National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029

1 DISPLACEMENT AND SOLUTIONS CONTEXT IN SOMALIA 1 National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2 2024 - 2029 Displacement and Solutions Even though Somalia continues to grapple with a Context in Somalia complex and protracted displacement situation, significant efforts have been undertaken by the government at both the federal and local levels to address this crisis. These include formulation of policies Somalia Displacement Overview and strategies, incorporating IDP issues into local and national planning, pioneering a development-focused Somalia’s displacement crisis is one of the world’s approach to solutions, establishing robust coordination most complex humanitarian emergencies, with mechanisms within the government and with multi- approximately 4 million internally displaced persons sectoral partners, and advocacy and resource (IDPs)1. This staggering number represents over a mobilisation initiatives. According to an assessment fifth of the entire Somali population, underscoring by the United Nations Secretary-General’s Office for the immense scale of displacement in the country. Internal Displacement, Somalia has been ranked second Traditionally, displacement in Somalia has been driven among 16 countries evaluated for significant progress by recurrent droughts and floods as well as persistent in providing solutions to the IDPs, a testament to the conflict and insecurity, which result in substantive loss collective efforts across different levels of government. of livelihoods. These factors have historically forced many Somalis to abandon their homes in search of Several factors have contributed to this success, safety and stability. including political willingness, a robust coordination mechanism, active advocacy, donor support and The ongoing scale and pace of displacement have been resource mobilisation efforts to implement action plans. a driver of rapid urbanisation and significant rural- The Ministry of Planning, Investment and Economic urban migration, making Mogadishu, Somalia’s capital Development (MoPIED) has developed a comprehensive city, one of the fastest-growing cities in the world monitoring and evaluation framework with over 100 and heavily straining major urban centres across the indicators to track the progress of the NDSS. A baseline country. As Somalis, whose main livelihoods have been survey has been conducted for these indicators. disrupted, move from rural areas to towns, searching for MoPIED is also spearheading a developmental rather alternative livelihood sources and better opportunities, than a humanitarian approach to solving displacement urban centres create pull factors that exacerbate issues in Somalia. Key achievements include developing internal displacement. This trend necessitates a the first National Durable Solutions Strategy (NDSS) shift in humanitarian, development, and peace and of its kind, reforming and strengthening national security programming to address the challenges of an and local coordination mechanisms, GIS mapping of increasingly urban displaced population. To counteract socio-economic services in return and reintegration these trends effectively, it is crucial to prioritise long- areas, developing action plans for operationalising the term investment in rural development. By enhancing NDSS, resource mobilisation, national and global level infrastructure, economic opportunities, and services advocacy on durable solutions for Somalia, supporting in rural regions, the root causes of displacement and development projects that address displacement and reduce the strain on urban centres can be addressed. developing a web-based MIS M&E system to track In 2023, the country faced an unprecedented sixth progress. Additionally, the Ministry has mapped consecutive below-average rainfall season, leading to government land for relocation and reintegration the worst drought in 40 years. This ongoing drought across different states and formed a migration and displaced more than 1.3 million people, representing displacement data durable solutions working group. a fivefold increase in displacement since early 2022, leaving nearly 40% of the population in need of urgent food assistance. The drought was followed by unprecedented floods in 2023, triggering 1.7 million movements2. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 3 ƒ Employment and Livelihood Opportunities: Somalia’s Solutions Pathways Facilitating access to job opportunities and sustainable livelihoods is critical to ensuring The Department of Poverty Reduction and Durable resilient communities. Providing IDPs with the Solutions of the Ministry of Planning, Investments, and means to support themselves economically can Economic Development (MoPIED) in Somalia continues significantly enhance their ability to rebuild their to play a leading role in overseeing and addressing lives and reduce dependency on humanitarian aid. solutions to internal displacement in the country. In ƒ Legal Documentation, Housing, Land, and 2024, the department conducted a series of durable Property (HLP), and Access to Justice: Providing solutions pathways consultations across all federal necessary documentation and ensuring access member states and the Banadir Regional Administration to justice, housing, land, and property rights are (BRA). These consultations aimed to identify key essential for IDPs. Legal documentation is often approaches to facilitate the durable solutions pathways necessary to access basic and financial services of one million Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and secure employment, whilst tenure security and from their displacement situations, in alignment with housing and land rights are critical for achieving the National Durable Solutions Strategy, the National permanent housing solutions to displacement. Development Plan and the United Nations Secretary- ƒ Addressing Climate Change and Building General’s Action Agenda on Internal Displacement, Resilience: Enhancing the climate adaption and emphasising three interconnected goals: achieving resilience of IDPs and host communities is a durable solutions, ensuring protection and assistance, priority. Strengthening their ability to cope with and preventing future displacement. These workshops and recover from current and future shocks, such were guided by several fundamental elements to as conflicts or climate change disasters, is essential address the complex needs of internally displaced for sustainable development and reducing the risk persons (IDPs) and facilitate durable solutions. These of further displacement. key elements that form the foundation for durable ƒ Generating Reliable Data: Ensuring the reliability solutions pathways are: of data is crucial for informed decision-making. ƒ Government Leadership: Ensuring a whole- Accurate and up-to-date information on the of-governmental approach with oversight and needs, locations, and conditions of IDPs is crucial involvement is crucial for successfully identifying for effectively planning and implementing the and implementing solutions. Effective leadership government’s pathways initiative. and coordination at the national and local levels are necessary to ensure systematic inclusion of displacement-affected communities (DACs) Vision and Objectives of the Solutions across government priorities and planning Pathways Action Plan processes, as well as successfully implementing durable solutions programs. Vision: Foster sustainable solutions for displacement- ƒ Access to Basic Services: Guaranteeing that IDPs affected communities (IDPs, Returnees) through have sustained access to essential services such improved access to basic service delivery, sustainable as healthcare, education, water, and sanitation is livelihoods and employment opportunities, housing vital to preventing dependence on humanitarian and security of tenure, enhanced social welfare, and assistance. Simultaneously, ensuring the internally building resilience to recurrent displacement. displaced are included in developing national systems, including protection programmes and The Solutions Pathways Action Plan is aligned with and services and development strategies, is vital for guided by the five Strategic Objectives of the National improving the living conditions and well-being of Durable Solutions Strategy: DACs. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 4 2024 - 2029 ƒ Increase the resilience of displacement- ƒ Invest in early and long-term solutions to affected communities by ensuring equitable prevent or mitigate displacement caused by access to basic services, housing with natural disasters and climate change effects security of tenure, and social safety nets such as floods, drought and other predictable through rights and needs-based approaches. hazards. ƒ Increase accountability of authorities towards displacement-affected communities by ensuring participation in peace and state- Policy and Legal Landscape building processes by guaranteeing their safety and security and access to a legal The durable solutions agenda in Somalia is anchored identity. in a robust legal and policy framework. The primary ƒ Increase access to sustainable livelihoods legal framework for durable solutions in Somalia is and employment opportunities by the Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic displacement-affected communities by of Somalia, established in 2012, which serves as creating conditions conducive to achieving the highest law of the country. The Constitution their self-reliance. recognises the right to equality for all Somali citizens ƒ Increase access to justice and the rule of law regardless of their circumstances and binds all public by displacement-affected communities by and private persons and entities to respect these strengthening formal and informal justice rights. It also provides for all the rights that internally structures. displaced persons would need access to overcome Figure 1: Alignment of the NDSS, Solutions Pathways Action Plan, NDP 9 with the IASC Framework on Durable Solutions and the Sustainable Development Goals NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN NATIONAL TRANSTORMATION PLAN (FORTHCOMING) NATIONAL STRATEGY ON DURABLE SOLUTIONS SOMALIA’S NATIONAL SOLUTIONS PATHWAYS ACTION PLAN Inclusive Politics and SO2: Increase accountability of authorities via participation Solutions Pathway 1 :Government Leadership in peace and state building processes, safety and security Aligns with SDG 16 (16.3, 16.6, 16.7, 16.8) Reconciliation (Pillar 1) and access to legal identity. SGD: 3,4,6 and 7 IASC Criteria: • 2: adequate standard of living Solutions Pathway 2: Access to basic services • 4: restoration of housing, land and property Aligns with SDG 3 (3.4, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9), 4 (4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6), 5(5.1, 5.4, 5.6), 6 (6.1, 6.2, 6.4, 6.6), 7 (7.1, 7.3), 1 0 Security and Rule of Law SO4: Increase access to justice and rule of law, (10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.7), 11 (11.1, 11.3, 11.5, 11.6, 11.a) strengthening form and informal justice structures. (Pillar2) SGD: 5,10 and 16 IASC Criteria: • 5: access to documentation Solutions Pathway 3: Employment and Livelihoods • 7: participation in public affairs Opportunities Aligns with SDG 1(1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5), 8 (8.3, 8.5, 8.6),9 (9.3), 1 0 (10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.7) Economic Development SO3: Increase access to sustainable livelihoods and employment (Pillar 3 ) SGD: 8 Opportunities supporting self-reliance Solutions Pathway 4: Legal Documentation, IASC Criteria: Housing, Land and Property (HLP) • 3: access to employment and livelihoods Aligns with SDG 1 (1.4), 2(2.3, 2.4) 11(11.1), 16(16.1, 16.3, 16.6) Social Development S01: Increase resilience via access to services, housing and security of tenure and social safety nets/social protection. (Pillar 4) SGD: 10 and 16 Solutions Pathway 5: Addressing Climate Change and IASC Criteria: Building Resilience • 1: Long-term safety,security and freedom of movement Aligns with SDG 1 (1.5), 2(2.3, 2.4), 11(11.b), • 8 :access to effective remedies and justice 13(13.1,13.2,13.3) (Expected climate SO5: Invest in EARLY and long-term solutions to prevent displacement related to disaster, climate change and Solutions Pathway 6: Data for Solutions: related objective in NTP/ Generating Reliable Data extreme weather events (flooding and droughts) currently under Pillar 1 IASC Criteria: Aligns with SDG 17(17.8) and cross cutting) SGD: • 1: Long-term safety, security and freedom of movement 13 and 1 5 National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 5 Figure 2: Somali Durable Solutions Policy and Legal Framework Map RELEVANT POLICY FRAMEWORKS ON DURABLE SOLUTIONS IN SOMALIA INTERNATIONAL NATIONAL SUB NATIONAL FRAMEWORKS FRAMEWORKS FRAMEWORKS • Interagency Standing Committee (IASC) • The National Transformation Plan (2025- • Puntland State Development Plan Framework 2029) • Puntland Local Integration Strategy • Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement • The National Development Plan • Banadir Administration Development Plan • African Union Convention for the Protection (2020-2024) • Banadir Durable Solutions Strategy and Assistance of Internally. Displacement • The National Durable Solutions Strategy • Southwest State Development Plan Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention), • The National Policy for IDPs and Refugees • Southwest State Land Law ratified and Adopted in National Policies and Returnees • Jubaland State Development Plan Strategies • The Resilience and Recovery Framework • Jubaland State Land Law • United Nation's Action Agenda on Internal • National Social Protection Policy • Hirshabelle State Development Plan Displacement • National Climate Change Policy • The International Recommendations on • National Disaster Management Policy Internally Displaced Persons Statistics (IRIS) • National Education Sector Strategic Plan • National Water Management Strategy • Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework their displacement-related vulnerability. A recent Development Plan (NDP9) (2020 – 2024) (NDP 9) review of the first four chapters of the Provisional and its successor, the National Transformation Plan Federal Constitution addressed critical issues such as (2025 – 2029). Somalia’s IDPs are the group most the electoral framework, universal suffrage, women’s profoundly impacted by the drivers of poverty, affecting representation, and freedom of expression. These every aspect of their lives. Progress towards poverty rights afforded by the Constitution are augmented reduction will require targeting and investing in this by international legal instruments that specifically most vulnerable group to ensure that they reach self- address displacement. These include the African sufficiency and contribute to the development of Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance society. of Internally Displacement Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention), which the Government of the Federal The Government of Somalia also developed and Republic of Somalia ratified in 2020 and adopted in enacted the National Durable Solutions Strategy (2020- national policies and strategies. 2024) (NDSS), which operationalises the key pillars of the NDP 9. The NDSS covers five key objectives to The Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) views support internally displaced people in overcoming their displacement as primarily a development issue with displacement-related needs and regain access to their humanitarian elements. Consequently, solutions to rights. These objectives and how they operationalise displacement are well embedded into the national the pillars of the NDP 9 are illustrated in the figure development policy framework. Solutions to below. The figure also demonstrates how the NDSS displacement are incorporated within the National meets the international standards on displacement- National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 6 2024 - 2029 specific rights and needs outlined by the Inter-agency national, and subnational documents guiding durable Standing Committee (IASC) Framework on Durable solutions policy and programming interventions in Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons 2010. Somalia. Somalia’s National Solutions Pathways Action Plan draws on the NDSS strategic objectives and supports Coordination Mechanism the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 17. It contributes All efforts contributing to promoting development primarily to the reduction of poverty and inequality, to solutions to displacement for the Somali people are making cities and human settlements more resilient, coordinated by the Government of Somalia through to fostering peace and inclusive societies, and to the Department of Poverty Reduction and Durable supporting resilience through climate action. An Solutions (DPRDS) at the Federal Ministry of Planning, overview of the alignment of policy instruments, SDGs, Investment and Economic Development (MoPIED). and relevant targets is below: In 2023, the Ministry reformed and harmonised the existing coordination platforms for durable solutions Additional national and sub-national policies and into an effective National Coordination mechanism, plans have contributed to addressing displacement bringing together all stakeholders to ensure a focused in Somalia. These include the National Policy on collective “whole-of-government” approach to enable Refugee-Returnees and IDPs, the Interim Protocol equal access to information and reduce inefficiencies. on Land Distribution for Housing Eligible Refugee- The National Coordination Mechanism incorporates Returnees and IDPs, the National Eviction Guidelines, the National Durable Solutions Secretariat, the and the National Resilience and Recovery Framework. National Solutions Steering Group (Donors), and The legal and policy instruments at the sub-national the National Durable Solutions Technical Working level include the Southwest State Land Law, the Group at the National Level. The Sub-national Level Puntland Local Integration Strategy, and the Banadir Durable Solutions Technical Working Group has been Regional Administration Durable Solutions Strategy, established for the FMS/BRA, which aims to coordinate among others. The figure below shows the policy and solutions at the local level. The National Durable legal framework map summarising key international, Solutions Technical Working Group falls under the Figure 3: Somalia’s Durable Solutions Coordination Mechanism National Durable NDSS Solutions Secretariat Fms/Bra Durable FMS Solutions Secretariat Durable Solutions National Aid Architecture Social Development Pillar DSC Steering Group Fms/Bra Durable Solutions Technical TWG Working Group Durable Solutions Technical Working NTWG Group National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 7 The ongoing scale and pace of displacement have been a catalyst for rapid urbanisation and significant rural- urban migration making Mogadishu, Somalia’s capital city, one of the fastest growing cities in the world Social Development Pillar of coordination architecture civil society and donors, and coordinating the aid of the National Development Plan 2020 – 2024 and architecture, while line ministries and agencies at the Social Transformation Pillar in the new National the FMS/BRA and local government authorities are Transformation Plan (NTP) 2025 – 2029. responsible for implementing solutions. The Department of Poverty Reduction and Durable The implementation and progress of the National Solutions (DPRDS) at the Federal Ministry of Planning, Solutions Action Plan will be coordinated and Investment and Economic Development (MoPIED) monitored through the existing coordination platforms brings together different sectoral ministries that at the National and Sub-national levels. contribute to the implementation of durable solutions to align their plans and strategies to the NDSS and track their contribution to durable solutions. The Ministry of Planning is responsible for planning, multi-sector coordination, advocacy and fundraising, monitoring and evaluation, engagement of development partners, 8

