Strategy of the environmental Policy of the Slovak Republic until 2030 (Envirostrategy)

1.1 The prevention of water pollution 13

1.2 Increase in the proportion of treated waste water 13

1.3 Elimination of adverse impacts on water courses 14

1.4 Adjustment of sustainable water prices 14 2. Effective protection of nature and landscape 15

2.1 Stopping the loss of biodiversity 16

2.2 Reform of the state nature conservation institutions 18

2.3 Simplification of the system and the maintenance of non-interference 18 in the area with the highest level of protection

2.4 Evaluation and sustainable use of ecosystem services 19

2.5 Development and implementation of an integrated concept 20 or the protection of nature 3. Sustainable land management 22

3.1 Supporting more environmentally friendly practices in agriculture 23

3.2 Protection and restoration of landscape elements on agricultural land 24

3.3 Addressing the status of white areas 25 4. Production of forest environmental services 26

4.1 Sustainable timber harvesting 27

4.2 Maintaining the prohibition of the logging in the area with the highest 28 level of protection and near rivers

4.3 Effective control of timber harvesting 28 5. The rational use of the rock environment 30 1 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030

5.1 Strengthening of a transparent geological survey 31 Green economy 48

5.2 Effective monitoring and minimization of geological hazards and risks 32 10. Towards the circular economy 48

5.3 Minimization of the impact from mineral extraction on the environment 32 10.1 Support of the circular economy 50

5.4 Remediation of the most risky areas 32 10.2 Gradual increase of fees for waste landfill 51 Climate change and air protection 34 10.3 Introduction of incentive for waste collection depending 51 6. Climate change preventions and reduction of its impacts 34 on the actual quantity of waste

6.1 Continuation of greenhouse gas emission allowance trading 36 10.4 Increase in the prevention of illegal dumping of solid waste based 52

6.2 Implementation of sustainable solutions in transportation 36 on the “polluter pays“ principle

6.3 Development of green infrastructure 37 10.5 Prevention of the production of biodegradable and food waste 53

6.4 Development and implementation of adaptation strategies 37 11. Economic and clean energy 54 at the level of local authorities 11.1 Improving energy efficiency 55

6.5 Prevention and mitigation of the climate change impacts 37 11.2 Developing renewable and environmentally friendly energy sources 55 by protecting ecosystems and their services 11.3 Removal of environmentally harmful subsidies and regulations 56 7. Protection against floods consequences 39 11.4 Improvement of the public awareness of the energy and energy projects 57

7.1 Intensification of the use of green measures 39 12. Economic instruments for a better environment 58

7.2 Completing the necessary infrastructure 40 12.1 Consideration of the environmental tax reform 58

7.3 Prevention of damage by addressing the causes of flooding 40 12.2 Improvement of the control and the reassessment of pollution penalties 59

7.4 Refusal of constructions in flood risk areas 41 13. Environmental education and learning for people of all ages 60 8. Solution to droughts and water scarcities 42 13.1 Improvement of environmental education in formal education 61

8.1 Landscape intervention planning with regard to the protection against 42 13.2 Heading towards the responsible production, consumption and nature 61 water scarcity conservation through informal learning

8.2 Improvement in the area of water re-use 43 13.3 Improvement of environmental awareness through cultural 62

8.3 Water retention in the landscape 43 and natural heritage and tourism 9. Clean air 44 14. Better data for better decision making 64

9.1 Consideration of the introduction of a scheme for emission allowance 45 14.1 Improvement in the range and quality of data collection 64 trading for air pollutants 14.2 Use of data and analysis for the development of measures 66

