAP process requires a dedicated resource mobilization strategy built on the following: • Promoting enhanced access to climate finance from bilateral and multilateral channels, including through: ° Developing clear adaptation strategic priorities for implementation under the NAP; ° Promoting sustained capacity development for enhanced climate finance access in the country for federal ministries, state government ministries and civil society organizations; ° Developing budgeted, fit-for-purpose concept notes and proposals that reflect adaptation priorities for submission to different development partners and funding channels. 35Title • Promotion of private sector investment in adaptation actions through: ° Increasing awareness among the private sector of existing adaptation investment opportunities and technologies; ° Developing a private-sector engagement strategy for the NAP and establishing appropriate institutional arrangements for enhanced private-sector engagement; ° Enhancing the investment climate for the private sector through the development of supportive policy and legislative frameworks. • Establishment of an effective national climate change fund, with a clear window for adaptation. The creation of a dedicated fund would be essential for Somalia to mobilize the necessary resources to implement its NDC and NAP. This has a number of advantages, relative to channeling resources through the budgetary process; the fund would have more clarity of purpose, and would allow for the development of increased national expertise and transparency on climate financing over time. Having a fully operational national-level fund could also pave the way for similar state-level climate change funds, where member states will be able to mobilize resources for the implementation of adaptation actions within their jurisdictions. The fund’s structure and operation would be established through consultative, inclusive processes and would be guided by Somalia’s specific context under the UNDP’s NAP Readiness Project. Weak institutional arrangements for adaptation response remains an impediment to resource mobilization and implementation of the country’s NAP. It is important that key partners support the government in addressing its capacity bottlenecks, both at the federal level and member state levels. The objective of institutional capacity development should be to promote: • effective and efficient climate change governance arrangements with high-level oversight and policy guidance; • climate change mainstreaming across government; • enforcement and compliance capability; • state-level government involvement; and • the provision of highly specialized technical experts. It is also important that the key climate change coordination structures proposed in the climate change policy be operationalized within the shortest time possible. Capacity development measures should in part focus on how to fully mainstream climate change into development (including peacebuilding) planning and budgetary processes as well as measures to improve the operational and absorptive capacity of climate change funds through projects implemented by the government and other players. 36Title 8.0 Next Steps and Milestones Somalia’s NAP process is being initiated through the GCF-funded NAP Readiness Project, which is in the early stages of implementation. Moving forward, the country will undertake the following steps to advance the NAP process including as informed by the NAP Readiness Project proposal. NAP LAUNCH AND AWARENESS-RAISING The government will develop information and outreach materials to familiarize government stakeholders with the NAP process. Key among the actions will include holding launch workshops and consultative meetings to raise awareness about the country’s NAP process. This will facilitate the engagement of a wide range of stakeholders in the process. Stakeholders to be engaged include federal-level government institutions, federal member states, private sector actors, civil-society actors and academia, among others. STOCKTAKING The government and its partners will work to take stock of available information on climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation, and to assess any gaps and needs that must be addressed in order to establish an enabling environment for the NAP process. This will involve the collation of information on adaptation actions by different actors to identify the achieved results, challenges, opportunities for upscaling and lessons learned. CAPACITY ASSESSMENT FOR THE NAP PROCESS Weak institutional arrangements for climate change response remain an impediment to the NAP process. The first step towards addressing the capacity bottlenecks is the assessment of the capacity needs of all relevant institutions, including the DoECC, relevant federal sector ministries and institutions, and state-level departments responsible for climate change matters. Capacity development measures should address any gaps, including capacities to fully mainstream climate change adaptation into planning and budgetary processes as well as measures to improve the operational and absorptive capacity of climate change funds through projects implemented by the government and other players. ESTABLISHMENT OF EFFECTIVE CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION COORDINATION MECHANISMS The DoECC will lead the NAP process in the country. However, the coordination mechanism in place for adaptation planning needs to be strengthened. In order to ensure effective planning, implementation and tracking of adaptation actions, the DoECC needs to have effective operational structures to lead the NAP Process. The NAP Readiness Project will provide interim arrangements at the DoECC to support in this role; these should be made permanent. Additionally, technical and high-level adaptation steering committees should be established 37Title to lead the NAP process and help facilitate multisectoral coordination, with representation from government agencies, NGOs, CSOs, state governments, development partners and the private sector. State governments can nominate representatives. The steering committees should be convened quarterly and should