2 REGIONAL STATE OVERVIEW: PROGRESS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES IN ACHIEVING DURABLE SOLUTIONS 9 National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 10 2024 - 2029 Galmudug State G almudug State, located in central Somalia, encompasses the regions of Galgaduud and Mudug. Spanning from the Indian Ocean in the east to the Ethiopian border in the west, Galmudug serves as a crucial strategic link between Mogadishu, Puntland, and Somaliland. However, the State faces significant challenges, including persistent conflict, insecurity, and environmental disasters, which have led to substantial internal displacement. $ 170.lM 65,807 ESTIMATED BUDGET TARGET POPULATION (INDIVIDUALS) % BUDGET ESTIMATE PER PATHWAY 24% Access to Legal Documentation, Housing Land and Property (HLP) and Justice 35% Access to Basic Services 25% Access to Employment and Livelihood Opportunities 15% Addressing Climate Change and Building Resilience 1.3% Government Leadership 1% Data for Solutions 8% 6.5% OF TOTAL ESTIMATED OF TOTAL ESTIMATED IDP BUDGET POPULATION National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 11 in Mudug has been ongoing, with a significant portion Galgaduud Region of IDPs displaced for over ten years. Like Galgaduud, the IDP population in Mudug is predominantly urban, with Galgaduud stretches across the entire width of Somalia, 99% of IDP households (23,284 households) residing with its administrative capital in Dhuusamareeb. The in urban areas and only a single rural settlement hosting region’s economy is predominantly pastoral, with 30 households. Nearly all IDP sites are in designated livelihoods heavily reliant on water and pasture, often camps or camp-like settings4. leading to inter-communal violence. Al-Shabaab maintains a strong presence in Galgaduud, contributing to ongoing instability. In mid-2023, the Somali Displacement Dynamics government launched a counter-insurgency campaign in Galmudug and Hirshabelle states, relocating the Overall, displacement in Galmudug State is driven Somali army’s command centre to Dhuusamareeb. primarily by conflict, with natural disasters as a Despite these efforts, Galgaduud has experienced the secondary factor. Many IDPs have been displaced highest levels of fatalities in the region, with Al-Shabaab for over a decade, highlighting the chronic nature of remaining entrenched, exacerbating the displacement displacement in the state. The majority of IDPs reside crisis. in urban areas across both regions, predominantly in camps or camp-like settings, with minimal integration According to the Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) into host communities. Significant portions of IDPs Somalia Baseline Assessment spanning February in both regions are displaced within their districts or 2023 – January 2024, conflict is the primary driver of from other districts within Galmudug. Additionally, internal displacement in Galgaduud, affecting 76% a substantial number of IDPs have relocated to of IDP locations and displacing 44,1043 individuals. Galmudug from different parts of Somalia, particularly Extreme weather events, including droughts and from Hiraan, Bay, and Middle Shabelle regions. floods, also contribute to displacement, particularly in Dhuusamareeb. Displacement has been a persistent Galmudug State has made notable progress in issue over the past two decades, with many IDPs addressing protracted displacement through various experiencing protracted displacement for over ten thematic surveys that enhance the understanding years. Most IDPs in Galgaduud reside in urban areas, of opportunities to improve conditions for displaced with 95% of IDP households (8,679) in such settings. populations. Central to these efforts is the strong Most IDP sites (98%) are designated camps or camp- political will demonstrated by the state’s leadership, like settings, with only two locations hosting 26 IDP complemented by access to extensive land resources households within host communities. suitable for resettling IDPs. The establishment of a dynamic and active durable Mudug Region solutions technical working group has been crucial in coordinating and implementing strategies. Important Gaalkacyo, the major urban centre in Mudug region, policy frameworks and other state legislations faces ongoing conflict and environmental disasters, provide a structured and sustainable approach to particularly droughts. The severe drought of 2022 – 2023, managing and resolving displacement issues. The the worst in forty years, further exacerbated Mudug’s state’s relative political stability and safety in most vulnerabilities, leading to significant displacement as districts enable effective resettlement, reintegration, people sought emergency humanitarian assistance. and free movement of IDPs. Additionally, welcoming Conflict is also the predominant cause of displacement communities and functional justice systems facilitate in Mudug, impacting 81% of IDP locations and the smooth integration of IDPs and improve advocacy displacing 114,072 individuals. Natural disasters play a and access to justice for Displaced and Affected secondary role, primarily due to drought. Displacement Communities (DACs). National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 12 2024 - 2029 Despite these positive developments, challenges persist. Ongoing operations to liberate areas from Al- Solutions Target Shabaab control pose security risks, while sporadic clan conflicts and natural disasters, such as droughts The displacement figure in Galmudug stands at 273,913 and floods, further complicate displacement dynamics. IDPs, which is approximately 7% of the national Additionally, the state’s efforts are constrained by a figure. The majority of these IDPs are hosted in about lack of sufficient resources and donor fatigue, limiting 160 verified sites5. The Solutions Pathways Initiative the capacity to address all displacement-related needs aims to remove 65,807 IDPs permanently from their comprehensively. displacement situation. Figure 4: Galmudug State SWOT Analysis Table Strengths Weaknesses/Challenges Opportunities Threats Social Cohesion: Internally Extreme Vulnerability and Risk of Availability of Land for Cyclical Natural Displaced Persons (IDPs) are Secondary Displacement: IDPs face Resettlement: There is Disasters and Sudden predominantly hosted by extended significant vulnerability and are at available land in areas such Displacement Crises: family members. This support high risk of secondary displacement as Adaado town, presenting Pose ongoing threats to network alleviates some of the due to evictions, especially in opportunities for sustainable stability and livelihoods. hardships faced by IDPs and fosters Gaalkacyo settlement solutions. community resilience. Security and Stability: Conflict, Complex clan and Al- Strong Clan Ties and culture Conflict and Complex Dhuusamareeb town enjoys relative Shabaab rivalry leading to sporadic of hosting IDPs contributes Clan Rivalries: security and stability, with accessible conflicts. to the enabling environment including those driven road links to major towns such for local integration and by clan dynamics and as Adaado and Guriel, enhancing resettlement in key towns. Al-Shabaab rivalry, lead mobility and economic activities to sporadic violence and instability. Return of IDPs: Anecdotal Inadequate Basic and Social Liberation of Key Towns: evidence suggests that many Services: There is a severe lack of From Al-Shabaab control has IDPs return to their original essential services such as education improved access between areas once displacement triggers and healthcare. towns, facilitating better subside, reducing the duration of movement and economic displacement. activities. Pastoralists Livelihoods: Poor Access to Justice: There Political Will: There is Forced Evictions: Particularly those keeping camels, is inadequate access to justice political will from the State Particularly in have a livelihood strategy e.g. herd and a lack of police presence, administration to resettle IDPs Gaalkacyo, continue to maximization that is adaptable to which undermines the rule of and returnees, indicating a threaten the stability droughts and famine conditions. law and protection for vulnerable commitment to addressing and security of IDPs. populations. displacement issues. Galmudug State has not been prioritised for durable solutions funding. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 13 Jubaland State J ubaland State, located in southern Somalia, comprises three regions: Gedo, Lower Juba, and Middle Juba. The state is characterised by its strategic location along the Indian Ocean and borders with Kenya. This positioning has historically made it a key region for trade, agriculture, and, unfortunately, conflict. Jubaland stands out from other states due to the number of returnees passing through or locally integrating into the state. The state’s proximity to the Dadaab refugee camp has resulted in many returnees settling in its major towns. According to UNHCR Somalia, approximately 59,305 returnees, mainly from Kenya, have returned to parts of Lower Juba, Middle Juba and Gedo regions6. $ 272.6M 151,219 ESTIMATED BUDGET TARGET POPULATION (INDIVIDUALS) % BUDGET ESTIMATE PER PATHWAY 31% Access to Legal Documentation, Housing Land and Property (HLP) and Justice 24% Access to Basic Services 29% Access to Employment and Livelihood Opportunities 15% Addressing Climate Change and Building Resilience 1% Government Leadership 1% Data for Solutions 13% 15% OF TOTAL ESTIMATED OF TOTAL ESTIMATED IDP BUDGET POPULATION National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 14 2024 - 2029 Additionally, large portions of the state, namely Middle populations predominantly live in designated IDP Juba, remain outside government control, leading to sites or camp-like settings, while a small percentage frequent displacements from Al-Shabab-controlled are integrated into host communities. Displacement areas during military operations, exacerbating in Gedo is primarily driven by natural disasters, protracted displacement within the main urban centres. particularly droughts, with some instances of flood- induced displacements. Conflict and lack of services also contribute to the displacement, albeit to a lesser Gedo Region extent. The region hosts a significant number of IDPs from other regions, mainly Bay and Bakool, highlighting Gedo, the second-largest region in Somalia by territory, Gedo’s role as a place of refuge. experiences arid to semi-arid climatic conditions, with infrequent rainfall and sparse vegetation. Despite While Lower Juba has experienced displacement the presence of the Juba River, the region often faces primarily due to conflict and environmental factors such water scarcity, particularly in non-riverine areas. as droughts and floods, the displacement dynamics in This environmental challenge is compounded by this region are influenced by the presence of fertile significant Al-Shabaab presence and ongoing power agricultural land and the Juba River, which, while struggles between local politicians and the Jubaland providing livelihoods, also makes the area susceptible administration in Kismayo, leading to a volatile security to floods. The region’s strategic importance and situation. The combination of these factors significantly agricultural potential attract IDPs from within Jubaland influences displacement trends within and across the and returnees looking to rebuild their lives in relatively region. stable conditions. Lower Juba Region Solutions Target Lower Juba is marked by its fertile lands and the The displacement figure in Jubaland stands at more Juba River, which supports agriculture and livestock than half a million, 629,426 individuals, accounting for rearing, the primary livelihoods for the population. approximately 14% of the national displacement figure. However, the region has not been immune to conflict These IDPs are scattered across eight districts in Gedo and natural disasters. Al-Shabaab’s presence and and Lower Juba regions in 351 verified sites hosting recurrent droughts have periodically disrupted the lives most of these IDPs8. The Solutions Pathways Initiative of residents, leading to displacement and humanitarian aims to find a permanent solution for 151,219 IDPs as crises. Lower Juba’s strategic coastal location also part of the one million IDP national objective. plays a role in its complex socio-political dynamics. The geography of Jubaland further contributes to its displacement challenges. The Juba River runs through the state, making it prone to regular flooding, particularly in the Gedo region and along the middle and lower Juba in the riparian areas. This recurring natural disaster further complicates the situation for displaced communities. Displacement Dynamics In Gedo, the majority of IDPs are found in urban areas, with 95% residing in cities7. These urban IDP National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 15 Figure 5: Jubaland State SWOT Analysis Table Strengths Weaknesses/Challenges Opportunities Threats Availability of Land and access Recurrent Natural Disasters: Availability of land for resettlement Floods and droughts. to river water along Juba river: Repeatedly disrupt efforts to in Luglow site. There is sufficient land to resettle stabilize communities. IDPs Positive Relations with FGS Insufficient Funding: Restrict Potential for development of Continued political MoPIED: facilitates coordinated the scope of durable solutions sustainable livelihoods due to the instability between efforts. initiatives. presence of skilled labor and fertile Jubaland State and FGS. lands. Durable Solution Framework and Focus on Emergencies Over Increased donor and INGO interest Evictions. Policies: A structured framework Development: hampers long- due to the strategic importance of and supportive policies guide term development planning. Jubaland. the implementation of durable solutions. Skilled Labor and Employment Poor Access to Basic Needs: Political will and supportive policies Intra-Communal Land Opportunities: The presence of Many IDPs lack access to to achieve durable solutions for Conflicts: Disputes over skilled labor and employment essential services such as displacement-affected communities land ownership and prospects in sectors such as fishing healthcare and education. (DACs). use further complicate and farming provide pathways to resettlement efforts. self-sufficiency for DACs. Established Durable Solution Poor access to justice and Many IDPs and returnees have Technical Working Group. absence of police posts. valuable and relevant skills. Relative security and stability Fertile lands suitable for agriculture within major displacement towns. along the Juba River. Political will from the State admin Pastoralists, keeping camels suitable to resettle IDPs and returnees. for droughts and famine. Opportunities for resettlement of returnees from Dadaab and Kakuma and strong trade ties with Kenya National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 16 2024 - 2029 Southwest State S outhwest State (SWS) hosts the second-largest number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) among all federal member states and is the origin of the largest number of displaced persons across the country. Consequently, effectively addressing internal displacement in Southwest State has the potential to substantially mitigate displacement issues throughout Somalia. Recognising this, the Southwest State administration has adopted a comprehensive, multipronged approach to tackle displacement. $ 395M ESTIMATED BUDGET 237,560 TARGET POPULATION (INDIVIDUALS) % BUDGET ESTIMATE PER PATHWAY 32% Access to Legal Documentation, Housing Land and Property (HLP) and Justice 21% Access to Basic Services 29% Access to Employment and Livelihood Opportunities 17% Addressing Climate Change and Building Resilience 0.6% Government Leadership 0.4% Data for Solutions 13% 15% OF TOTAL ESTIMATED OF TOTAL ESTIMATED IDP BUDGET POPULATION National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 17 The administration’s strategic development plan and resources to ensure durable solutions for the displaced targeted policy formulation underscore its commitment populations within the state. to addressing displacement. Numerous community action plans have been implemented, reflecting the political will and dedication of municipal authorities. Displacement Dynamics in Southwest State The presence of INGOs and UN agencies within the state has bolstered these efforts by providing Bay Region additional support and resources. Additionally, there is a coordination mechanism for solutions between Baidoa is a major hub for IDPs due to its relative security the state and implementing partners, which ensures and availability of services. Displaced populations the efficiency of solution initiatives. Furthermore, the in Bay region primarily come from within the region, government has allocated land for the resettlement fleeing conflict and drought in rural areas. Many IDPs of IDPs, facilitating their integration. Southwest State in Baidoa have been displaced for extended periods, also leverages local expertise in farming and animal reflecting the chronic nature of conflict and drought husbandry, which offers viable Livelihood Opportunities in the region. This long-term displacement creates for displaced individuals. This indigenous knowledge significant challenges in terms of shelter, livelihoods, plays a crucial role in ensuring that resettled IDPs and integration. can sustain themselves and contribute to the local economy. Bakool Region However, the state faces numerous challenges that The region faces severe displacement due to Al- hinder the achievement of durable solutions to Shabaab control and military operations. Many displacement. Insecurity remains the biggest obstacle. IDPs from Bakool region move towards Bay region, Inadequate provision of essential services is also particularly Baidoa, seeking safety and better living a considerable challenge, further exacerbating the conditions. Additionally, Bakool’s agro-pastoral situation and limiting the scope and effectiveness of communities are highly vulnerable to drought, leading solution interventions. Inter-clan conflicts add another to periodic waves of displacement as people seek layer of complexity through secondary displacements. food and water in neighbouring regions. According to the DTM Somalia Baseline Assessment, around 16% The absence of a harmonised policy or strategy for of IDP locations assessed (26 settlements) hosting shelter typology for IDPs presents another challenge, 13,124 IDPs reported on IDPs being displaced for up to leading to unsustainable expectations, inconsistencies three years, 19 % of locations (15 settlements) hosting in housing provisions and hostility towards shelter 15,851 IDPs reported being displaced between four and providers. High levels of illiteracy among the displaced five years (first IDP arrival, between 2018 and 2020). population further complicate efforts to improve their Another 56% of locations (21) hosting 46,716 IDPs circumstances, as it limits access to information and reported on IDPs being displaced between six and ten opportunities for advancement. The sheer volume of years (the first IDPs arrived between 2014 and 2017), IDPs within Southwest State represents a considerable while 10% of locations hosting 7,980 IDPs reported on challenge, putting a strain on the limited available the protracted displacement of IDPs for more than ten resources and capacities. years. Although Southwest State has made significant Lower Shabelle Region strides in addressing displacement through strategic planning, governmental commitment, and leveraging The Shabelle River basin is vital for Somalia’s food local resources, it must navigate a complex array security, livelihoods, and economic development. It of challenges. Addressing these issues will require serves as the primary water source for around four sustained effort, enhanced coordination, and increased million people and supports Somalia’s most productive National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 18 2024 - 2029 agricultural zone in the Middle and Lower Shabelle are spread across 12 central districts, with about 875 regions. verified sites hosting the majority of these IDPS9. Many of these sites are categorised as high-risk for secondary In Lower Shabelle, some areas are controlled by displacement due to factors such as eviction, flooding, armed non-state actors, but districts like Afgooye and recurrent conflicts. Based on current trends, many remain accessible and stable, allowing for productive IDPs might relocate to Baidoa because of its relative agricultural activities. As a result, Afgooye has attracted peace, better socio-economic conditions, and improved a large number of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). services. The Durable Solutions Pathways Initiative The region faces various challenges, including drought, aims to alleviate the displacement situation for about river flooding, land disputes, agro-pastoral competition, 275,000 IDPs in Southwest State as part of the national and inter-clan tensions, made worse by very low goal of finding lasting solutions for one million IDPs. absorptive capacities. Solutions Target There are about 988,809 internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Southwest State, making up approximately a third of the national displacement figure. These IDPs Figure 6: Southwest State SWOT Analysis Table Strengths Weaknesses/Challenges Opportunities Threats Skilled farmers among IDPs and Extreme vulnerability and risk of Availability of land for Floods and droughts. strong rural and urban linkages. secondary displacement. resettlement. Security and stability within Dependency on aid. Potential for agricultural Conflict outbreaks. Baidoa, the main displacement development using fertile lands. site. Presence of international and Inadequate social services, Pastoralists adept at keeping High Risk of Evictions. national NGOs. especially education. camels, resilient to droughts and famine. Business-oriented community Lack of basic services such as Social cohesion between IDPs and strong market linkages. housing, education and TVET. and host communities. Fertile lands suitable for Poor access to justice, absence Potential of extension of The impact of agriculture agriculture. of police posts and high level of agriculture and livestock production and livestock. poverty and unemployment. production. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 19 Hirshabelle State H irshabelle’s late integration into Somalia’s federal structure has resulted in unique challenges, making it the member state with the least developed state institutions and ministries. The state has suffered significant impacts from recurring floods and droughts, which are the main causes of displacement. Additionally, regular inter-clan conflicts have exacerbated the situation, leading to a steady influx of internally displaced persons (IDPs) into key urban centres. Major towns such as Beledweyne, Balcad, and Jowhar have borne the brunt of this continuous flow of IDPs. The situation is further complicated by the isolation of cities like Jowhar and Beledweyne from the capital, Mogadishu and neighbouring districts, such as Bulo Burte. $ 131.6M 31,925 ESTIMATED BUDGET TARGET POPULATION (INDIVIDUALS) % BUDGET ESTIMATE PER PATHWAY 22% Access to Legal Documentation, Housing Land and Property (HLP) and Justice 32% Access to Basic Services 33% Access to Employment and Livelihood Opportunities 9% Addressing Climate Change and Building Resilience 2% Government Leadership 1% Data for Solutions 6% 3% OF TOTAL ESTIMATED OF TOTAL ESTIMATED IDP BUDGET POPULATION National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 20 2024 - 2029 This isolation has negatively affected trade, movement, IDPs displaced for up to three years, 64% for four to and the economic life of residents while limiting the five years, and smaller percentages displaced for longer accessibility of crucial development and humanitarian periods. organisations. Consequently, IDPs, who occupy the lowest rung of the socio-economic hierarchy, are the A majority of IDPs in Middle Shabelle are from within most affected by these hardships. the region. Specifically, 65% are displaced within the same district, while 26% come from different districts in the region. A smaller number (9%) have moved from Hiraan Region other parts of the country, mainly from Banadir and Lower Shabelle. Hiraan has experienced significant conflict, primarily due to the presence of al-Shabaab and related militia The Main opportunities for the State that will be crucial activity. The conflict intensity increased from 2022 in addressing displacement include: to 2023, exacerbated by a severe drought, leading to ƒ Fertile Lands: Hirshabelle State boasts vast substantial internal displacement. In the period covered fertile lands along the Shabelle River, presenting by the DTM Baseline Survey, conflict was identified as an invaluable resource for food production and the primary trigger for displacement in 58% of the sustainable livelihoods for displaced populations. assessed locations, affecting 59,442 individuals . A 10 ƒ Political Will: The state’s leadership demonstrates lack of services or assistance was another major factor, a strong political will to address displacement, impacting 27% of the locations. Most IDPs (91%) in offering a promising foundation for effective Hiraan are in urban areas, with Beledweyne district intervention and policy implementation. hosting a significant portion. The IDP population is ƒ Presence of International and Non-Governmental predominantly in designated camps or camp-like Organizations (I/NGOs): The active involvement settings (89%), with a smaller percentage living within of I/NGOs within the state provides critical host communities. support, expertise, and resources essential for displacement management and humanitarian aid. Additionally, the duration of displacement varies, with ƒ Availability of Public Land: The government’s 42% of IDPs displaced for up to three years and 26% provision of public land for settling IDPs signifies for six to ten years. A majority of IDPs originate from a proactive approach toward addressing within Hiraan, with 74% displaced within the same displacement and fostering community integration. district and 17% from other districts in the region. Only a small percentage (2%) come from other regions. Despite these significant opportunities, there are also challenges that can hinder the provision of solutions for IDPs and these include: Middle Shabelle Region ƒ Poor Infrastructure: Inadequate infrastructure poses a significant challenge, hindering the efficient Similar to Hiraan, conflict is the predominant trigger for delivery of humanitarian aid, transportation, displacement in Middle Shabelle, affecting 88% of the and access to essential services for displaced locations with IDPs, primarily in Balcad district. Natural communities. disasters, such as drought, accounted for a smaller ƒ Widespread Insecurity: Pervasive insecurity percentage (6%) of displacement causes. Other within the state threatens the safety and well-being factors included lack of livelihoods, services, evictions, of both displaced populations and humanitarian and issues related to desert locusts. Most IDPs workers, impeding efforts to address displacement (64%) in Middle Shabelle reside in rural areas, with effectively. a significant portion living within host communities ƒ Pervasive Corruption: The prevalence of corruption (54%). The rest are in designated camps or camp-like undermines the transparency and efficacy of settings. Displacement duration varies, with 28% of displacement interventions, potentially diverting National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 21 resources away from vulnerable populations and exacerbating their plight. Solutions Target ƒ Recurrent Flooding: Hirshabelle State grapples with recurrent flooding, which not only displaces There are about 132,882 IDPs11 in Hirshabelle state, communities but also exacerbates secondary accounting for approximately 3% of the national displacement, complicating relief efforts and displacement figure. These IDPs are spread across five exacerbating the protracted nature of displacement. main towns in about 119 verified hosting sites, with Beledweyne, Balcad, and Jowhar hosting the largest numbers12. The Durable Solutions Pathways initiative aims to remove about 31,925 IDPs in Hirshabelle state from their displacement situation as part of the national target of finding a lasting solution for one million IDPs. Figure 7: Hirshabelle State SWOT Analysis Table Strengths Weaknesses/Challenges Opportunities Threats Skilled farmers among IDPs. Inadequate housing. Availability of land for housing Regular flooding from the projects. Shabelle River. Relative security and stability Loss of livelihoods and aid Potential to enhance agricultural Conflict outbreaks, particularly in main towns such as Jowhar, dependency. productivity and food security. involving al-Shabaab. Beledweyne, and Balcad. Proximity of Shabelle River for Lack of social services, especially Youth workforce available for Lack of basic services such as irrigation. education. labor-intensive projects. housing and education. Fertile lands suitable for Poor access to justice and Irrigation farming potential from Inadequate humanitarian access agriculture and a willingness of absence of police posts. Shabelle River. due to insecurity. IDPs to farm for sustenance. Internal cohesion among IDPs. Frequent displacements due to Community-driven development Environmental degradation and conflicts and natural disasters. initiatives. climate change impacts. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 22 2024 - 2029 Banadir Regional Administration T he Banadir Regional Administration, which includes Mogadishu, is unique due to its status as Somalia’s capital. This status has made it a primary destination for economic migrants and internally displaced persons (IDPs) seeking better opportunities and stability. Mogadishu’s relatively peaceful environment, combined with its employment opportunities and the presence of government institutions, attracts a significant number of displaced persons who have lost their livelihoods across Somalia. $ 529.3M 299,360 ESTIMATED BUDGET TARGET POPULATION (INDIVIDUALS) % BUDGET ESTIMATE PER PATHWAY 41% Access to Legal Documentation, Housing Land and Property (HLP) and Justice 19% Access to Basic Services 23% Access to Employment and Livelihood Opportunities 15% Addressing Climate Change and Building Resilience 0.4% Government Leadership 0.3% Data for Solutions 25% 30% OF TOTAL ESTIMATED OF TOTAL ESTIMATED IDP BUDGET POPULATION National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 23 Consequently, Mogadishu has consistently hosted the natural disasters, primarily droughts, impacting 46% largest number of IDPs in Somalia over the past three of locations and displacing 476,842 individuals. Floods decades, currently estimated at over 1.2 million IDPs account for a smaller portion of these natural disaster- scattered around 2,000 settlement sites in various induced displacements. The duration of displacement districts of the city. This represents about 30% of the varies, with most IDPs (77%) displaced for up to three national displacement figure. years, 13% for four to five years, 8% for six to ten years, and 2% for more than ten years. The majority of IDPs in Banadir have fled from other regions, primarily from Displacement Dynamics Lower Shabelle (68%), Bay (16%), and Middle Shabelle (10%)14. Mogadishu hosts the largest number of internally displaced persons in the country, estimated at 1,246,043 One of the enduring challenges of IDPs has been IDPs scattered around two thousand settlement sites forced evictions from informal settlements, particularly in most of the districts in the city. This accounts for in urban areas where displaced populations face more than 30% of the national displacement figure13. increasing vulnerabilities. Evictions mainly occur The Solutions Pathways Initiative aims to remove about due to various factors, including land disputes, urban 299,360 IDPs from their displacement situation as part expansion, and the lack of formal land tenure. Since of the government plan to remove 1 million IDPs from January 2024, there has been a significant increase their displacement status permanently. in forced evictions of displaced people, with at least 40,300 people evicted, of whom 80% are in Banadir The primary displacement triggers for IDPs in Banadir region, particularly Daynille and Kahda districts. These are conflict and natural disasters, with conflict affecting forced evictions lead to further displacement, loss of 48% of locations and displacing 534,028 IDPs, and property, and increased hardship for affected families15. Figure 8: BRA State SWOT Analysis Table Strengths Weaknesses/Challenges Opportunities Threats Presence of UN agencies, Regular forced evictions BRA Durable solutions Strategy. Political instability threatens INGOs and other local increasing secondary secondary displacement. humanitarian organizations. displacement. Seat of the government and Unavailability of land due to Presence of the donor Conflict outbreaks resulting presence of BRA in all districts high costs making resettlement community and INGOs making from political disputes. with increased provision of within Banadir difficult. monitoring of IDPs easier and services. accessible. Security and stability inside Inadequate social services Political will from the Rain-induced floods. Mogadishu. especially education and health government to find a remedy for all IDPs. for protracted displacement in Banadir. All districts under government Poor access to justice and Availability of resources e.g., Forced evictions and tenure control making access and absence of police posts in the job opportunities for IDPs security. service provision easier. settlement sites. compared to other regions in the country. Existence of a robust private Undocumented gatekeepers sector with a strong willingness make it difficult to hold them to collaborate on major social accountable, potentially initiatives. complicating the management and distribution of resources. Duplication or uneven provision Large swaths of undeveloped of support to IDPs, leading to land ready for urbanization, inefficiencies and gaps in aid which could be utilized for new distribution. housing developments. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 24 2024 - 2029 Somaliland Context I n 1991, Somaliland faced the daunting challenge of rebuilding following the severe impacts of civil war, which caused extensive devastation. Through steadfast determination, successive administrations laid the groundwork for future development. Thus, Somaliland’s development unfolded over more than two decades of grassroots peacebuilding efforts. The initial collaborative initiative to establish common priorities for Somaliland was the 2006 Joint Needs Assessment (JNA), which informed the 2007 – 2010 Reconstruction and Development Plan (RDP) conducted in partnership with the United Nations and the World Bank. These initiatives shaped the framework for Somaliland’s Development Plan (2012-2016) by Somaliland’s Ministry of Planning and Development. $ 210.2M 100,035 ESTIMATED BUDGET TARGET POPULATION (INDIVIDUALS) % BUDGET ESTIMATE PER PATHWAY 29% Access to Legal Documentation, Housing Land and Property (HLP) and Justice 28% Access to Basic Services 27% Access to Employment and Livelihood Opportunities 14% Addressing Climate Change and Building Resilience 1% Government Leadership 1% Data for Solutions 10% 10% OF TOTAL ESTIMATED OF TOTAL ESTIMATED IDP BUDGET POPULATION National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 25 In 2014, Somaliland’s population was estimated at market demands. Urbanisation is reshaping socio- 3.6 million (47.9% male and 52.1% female) and was economic dynamics by increasing demand for services projected to reach 4.2 million by 2020, with a growth and employment opportunities, which pressures prices, rate of 2.93% . The majority reside in urban centres, 16 particularly for food and housing. with an average household size of six. Approximately 48% of the population is under 15 years old, and roughly The economy of Somaliland reflects a dual employment 72% is under 30 years old, highlighting the youthfulness scenario: while the emerging service sector generates of the population. Urbanisation has increased over quality jobs, educational and training institutions time, influenced in part by recurrent droughts, yet a struggle to meet its demands. Meanwhile, most of significant portion of the population remains outside the population engages in traditional sectors such urban areas, residing in rural settlements or engaging as pastoralism, agro-pastoralism, artisanal fisheries, in nomadic pastoralism. Disparities exist among urban, and trade, which require minimal education but are rural, and nomadic communities regarding economic vulnerable to climate change impacts. Diversifying activities, income sources, consumption patterns, and income sources poses a significant challenge for access to basic services such as education, health, Somaliland’s sustainable development efforts. The key water, and sanitation. Poverty persists across the challenges include drought, land conflict, and floods, nation, with rural areas experiencing higher levels of which contribute to the higher displacement in peri- deprivation. urban and urban centres. The population is predominantly young, with 61% The October 2023 IDP assessment covered 177 under 25 and 74% under 30 years old. Youth aged 15 – IDP camps, revealing critical challenges in access 29 constitute 26% of the population, emphasising the to basic services and highlighting vulnerabilities to need for job creation and education tailored to labour environmental and socio-economic pressures. Figure 9: Somaliland SWOT Analysis Table Strengths Weaknesses/Challenges Opportunities Threats Somaliland enjoys peace and strong Limited capacity to manage Potential for attracting Potential conflicts arising from governance structures at all levels, data related to IDPs. new donors and partners overlapping mandates among from national to village. to support strategic government agencies. plans including Islamic foundations and traditional donors. Somaliland has recently updated its Issues related to staff capacity, The government has Shortage of funding for IDP Development Plan III for 2024-2027, job descriptions, roles, and allocated a portion of support and durable solutions. with a vision set for 2030. training. its budget towards the protection and support of IDPs. There are dedicated agencies and Insufficient Monitoring, There is a commitment from Challenges in aligning ministries focused on internally Evaluation, Accountability, and the international community Somaliland policies with displaced persons (IDPs), with Learning (MEAL) systems to to provide durable solutions humanitarian assistance operational offices in all regions. effectively collect and manage and resettle IDPs. directives from the Ministry of data from IDP camps. Planning. Effective coordination is ensured Weak coordination between Risks associated with resource through forums like the Protection durable solutions stakeholders. and clan-based conflicts. Working Group, Food Security Cluster, and HLP Sub-working Group Vulnerability to natural disasters such as drought and land disputes A three-year strategic plan aimed at Lack of a comprehensive providing durable solutions for IDPs fundraising strategy. in Somaliland has been formulated Policies and laws, are well- established and upheld. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 26 2024 - 2029 Puntland State P untland has experienced significant internal displacement due to various factors, including conflict and climate-induced natural disasters. Bari region in Puntland has a history of experiencing droughts with scarce rainfall and has also been affected by severe cyclones in recent years. In 2020, Cyclone Gati impacted 120,000 people, temporarily displacing 42,100 individuals and resulting in 9 fatalities17. Additionally, the cyclone caused damage to livelihood assets, loss of farm produce, death of livestock, and destruction of buildings and infrastructure. $179.5M 82,141 ESTIMATED BUDGET TARGET POPULATION (INDIVIDUALS) % BUDGET ESTIMATE PER PATHWAY 29% Access to Legal Documentation, Housing Land and Property (HLP) and Justice 27% Access to Basic Services 27% Access to Employment and Livelihood Opportunities 14% Addressing Climate Change and Building Resilience 1% Government Leadership 1% Data for Solutions 9% 8% OF TOTAL ESTIMATED OF TOTAL ESTIMATED IDP BUDGET POPULATION National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 27 Puntland hosts a substantial number of internally displaced persons (IDPs), with reports estimating Displacement Dynamics the IDP numbers at about half a million, most of whom face several displacement-related challenges, Displacement in Bari region is overwhelmingly a such as inadequate access to basic services, limited long-term phenomenon. Based on DTM estimates, Livelihood Opportunities, and insecurity. The IDPs in 70% of settlements, home to 79% of the region’s IDP Puntland are mainly hosted in urban centres in Bosaso, population (78,558), reported that IDPs at their site Galkacyo and Garowe often residing in informal have been living in displacement for up to ten years, settlements. The capacity of the state administration and in some cases since as far back as 1992. to address displacement plays a critical role. Despite the aforementioned challenges, Puntland has made The large majority of IDPs in Bari fled to the region from considerable strides in creating a relatively stable other parts of the country. 85% of settlements in Bari and secure environment compared to other regions in reported that IDPs originally came from other regions, Somalia, which has attracted a significant number of primarily from Bay (28%), Banadir (18%), and Hiraan IDPs. (13%). In contrast, 15% of locations hosted IDPs who originated from within the same district in Bari, the The Puntland state authorities, in collaboration with majority of IDPs (83%) residing in Bossaso district. international organisations and NGOs, have been actively involved in addressing the needs of IDPs. Several initiatives have been implemented to improve access to Solutions Target basic services, enhance Livelihood Opportunities, and ensure the protection of vulnerable groups. In 2014, the There are about 341,89918 IDPs in Puntland state, Puntland government, working alongside international accounting for approximately 8% of the national partners, began efforts to find sustainable solutions for displacement figure. These IDPs are spread across five internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees. main districts in about 119 verified hosting sites, with Bossaso, Galkacyo and Garowe hosting the largest The government has also engaged in developing numbers19 The Durable Solutions Pathways initiative policies and strategies aimed at finding durable aims to remove about 82,141 IDPs in Puntland state solutions for IDPs, such as local integration, return, and from their displacement situation as part of the national relocation. Despite these efforts, the implementation target of finding a lasting solution for one million IDPs. of these policies faces significant challenges, including security concerns, land tenure issues, and the need for sustained funding. However, limited resources, lack of coordination, and the complex nature of displacement in the region often hinder the government’s capacity and the effectiveness of these interventions. Puntland also serves as a migration route. Bossaso’s proximity to the Gulf of Aden and Yemen has made it a significant location for migration through Somalia to Yemen and the Gulf States. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 28 2024 - 2029 Sool, Sanaag and Ceyn (SSC) The displacement situation in Khaatumo SSC State due to the conflict with Somaliland has been severe. Clashes between Khaatumo forces and Somaliland troops have led to the displacement of about 200,000 people 2, especially in the town of Las Anod. Many residents have been forced to flee their homes to escape the violence, resulting in a substantial increase in the number of internally displaced persons (IDPs), especially those fleeing to towns like Garowe and Qardho. The conflict has disrupted access to essential services and resources, exacerbating the humanitarian crisis for those affected. The situation remains fluid, with constant fears of conflict eruption, which threatens to exacerbate the displacement situation in the region. $115M ESTIMATED BUDGET 31,953 TARGET POPULATION (INDIVIDUALS) % BUDGET ESTIMATE PER PATHWAY 22% Access to Legal Documentation, Housing Land and Property (HLP) and Justice 37% Access to Basic Services 26% Access to Employment and Livelihood Opportunities 12% Addressing Climate Change and Building Resilience 2% Government Leadership 1% Data for Solutions 6% 3% OF TOTAL ESTIMATED OF TOTAL ESTIMATED IDP BUDGET POPULATION National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 29 Solutions Target There are about 132,99920 IDPs in SSC, accounting for approximately 3% of the national displacement figure. The Durable Solutions Pathways initiative aims to remove about 31,953 IDPs in SSC from their displacement situation as part of the national target of finding a lasting solution for one million IDPs. 30