9.2 The implementation of the Best Available Techniques for small installations 45 Institutional framework 67

9.3 Promotion of more efficient combustion equipment and heating systems 46 List of indicators 72

9.4 Gradual reduction of the coal-fired electricity production 46 List of abbreviations and glossary of terms 76

9.5 Increasing the low-emission transport 46 Bibliography 81 2 3 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 INNOVATIVE AND COMPREHENSIVE from five ministries and the Slovak Government Office, 26 experts from Within the inter-ministerial comment procedure, 444 commentaries were sent PREPARATION PROCEDURE professional ministerial organizations, 28 regarding the document, out of which 344 representatives of non-governmental were substantial. More than half of them OF THE ENVIROSTRATEGY 2030 organizations, 16 representatives of were accepted or joint compromised interest associations of business and wording was agreed. In terms of substantial employers’ organizations, 16 members of commentaries, a conflict was resulted academia and independent experts and in almost two-third of them. More than Thanks to the new approved environmental The aim was to prepare a brief and 19 representatives of cities, municipalities half of commentaries were submitted policy Greener Slovakia – Strategy of readable document that could also be and regions. Working Groups were divided by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural the Environmental Policy of the Slovak understood by the general public. That is into thematic sub-groups. All proposals Development of the Slovak Republic Republic until 2030 (the Envirostrategy also why the Envirostrategy 2030 only has and suggestions have been continuously and representatives of its subordinated 2030), Slovakia determined a way of 44 pages of text, which is relatively rare published so that the public knows what organisations, non-state forest owners how to face the biggest environmental for this type of document. The process of measures are proposed by individual and Slovak Hunting and Forestry Chamber. challenges and address the most serious preparation and participation was under Working Groups. Commentaries were mainly related to environmental problems. The Institute the control of the Office of Plenipotentiary biodiversity, forests and soil sections. for Environmental Policy (IEP) was of the Government of the Slovak Republic The process was carried out seriously also in responsible for preparation of the strategy for the Development of Civil Society, since terms of access to Strategic Environmental Joint efforts thus created a new, modern document. However, it is also result of work the Envirostrategy 2030 was the only Assessment (SEA) and Inter-ministerial and ambitious Envirostrategy 2030, performed by experts not only from the policy of the Ministry of Environment SR Comment Procedure (ICP). Therefore, the defining direction care for environment in Ministry of Environment, but also from other created participatively according to rules inter-ministerial comment procedure only Slovakia for the next more than ten years. ministries, academia, business sector, local approved by the Slovak Government. started after completion of the SEA process. administration and higher territorial units For most laws and strategies, this process The Envirostrategy 2030 was approved and non-governmental organisations. The process itself was innovative in many is usually held in parallel, but this is not right by the Slovak Government on 27 February ways. Before preparing the first draft, an for incorporation of any findings from the 2019. Priorities of the state environmental online questionnaire was available to SEA process. policy were determined based on the general public, where people could the IEP analysis “Three Environmental state which environmental problems Challenges in Slovakia” that compares they consider to be the most serious Slovakia with the EU and OECD countries and propose possible solutions. In total, in terms of basic result indicators. almost 800 proposals were submitted In addition, main environmental by the public, where many of them were problems and challenges were beneficial and incorporated in the first elaborated, assessed and analysed draft. based on current evaluation reports of Slovak Environment Agency, European Seven Working Groups were also created, Commission, European Environment represented nearly by 160 experts from Agency and OECD. various fields – 54 representatives 4 5 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 THE VISION OF A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT and adaptation to climate change, the consequences will be as subdued as possible in Slovakia. AND SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY THE SLOVAK ENVIRONMENT IN 2030 The biggest environmental challenges in Slovakia, and hence areas that will be Slovakia is currently facing many world, Slovakia has already been affected prioritized within the environmental policy by 2030, are issues such as waste environmental challenges. Slovakia has by the climate change with visible impacts, management, air quality and habitat and species conservation, especially in forest, problems with air quality, low levels of waste which will be seriously demonstrated in meadow and wetland ecosystems. recycling, but also with the protection of the future in the form of environmental, ecosystems. Air pollution alone causes economic and health problems. According In terms of air protection, Slovakia will By 2030, the municipal waste recycling more than 5,000 premature deaths a to estimates, only in 2013 the economic achieve its stated goals. Air quality in rate, including the preparation for re-use, year in Slovakia. Environmental problems losses from climate change extremes in 2030 will improve and it will not have a will be increased to 60%, and the land- have had an increasing impact on the Slovakia have been worth more than EUR significant negative impact on human filling rate will be reduced to less than 25% economy, employment and comfort of 1.3 billion. health and the environment. This will be by 2035. A green procurement will cover at the population. In addition, as all over the achieved by strong reduction in emissions least 70% of the total number of all public compared to 2005 - SO2 by 82%, NOx by 50%, procurements, and the support for green NMVOC by 32%, NH3 by 30% and PM2,5 by 49%. innovation, science and research will be at A CURRENT AND MODERN VISION IS REQUIRED Heating systems in households and urban a comparable level to the EU average. The The environmental challenges in Slovakia environmental policy of the Slovak transport will shift to more environmentally energy intensity of the Slovak industry will require a long-term vision and strategic Republic until 2030 (hereinafter referred friendly alternatives. A Green Fiscal be closer to the EU average, and by 2020, direction. The need for a new, modern to as ‚ Envirostrategy 2030 ‚) defines a vision Reform will be considered , which will 1 the sustainability criteria for all renewable environmental policy strategy, which will until 2030, which takes into account a move the burden of taxation towards energy production sources will be reflect the actual situation and urgent possible, probable, and the desired future environmental taxes in accordance with developed and accepted. The production problems of the environment stresses development, identifies the fundamental a “polluter pays“ principle. Environmentally of electricity and heat from coal will be the fact that the valid Strategy - principles systemic problems, sets the objectives harmful subsidies and regulations, such gradually reduced. and priorities of the state environmental until 2030 and proposes a framework for as subsidies for mining and usage of policy was approved in 1993 and has not measures to improve the current situation, domestic lignite will be removed. The protection of biodiversity will be been updated since. and it also contains basic result indicators improved and measures to prevent the that will enable a verification of achieved In the area of climate change mitigation, deterioration of species and habitats will The presented Strategy of the results. Slovakia will reduce greenhouse gas be taken. The system of protected areas emissions in the sectors of emissions and degrees of protection will be reviewed The basic vision of Envirostrategy 2030 is to achieve better environmental quality trading by 43%, and outside these sectors and simplified by 2024. The reassessment and sustainable circulation of the economy, which is based on rigorous protection of by at least 20%, compared to 2005. An of protected areas and their protection environmental compartments and using as little non-renewable natural resources effective emissions trading scheme will zones will take into account international and hazardous substances as possible, which will lead to an improvement in health continue. Adaptation measures will reflect criteria for the allocation of management of the population. Environmental protection and sustainable consumption will be the specifics of regions and respond to categories of protected areas under the part of the general awareness of citizens and policy makers. Through the prevention climate change to a sufficient extent. IUCN, respecting property rights by the 1 The term “will be considered“ is in the context of Envirostrategy 2030 understood as a reassessment of the measure / proposal that includes an analysis of the effectiveness and importance of measures, economic, social and environmental impacts, as well as financial analysis and other necessary analyses and documentations. 6 7 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 application of compensations. In the re- authorities and citizens, in accordance HOW CAN WE ENSURE THIS? assessed national parks that are classified with the valid legislation. under IUCN management category II of Sufficient state, public and private controlling institutions will monitor the protected areas, the core zone will be In cooperation with the central funding sources will be secured to ensure fulfilment of these objectives and measures. without a human intervention, which will government authorities and their that all objectives and measures of reach 50% of the total area of the national professional organizations, academia, the Envirostrategy 2030 will be fulfilled. On the basis of the analysis of effectiveness, park by 2025 and 75% of this area by non-governmental organizations and If there are any increased costs, the economic, social and environmental 2030. Logging will be prohibited in non- municipalities, the system of formal and State will provide sufficient resources for impacts, a system of state-owned land interference zones and environmentally informal environmental education and central government authorities and their management in protected areas will be friendly land management will be preferred training for sustainable development will professional organizations, as well as reviewed, in order to ensure integrated in areas with active management. The become more efficient. They will receive municipalities and the business sector. land management. The implementation total value of forest ecosystem services special attention through action plans It will be administrated according to the of the Envirostrategy 2030 objectives will not decrease. Public and institutional for the implementation of the National priority areas and measures set in the and measures will be respected in the control of logging will be increased. The Programme of Education and Training. Envirostrategy 2030. The measures will policies and legislative proposals of all protection and restoration of landscape Monitoring and evaluation of educational be prioritised on the basis of professional departments. Active cooperation between features on agricultural land will be visible activities will be introduced. This will criteria, taking into account the principles departments, professional institutions, and organic farming will account for at improve the extent and quality of collected of value for money. business sector, employers, regions, least 13.5% of the total agricultural land. data, particularly in the areas of water, air owners and land managers and non- and waste, and it will improve the provision Envirostrategy 2030 proposes the basic governmental organizations will ensure an Slovakia will achieve at least a „good of information and data on natural direction of future policies to improve the effective communication and solutions of status“ of water, and water potential resources. The data will be available to the condition of the environment. The Ministry environmental problems. All these bodies in regards to drainage and water public as far as possible, and they will be of the Environment of the Slovak Republic will be equal partners in the implementation treatment in agglomerations with more used to generate analyses and models in cooperation with other responsible of the Envirostrategy 2030 objectives and than 2,000 inhabitants will be 100% and in that will form the basis for the formulation departments and their specialized and other partial strategies. agglomerations with fewer inhabitants of new measures and policies. 50% by 2030. Green measures, along with the necessary technical infrastructure, will be included in the flood protection National Programme of Education and Training. Monitoring and evaluation of THE BIGGEST ENVIRONMENTAL system. By means of water retention, educational activities will be introduced. CHALLENGES IN SR better landscape planning and more This will improve the extent and quality of responsible water management, we will collected data, particularly in the areas of help reduce drought and water scarcity. water, air and waste, and it will improve the provision of information and data Identifying major problems helps prioritize limited because their impact and purpose Slovakia will do its utmost to eliminate on natural resources. The data will be proposals of new policies and spending may wear off in higher volumes. environmental burdens, which will be a available to the public as far as possible, in areas where we objectively achieve the high priority. The process of geological and they will be used to generate analyses worst results. With limited capacities and The biggest environmental problems in survey and the extraction of minerals will and models that will form the basis for the public resources this approach is a necessity. Slovakia can include waste management, take into consideration the opinion of local formulation of new measures and policies. However the number of priorities should be air quality and habitat and species 8 9 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 conservation, especially in forest, meadow The state of the environment in Slovakia environmental damage and other long-term sustainable consumption of and wetland ecosystems. Based on is positively influenced by the low water environmental problems. It is therefore natural resources, high quality of water, internationally comparable indicators that consumption per capita and its large necessary to set up policies that will forests, land, but also each piece of measure the extent of results achieved in reserves. The quality of drinking water from prevent such situations, in order to achieve landscape around us. individual environmental areas, Slovakia the public water supply is also sufficient. mostly lags behind industrialised countries However, the problem may be contaminated in waste management and air quality. The water from own water wells. The low rate 1. ENOUGH CLEAN WATER FOR EVERYONE rate of municipal waste recycling is one of of connections to waste water treatment the lowest in the EU, while land-filling is still plants is also problematic. The overall quality A good condition and water potential of all water bodies through the dominant form of waste disposal, and of life is not a bigger issue than in other the restoration of river ecosystems will be accomplished. its rate is one of the highest in the EU. Air OECD countries, although there is room for Agglomerations with more than 2,000 inhabitants equivalent will reach 100% and quality has been in the long term decreased improvement. agglomerations with less than this number will reach 50% share of drainage and due to excessive dust, ground-level ozone, water treatment by 2030. The water price will take into account the principle of high concentrations of nitrogen dioxide Environmental policy stringency in Slovakia reimbursement of costs for water services, including environmental and resource and benzo (a) pyrene. However, in both has been assessed as above average costs, in accordance with the „polluter pays“ principle. areas there has been a gradual, progress. compared to OECD countries, the key remains Insufficient protection of rare habitats and the competitiveness of Slovak companies. Water is a strategic resource and natural wealth and it is indispensable for life and economy. species within forest ecosystems (such as According to the World Bank, we lag behind With regard to climate change, its shortage becomes a key issue not only for developing capercaillie), balancing their protection with other countries in the quality of regulations countries, but also for many developed countries. For the coming period, therefore, at least economic development, legal security of rare and law enforcement. Slovakia has also a good state of water and efficient use of water resources will be a priority. localities (e.g. beech primeval forests) and reached, in the long term, below-average insufficient approximation of EU directives results in research and development and 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 to the SR legal system in relation to nature patents and citations of scientific journals The specific water consumption SK 79,8 80,8 78,7 76,7 77,3 78,0 protection and forest conservation, have in the environmental field. in households (litres/PC. per day) EÚ - - - - - - been criticized by institutions such as the European Commission or UNESCO. Population supplied from public SK 86,9 87,0 87,4 87,7 88,3 88,6 water supply networks (%) V4 95,6 93,8 95,7 - - - SUSTAINABLE USE AND EFFECTIVE Population connected to public SK 61,6 62,4 63,6 64,7 65,2 66,4 sewers V4 74,0 75,2 76,7 - - - PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES (%) SK 105 111 130 103 101 - Production of waste water (m per capita) 3 - - - - - - The proportion of treated waste SK 98,0 96,6 98,0 98,5 98,8 99,1 The Earth´s resources are scarce, therefore current ecosystems. The requirements of water to untreated (%) EÚ - - - - - - it is necessary to use them so that their the economy often affect the environment consumption is not at the expense of in terms of both quantity and quality, Note: Data sources for all indicators used in the document can be found in the List of used indicators future generations and the destruction of which can lead to the emergence of 10 11 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Water consumption in the Slovak public water supply networks is regularly 1.1 THE PREVENTION OF WATER POLLUTION Republic (SR) decreases annually and controlled and meets hygiene limits for is one of the lowest in the EU. Slovakia its consumption, the quality of water from Illegally discharged waste water from An application of good agricultural has one of the largest sources of quality private wells does not always meet the households, commerce and services, but practices, countermeasures in agricultural drinking water in Central Europe in the requirements for safe drinking water, and also from the industry or leakage from landscape, preventing spillage from fields Danube Region, and at the same time, its use can be risky. environmental burdens and agricultural and drainage systems into waters are it belongs to countries that use only a activity, significantly pollute surface key measures, which help reduce water fraction of their reserves each year. Due The basic need for the functioning water and ground water. Strengthening and pollution caused by agricultural activity. to the uneven distribution of groundwater bodies is their good functional state, streamlining of controls, documentation Mandatory damping green lines and resources in Slovakia, there are also areas which still some of them fail to reach. of legal waste water disposal and a threat accompanying vegetation along the with insufficient groundwater reserves More than a half of surface water bodies of real effective sanctions will help limit water courses are an effective measure (e.g. Krupina or Košice). Total water achieve good ecological state or potential these actions. to mitigate such pollution. consumption has slightly declined in and almost all of them achieve good the long run, which may have a positive chemical status. Surface water bodies