oversee and direct the process of compiling the National Adaptation Plan. The steering committees will also be responsible for coordinating with development partners to ensure that the NAP process is aligned with current and ongoing initiatives and to identify points of entry and synergy. CLARIFICATION AND FORMALIZATION OF THE ROLES OF FEDERAL, STATE AND DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS AND ALIGN STATE PROCESSES To improve federal-state coordination on the formulation and implementation of policies, strategies, plans, projects and programs related to climate change adaptation, the NAP Readiness Project will support the establishment of a detailed framework of roles and responsibilities for federal, state and district governments that is consistent with the formalized division of powers in Somalia. DoECC will undertake a technical review of adaptation governance arrangements in other federal states to identify best practices. Recommendations will be presented at a national workshop for Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) and Federal Member States (FMSs) stakeholders, where a draft framework for NAP coordination will be agreed. The activity will also develop guidance for state-level governments to encourage the alignment of state-level priorities with those of the FGS, as well as guidelines for promoting consistency across states with respect to planning and coordination at the state level. DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLAN (NAP) This action is planned under the NAP Readiness Project. This will focus preparation of a detailed NAP document for Somalia that will include, among other aspects, vulnerability assessment, identification of adaptation priorities, and draft adaptation concept notes tied to the priorities. The document is also expected to support formalizing federal agencies’ institutional roles and responsibilities with respect to climate change adaptation at the national level and clarify the scope, objectives and timeline for the process. DoECC will receive technical support to conduct an institutional review at the federal level, which will provide recommendations for establishing the adaptation plan. The institutional review will examine laws, policies, strategies and other relevant frameworks related to climate change adaptation and associated governance issues. The review will build on recommendations of the National Climate Change Policy, National Environment Policy, and Somalia’s First National Communication to the UNFCCC, among others (Federal Government of Somalia, 2020a, 2019d, 2018). Subsequently, a national workshop will be held with government and non-government stakeholders and development partner observers to finalize a draft plan for climate change adaptation. ESTABLISHMENT OF A CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION TRAINING PROGRAM For an effective NAP process, there is need to develop and deliver a series of training modules and supporting materials (e.g. instructional resources, workbooks, exercises) specifically geared towards federal-level agency staff to create a common understanding of the challenges of climate change across sectors. These materials will need to be developed in the Somali language in collaboration with international experts and the university partners. The training modules will be developed on a quarterly basis and used to equip this cohort over the life of the 38Title Readiness project, beginning with a basic level of climate change awareness and progressing through more specific content to build the cohort’s skills. The training of trainers (ToT) should be undertaken and academia should be engaged to enable the delivery of materials on an ongoing basis beyond the NAP Readiness Project. ESTABLISHMENT OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION The government will aim to establish a platform to provide climate change information, projections and other data, which will be accessible to sector agencies, state-level agencies and other government stakeholders, as well as to the general public, to inform climate change adaptation planning activities. The platform will also consolidate information on projects related to climate change adaptation that have been completed or are currently underway at all levels of government, including projects implemented by national and subnational NGOs, to develop a database from which planning and implementation lessons can be drawn. The starting point for developing this platform is the online information management system on adaptation, developed as part of Global Water Partnership’s supported adaptation baseline 2021(Federal Government of Somalia 2021a). The online tool, to be hosted and managed by DoECC, will provide relevant climate information to be used for adaptation planning. It is thus essential that the NAP Readiness Project support the DoECC in building upon and further developing this tool to improve its functionality in tracking climate action, climate finance and the sustainable development benefits of climate actions. The project should also support the training of relevant experts and departments in using the tool. The enhanced, robust, simple and implementable tool should serve as a comprehensive domestic monitoring, reporting and verification system for climate action in Somalia. ESTABLISHMENT OF GUIDELINES AND METHODOLOGY FOR VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS The DoECC will need to be provided with technical support to develop a standardized methodology for conducting vulnerability assessments at the federal and state level. The vulnerability assessments should cover the priority sectors identified by the FGS and FMS, including land use, agriculture, water, food security, DRR, marine and coastal resources, health and biodiversity. The decision on which sectors to concentrate the vulnerability assessments on will require discussions between the federal and state governments. DEVELOPMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE LEGISLATION Given the cross-cutting nature of climate change, comprehensive policy and legislation frameworks are needed to guide the NAP process and establish the