3 ACTION PLANNING PROCESS AND METHODOLOGY 31 National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 32 2024 - 2029 Action Planning Process and DAC representatives from each state were invited to Methodology the workshops to contribute perspectives on the needs and priorities of people affected by displacement and to be involved in the design stage of these costed plans. Methodology The National Durable Solutions Strategy (NDSS) outlines key protection and assistance needs and rights: The methodology employed for developing these ƒ Access to basic services costed plans primarily utilised a qualitative data ƒ Access to documentation, housing, land, property, collection approach. This involved conducting formal and justice consultation workshops and meetings at the Federal ƒ Access to employment and livelihoods Government of Somalia (FGS), Federal Member States ƒ Building resilience to prevent displacement (FMS) and local government levels. The process included thorough reviews of existing data on Durable A tailored data collection tool with five solution Solutions programming, as well as alignment with pathways was developed, including pathway objectives the National Durable Solutions Strategy and National and necessary sub-categories to ensure consistency Development Plan 9. It was a government-owned and and data accuracy, such as pathway definition, led initiative where the local community, including IDPs objectives, targets, locations, target populations, units and host communities, humanitarian and development of measurement, unit costs, total costs, and output and actors, were actively engaged openly and transparently outcome indicators. right from the design stage. This represented a novel approach by the Somali Government aimed at cascading Data collection for the solution pathways commenced planning from displacement-affected communities with a formal workshop, the DSTWG and Solutions (DACs) to district, regional, and federal government Workshop, held in Mogadishu from March 6th to 7th, levels, thereby enhancing the value and effectiveness 2024. The workshop invited relevant stakeholders in of the final plans. durable solutions, including FGS line ministries and agencies, FMS line ministries and agencies, Banadir The process and steps for creating the costed plans Regional Administration, L/INGOs, UN Agencies, ƒ Planning and development of data collection tools CSOs and DACs representatives. The objective was to for the solutions pathways discuss and agree upon types and methods of solution ƒ Stakeholder engagement and coordination pathways. ƒ FMS and DAC engagement at the state level ƒ Compilation of all costed plans The plan aimed to validate tools and solution pathways ƒ Review and validation of costed plans from DSTWG at the field level to address all DAC priorities from meeting members regional states. The goal was to identify solution pathways to assist DACs in transitioning towards sustainable solutions. Planning and Development of Solutions Pathways Tools The second step involved engagement at the field level through holding workshops across various Federal The Ministry of Planning, Investment, and Economic Member States through formal workshops done in Development (MOPIED) has launched a plan to validate person. These workshops, spanning three to four days solution pathways through a bottom-up approach, in each state, include FMS line ministries and agencies, consulting with management of humanitarian and FGS institutions, governors, district commissioners development actors (UN/INGOs) and local authorities (mayors), L/INGOs, UN agencies, CSOs and DACs at the Federal Government and Federal Member State representatives. The workshops were structured to levels. Additionally, in each Federal Member State, 10 empower regional administrations to take ownership National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 33 and responsibility for the solution pathways. In all the total number of IDPs, locations, and associated costs. workshops, discussions were in the local language All costed plans from the Federal Member States (FMs) (Somali) to increase understanding and experience were reviewed, consolidated and compiled into one sharing among the workshop participants. costed National Solutions Pathways Action Plan. More than 300 participants took part in the Solutions An extensive mapping of all ongoing Durable Solutions Pathways Workshops across all regional states and projects in the country was conducted, with a thorough Banadir Regional Administration over a 6-month period. review and analysis of each sector. This analysis aims At the workshop, participants collaboratively prioritised to assist the government in prioritising and planning pathway interventions with input from FMS/BRA effectively based on the needs identified in IDP sites. leaders and DAC representatives. This ranking process was conducted in a participatory manner, ensuring that The Solutions Pathways Action Plan was validated every participant had an opportunity to contribute and through the existing durable solutions coordination that their ideas were heard and respected. This exercise mechanisms at the Federal and state levels, the was jointly led by the community and government, National Development Council, and the executive reflecting a community-centred approach. Following levels of government the workshops, each state developed a clearly costed action plan detailing prioritised pathway solutions, Figure 10: Action Planning Timeline MARCH APRIL 7th 14th - 17th 21st - 23rd 29th - 30th Solutions pathways Galmudug solutions Southwest Solutions Banadir Regional workshop Identification of pathways Pathways Action Administration Solutions the 6 solutions pathways Action planning Planning Pathways Action Planning JULY JUNE MAY 23rd - 25th 29th - 30th 6th - 8th Puntland Solutions Somaliland Solutions Hirshabelle Solutions Jubaland Solutions Pathways Action Planning Pathways Action Planning Pathways Action Pathways Action Planning Planning SEPTEMBER 31st National Durable Solutions Launch Of The National Technical Working Group Solutions Pathways Validation of Solution Pathway Action Plan Action Plan 34