1.2 INCREASE IN THE PROPORTION OF TREATED WASTE WATER environmental trend, but it can also are in most cases in a good chemical and have a negative impact on the health good quantitative state. A proportion of the population connected to 100% and agglomerations with a lower of population and maintenance of basic public water supply and public sewers will number of inhabitants will reach 50% of hygiene principles. Drinking water is a key In Slovakia, less than two-thirds of be increased by building new infrastructure drainage and waste water treatment. The factor in the environment, which affects the population is connected to public and by connection of citizens, who have problem of cost-effectiveness is more the health condition of the population. sewers. Despite the public sewer system not used this option yet. Where it is efficient, visible in smaller municipalities than in Household water consumption has already built, tens of thousands of citizens the public sewer system will be completed larger agglomerations, which may also fallen below the sanitary minimum remain voluntarily unconnected. The also in agglomerations with less than lead up to the construction of smaller and recommended by the World Health development of this area, despite the 2,000 inhabitants, even in locations that less efficient water treatment plants, which Organization in recent years. The reason progress, lags behind the development have had limited opportunities to apply will improve the status of surface water. may be the increase in prices of water, of public water supply networks. A half to a financial contribution. A priority will improvement of technologies using water, less of waste water is discharged into be given to the locations in protected If it possible in regards to the local and or purely statistically, due to higher use the water courses than in 1995. The share water management areas or in areas with regional conditions, Slovakia will make use of individual wells of which their supply is and absolute value of the discharged extensive pollution. of the innovative (environmentally friendly) not recorded in official statistics. Global polluted waste water have been reduced. infrastructure (e.g. vegetation, membrane, climate change will put increasing Approximately, half of the total waste In spite of the existing possibility, a number container waste water treatment plants, demands on water supplies and therefore water has undergone tertiary treatment. of inhabitants, due to various causes etc.) and decentralized cleaning. Rainwater it is essential to ensure a sustainable are still yet to connect to public sewers. in Slovakia is mostly discharged through a consumption. A system of accounting and inspection unified sewer network into the waste water will therefore be strengthened. Slovakia treatment plant, and thus part of the waste All public water supply networks will thus increase the connection of water. The optimization of the waste water comply with the hygienic limits and they population to waste water treatment infrastructure will enable rainwater and currently supply 88% of the population. plants, and by 2030, agglomerations with wastewater to be collected separately. While the quality of drinking water from more than 2,000 inhabitants will reach 12 13 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030