necessary institutional structures at both the federal and member state levels. At the federal level, climate change legislation is required in order to support implementation of the Climate Change Policy. To promote the mainstreaming of climate actions across the country and facilitate the transition from adaptation planning to implementation, there is need for strong climate change policies and legislative frameworks at the state level. UNDERTAKING OF MEASURES TO PROMOTE GENDER MAINSTREAMING In order to promote an inclusive and gender-responsive NAP process, an in-depth gender analysis should be undertaken. This is the first step towards gender mainstreaming, through 39Title assessing the complexity of the climate change challenge and the different ways in which it affects men and women, with the aim of refining and informing a NAP process that is gender responsive and transformational in nature. The analysis should assess the extent to which gender issues should be considered within the sectors, including from policy, legal, institutional and implementation perspectives. Further, it should identify challenges for the empowerment and participation of women and other vulnerable groups in climate change decision-making, their contributions to sectoral adaptation targets, existing gaps in resources, and the opportunities for policy articulation to strengthen the integration of gender equality into NAP processes. Through the NAP Readiness Project, capacity strengthening support will be provided through workshops. As well, the Ministry of Women and Human Rights Development (MoWHRD) will be supported through the Project to develop a manual on gender integration into climate change adaptation. ESTABLISHMENT OF PRIVATE-SECTOR ENGAGEMENT STRATEGY AND PLATFORM The engagement of the private sector in climate change adaptation in Somalia is critical to the effectiveness of the NAP process. The government should develop a private-sector engagement strategy for its NAP, and establish a private-sector coordination platform to help increase the engagement of these actors in the process. Both should be established through a consultative process. The platform should support the coordination of climate adaptation actions by the private sector and work to address barriers to private-sector investment in climate change adaptation. DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCE MOBILIZATION STRATEGY The NAP coordinating entity will need to spearhead the development of a NAP resource mobilization strategy to implement the adaptation actions. The strategy will be developed through a consultative process with relevant government stakeholders, private-sector actors, civil society actors and development partners. ESTABLISHMENT OF A CLIMATE FINANCE COORDINATION MECHANISM A national-level working group will need to be established and convened to coordinate financial planning for climate change adaptation. The working group will include representation from the DoECC, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Planning, Investment and Economic Development, focal points for various climate funds, development partners, the private sector and other stakeholders. The working group will receive technical support from an international consultant specializing in climate change adaptation finance. The coordination mechanism will include vertical coordination between the FMS and FGS, which will contribute to the implementation of prioritized adaptation options. The NAP project will support establishment and convening the working group semi-annually and capacity building workshops. Additionally, to support climate finance tracking and coordination, the Ministry of Finance (MoF) will provide technical support to develop a climate change adaptation budget-tagging procedure to monitor existing and future expenditures on climate change. DESIGN OF A SOMALIA CLIMATE FUND A National Climate Fund should be designed to serve as a mechanism through which climate finance can be channeled to state governments to support the implementation of fundable 40Title adaptation priorities. The development process will include a review of existing funds in other countries to identify best practices, enabling conditions and possible institutional arrangements to manage and disburse the fund. Based on this review, a technical expert will design a blueprint for a national-level fund with recommendations for institutional arrangements, access procedures and trustees. ESTABLISHMENT OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION INDICATORS AND METHODOLOGIES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION The NAP Readiness Project will provide technical support to the DoECC for developing a set of indicators and methodologies for gathering data for monitoring the physical processes and impacts of climate change, as well as for evaluating the progress of climate change adaptation projects and programs. A baseline report will be prepared, highlighting a set of indicators for tracking climate action. The Readiness Project should build on these indicators as the country plans to establish robust NAP monitoring and evaluation processes. INCORPORATION OF NAP INTO DEVELOPMENT PLANS AND PEACEBUILDING PROCESSES Through close collaboration with responsible federal ministries and state-level governments, the DoECC will aim to ensure that the NAP is integrated into both development and peacebuilding processes, and that these processes are well reflected in the NAP. This will include ensuring that climate adaptation priorities are incorporated into subsequent iterations of the country’s National Development Plan and peacebuilding initiatives. It will also involve providing guidance to federal member states to incorporate adaptation into development and peacebuilding plans. 41Title References Coning, C. H., Grand, A. O., Karlsrud, J., Nortvedt, J., Yaw Tchie, A. E., Krampe, F. & Tarif, K. (2021). Climate, peace and security fact sheet: Somalia. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. https://www.nupi.no/en/News/Climate-Peace-and-Security-Fact-Sheet-Somalia Crawford, A. & Church, C. (2020). 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