4 SOLUTIONS PATHWAYS ACTION PLAN 35 National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 36 2024 - 2029 Solutions Pathways Action Plan T he initial budget for the action plan, which aims to support solutions pathways for 1 million displacement- affected communities, covers Phase 1 from 2024 to 2026. A mid-term review will be conducted during this period to assess progress and outcomes. Based on the findings of the review, a budget for the second phase will be prepared to continue supporting DACs and achieving the plan objectives. The Solutions Pathways Action Plan includes detailed costings for activities listed under the strategic objectives and the relevant sectors. The diagram below displays the total amount included in the plan per sector under each of the six Solutions Pathways. Figure 11: Summary of Costs in the Solutions Pathways Action Plan 600,000,000 $528,290,333 500,000,000 400,000,000 $288,055,732 300,000,000 $254,363,650 $212,748,265 $228,921,660 $185,561,544 200,000,000 $134,772,733 $118,363,775 100,000,000 $71,044,395 $24,510,000 $22,894,350 $22,885,000 0 Government Health Water Education Skills and Agriculture and Livestock HLP Protection Climate and Returns Data for Leadership Business Fisheries Resilience Support Solutions Development Pathway 1: Pathway 2: Pathway 3: Pathway 4: Pathway 5: Pathway 6: Government Access to Basic Services Employment and Livelihood Opportunities Legal Documentation, Housing, Land Addressing Climate Change Data for Leadership and Property (HLP), and Justice and Building Resilience Solutions 1. Government Leadership: The Federal Government The government will mobilise resources from donors of Somalia has the primary responsibility to promote and financing institutions and allocate funds from the durable solutions to displacement for its citizens. The national budget. This resource mobilisation is crucial government will discharge its mandate by ensuring the for driving the initiatives forward and ensuring their full implementation of the National Durable Solutions sustainability. Additionally, it will involve enhancing Strategy (NDSS) through the National Solutions the meaningful participation of displacement-affected Pathways Costed Plan. This will require a whole-of- communities (DACs) in the governance of the durable government approach at the federal and state levels solutions process. Investments in this pathway will and a whole-of-society approach that includes all key contribute to the achievement of strategic objective 2 stakeholders in the implementation, review, adaption of the NDSS. The table below describes the detailed and evaluation of the Solutions Pathways outcomes. activities planned to achieve the outcomes of the Solutions Pathways. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 37 SOLUTIONS PATHWAYS 1: GOVERNMENT LEADERSHIP Outcome Somalia government institutions at national, state and district levels have the skills and resources to coordinate and implement the National Solutions Pathways Plan. Strategic Government Leadership Sector Total Pathway Budget: Expected Outcome Objective $ 24,510,000 Strengthen 1.1.1 Capacity Enhancement Government capacity Government enhanced. 1.1.1.1 Develop objective criteria for equitable distribution of durable solutions resources Capacity. in all districts. 1.1.1.2 Hire relevant technical staff (e.g., durable solutions experts, coordinators, M&E and other staff) for the FGS for smooth coordination of durable solutions. 1.1.1.3 Hire relevant technical staff (e.g., durable solutions experts, coordinators, M&E and other staff) for the FMS, BRA for smooth coordination of durable solutions. 1.1.1.4 Strengthening existing government structures to implement durable solutions through enhancing functional local government administration in DAC host districts to implement durable solutions. Improve 1.1.2 Coordination Government Leadership Government and coordination of 1.1.2.1 Support the Federal Government of Somalia to participate have better Leadership and durable solutions representation and a stronger voice in relevant durable Solution and other similar Coordination. strengthened. platforms and networks at Regional, Global and National and local level. 1.1.2.2 Organize and hold High level Durable Solutions Conferences. 1.1.2.3 Strength the FMS and BRA to coordinate durable solutions through the existing respective Durable Solutions Technical Working Groups. 1.1.2.4 Support the alignment of Policy and Legislation with national policies including NDSS. Enhance Planning 1.1.3 Planning and Community Engagement Community ownership and Community and participation are 1.1.3.1 Develop and implement of District Development Plans to foster ownership and Engagement. strengthened. sustainability of solutions Pathway initiatives. 1.1.3.2 Create and support platforms to ensure meaningful engagement of DACs in durable solutions interventions. Mobilize and 1.1.4 Resource Mobilization Adequate resources are Optimize mobilized. 1.1.4.1 Conduct Advocacy workshops for provision of public and private land to support Resource relocation IDPs. Allocation. 1.1.4.2 Organize fundraising events and mobilize resources from donors for durable solutions intervention (flights, meetings, DSA, technical support). 1.1.4.3 Engage with and provide incentives to the private sector and diaspora to support the action plan. 2. Access to Basic Services: Internally displaced of displacement populations across Somalia based on persons (IDPs) who have achieved a durable solution to the Federal Member State and local government level their displacement have access to adequate standards consultations carried out by the Department of Poverty of living. The standards of living relate to access to Reduction and Durable Solutions at the Ministry of basic services that include health, water, sanitation and Planning, Investment and Economic Development and education. Access to these basic services is deemed with all the durable solutions stakeholders. Investments adequate where the services are available, accessible, in this pathway will contribute to the achievement acceptable and adaptable to and for the IDP population. of strategic objective 1 of the NDSS. The table below The Government of Somalia has prioritised health, provides a breakdown of the relevant interventions water systems (including sanitation), and education, supporting the solutions pathway outcome under which reflects the needs, rights and legitimate interests access to basic services. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 38 2024 - 2029 SOLUTIONS PATHWAYS 2: ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES TOTAL PATHWAY BUDGET: $ 538,156,310 Outcome Internally displacement persons in Somalia can access acceptable and affordable health, water, sanitation, and education services. Strategic 2.1 Health Sector Sector Budget: Expected Outcome Objective $ 254,363,650 Strengthen 2.1.1 Capacity Development Health institutions are Health strengthened, with 2.1.1.1 Recruitment, retaining and capacity building for medical staff. Institutional enhanced capabilities. Capacity. 2.1.1.2 Strengthening the health system by enhancing government institutional capacity at federal, state, and local level, strategic coordination and comprehensive capacity-building to effectively implement health initiatives and deliver services to the DACs. Provide 2.1.2 Health Infrastructure A robust and resilient Equitable, health infrastructure is 2.1.2.1 Rehabilitation and provision necessary operational environment for effective Efficient and established. service delivery in existing health facilities/centres. Affordable Health Services 2.1.2.2 Establishment and expansion of mobile clinics. to DACs. 2.1.2.3 Construction of new health facilities for effective service delivery in the DAC areas. 2.1.2.4 Hospital infrastructure solar electrification. 2.1.2.5 Construction of new Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Clinics in each site. 2.1.2.6 Construction of elevated water tank with solar power in hospitals. 2.1.2.7 Construction of waste management facilities in the health clinics and purchase of incinerator to handle medical waste. 2.1.2.8 Purchase and provide ambulance vehicles to the existing, newly rehabilitated and/or constructed hospitals to address emergency cases immediately. 2.1.2.9 Mapping out the existing health and nutrition service providers in and near IDP sites. 2.1.2.10 Construct a Referral Hospitals in return areas based on need assessments. Improve the 2.1.3 Public Health DACs access to high- Health Status of quality public health 2.1.3.1 Provision of integrated health and nutrition supplies/equipment in DAC areas. DACs. services is improved. 2.1.3.2 Organize and conduct community health awareness on health-related diseases such as communicable and non-communicable diseases. 2.1.3.3 Vaccination on preventable diseases for HHs including (measles, polio, hepatitis B, tuberculosis, etc). 2.1.3.4 Establishing/Supporting midwifery schools to ensure qualified midwives are trained and able to improve access to quality sexual reproductive health services. Strategic 2.2 Water Sector Sector Budget: Expected Outcome Objective $ 71,044,395 Strengthen 2.2.1 Capacity Development Water institutions at all Water Sector levels are strengthened. 2.2.1.1 Develop water sector capacity building framework and implement priority Capacity and aspects of the framework including Establishment and training for water Governance. committee for operation and maintenance of water systems in DAC areas. 2.2.1.2 Undertake water sector capacity needs assessment and provide relevant capacity building and awareness training programs for community hygiene promoters. 2.2.1.3 Enhance the institutional capacity of government agencies by developing guidelines and protocols to support water policy implementation and advocating water initiatives through strategic coordination and comprehensive capacity- building programs. Establish 2.2.2 Sanitation Systems Reliable, sustainable, and Enhance and sanitation systems 2.2.2.1 Establish waste management system through public-private partnerships with Sanitation are established and waste management companies for effective management. Systems. maintained in DAC areas. 2.2.2.2 Establish Drainage systems in IDP sites and return areas 2.2.2.3 Promote sustainable waste management practices and provision of essential hygiene materials. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 39 Improve Water 2.2.3 Water and Energy Infrastructure Sustainable water Infrastructure. infrastructure are 2.2.3.1 Drilling deep boreholes with solar pumping system/Rehabilitation of existing established and wells. maintained in DAC areas. 2.2.3.2 Map boreholes and water infrastructures. 2.2.3.3 Establish water infrastructure systems with rainwater collection systems (Barkads). 2.2.3.4 Water pipeline extension to houses, schools, health facilities and public centres within the IDP sites. Installation of small-scale micro dams. 2.2.3.5 Install Solar Street Lights in DACs and return areas. Strategic 2.3 Education Sector Sector Budget: Expected Outcome Objective $ 212,748,265 Strengthen 2.3.1 Capacity Development Education institutions Education Sector capacitated. 2.3.1.1 Ensure equal access to resources and opportunities including Deployment of Capacity and government-employed teachers in DAC areas schools. Governance. 2.3.1.2 Conduct awareness and advocacy campaigns on the importance of education (especially training for parent and teacher associations (PTAs). 2.3.1.3 Build the capacity of teachers and head teachers for inclusive learning. 2.3.1.4 Establishment and capacitate education committee at targeted districts in DAC areas. 2.3.1.5 Create Literacy programs for Adult Displaced Affected Communities. 2.3.1.6 Enhance the institutional capacity of government agencies to effectively strengthen policy frameworks and partnerships and implement education initiatives through strategic coordination and comprehensive capacity-building programs. Ensure Equitable 2.3.2 Education Resources Educational resources are Access and expanded and equitably 2.3.2.1 Provision of quality teaching and learning resources (scholastic) materials to Strategic Use distributed. sustain education for IDPs (uniforms, books, pens etc). of Educational Resources. 2.3.2.2 Conditional cash program to improve girlchild enrolment and retention with a focus on the rights of girls. 2.3.2.3 Provision of dignity kits and information and awareness on menstrual hygiene for girls inclusive learning. Establish and 2.3.3 Education Infrastructure DAC children have access Maintain Robust to quality education. 2.3.3.1 Establishment of TVET centres to enhance long term technical education linked Educational to Somalia's rapidly evolving industries and job market. Infrastructure to Ensure DAC Girls 2.3.3.2 Rehabilitation and operalisation of existing school structures. and Boys have 2.3.3.3 Establishment of School feeding programs to encourage school enrolment. Access to Quality Early Childhood 2.3.3.4 Establishment of Safe and Child-friendly spaces (e.g. play-grounds, Basic Primary, entertainment spaces). Secondary, and TVET. 2.3.3.5 Construction of new public schools in DAC areas. 2.3.3.6 Construction of elevated water storage with gender-sensitive handwashing facility and solar system in schools conduct advocacy workshops for provision of public and private land to support relocation of IDPs. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 40 2024 - 2029 3. Employment and Livelihood Opportunities: breakdown describes the different interventions aimed Internally displaced persons, like those who are not at restoring the capacity of IDPs to access resources to displaced, require resources to fulfil their basic needs, meet these basic needs. Investments in this pathway such as employment, finances, or access to credit. will contribute to the realisation of outcome 3 of the IDPs would, therefore, be on a pathway towards a NDSS. The goal of this pathway is to ensure that IDPs durable solution if they can access resources that can are self-reliant. allow them to meet their basic needs. The following SOLUTIONS PATHWAYS 3: EMPLOYMENT AND LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES TOTAL PATHWAY BUDGET: $ 539,871,742 Outcome Internally displaced persons in Somalia are empowered and have the capacity, tools and resources to meet their basic need, enhance their economic prospects and build resilience in the face of socio-economic challenges. Strategic 3.1. Skills and Business Sector Budget: Expected Outcome Objective Development $288,055,732 Empower 3.1.1 Business Development Youth and women in Business 3.1.1.1 Provide start-up capital for creation and promotion of Micro Small and DACs achieve self- Development for Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) for youth and women. reliance through targeted Youth, Women, financial support and 3.1.1.2 Provide a mechanism for market linkage and develop mechanisms for job DACs. market linkages. matching between IDPs and created MSMEs. 3.1.1.3 Create and promote Saving Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOS) and Village Saving and Loan Associations (VSLAs) for DACs. 3.1.1.4 Develop and roll out microfinance access program for women self-help groups. 3.1.1.5 Provide cash for work (CFW) employment opportunities for access public roads clearance, sanitation, hygiene and tree planting for environmental and climate support. 3.1.1.6 Develop innovative financing models with technical assistance and provide matching grants including financial incentive, equipment grants to support the scaling of IDP initiatives. Strengthen 3.1.2 Market Development Access to markets is Market 3.1.2.1 Conduct a comprehensive market and skills needs assessment and analysis. improved. accessibility 3.1.2.2 Conduct a labour market assessment to identify suitable livelihood and through employable skills opportunities for IDPs. Enhanced 3.1.2.3 Develop market infrastructure to improve the business for small businesses. Infrastructure Build Market- 3.1.3 Skills and Business Development DACs are equipped Relevant Skills 3.1.3.1 Training Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLAs) in financial literacy with market-relevant and Employment support and providing them with start-up packages. skills including financial Pathways. literacy. 3.1.4 Capacity Skills Development 3.1.4.1 Provide skill development and interactive education through technical and vocational education and training (TVET), as per the recommendations the comprehensive market and skills needs assessment. 3.1.4.2 Organize trade fairs to allocate quotas for IDP – selective and targeted Job creation for IDPs). National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 41 Strategic 3.2 Agriculture and Fisheries Sector Budget: Expected Outcome Objective Sector $ 228,921,660 Enhance 3.2.1 Agriculture infrastructure The capacity of Sustainable 3.2.1.1 Establish Climate Smart Agriculture technologies farms with greenhouses agricultural and Agriculture each to be benefited for 100 hundred households. fisheriers sector are and Fisheries strengthened. 3.2.1.2 Support farm cooperatives with farm machinery. Development. 3.2.1.3 Construct/rehabilitate major irrigation canals. 3.2.1.4 Establish farm produce preservation facilities for the farmers. 3.2.1.5 Establish agricultural laboratories and research centres. 3.2.1.6 Distribute home and vertical gardening kits to households to enhance food security and nutrition in each district. 3.2.1.7 Construct market infrastructure for trading local produce in each district. 3.2.1.8 Provide climate smart agricultural farm inputs, seeds, crops and equipment to farmers in all districts. 3.2.1.9 Establish and implement a holistic agroecological farm approach to enhance agricultural sustainability and resilience. Promote 3.2.2 Business Development Women and Youth Sustainable 3.2.2.1 Create fisheries enterprises for women groups. in Agribusiness are Agro-Business Empowered. 3.2.2.2 Establish Greenhouse farming for youth and women. Growth and 3.2.2.3 Construct fishery market infrastructure. Entrepreneurial Innovation. 3.2.2.4 Provide temporary income-generating opportunities while improving community infrastructure through a cash-for-work (CFW) program activities such as road construction, irrigation canal rehabilitation, and tree planting. 3.2.2.5 Support fishery farmers fish production and improve their livelihoods through the establishment of fishponds that promote healthy fishery ecosystems. Including (cold chain facility, fridges, boats with machines, fishing equipment) and productive safety nets. 3.2.2.6 Establish value chain addition for the farmers to improve their income generation. Facilitate 3.2.3 Job Creation Employment Inclusive Job 3.2.3.1 Support private enterprises to provide employment for the IDP youth. Opportunities created Creation and for DACs. Economic Integration Enhance Market- 3.2.4 Skills Development Agricultural Practices Relevant Skills. 3.2.4.1 Establish and strengthen fishing associations through provision of training. and Knowledge are Improved. 3.2.4.2 Conduct Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) training sessions for agricultural extension officers. 3.2.4.3 Establish farmer field schools for continuous learning of new farming skills and practices. 3.2.4.4 Provide comprehensive training programs for farmers on Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and sustainable farming practices through integrated natural resource management including, soil health, water conservation, integrated pest management, and renewable energy use using public private partnership with universities and colleges in accelerating the use of climate smart technology. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 42 2024 - 2029 Strategic 3.3 Livestock Sector Sector Budget: Expected outcome Objective $ 22,894,350 Promote 3.3.1 Business Development DACs livestock Sustainable productivity and income livestock generation are enhanced. 3.3.1.1 Provide and adopt digital solutions and tools for livestock production and Business insurance processing to increase efficiency. Growth and Entrepreneurial Innovation. 3.3.1.2 Establishment and operationalization of livestock integrated markets for export and local consumption including feed and livestock fodder banks. 3.3.1.3 Support IDP with restocking livestock including poultry farming. Enhancement 3.3.2 Capacity Development Animal health workers of animal health capacity enhanced. workers capacity . 3.3.2.1 Recruit, train and equip animal health workers. 3.3.2.2 Promote animal health education among the pastoral communities. Enhanced animal 3.3.3 Livestock Infrastructure Robust husbandry and husbandry veterinary infrastructure and veterinary and services are 3.3.3.1 Use technology in mapping and demarcating pastoral grazing land areas infrastructure strengthened. precisely. and services. 3.3.3.2 Establish animal husbandry and veterinary services. Enhance Market- 3.3.4 Skills Development Market-relevant skills Relevant Skills for community health for community workers. 3.3.4.1 Develop and implement training packages for building the capacity of health workers. community health workers (CHWs) including on disease surveillance, monitoring and treatment campaigns. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 43 4. Legal Documentation, Housing, Land, and Property would be too risky to invest in other public services (HLP), and Justice: Access to documentation, secure such as water and sanitation for fear of evictions and land tenure and justice guarantees freedom from forced loss of investments. Investments in this pathway will evictions. IDPs in Somalia reside in locations with contribute to the realisation of strategic objective 1 limited access to tenure security that exposes them to of the NDSS. The table below summarises the key arbitrary evictions that, in turn, produce displacement. interventions that, if implemented, will increase access Access to secure land tenure is the basis of access to land tenure security and adequate housing. to basic services, as without secure land tenure, it SOLUTIONS PATHWAYS 4: LEGAL DOCUMENTATION, HOUSING, LAND, TOTAL PATHWAY BUDGET: $ 663,063,066 AND PROPERTY (HLP), AND JUSTICE Outcome Displacement-affected communities in Somalia have access to land tenure security documents and adequate housing enabling them to experience improved conditions and a heightened sense of security within their communities. Strategic 4.1 Housing, Land and Sector Budget: Expected Outcome Objective Property (HLP) Sector $ 528,290,333 Strengthen 4.1.1.1 Conduct Housing, land and property (HLP) assessment on proposed land for Access to secure land Housing, Land, IDP resettlement to avoid conflict and future evictions. tenure and sustaiable and Property 4.1.1.2 Support the provision of government land registration documents for plots of housing is achieved for Rights by land proposed for IDP settlement. DACs. Facilitating 4.1.1.3 Conduct topographic surveys, area planning, site profiling to inform Secure Land demarcation of plans into piece of plots (Urban Settlement Planning). Tenure and 4.1.1.4 Establishment and strengthening of HLP legal frameworks in the local Providing government and state level authorities to prevent eviction and secondary Durable Housing displacement. for DACs. 4.1.1.5 Development of land management laws in FGS, FMS and BRA. 4.1.1.6 Establish land dispute resolution committees and collaborative dispute resolution committees. 4.1.1.7 Provision of land tenure security with title deeds/occupancy certificates to IDPs. 4.1.1.8 Promoting HLP rights through Community Based Initiatives (CBI) that create sustainability and ownership. 4.1.1.9 Construction of permanent and durable houses (at least 2 rooms with veranda, toilets, kitchens) that can accommodate at least a family consisting of 6 individuals. 4.1.1.10 Provide rental subsidy programs where IDPs are expected to graduate and attain self-sufficiency at the end of the program. 4.1.1.11 Develop Urban City Strategy and ensuring environmental safeguards on newly planned areas for relocation. 4.1.1.12 Construction and rehabilitation Roads and Feeder roads in districts to enhance access and integration. 4.1.1.13 Development and roll out of housing policy that includes the identification of standard housing typology with emphasis on sustainable housing options. 4.1.1.14 Promote Social Cohesion through community support programs aimed at fostering social cohesion and integration among displaced individuals, promoting a sense of belonging and unity within the community. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 44 2024 - 2029 Strategic 4.1.2 Protection Sector Sector Budget: Expected Outcome Objective $ 134,772,733 Strengthen Legal 4.1.2.1 Provide legal awareness and counselling through community lead dialogue. Legal protection and Protection and 4.1.2.2 Support access and provision of national ID cards, passports for IDP access to justice for Access to Justice registration and other identification documents through the National DACs is improved. for Displaced Identification and Registration Agency (NIRA). Affected 4.1.2.3 Develop and reinforce an anti-eviction law. Communities 4.1.2.4 Increase awareness of key stakeholders on human rights and access to justice (DACs). of IDPs. 4.1.2.5 Support access to justice through establishment of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms, generative dialogue sessions, restorative justice training, and legal awareness campaigns. 4.1.2.6 Develop and support the implementation of state level eviction policy and guidelines. 4.1.2.7 Establishment of Gender Based Violence (GBV) response centres for protection and prevention of gender-based violence. 4.1.2.8 Enhance the awareness and capacity of court and police officers to dispense justice and affirm the rule of law for IDPs. 4.1.2.9 Supporting the rule of law and justice providers through enhancing their capacity and awareness of IDP rights (court services, police). 4.1.2.10 Provide support on legal related costs and support functional and accessible courts to adjudicated land issues. 4.1.2.11 Organize accountability meetings between government and community to enhance transparency. 4.1.2.12 Support functional and accessible courts to adjudicated land issues. 4.1.2.13 Strengthening state and municipal land institutions to minimize land conflicts. 4.1.2.14 Establish Women centres in DAC area to promote social cohesion and improve learning. 4.1.2.15 Capacitating judicial officers on human rights. 4.1.2.16 Populating and updating USR for tracking citizen benefits 4.1.2.17 Undertake nutrition sensitive productive safety net interventions. 4.1.2.18 Establish sub-national institutional systems to deliver nutrition sensitive safety net. 4.1.2.19 Establishment of Police Stations in DAC Areas. 4.1.2.20 Establishment of Community Policing, security committees at neighbourhood levels. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 45 5. Addressing Climate Change and Building Strategic Objective 5 of the NDSS. The table below Resilience: Durable solutions to internal displacement describes the interventions that will support the entail the achievement of long-term safety and achievement of resilience outcomes for IDPs. security. This means that IDPs are free from future risks of displacement as a result of ecological shocks and conflict. Investing in this pathway contributes to SOLUTIONS PATHWAY 5: ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE AND BUILDING TOTAL PATHWAY BUDGET: $ 303,925,319 RESILIENCE Outcome Climate-induced displacement and loss of livelihoods is mitigated through addressing climate change and building resilience of DACs Strategic 5.1 Climate and Resilience Sector Budget: Expected Outcome Objective Sector $ 185,561,544 Enhance Climate 5.1.1.1 Establish farmer managed natural regeneration for livelihood and economic DACs have achieved Resilience growth of DACs. greater resilience to and Foster 5.1.1.2 Provide Social safety Nets (SSN for vulnerable households). disasters, climate Sustainable adaptability, and 5.1.1.3 Introduce environmental heal wellbeing and establish. Livelihoods of sustainable livelihoods. 5.1.1.4 Strength and development of early warning system infrastructures for disaster DACs. management in all districts. 5.1.1.5 Establish and strengthen Early Warning Management and Resilience Committees. 5.1.1.6 Provide reforestation interventions with extensive seed distribution. 5.1.1.7 Analyse hot spot potential flood zones using advanced satellite imagery to inform early action to prevent or reduce risk of displacement. 5.1.1.8 Facilitate the development and operationalization of local-level climate and gender equality adaptation strategies. 5.1.1.9 Develop and implement infrastructure flood control development systems. 5.1.1.10 Develop and strengthen existing disaster management plans for each district. 5.1.1.11 Launch re-greening initiatives and planting trees in districts. 5.1.1.12 Introduce community-based rangeland management initiatives. Strategic 5.2 Returns Support Sector Sector Budget: Expected Outcome Objectives $ 118,363,775 Facilitate Safe 5.2.1.1 Facilitation of the return of IDP in their states through dialogue and social IDPs achieve safe, and Sustainable cohesion interventions. and sustainable Returns for 5.2.1.2 Convene Interstate bilateral discussions to facilitate safe return. returns with Internally successful community 5.2.1.3 Provide specialised health service including mental health and psychological Displaced reintegration. support before departure. Persons (IDPs). 5.2.1.4 Conduct voluntary go and see visits arrangements for IDPS who want return to areas of origin. 5.2.1.5 Provide a return package including cash transfer, small business support, transportation and psychosocial support services for IDPs voluntarily returning to their origin areas. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 46 2024 - 2029 6. Data for Solutions: Generating Reliable Data: and implementation of the government’s pathways The achievement of durable solutions is a long-term initiative. Investment in this pathway will support the and non-linear process. As such, progress towards overall monitoring and evaluation of the progress that solutions needs to be carefully tracked, and evidence IDPs are making towards durable solutions. Enhanced on adaptation produced to ensure that IDPs remain on data and knowledge management pertaining to human the pathway towards durable solutions. This requires mobility, disasters, and climate change will enable sufficient, timely, accurate, and reliable data that is the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) and local accessible to all stakeholders who are supporting IDPs communities to devise and execute strategies aimed at to overcome their displacement-related vulnerabilities. proficiently managing displacement, thus alleviating its The data needed relates to IDP needs, locations, and adverse effects. aspirations that are crucial for effective planning SOLUTIONS PATHWAYS 6: DATA FOR SOLUTIONS: GENERATING RELIABLE DATA TOTAL PATHWAY BUDGET: $ 22,885,000 Outcome Durable solutions stakeholders, led by the Somali government, are aware of the progress IDPs are making towards durable solutions and can adapt where IDPs are not on course Strategic 6.1 Data for Solutions Sector Expected Outcome Objective Establish a 6.1.1.1 Establish Single Biometric Data systems and register IDPs An integrated and functioning data Comprehensive to maintain reliable and accountable IDPs demographic ecosystem is established. and Integrated information and better programming support. Data Ecosystem 6.1.1.2 Create online data system to collect, harmonize all relevant for Durable data which hosts the Federal Government and FMS/BRA Solutions in data. Somalia. 6.1.1.3 stablish Data for Solutions Technical Working Group (Government, UN/INGOs, CSO, private sector and DACs) to guide data design, analysis, and interpretation as a platform to improve and use administrative data collected by various stakeholders, to integrate with the data collected through census and surveys. 6.1.1.4 Design and implementation of new surveys, assessments and research related to displacement at all stages. 6.1.1.5 Capacity building training on data management (data collection, verifications, analysis, and reporting for relevant units and line ministries. 6.1.1.6 Develop data management guidelines, regulations and protocols at state level. 6.1.1.7 Conduct country wide IDP Census with the leadership of the government. 6.1.1.8 Conduct joint analysis and data validation sessions at field level/community. 6.1.1.9 Produce translated research report briefs (translation of report findings into Somali language). 6.1.1.10 Standardized and harmonize partners data and provide reliable and coherent government led population data on IDPs. 6.1.1.11 Conduct quarterly project review meeting, field visit, monitoring and evaluation. 6.1.1.12 Conduct durable solution assessment and studies. 6.1.1.13 Conduct durable solutions stock taking reviews. 6.1.1.14 Support the communication and visibility of the durable solutions initiatives. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 47 48