1.3 ELIMINATION OF ADVERSE IMPACTS ON WATER COURSES 2. EFFECTIVE PROTECTION OF NATURE In terms of the impact on water status, functioning of river ecosystems. AND LANDSCAPE there are three main groups of significant hydromorphological changes: a disruption The prioritization of renewal of land Slovakia will prevent the deterioration of protected species and of longitudinal connection of the rivers and improvement channels will be set, habitats. By 2030, at least 15% of degraded ecosystems will be restored. the habitats, a disruption of transverse depending on their function and use. The The assessment and appropriate completion of protected areas scheme as well connection of wetlands and inundation land improvement facilitators, which are as drafting, approval and implementation of documents will provide protection with sewer and other morphological an important additional source of water, opportunities for all significant species and habitats in the SR. A simplified system changes and hydrological changes. will be deployed, while unnecessary of protected areas and degrees of protection will enable a stricter protection Potential negative impacts are also or inefficient drainage channels will and targeted care in accordance with international standards. The core zone will caused by new infrastructure projects. In be left without an intervention of comprise territories without human intervention, which land area, after assessment connection with the implementation of their spontaneous revitalization. Land by 2024, will reach 50% of the total area of each national park management new infrastructure projects, a principle improvement channels can also drain category II of protected areas under IUCN by 2025 and 75% of this area by 2030. of maintaining the flow of water courses water from areas, where it is necessary. For A valuation and payments for ecosystem services will create conditions for their will be applied, and in the case of existing this reason, it will be important to assess comprehensive and sustainable provision. An integrated concept of landscape barriers, an objective of their gradual where the operation and maintenance protection will be developed and implemented. removal will be pursued. The insufficient of channels is needed and where it is hydromorphological status is one of the environmentally harmful. There can also A number of species are, due to human For this reason, the protected areas obstacles to achieving a good ecological be economic aspects, where ecosystem intervention, threatened with extinction. cannot be easily categorized according state of water courses. It is therefore services of such areas are several times Only the mapped endangered species to the IUCN management categories, essential to focus on the revitalization and higher than other direct economic returns are estimated in tens of thousands in for example, none of the Slovak national re-naturalization of water courses and (e.g. earnings from the sale of hay). If they the world, and according to the IUCN, parks fulfill the condition of prevalence the adjacent riverine landscapes and to are harmful to the environment, their the endangerment in some groups is up of areas without human intervention. ensure the coherence of water courses, removal will be considered. to a half of the species in the group. In According to the IUCN in category II, the which is one of the basic conditions for the Slovakia, for example, it involves orchids, national parks are categorized as large butterflies or amphibians. functional ecosystems of sufficient ecological quality, which structure and

1.4 ADJUSTMENT OF SUSTAINABLE WATER PRICES The state of European significant species function is very close to the natural state. The water pricing model will include producing and supplying drinking water and habitats has shown gradual environmental protection costs as well as through the public water supply network, improvements, especially due to a better The protection does not only concern costs for resources, in accordance with drainage and waste water treatment. A knowledge. Around one fifth of species the endangered species in protected the „polluter pays“ principle. Until now, price of water that is used in agriculture will and one-third of biotopes of European areas, but also the nature outside them, environmental protection costs have guarantee an environmentally sustainable importance were in favourable conditions which has a major impact on ecological been taken into account only partially, a production of agriculture, even during the in 2013. The system of protected areas connectivity, health and quality of life. rise in prices was mainly due to costs of drought periods. in Slovakia was not historically built on Slovakia has the third lowest uniformity the basis of widespread professional in the distribution of urban green areas discussion and international standards. in the EU. According to the WHO, urban 14 15 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 green areas have a positive impact on are large green areas in the Slovak towns, their ecosystem services, based on the and if it can adversely affect native species health and help towns better adapt to the but at the same time, locations with the participation of all concerned parties, and habitats. A knowledge obtained from adverse effects of climate change. There low occurrence of greenery. will be implemented. In cooperation with the research of special protected areas will owners and land managers, via utilization be applied in the planning of management of all available resources, the protection measures, development of action plans,

2.1 STOPPING THE LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY and restoration of forests, meadows but also in implementation of measures. and pastures that represent the highest Conditions to minimize the negative (2 out of 8 national parks, 13 out of 41 special biodiversity ecosystems and the creation An effective fight against environmental impacts of anthropogenic activity will be protection areas, 87 out of 642 sites of of agroforestry systems will be supported. crime will be ensured. In the area of created, including the impacts of climate European importance). The remaining The conservation of these ecosystems will combating illegal hunting, poisoning, killing change, causing the reduction of biological conservation programs for protected areas, be ensured in accordance with nature of animals, stealing and damaging plants diversity of plant and animal species and that will contain measurable goals of their conservation documents and in the and trafficking in endangered species, the loss of habitats, and the law enforcement improvement and specific measures, will close co-ordination with the State Nature cooperation of the relevant departments in the field of nature protection will be be completed and approved. The starting Conservation Organization and owners, and organizations will be strengthened. For enhanced. The completion of the point for their creation and implementation land managers and land users, notably example, the fight against illegal harvesting national part of the Natura 2000 network will be valid international and national through the form of contractual care, in of forest fruits, or an entry of motor vehicles, of protected areas and the systems of commitments and standards, prioritized a manner that does not harm biodiversity four-wheelers and motorbikes into forests, internationally important territories on the basis of expert criteria, taking into and respect the specific conditions set out will also be intensified. The Police Force of with appropriate protection, will further account the principles of value for money. in the relevant documentation. In the case the Slovak Republic will also participate enhance the conditions for the protection The zoning of national parks, along with of a negative economic impact to owners in these goals. New regulations will be of internationally and nationally important their reassessment, will be implemented and users, a system of contributions will be adopted at the national level in relation species and habitats and they will also by 2024. Conservation programs will be applied to cover increased costs. to trade in endangered species, based on increase the contribution of the Slovak updated and completed following the the application practice, while problems Republic to halting the global loss of reassessment of protected areas. Research in protected areas will be with the implementation and enforcement biodiversity. With the involvement of all carried out in cooperation with specialized of current national legal standards will relevant bodies and based on the OECD By 2030, at least 15% of degraded institutions and, in the case of interest, be taken into account. The existing tools recommendations, a comprehensive ecosystems in Slovakia, such as with the business sector, employers, will be used more efficiently and they will strategy of protected areas will be the upper boundary of the forest, municipalities and the third sector. be complemented by the possibility of developed, because the concept of nature especially salt marshes, wetlands, peat The research will be implemented in applying them to the internet market as conservation from 2006 has not yet been bogs and lowland forests, which have conjunction with owners, land managers well. updated. The creation of the strategy will been significantly affected by human and land users. State organizations, in take into account the benefits and costs activity, will be restored. In the case of association with academic institutions, Hunting and other activities will respect the of various options and the most recent agricultural use of these ecosystems, professional organizations and non- needs of protected species and habitats. scientific knowledge and experience the most environmentally friendly governmental organizations will regularly Hunting of decreasing, vulnerable and from abroad, while respecting the processes will be used. The protection update the red lists of endangered species migratory species of protected animals natural conditions and national specifics of primeval forests and their habitat, as and habitats and propose measures to will be carried out in accordance with the of Slovakia. By 2018, only a part of the well as an appropriate management of save them. Research, mapping, control and international obligations of the Slovak conservation programs for protected their protection zones will be ensured. legitimate removal of invasive non-native Republic. areas were approved by the government The wetland restoration program and species will be carried out, if it is justified, 16 17 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030

2.2 REFORM OF THE STATE NATURE CONSERVATION all concerned parties, and according to demarcation will be reviewed and then the best practice of IUCN criteria and local adjusted in accordance with the IUCN INSTITUTIONS needs. In the case of national parks, the criteria for the national park management review will be carried out, at the latest, by category. The core zone will comprise An integrated management is optimal for Funding and staffing of the ŠOP SR and 2024. The integrity and representation of territories without human intervention, the efficient operation and management other governmental authorities for ecosystems, preservation of species of which land area will reach 50% of the of national parks and other protected nature conservation will be adequate international and national importance total area of each national park by 2025 areas. for their tasks, and a comprehensive and and endangered species and habitats will and 75% of this area by 2030. The territory sustainable system of funding for nature be taken into account. The Ministry of the of the national parks around the non- The organizational structure and conservation organizations, primarily Environment will assess the effectiveness interference zones will function as a processes of the State Nature from innovative sources and the state of the preservation of protected areas protection zone. The non-interference Conservation Organization (ŠOP SR) and budget, will be in place by 2030. The according to the framework made by the and peripheral zones of national parks and governmental authorities for nature professional and personnel capacities World Commission on Protected Areas other protected areas will be defined by conservation will be more efficient and of nature conservation organizations IUCN. An optimization of the protected area zoning and properly marked. In national it will be more suited to the requirements and law enforcement bodies will be system will be accomplished. parks, where the protection will require of nature and landscape protection. A developed, and the attained information human intervention, the non-interference system for evaluating the effectiveness will be put into practice. The possibility of The most preserved natural habitats area can be less than 50% of the National of measures in protected areas will be put transferring of a part of local competences without the need for active conservation Park. Small-scale areas will either be fully in place. A nature guard service for forest, and resources from ŠOP SR to a lower will remain or will be added to the so-called classified as non-interference zones or fishing, hunting and others will cooperate level will be reviewed. In the areas, such non-interference zones. Inclusion of these they will be categorized among areas with with the Police Force of the Slovak as felling authorizations in towns and locations into the non-interference regime active protection, or separated. Republic more efficiently and closely. villages, the transfer of competencies will take place with the authorization of The integrated guard details and other from municipalities to district offices will an owner, by means of, for example, In the long run, it is also necessary competence details will be considered be considered and analysed. financial compensation or land exchange. to resolve ownership relationships in during the implementation of measures. In addition, other private or state lands protected areas and gradually transfer may be included with the consent of them, as much as possible, to state

2.3 SIMPLIFICATION OF THE SYSTEM owners, users and the Nature Conservation ownership and administration by means of AND THE MAINTENANCE OF NON-INTERFERENCE Organization. Non-interference should not exchange, purchase and long-term lease, affect existing legal functional buildings. or contractual care and, if appropriate, IN THE AREA WITH THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF PROTECTION also by an authorized delimitation - in the National parks and their territorial case of the state lands. The system of protected areas and standards in the past. They were often individual degrees of protection created without sufficient cooperation throughout the whole of area of Slovakia with owners and land users. The protection 2.4 EVALUATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF ECOSYSTEM will be reviewed. In comparison with and conservation of those areas has not SERVICES the EU, the Slovak Republic has a high been in many cases sufficient. By 2030, proportion of protected areas to the total with a view of effective nature protection, Ecosystem services represent the benefits will be taken into account equally and state area. However, these areas were not the entire framework of protected areas and gains that ecosystems provide to the they will also be included in the national created in accordance with international will be reviewed with the participation of population. By 2030, all ecosystem services accounting system. Ecosystem services 18 19 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 will be evaluated and quantified and they In the framework of agriculture, way and possibilities of financing and by building wildlife overpasses in places will be considered for investments and environmentally friendly practices will maintaining official hiking and cycling with the most frequent occurrence of wild policy-making, as well as for assessment be applied using agri-environmental routes as an important part of ecosystem animals roadkill. of impact activities on the environment. instruments. By 2030, the impact of services. The protection, planning and The creation of a comprehensive system agriculture on the preservation of management of the landscape with the The urban greenery will have sufficient for assessing ecosystem services and biodiversity in farmed lands, especially participation of the public, municipalities, space to maintain local microclimate their sustainable use as well as the within the framework of protected areas, will third sector, owners and land managers will regulation, rainfall retention, and wind possibility of their monetizing will be be reviewed. Procedures, which maximally be ensured, respecting the competencies of speed reduction in urban environment. supported. Payments for ecosystem enhance the quality of ecosystem services municipalities and self-governing regions. The mere planning and implementation services will create sufficient incentives will receive a primary support in these areas. of construction projects in towns should for their maintenance. The research Promoting biodiversity can contribute to A town planning will ensure a balanced take into consideration - how to minimize and evaluation of ecosystem services is the ecological balance, for example, birds relationship between the needs of the the loss of greenery and trees. Types generally in its early stages. For example, of prey can be a suitable alternative to population, economic activity and the of plant species in urban areas will be estimates of the ecosystem services of chemical protection in the elimination of environment. The measures proposed selected, so that they have a minimal the national parks of Veľká Fatra, Slovak rodents and small field pests. The status in the nature and landscape protection negative impact on human health, and the Paradise and Muránska planina and the and possibilities for an improvement documentation and in town environmental consideration will also be given to decrease survey on the willingness to pay for a visit of nature conservation will be explored stability systems will be an obligatory basis the potential for non-native species and to the Tatra National Park have been in cooperation with agriculture, forestry, for the town planning and land consolidation their spreading to other locations. A carried out. fisheries, tourism and other departments. processes. The protection of elements of greening of the urban environment will territorial systems for ecological stability will primarily use native species. The share be ensured. A documentation containing of greenery in towns, weighted by the