5 MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN 49 National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 50 2024 - 2029 Monitoring and practices will be implemented, including secure and Evaluation Plan organised databases for data storage, regular audits and validations for data quality assurance, and ensuring confidentiality and ethical handling of information. Monitoring and Evaluation Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation The Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Arrangements Management Information System of Solutions Pathways Action Plan will be based on the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for the A critical component of the monitoring and evaluation National Durable Solutions Strategy (NDSS), which arrangements is the establishment of an integrated was developed by the Ministry of Planning, Investment, M&E management information system. This system and Economic Development. This framework provides will streamline data collection, analysis, and reporting, a comprehensive overview of the crucial roles and ensuring that all relevant information is readily functions associated with M&E and learning within the accessible to stakeholders. Additionally, a dedicated context of the NDSS. It serves as a guiding reference, durable solutions website will be developed to provide offering a roadmap for executing M&E activities and project details, work plans, ongoing updates, resources, fostering a culture of continuous learning. and a platform for stakeholder engagement and transparency. The Monitoring and Evaluation Plan Annual Work Plan The primary objectives of the M&E Plan are to track the implementation of strategic initiatives, assess the To effectively implement the solutions pathways action effectiveness and efficiency of interventions, measure plan, it is critical for every implementing agency to the outcomes and impact on target populations, develop a comprehensive annual work plan. This plan identify challenges and areas for improvement, and should outline clear objectives, detailed activities, inform decision-making and policy adjustments. specific timelines, and assigned responsibilities for the upcoming year. The annual work plan should also include Key Components of the M&E Plan aim to establish a key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure progress robust system for tracking progress against predefined and success, as well as a risk management strategy targets. This includes defining clear outcome and output to address potential challenges. These annual work indicators, establishing reliable means of verification, plans should be submitted to the Poverty Reduction determining reporting frequencies, and assigning and Durable Solutions Department at the start of each responsibilities to stakeholders. These elements are fiscal year running from January to December to ensure pivotal for fostering accountability. their alignment with the solutions pathways action plan and it should also be made available on the durable solutions website to enhance stakeholder engagement Data Collection and Analysis and public scrutiny. Data will be collected using various methods to ensure comprehensive coverage. Quantitative methods such as Performance Reviews surveys, questionnaires, and statistical analysis will be employed alongside qualitative methods like interviews, The government will conduct a comprehensive Annual focus groups, and case studies. Mixed methods, Performance Review for all projects and programs at combining quantitative and qualitative approaches, the end of each year. This review will encompass an in- will provide a holistic view. Effective data management depth analysis of the progress made toward achieving National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 51 the objectives outlined in the annual work plans. It durable solutions website, fostering transparency and will assess the effectiveness and efficiency of the accountability throughout the implementation process. activities conducted, measure the outcomes against the key performance indicators (KPIs), and identify successes, challenges, and lessons learned, providing Joint Monitoring and Evaluation actionable recommendations for future planning and improvements. A detailed report summarising In addition to field monitoring, a comprehensive the findings of the review will be prepared and made joint monitoring and evaluation framework will be publicly available on the durable solutions website to implemented. This framework will involve collaboration promote transparency and accountability. between government entities and key stakeholders. The goal is to assess the projects/programs’ overall effectiveness in achieving alignment with the national Quarterly Reviews durable solutions strategy’s core objectives and evaluate the program’s contribution to achieving the Implementing agencies and project steering committees desired solutions outlined in the solutions pathways are required to conduct Quarterly Performance Reviews action plan. Through joint monitoring and evaluation, to ensure that projects and programs remain on track the projects/programs can be continuously refined for throughout the year. Each review will evaluate progress optimal impact. This collaborative approach ensures against the quarterly milestones and KPIs specified that all stakeholders remain informed of progress, in the annual work plans, identify any challenges or challenges, and necessary adjustments. emerging issues, and implement corrective actions as necessary. The findings of the Quarterly Performance Reviews should be documented in concise reports Reporting and Dissemination highlighting key achievements, challenges, and adjustments made during the quarter. These reports M&E findings will be presented in clear, concise, should be shared on the Durable Solutions website and user-friendly reports. These reports will be to maintain transparency and allow for continuous disseminated to a wide range of stakeholders through stakeholder engagement. various channels, including publishing on the durable solutions website. Field Monitoring Roles and Responsibilities To ensure the successful implementation of projects and plans outlined in the national durable solutions strategy, This section outlines the key roles and responsibilities robust field monitoring exercises will be conducted. of stakeholders involved in the implementation, These visits will serve to verify progress, assess monitoring, and evaluation of the Solutions Pathways whether project activities are progressing according Action Plan. Clear delineation of roles helps ensure to established timelines and milestones, evaluate efficient coordination, effective communication, and the quality of project deliverables, ensure project accountability among various entities working towards deliverables meet the expected quality standards as the action plan objectives. outlined in the plans, identify challenges, recognise any unforeseen obstacles or implementation issues that Federal Ministry of Planning (Department Responsible may require adjustments or additional resources, and gather feedback from stakeholders directly involved for the Durable Solutions) in project execution. The findings of these field The Poverty Reduction and Durable Solutions visits will be documented in comprehensive reports. Department shall: These reports will be shared through the dedicated ƒ Provide strategic leadership, technical guidance, National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 52 2024 - 2029 and coordination of the implementation of the ƒ Ensure that all state MDAs and partners comply, M&E activities outlined in the Framework. develop, and implement functional M&E systems, ƒ Support the establishment of functional Durable and periodically produce and disseminate reports Solutions teams in all federal and state MDAs. in line with this framework. ƒ Have the sole responsibility in collaboration with ƒ Support the institutionalisation of the Durable government MDAs and development partners Solutions M&E MIS in close collaboration with the to design, coordinate and undertake evaluations DPRDS and other relevant stakeholders. of durable solutions programs and projects ƒ Promote the development of a culture to demand implemented in the country. and utilise M&E data and information at the state ƒ Promote and support M&E training and capacity level. development across the government. ƒ Oversee and ensure effective compliance and ƒ Ensure that all federal and state MDAs and non- implementation of this framework by state MDAs state actors comply with and implement functional and partners through the submission of annual M&E systems and periodically produce and compliance reports to the department. disseminate reports in line with this framework. ƒ Utilise information from the M&E for evidence- ƒ In close collaboration with relevant stakeholders, based decision-making. develop and institutionalize the National M&E System. Local Government, Regional and District ƒ Promote the development of a culture to demand and utilise M&E data and information. The local governments shall: ƒ Upon conducting the evaluation, the department ƒ Ensure the allocation of adequate staff and a should convene a stakeholder workshop to validate sufficient budget for M&E activities. and disseminate evaluation findings. ƒ Create effective linkages between the regional and ƒ Oversee and ensure the effective compliance and district M&E structures and processes with those implementation of this framework nationwide by at the state level. state and non-state actors by submitting annual ƒ Facilitate capacity building of all staff in results- compliance reports to the Cabinet. based M&E approaches. ƒ Utilise information from the government M&E ƒ Regularly collect data and information from rural system/MIS for evidence-based decision-making. and urban areas. ƒ Produce and submit M&E reports regularly to the parent MDA, as well as disseminate M&E Federal Member State Ministries of Planning information and knowledge products accessible to (Departments responsible for Durable Solutions) all levels of government and other stakeholders. ƒ Provide strategic leadership and technical guidance ƒ Oversee and ensure the effective implementation in the coordination and implementation of the of the framework across the region/district. framework at the state level. ƒ Facilitate the creation of functional M&E Technical ƒ Support the establishment of functional Durable Working Groups at the regional and district levels Solution teams in all state MDAs. consisting of key stakeholders. ƒ Support DPRDS in collaboration with state ƒ Utilise information from the Government M&E/ MDAs and partners in undertaking evaluations of system for evidence-based decision-making. programs and projects implemented in the states. ƒ Create effective linkages between the State Development Partners Ministerial Durable Solutions M&E structures and processes that align with this framework. The development partners shall: ƒ Coordinate and undertake evaluations of programs ƒ Align their programs and projects with the NDPs/ and projects implemented in the state. NDSS and solutions pathways action plan and ƒ Promote and support M&E training and capacity ensure that their projects and programs and comply development at the state level. with the Government mandate on reporting. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 53 ƒ Provide timely and quality data on the recognised definition and is not officially defined implementation and performance of their programs by the Government of Somalia, this narrative of the and projects. Solutions Pathway Costed Plan relies on the description ƒ Participate in public sector planning, monitoring of the term developed by the Global Refugee Led and evaluation processes at all levels of Network (GRLN). Refugees with lived experience of government. displacement developed the definition relevant to ƒ Comply with and support the implementation of displacement situations. Admittedly, the nature of the National Durable Solutions Strategy Monitoring displacement between refugees and IDPs is not the and Evaluation Framework. same as the latter are still under the protection of their ƒ Support the Government’s capacity-building government. However, the definition provided by GRLN initiatives to entrench M&E culture. with necessary modifications is relevant to the context ƒ Utilise information from the Government of IDPs. Their definition of meaningful participation is: Monitoring and Evaluation System for evidence- based decision-making. “[A] process that enables [IDPs] regardless of location, legal recognition, gender, identification, and demographics, to take part in forums and processes Capacity Building where strategies are being developed, or decisions are being made at the local, national […] levels, Capacity building for monitoring and evaluation especially where they facilitate interactions with [their staff forms another crucial pillar of the effective government], donors and other influential bodies; in a implementation of monitoring and evaluation. Training manner that is ethical, sustained, safe and supported programs and workshops will be conducted to enhance financially”22 technical skills in data collection, analysis, and reporting. These initiatives aim to equip government Additionally, this narrative relies on Sherry Arnstein’s and stakeholder staff with the necessary knowledge Ladder of Citizen Participation model, which outlines and tools to fulfil their roles within the M&E effectively. the quality of meaningful participation23. In this work, Arnstein categorises citizen participation into eight rungs that include manipulation and therapy, which Meaningful Participation of Displacement- she terms non-participation; informing, consultation, Affected Communities and placation, which she terms degrees of tokenism; and partnership, delegated power, and citizen control, Meaningful participation among DACs in Somalia which she terms degrees of citizen power. Meaningful has long been a key principle for guiding durable participation processes involve levels of citizen solutions policy and program development. The Federal partnership, delegated power, and citizen control that Government of Somalia adopted the National Durable put greater decision-making power in the hands of Solutions Strategy durable solution principle on citizens and, in this case, the DACs in Somalia that participation, which states as follows: include IDPs, who are all Somali citizens. “Participatory: Interventions should be community- Promoting meaningful participation requires a robust based and use participatory approaches, allowing approach that addresses critical success factors. the population of concerns to choose their preferred These factors include sensitivity to the local context, solutions, define their own priorities and actively cost-effectiveness, realism and adaptability. This participate in the choice, planning and implementation necessitates a set of core standards on meaningful of activities to achieve sustainable and affordable participation that can guide the adaptation of the durable solutions.”21 approach applied in different contexts, given the diverse contexts in which the Solutions Pathway Plans will be Although meaningful participation has no universally implemented. This section sets out some standards for National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 54 2024 - 2029 meaningful participation. These standards are meant to support the development of citizen participation Meaningful Participation Standards models in the different contexts in Somalia. The main goal is to enhance the level of meaningful participation Meaningful participation is a process that needs a set among DACs in the implementation, review and of standards to guide its application. This narrative adaptation of the solutions pathways process. The relies on a set of standards distilled from international standards suggest a bottom-up approach to citizen-led human rights standards. It also includes benchmarks oversight of the process that begins at the village or to gauge the extent to which citizen engagement and neighbourhood level. participation interventions in the Solutions Pathway Costed Plan meet each of the standards and thereby promoting greater citizen participation and control in the plan’s implementation and adaptation process. The table below details the standards and benchmarks for each standard. Standards Benchmark 1. Autonomy and ƒ DACs are aware of their right to set rules of engagement, agenda and key independence: the ability priorities of a broad deliberative and evaluative decision-making process and are of DACs to make decisions confident that their right will be respected for themselves without fear ƒ DACs are willing and able to set the policy and programme agenda and the or undue influence from citizen-led oversight rules of engagement in a safe and secure environment and external actors policy, programme and other actors are willing and able to abide by them ƒ DACs are willing and able to choose representatives from among them to provide citizen-led oversight in the implementation of the costed plans without undue influence from policy, programming or other actors ƒ DAC representatives chosen to provide citizen-led oversight are seen and act independently from the policy, programme and other actors 2. Representation: the ability ƒ DACs are aware of their right to equal and equitable representation in the and willingness of DACs deliberative and evaluative decision-making process and are confident that their to access decision-making right will be respected forums either directly or ƒ All segments (gender, age, PWDs, minority groups & other marginalised through representatives of groups) of society are willing and able to participate in the deliberative and their choice (this includes evaluative process that is safe and free from coercion, are represented at all aspects of subsidiarity, phases of the policy and programming cycles, and those most affected by a diversity, inclusion, policy or programme decision are represented and heard in that deliberative and legitimacy, renewal and evaluative process (diversity, inclusion and subsidiarity principles) anonymity) ƒ DACs believe that the rules of representation in the deliberative and evaluative process are fair, equitable and just and have an equal periodic opportunity to serve in DAC representative forums without fear of retribution or undue influence (legitimacy and renewal principles) ƒ The DAC engagement process recognizes existing forms of community decision- making institutions and ensures that their deliberative and evaluative process has a broad validation mechanism to avoid elite capture National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 55 3. Procedural Fairness: the ƒ DACs are aware of their right to information and being heard and are confident ability and willingness of that this right will be respected by policy, programme and other actors DACs to access adequate ƒ DACs have access to a sufficient amount and appropriate quality of information information and access about the decision to be made and can understand it and have sufficient time to decision makers to make reflect on the information provided relevant to the decision to be made their voice heard without ƒ DACs have access to a safe and confidential space to share their views about the fear of retribution or undue decision to be made without fear of retribution and where they can ask questions influence during the deliberations and policy and programme actors respond to these questions/provide useful feedback ƒ Policy and programme actors provide sufficient time and funds to engaging DACs in the deliberative and evaluation decision-making process 4. Decision Outcome ƒ DACs are aware of their right to have their decisions, preferences, demands Influence: ability and and aspirations have a genuine impact on the policy and programme and are willingness of DACs to confident that they do influence the outcome of ƒ DAC decisions, preferences, demands and aspirations have a genuine impact on the decision-making process the policy or programme without fear of retribution or ƒ DACs have access to the final policy and programme decision and are aware of undue influence how their views were included in the final version of the policy and programme decision and where they were not, they are aware of the reason their views were not included ƒ Policy and programme actors are willing and able to respond to the decisions, preferences, demands and aspirations of DACs and communicate to DACs how their input affected the decision 5. Accountability and ƒ DACs are aware of their right to question and expect responses to their Transparency: the ability questions on the implementation of decisions by policy and programme actors and willingness of DACs and are confident that the right will be respected to question breaches to ƒ DACs are willing and able to ask questions and get answers to enable them to agreed-upon decisions and understand the project and the reasons for the decisions expect remedial action ƒ DACs are aware of how decisions are being made, have access to information where feasible without on the procedure of the decision-making process and understand how public fear of retribution or undue participants were selected influence ƒ Policy and programme actors are willing and able to respond to DACs’ right to question through two-way communication processes that is safe and that inspires DAC confidence to engage 6. Cost-effectiveness: the ƒ DACs are willing and able to contribute to the cost of sustained participation ability and willingness of ƒ Policy and programme actors are willing and able to contribute to the cost of DACs to sustain consistent sustained citizen participation participation in decision- making processes National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 56 2024 - 2029 towards raising awareness of DAC rights to meaningful Citizen Oversight Implementation participation and engaging with the duty bearers to respect these rights. Finally, the level of citizen The Solutions Pathways Costed Plan will invest in participation will be monitored and evaluated over the activities that will ensure the implementation of a lifetime of the costed plan, and results will be used to meaningful participation process that provides greater adapt the process that is sensitive to the different local decision-making power to DACs. These activities contexts. include mapping existing structures in the locations where the costed plan will be implemented and assessing the level of inclusiveness and safety of these structures. It will also include interventions geared The level of citizen participation will be monitored and evaluated over the lifetime of the costed plan, and results will be used to adapt the process that is sensitive to the different local contexts National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 57 58