2.5 DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN proposals for landscape elements, number of inhabitants, should increase INTEGRATED CONCEPT FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATURE including land consolidation projects and to at least 40% in the nationwide average, town planning, will be integrated, and it will and all inhabitants of regional towns should An integrated concept of nature and landscape elements, this concept will include the concept of green infrastructure. have access to greenery within 10 minutes. protection will be developed on the basis also apply to the town planning and it will The impact on the landscape will also be The maintenance of urban greenery and of the European Landscape Convention. regulate land use in and around towns. It will assessed under Environmental Impact green infrastructure will take into account Characteristic forms of landscape in apply a landscape revitalization program Assessment (EIA) processes and, in the not only the financial and aesthetic accordance with the historical and natural to restore ecosystem functions, ecological case of policies and strategic documents, aspect, but also a positive health effect, context will be preserved and revitalized. connectivity and the ecological stability the Strategic Environmental Assessment maximizing impacts on local microclimate In cooperation with municipalities, based of the landscape. This will increase the will be applied. The fragmentation of regulation, rainwater harvesting efficiency, on the recommendations of experts from diversity of the landscape and avoid further animal populations will be prevented and and sustainability of further maintenance, Infra Eco Network Europe, the so-called fragmentation with respect to corridors appropriate preventive, mitigating and nature protection requirements, insect roadless areas, which are essential for the linking ecologically important territories, remedial measures will be put in place pollinators’ requirements and recreational conservation of species and habitats that which are necessary for migrating species, to secure animal migration corridors and needs of the population. require extensive unspoiled locations, will particularly, large carnivores. The official tackle their collisions with infrastructure, also be included in the concept. In addition hiking and cycling routes will be maintained to nature outside of special protected areas in a usable form. The State will look for the 20 21 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 3. SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT has been in the long term solid. Recently, Ecological or organic farming produces there has been a trend of deterioration food without the use of synthetic pesticides of physical features of the soil. A soil and fertilizers and with good animal Controls of compliance with restrictions in areas threatened by compaction has been problematic. From welfare. By this way, grains, pulses, different nitrates will be strengthened. A gradual recovery of the landscape a chemical point of view, especially in kinds of vegetables or fruits and medicinal elements on agricultural land will take place. Organic agricultural production intensively farmed soils, there has been plants are grown in Slovakia. There is also will occupy at least 13.5% of agricultural land. By 2030, conditions will be created an increase in the presence of acid a strong representation of organic farms, to resolve the status of the so-called white areas. soils. An absence of agricultural drain especially cattle, sheep and goats farms. and poor soil absorption, due to the Slovakia still lags behind in organic pig and Intensification of agriculture, especially and have a negative impact on water and preference of industrial fertilizers, results poultry farming, most of the production is the use of fertilizers, has a major impact air quality, threaten biodiversity, disturb in rapid fluctuations of water levels during used for the export, as a raw material for on the environment. Substances that get the ozone layer and contribute to global heavy rainfall and the lack of water for further processing. It is estimated that up into soil with fertilizers, leak from the soil climate change. crop growth. This reduces agricultural to 75% of crops and 90% of flowering plants production and increases the risk of depend on pollinators. However, they are 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 water scarcity, droughts, floods and water currently seriously threatened, mainly SK 67,3 73,8 62,7 66,1 83,3 68,8 - erosion, which threaten more than a third by human activities, which are primarily Efficient use of nitrogen (%) of the land. related to the use of pesticides and the OECD 55 - - - - - - cultivation of monocultures and energy Total area of arable SK 0,261 0,26 0,261 0,261 0,261 0,26 0,26 Organic farming accounts for crops (oilseed rape, maize) but also due land per capita approximately 9.5% of all agricultural land. to climate change. (hectare per capita) EÚ 0,258 0,258 0,257 0,258 0,257 0,255 - Consumption of nitrogen supplied in industrial fertilizers SK 55,4 62,5 65 72,9 74,5 70,1 76,9 3.1 SUPPORTING MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY (kg/hectare) PRACTICES IN AGRICULTURE Slovakia identified about one-third of its consumption in 1990. The trend of nitrogen Organic farming will account for at least due to agricultural machinery, in order to area as a zone threatened by nitrates. consumption through industrial fertilizers 13.5% of land in 2030, the same as in promote soil biodiversity. The laws will be The area of Western Slovakia is relatively has been increasing in recent years. the Czech Republic. In particular, large strictly complied and the consequences more vulnerable due to significant sources Although the situation has improved by agricultural areas will require consistent for non-compliance will be drawn. of groundwater but recently, in terms of more than a half compared to 1990, the crop rotation, depending on their nutrient nitrate content, the groundwater quality leaking nitrogen has a negative impact requirements, irrigation and depth of Diversification of crops will prevent the has stabilized. Compared to the EU on the environment. rooting. Deep ploughing and contour loss of nutrients in the soil, desertification, countries, Slovak soil contains relatively ploughing will increase the absorption and it will function as a pest prevention. small amount of nutrients, which leads to The condition of almost 99% of agricultural capacity of the soil and prevent erosion. The traditional local varieties that higher consumption of industrial fertilizers. land fund is hygienically satisfactory. Poor ploughing of fall lines causes the are better able to adapt to the local The average consumption of industrial Contaminated soil occurs predominantly drainage of the most fertile top soil through climatic conditions will be preserved and fertilizers in Slovakia is lower than in most in areas of the industrial activity, the the rain water. Measures will be taken to protected. Genetic technologies, genetic EU countries and reaches about 40% of proportion in mountain and foothill regions reduce the compaction of agricultural soil engineering and modern biotechnology 22 23 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 must not restrict the biological diversity soils will be taken. Drainage projects in connectivity of natural elements of the New woody windbreaks and accompanying of species of organisms and micro- municipalities will specify quantification of landscape, it is a form of bio-corridors vegetation of domestic species will be organisms in nature, nor disturb the impact of agriculture on increased nitrate and interacting elements and it increases planted to reduce water and wind erosion balance of the natural biological chain. levels in waters. In regards to sustainable the landscape‘s traversability for wild and soil dry-up. Mandatory damping green At the same time, the protection of land management, the fertilization by animals. Agro-forestry systems, which lines with natural vegetation along water pollinators and habitats suitable for treated and environmentally friendly will be supported, can also have a positive courses, preventing the outwash from the the growth of their populations will be sewage sludge will be used more widely. impact. The conservation of river bank fields and drainage systems to waters, help increased. and watercourse vegetation and regular increase the proportion of retained water in An involvement of the general public in care of woody plants, for example, by the country and at the same time, reduce The full-area monitoring will be carried out the establishment of the SR‘s position building short-term ecological areas - the pollution of waters by agricultural to determine and assess the presence of within the framework of the EU approval lines consisting of a mixture of non-woody activity and a risk of water erosion. pollutants in the soil. A stricter control of process for the release of genetically plants is very important. the sale and use of industrial substances modified organisms (GMOs) into the in agriculture will be introduced. A environment will be enhanced. The Slovak consumption of pesticides will decrease Republic will follow, in regards to GMOs, 3.3 ADDRESSING THE STATUS OF WHITE AREAS in agriculture and its continuous decline the precaution principle and will require By 2030, the conditions for the status or their mixtures, meeting the criteria of will be ensured. These decisions will be a review of the possible long-term effects completion of the so-called white areas the forest. Inconsistencies in their record supported by expert analyses, which will of GMOs on health and the environment, will be created in order to harmonize the and use must be removed. Appropriate be consulted with concerned parties. At including non-target organisms, before type of land held in the land register with management and farming that is best the same time, in areas that are vulnerable they are released on the market. Particular the actual state of the land, or the land suited to the area will be established to nitrates, the control of compliance with attention will be paid to GMOs that could use to be the same as the land type in the on the white areas in conjunction with the action program will be reinforced, and cause unwanted cross-breeding with the land register. The white areas comprise owners, users, or land managers, and measures to increase organic matter in wild related species. agricultural land which does not function preventive tools will be created to avoid its original purpose, a land that has long the creation of such areas in the future.

3.2 PROTECTION AND RESTORATION OF LANDSCAPE been absent from agricultural activity and a land that is covered by trees, bushes ELEMENTS ON AGRICULTURAL LAND By 2030, a gradual restoration of and animal shelters. landscape elements will take place on agricultural land. Woody plants and Vegetation on the agricultural lands grassland will be preserved or returned fulfils an important natural-ecological, to agricultural land. Field groves, dense anti-erosive, biological and landscaping strips of the wooded area, solitary trees function. It is also crucial for flood protection and other landscape elements serve both and the promotion of sustainable use as a corridor, windbreak, anti-erosion of natural resources. Non-forest woody measures, and at the same time, as an vegetation helps enhance the ecological area with various protected plant species stability of the landscape, biodiversity, 24 25 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 4. PRODUCTION OF FOREST ENVIRONMENTAL 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 SERVICES The area of forestry land SK 41,0 41,0 41,0 41,1 41,1 41,2 41,1 from the total area of the SR (in% of total area) EÚ - - - - - 41,0 - Logging will continue in a sustainable way. Logging will be prohibited in non-interference zones, and environmentally friendly Defoliation of trees SK 38,6 34,7 37,9 43,4 37,9 34,5 40,3 land management will be preferred in areas with an active management. (in%) EÚ 22,7 24,2 20,5 20,5 22,5 24,1 The total value of forest ecosystem services will not decrease. The public and The intensity of use SK 82,5 78,7 67,9 65,4 78,0 77,0 77,0 institutional control of logging will be increased. of forestry resources (in%) OECD 58,5 59,1 57,9 57,1 63,4 59,19 The proportion of wind Forests have a major impact on the a vital importance for people and the on the actual logging SK 18,2 17,4 12,1 14,3 53,4 36,2 12,71 water regime in the country, they prevent environment. (in%) erosion, protect the soil, maintain air The proportion of spruce bark quality and protect biodiversity. In Slovakia grows more wood than it beetle on the actual logging SK 27,8 18,2 15,2 15,5 6,9 13,1 29,25 addition, they pave the way for tourism, harvests. The intensity of logging, and (in%) recreation and improve health of the therefore the proportion of actual The actual logging population. The functions of forests are harvesting and growth of wood, is in SK 9 860 9 467 8 232 7 837 9 417 9 143 9 321 (thousand m3) represented by benefits and effects that the longer term higher than in other they provide, while the forest production OECD countries, and this trend has been The main determinants of adverse health high degree of defoliation, where at least functions are functions that result in the increasing over the last 10 years. To a condition of Slovak forests include climate a quarter of their leaves are damaged. benefits, especially of material nature. large extent, it is caused by accidental change and related weather fluctuations This has been in the long term more than The non-productive functions of forests logging due to calamities of various (especially wind), insect pests and human the European average. Kysuce, Orava and are soil protection, water management factors (wind, drought, insects or fungi) impact, which intervention results in the Spiš-Tatra region are areas with the and climatic functions, social functions and, to a lesser extent, by illegal logging. ageing and poorly diversified, and thus long-term worst health status of forests. - medicinal, cultural, educational and The stock of timber from deciduous trees mostly vulnerable, forests. The defoliation In Slovakia, 10.5 thousand hectares of recreational, as well as a protective has been increasing in comparison with is also an indicator of forest damage, primeval forests and their remains have function of the environment and water. the timber from coniferous trees, which which means loss of leaves in trees. More been preserved. These forest functions should not be has been decreasing since 2010, due to than a third of trees in Slovakia are in a undermined by a production function, the deterioration of coniferous forests which is historically associated with caused by harmful factors. At present, it the wood production. Their balance is possible to talk about the historically 4.1 SUSTAINABLE TIMBER HARVESTING will be achieved in a way that the highest stock of wood in forests in forests will continue to evenly maintain Slovakia in a century, and it can be said Forest conservation programs will law on protection of nature and countryside all these functions for the society. In that the current stock of timber is at its obligatorily contain conditions for the is applicable. Processing of timber due to recent years, there has been a growing peak and due to the progressive change protection of species of animals, plants, fungi damage caused by harmful factors in forests awareness of the importance of forest of age structure of forests, its gradual and their habitats relating to the protection will be subject to reporting obligations within functions that do not produce any direct decrease is expected. of wooded land, for each individual part of specified limits, and it may be stopped or financial value, however, they provide woodland, where the compliance with the restricted. 26 27 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Owners or forest managers will continue to Tools to eliminate the surface run-off details and competence details will elimination of unlawful procedures related be motivated towards an environmentally will be applied on forest roads and their be considered when implementing a to logging and transport of timber. friendly management. In order to minimize regular maintenance will be carried out. measure. The integrated guard will be in the negative impact of timber harvesting on Unnecessary and unused forest roads cooperation with the Police Force of the Transparency and public control in forestry ecosystems, environmentally friendly forest will be reassessed for their impact on Slovak Republic, and it will impose fines on management field will increase, which will management will be pursued, restriction on soil erosion and, if necessary, disrupted. the spot when an infringement is detected, lead to a more efficient administration of planting of non-natural woody monocultures Forest owners will be allowed not to log, submit proposals to the law enforcement public resources and the prevention of and clearcutting and large-scale logging if they decide themselves, and if it will authorities and cooperate with them illegal logging. The data already available will continue, and growth of diversity and not endanger surrounding wooded land, and check the legality of harvested and to the State, which collection and update cultivation and planting of native wood property or health. transported timber. Traceability of wood is financed from public funding, will species will be enhanced. origin and legality of logging will be be publicly available. Logging permits, improved (for example, timber-haulage including records of changes, will be trucks may be equipped with GPS with publicly available with a link to a map

4.2 MAINTAINING THE PROHIBITION OF THE LOGGING available data on the Internet, or timber available on the Internet, such as, for IN THE AREA WITH THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF PROTECTION handling warehouses will have a camera example, in Bulgaria. The control of forests AND NEAR RIVERS system). A mobile app for the public will owned by the State and local authorities be developed to control the logging and will be even stricter. They will have an In the non-interference zones, the absolute existing vegetation along water courses transport of timber. The origin of the timber obligation to disclose orders, invoices, prohibition of harvesting and processing will be in place and at the same time will be monitored and the fines for illegal contracts, financial statements, tax (also salvage felling) of timber will be inadequate logging of timber, which could logging will be significantly increased, returns, etc. on the internet to ensure that maintained, except for the cases that endanger the water-holding capacity with the possibility of a prohibition on the public can control the management threaten human health and property, of the landscape will be prohibited. logging in the repeated demonstration of of public property. Municipalities will clean-up of access roads and walkways Logging in protected areas, where active illegal harvesting. Enforcement of the EU disclose the entire request for felling and possible threats to water courses. management will be applied, with the regulation laying down the obligations of trees in their administrative proceedings, There will be no other exception to timber exception of commercial forests, will be operators who place timber and timber including information about tree species harvesting. Reimbursement of the cost implemented in accordance with the products on the market (EUTR). and reasons for felling. Municipalities for implementing these measures will be conservation requirements of species and will be obliged to disclose data on the secured from the resources of the body habitats defined in the nature conservation The Regional Police Headquarters of the management of funds, which might be that applies the non-interference regime. documentation. In areas with active Police Force designated for the detection obtained, if the felling license includes an Forests will be left to self-management and management, environmentally friendly and investigation of environmental obligation of financial compensation. the natural regeneration of ecosystems land management will be preferred. crime will be involved in the control and will be promoted. Effective protection of