6 COMMUNICATION STRATEGY 59 National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 60 2024 - 2029 Communication Strategy further refinement of our strategies. By fostering collaboration and support from all relevant stakeholders, The Federal Government of Somalia is dedicated we aim to create a supportive environment for durable to addressing the vulnerabilities faced by internally solutions that respect the rights and dignity of all displaced people (IDPs) through the development and affected individuals in Somalia. implementation of a comprehensive and homegrown durable solutions National Solutions Pathways Action Plan. This communication strategy outlines the Purpose approach to ensuring the protection of the human rights, dignity, safety, and security of all displaced The communication strategy is aimed to amplify the individuals in Somalia aimed at achieving these implementation of the Solutions Pathways Action Plan outcomes through transparent, participatory, and by ensuring effective and meaningful engagement collaborative approaches, engaging a wide range of with all stakeholders, including displacement-affected stakeholders, including the Somali public, displacement communities (DACs), policy and program actors, and affected communities, national and local government other relevant parties.This strategy will ensure that authorities, international and local NGOs, civil society communication efforts are aligned with the overall organisations, United Nations Agencies, donors, and objectives of the Action Plan and that stakeholders are the private sector. adequately informed and involved in the process. Achieving lasting solutions to displacement will require high-level leadership and a “whole-of-government” Objectives approach. The Federal Government of Somalia is committed to developing and implementing this The communication strategy aims to amplify the action plan to meaningfully address the prolonged implementation of the Solutions Pathways Action Plan vulnerabilities of IDPs, vulnerable host communities, by ensuring effective and meaningful engagement with and returnees. all stakeholders, including DACs, policy and program actors, and other relevant parties. The key message is to convey the Federal Government ƒ Awareness: Enhance awareness among DACs of Somalia’s unwavering commitment to developing a about their rights and the opportunities available homegrown Action Plan that effectively addresses the for their participation in decision-making long-standing vulnerabilities of IDPs, vulnerable host processes. This includes providing clear, accessible communities, and returnees. This plan aims to create information about the action plan, its impact on sustainable solutions for one (1) million IDPs across them, and the different ways they can contribute the Federal Member States, demonstrating a steadfast and benefit from the process. Effective awareness- dedication to resolving displacement challenges raising will empower DACs to make informed and fostering stability and prosperity for all affected decisions and actively participate in resolving their individuals. To support this, our communication efforts displacement challenges. will utilise various channels such as press releases, ƒ Engagement: Promote active and informed social media, websites, newsletters, public events, participation of DACs in the Solutions Pathways community outreach programmes, and national and Action Plan’s planning, implementation, and local media to enhance public awareness and foster evaluation phases. This involves creating cooperation. opportunities for DACs to engage meaningfully with the action plan’s processes through public To ensure the continuous improvement of the Action consultations, participatory workshops, and Plan, we will establish mechanisms to gather feedback feedback mechanisms. Ensuring that DACs are from communities and partners. This will promote actively involved in these stages will help tailor the knowledge management, experience sharing, and plan to their needs and enhance its effectiveness. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 61 status and showcasing the positive outcomes ƒ Transparency: Uphold transparency in decision- of DACs’ involvement will reinforce the value making processes and ensure stakeholders are of their engagement and encourage continued regularly informed about progress and outcomes. participation. This involves clear communication about how decisions are made, the criteria used, and the progress of the action plan. Regular updates and Target Audiences open channels for inquiries will help build trust and ensure that all stakeholders are aware of the status The main target audiences for the key messages on the and impact of the plan. Solutions Pathways Action Plan are: ƒ Feedback: Establish and maintain channels ƒ Displacement-Affected Communities (DACs): for receiving and addressing feedback from Primary audience for raising awareness and DACs and other stakeholders to improve the encouraging participation.Efforts should ensure implementation of the action plan. This includes that DACs are well-informed about their rights, the setting up mechanisms such as suggestion boxes, action plan, and how they can engage in decision- hotlines, and digital platforms where stakeholders making processes. can provide input and raise concerns. Regularly ƒ Policy and Programme Actors: Government reviewing and acting on this feedback will ensure officials, NGOs, and other entities involved in that the action plan remains responsive to the implementing the action plan.This audience evolving needs of DACs and other affected parties. needs to be informed about the communication strategy, the progress of the action plan, and their role in supporting DAC engagement and feedback Key Messages mechanisms. ƒ General Public: Broader community to The Solutions Pathways Plan will have key messages build support for the initiatives and increase aimed at providing information on: understanding of the challenges and solutions ƒ Rights and Participation: Inform DACs about related to displacement.Communication efforts their rights to participate in decision-making should foster a supportive environment and processes and the impact of their contributions. increase awareness of the challenges DACs face This message should emphasise that DACs have and the actions being taken to address them. a right to be involved in decisions that affect their lives and that their input is valuable in shaping effective solutions. By understanding their rights Communication Channels and the importance of their involvement, DACs will be more likely to engage actively. The main communication channels to be used are the ƒ Decision-Making Process: Explain the decision- following: making processes involved in the Solutions ƒ Community Meetings: Organize regular meetings Pathways Action Plan, including how DACs at local levels to disseminate updates, gather can contribute and the significance of their community feedback, and address concerns. These involvement. This includes detailing how decisions meetings should be inclusive and accessible and are made, who is involved, and how DACs can have provide a platform for direct interaction. a voice in these processes. Clear explanations will ƒ Workshops and Training Sessions: Conduct help DACs understand their role and the potential educational workshops and training sessions to impact of their participation. inform DACs about their rights, the decision- ƒ Progress and Impact: Share updates on the making processes, and how they can engage progress of the Solutions Pathways Action Plan effectively. These sessions should be designed to and highlight the impacts of DACs’ participation. build capacity and empower DACs to participate Providing regular updates on the implementation actively in the Solutions Pathways. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 62 2024 - 2029 serve as the primary point of contact between ƒ Printed Materials: Develop and distribute DACs and the project team, facilitating meetings, brochures, posters, briefs, and flyers in local gathering feedback, and addressing community languages to ensure wide accessibility of concerns. They will play a crucial role in ensuring information. These materials should be clear and effective communication and engagement with concise and provide essential details about the DACs. action plan and how DACs can get involved. ƒ Digital Platforms: Utilize social media, websites, ƒ Policy and Programme Actors: Ensure and SMS campaigns to reach a broader audience transparency in their operations, provide and provide timely updates. Digital platforms information to the communication team, and should be used to disseminate information quickly, respond to DACs’ inquiries and feedback. engage with stakeholders, and facilitate two-way communication. ƒ Radio and TV Broadcasts: Leverage local radio Budget and TV stations to broadcast information and engage with communities.These broadcasts A budget must be allocated to cover the costs should provide updates on the implementation of associated with the production of printing materials, the action plan, share success stories, and offer running digital campaigns, and organising community a platform for DACs to voice their concerns and meetings and workshops. Sufficient resources must suggestions. also be ensured for training community liaison officers and equipping them with the necessary tools for effective communication. Implementation Plan The successful implementation of the Communication The Implementation Plan includes several key strategy relies on fostering meaningful participation, components. The Initial Awareness Campaign involves ensuring transparency, and building trust among DACs launching a campaign to inform DACs about the and other stakeholders, ultimately contributing to the Solutions Pathways Action Plan and their role in it, successful realisation of the National Action Plan and distributing printed materials, and utilising digital the attainment of durable solutions for displacement- platforms for wider reach. For Ongoing Engagement, affected communities in Somalia. regular community meetings and workshops will be scheduled to maintain engagement and provide continuous updates, ensuring all meetings are inclusive and accessible to all community members. Feedback Mechanisms will be established with clear and accessible channels for DACs to provide feedback, such as suggestion boxes, hotlines, and digital forms, and feedback will be regularly reviewed and addressed to ensure the action plan is responsive to the needs of DACs. Roles and Responsibilities ƒ Communication Team: Responsible for developing and implementing the communication strategy, managing communication channels, and ensuring timely dissemination of information. ƒ Community Liaison Officers: These officers will National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 63 64

7 FINANCING STRATEGY 65 National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 66 2024 - 2029 Financing Strategy to Somalia were estimated to average US $1.3 billion per year. In most cases, and for the vast majority of This Solutions Pathways Action Plan prioritises effective recipients, the funds received were spent to cover complementarities between both ‘on’ and ‘off-budget’ basic needs such as food, rent, electricity, water, and ODA financing in the short term to increasingly leverage children’s school fees25 . government revenues, public-private partnerships, and regulated private service delivery. The costed Action Beyond meeting basic needs, remittance transfers Plan will support the broader National Transformation have also (i) increased access to credit, (ii) enabled Planning process and guide authorities in identifying vulnerable households to repay debt and maintain areas where government revenues and private sector credit lines open, (iii) created safety nets, and (iv) investments are best placed to provide services. The prevented the sale of assets such as livestock or land costing of this plan and clear articulation of geographic in time of crisis .26 and household priorities will allow to leverage existing ODA funds that the government and international Remittances, if facilitated and domestically regulated, community are providing to relevant areas for this plan could play a significant role in preventing, addressing and identify gaps that government revenues can fill. and resolving internal displacement. Supporting initiatives such as the Integrated National Financing The Federal Government of Somalia commits to assess Frameworks would enable the Federal Government and prioritise national and local tax revenues for of Somalia to harness this essential financing tool to essential services benefiting displaced communities. support the financing of the National Transformation Initial funding, including over $136,000,000 for land Plan, including services for vulnerable displacement- acquisition for resettlement of IDPs, showcases the affected communities. government’s dedication to ensuring tenure security and essential services. The Federal Government will also continue prioritising the expansion of digital IDs for displacement-affected Priorities for government revenue allocation include communities to guide the work of Mobile Transfer sectors like housing, infrastructure, health, water, Operators and ensure that remittances and cash energy, flood control, and agriculture, aiming to enhance transfers (including safety net programmes) reach both service delivery and employment opportunities those most in need and the intended targets of some for displaced populations. Pending assessments, the interventions. Federal Government plans to allocate a portion of the national budget to solution priorities. Finally, robust advocacy through regional and continental institutions, where the Federal Government Engagement with the private sector, particularly in of Somalia has membership, will be essential in order water, housing, health, education, and energy, will to achieve a considerable reduction of money transfer be prioritised through public-private partnerships. costs. These remain significant hurdles to the realisation Regulatory frameworks will ensure affordability, of remittances as a financing instrument in Somalia as accessibility, and quality of private sector services for well as in countries of transit and destination for the displaced communities. Somali diaspora. Remittances worldwide have proven to be a significant The Government also aims to engage International and contributor to poverty reduction. UNCTAD estimates Regional Finance Institutions (IFIs) to support essential that a 10 % increase in international remittances as sectors and infrastructure rehabilitation crucial for a share of a country’s GDP can lead to a 1.6% drop in community resilience and economic recovery. Emphasis poverty rates24. will be on leveraging existing and increasing on-budget contributions from IFIs and development partners to Before the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic, remittances deliver national priorities. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 67 The costed Action Plan will support the broader National Transformation Planning process and guide authorities in identifying areas where government revenues and private sector investments are best placed to provide services Climate financing is a crucial component of the Over the next five years, the Government will leverage Government’s funding strategy. The Federal its engagement with IFIs on fiscal transfers to create a Government of Somalia is promoting the utilisation transparent system for development partners to support of vertical funds like the Green Climate Fund (GCF). durable solutions through Government systems. With the support of its development partners, the government is continuing its efforts to address climate Humanitarian assistance will continue to be vital adaptation in Somalia, one of the countries that has for addressing immediate crisis needs. This plan been severely impacted by the climate crisis. aims to guide international investments to ensure life-saving investments remain fit for purpose and Recognising the crucial role of the international that funding of services delivered to populations in community, the Federal Government and local protracted displacement is gradually transitioned to authorities will engage in dialogue to transition towards the establishment of displacement-sensitive safety net on-budget contributions, reducing fragmentation programmes and other forms of long-term, government- in durable solutions investments. In the short term, led and community-informed service delivery. the international community will continue to play a significant role in technical advisory and cooperation on Government priority areas for durable solutions. National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 68 2024 - 2029 References

1 CCCM Cluster Somalia. IDP Site Master List – 1st Quarter 2024. https://data.humdata.org/dataset/ idp-site-master-list-1st-quarter-2024-xlsx?

2 IDMC, 2024

3 International Organization for Migration (IOM), March 2024. DTM Baseline Assessment Report Round 2. IOM Somalia. 4 ibid

5 CCCM Cluster Somalia. IDP Site Master List – 1st Quarter 2024. https://data.humdata.org/dataset/ idp-site-master-list-1st-quarter-2024-xlsx?

6 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), July 2024. Somalia Refugee Returnees Dashboard. https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/110599

7 International Organization for Migration (IOM), March 2024. DTM Baseline Assessment Report Round 2. IOM Somalia. https://dtm.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1461/files/reports/Somalia_Baseline_2_ Round_2_Report.pdf

8 CCCM Cluster Somalia. IDP Site Master List – 1st Quarter 2024. https://data.humdata.org/dataset/ idp-site-master-list-1st-quarter-2024-xlsx?

9 CCCM Cluster Somalia. IDP Site Master List – 1st Quarter 2024. https://data.humdata.org/dataset/ idp-site-master-list-1st-quarter-2024-xlsx?

10 International Organization for Migration (IOM), March 2024. DTM Baseline Assessment Report Round 2. IOM Somalia. https://dtm.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1461/files/reports/Somalia_Baseline_2_ Round_2_Report.pdf

11 CCCM Cluster Somalia. IDP Site Master List – 1st Quarter 2024. https://data.humdata.org/dataset/ idp-site-master-list-1st-quarter-2024-xlsx? 12 ibid

13 CCCM Cluster Somalia. IDP Site Master List – 1st Quarter 2024. https://data.humdata.org/dataset/ idp-site-master-list-1st-quarter-2024-xlsx?

14 International Organization for Migration (IOM), March 2024. DTM Baseline Assessment Report Round 2. IOM Somalia. https://dtm.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1461/files/reports/Somalia_Baseline_2_ Round_2_Report.pdf

15 Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), June 2024. Somalia Country office Programme Update. https:// reliefweb.int/report/somalia/nrc-somalia-country-office-programme-update-no-1-27th-june-2024

16 Somaliland Development Plan III (2023 – 2027). https://slmof.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/ NDP-III.pdf

17 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), December 2020. Somalia Cyclone Gati. https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-cyclone-gati-13-december-2020

18 CCCM Cluster Somalia. IDP Site Master List – 1st Quarter 2024. https://data.humdata.org/dataset/idp- site-master-list-1st-quarter-2024-xlsx? 19 ibid

20 CCCM Cluster Somalia. IDP Site Master List – 1st Quarter 2024. https://data.humdata.org/dataset/idp- site-master-list-1st-quarter-2024-xlsx?

21 The Federal Government of Somalia (2020). The National Durable Solutions Strategy: 2020-2024. FGS: Somalia, p.42-43

22 Global Refugee Led Network et al (2022). Beyond consultations: Unpacking the most essential compo- nents of meaningful participation by refugee leaders, Oxfam: United Kingdom, p.5

23 Arnstein, S.R. A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Planning Association Vol.34 No.4, 1969: 216-224

24 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2023.

25 International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2020.

26 Rift Valley Institute, 2017. 69 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF SOMALIA MINISTRY OF PLANNING INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT National Solutions Pathways Action Plan 2024 - 2029 With Technical and Financial Support from: National Solutions Ministry of Planning, Investment and Economic Development Pathways Action Plan The Federal Government of Somalia 2024 - 2029 Hussein Elabe Fahie Building, Afgoi Road-KM 5, Mogadishu – Somalia www.mop.gov.so