4.3 EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF TIMBER HARVESTING The integrated guard will be set up the fulfilment of other obligations, and to monitor the implementation of the capacity, authority and law enforcement harvest in individual locations as well as will be improved. Integrated guard 28 29 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 5. THE RATIONAL USE OF THE ROCK Slovakia has reserves of mineral raw environment, groundwater and soil and materials on 587 deposits, of which pose a serious risk to human health. ENVIRONMENT approximately one-third is usable. 31 These are generally areas that have deposits of energy raw materials, one ore been contaminated by industrial, military, By 2030, Slovakia will endeavour to eliminate environmental burdens, deposit and 173 non-metalliferous minerals transport, agricultural and extractive as a high priority. Safe disposal of environmental damage will be fully and construction raw materials deposits are activities, as well as by bad waste covered by its contributors. Effective work with local authorities and the public used of the registered reserves . The Ministry 2 management. There are 1758 locations will continue during the geological survey. Health protection from the risks of of the Environment of the Slovak Republic with environmental burden in Slovakia, of soil contamination and nature preservation will be considered as a priority. A maintains records of exclusive deposits in which 147 are with the highest priority of legislative obligation, to carry out an engineering geological survey before setting the Slovak Republic and annually compiles the solution. Up to a half of the high risk up structures in the slide areas and prior to the realisation of strategic large-scale a record of non-reserved mineral deposits. areas are landfills, while the most polluted and line constructions will be introduced. areas are mainly related to the chemical Environmental burdens pollute the rock industry. It is necessary to carry out a wide range of The geological environment represents geological works to ensure a sustainable natural resources and opportunities

5.1 STRENGTHENING OF A TRANSPARENT GEOLOGICAL development of the society, and to that can be provided for the positive protect the rock environment with the development of society. These include, SURVEY necessary coordination of the geological in particular, natural raw materials, environment potentials and the geological sources of ordinary and natural mineral Geological surveys funded from both when assessing the EIA. Persons and bodies hazards and risks they entail. Strategic groundwater, geothermal sources, fertile public and private sources will continue responsible for proposals for the designation raw materials and investments also have soils and good foundation soils. to be publicly disclosed. The awareness of of exploration areas and exercising control, important economic and social aspects. affected municipalities and the public at must not be in conflict of interest. all stages of the geological survey, from 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 preparation to exploration as well as the Fundamentally, the implementation of control extraction of minerals itself, will be improved mechanisms will be improved and sufficient The proportion of remediated environmental burdens 43,6 43,9 45,5 45,1 45,5 and strengthened. Utilizing public resources financial and capacity monitoring needs will (%) will minimize duplication of geological be ensured. Controls will be increased and The proportion of reclaimed, closed and work. It will be mandatory to carry out an intensified, fees for exploration areas and fines abandoned extractive waste disposal sites 12 12 12 12 12 (%) engineering geological survey before setting for non-compliance with the regulations will up structures in the slide areas and prior to increase. If an inspection reveals a repeated The proportion of remediated slide area on the total the realisation of strategic large-scale and breach of the geological law, the exploration of the registered slide area in the Slovak Republic 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 (%) line constructions. area will be abolished. The requirements for entities that may be holders of the exploration Researched environmental burdens 3 8 143 7 7 When carrying out the geological work, the area will be tightened and avoidance of (figure) objectivity, transparency, efficiency and speculative conduct in identifying exploration Remediated environmental burdens 7 6 27 3 7 independence of the EIA process will be areas will be ensured. Companies that have (figure) increased. The opinion of local authorities and debts towards the State will not be granted Monitored environmental burdens the affected public will be taken into account an exploration area. 161 242 311 (figure) 2 The figure at the end of 2017. Mineral reserves are regularly updated and therefore reported data may not be valid at a later date. 30 31 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030

5.2 EFFECTIVE MONITORING AND MINIMIZATION material, and spillages of leaking acidic hazardous locations of extractive waste wastewater from tips and tailings. The dumps, preventive and post-remediation OF GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS AND RISKS impact of geological contamination on monitoring, exploration of hazardous the health status of the population is high. and potentially hazardous locations of The solution of slope deformations and waters that are at risk. All verified risk and The health hazard is caused by an excess extractive waste dumps, remediation other geodynamic effects, environmental remediation information will be provided to of potentially toxic elements. of priority extractive waste dumps, burdens, environmental damage, the public, as well as to the local authorities technical and safety supervision of monitoring of geological factors and and concerned businesses. The prevention The prevention of risks arising from tailings, notification of the public and local closed and abandoned extractive waste of risks of sliding will be improved closed and abandoned extractive waste authorities about the risks arising from the dumps will be prioritized according to the by cooperating with town planning dumps will consist of an update of the extractive waste dumps. degree of danger to life, health, drinking authorities and building authorities, and inventory and classification of potentially water resources, protected areas, the education and awareness-raising dwellings, property and other economic activity, by providing information on the activity. The priority will be the remediation risks of sliding to the professional and lay of areas with underground and surface public, will be strengthened.

5.3 MINIMIZATION OF THE IMPACT FROM MINERAL EXTRACTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT If the damage caused by extraction Hydraulic fracturing of rocks will be directed activities is confirmed, the responsible party to a complete ban. These activities increase will have an obligation to compensate the seismic risks, the risk of water pollution, affected public, for example, in connection and they also decrease the possibilities with excessive noise, dust or vibrations. of subsequent elimination of causes. This An authorization of mining and extractive objective is in line with both European and activities will be subject to the BAT Slovak climate goals and commitments. conditions - the Best Available Techniques.

5.4 REMEDIATION OF THE RISKIEST AREAS Environmental burdens caused by treatment, refining and storage. They industrial, extractive, military, transport and are currently abandoned and have been agricultural activities will be remediated. left without proper maintenance and Closed and abandoned extracting waste monitoring by an unknown owner or deposits have been created during operator. Major risks include their possible the exploration, opening, preparation collapse due to static disruption, adverse and mining of minerals, including their chemical composition of deposited 32 33 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 CLIMATE CHANGE AND AIR PROTECTION and increasing carbon sequestration. In order to better adapt to climate change, adaptation measures need to be taken at regional and local levels. 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Climate change means a change of the increases the amount of heat trapped, Total greenhouse SK 0,36 0,35 0,34 0,31 0,31 0,28 - - gas emissions to long-term nature in a particular area, which thereby changing the energy ratios in the GDP may be due to an increase in average atmosphere. This process is progressing OECD 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34 - - - - (in kg/1000USD) temperatures, more frequent occurrences faster than ever in history, and the main Total greenhouse of extreme natural phenomena, or a drop cause of the current changes are human SK 8,5 8,6 8,5 8,0 7,9 7,5 7,6 - gas emissions per in rainfall. Climate change, in particular, activities, mainly burning of fossil fuels, capita OECD 12,8 13,1 12,9 12,7 12,6 12,4 - - causes a greenhouse effect. This effect as well as other activities. Global climate (in t/PC) arises from the passage of short-wave solar change is a worldwide problem, but The amount of radiation through the atmosphere. After there are measures that can mitigate greenhouse gas SK 45,7 46,6 45,5 43,3 42,9 40,7 41,3 41,0 impact on the Earth’s surface, the radiation and even prevent its impact on Slovakia. emissions is absorbed in the atmosphere (small part), In our environment, this is especially (in million tonnes) or reflected and absorbed by the Earth’s the case for reducing greenhouse gas The amount of greenhouse gas surface and atmosphere (the larger part). emissions, protecting and revitalizing emissions in the The absorbed portion is transformed into ecosystems, reducing and mitigating the SK -8,1 -5 -11,2 -14,7 -19,4 -24,4 -23,2 -23,7 non-ETS sectors long-wavelength radiation. risk of floods and soil erosion. The current (% change compared challenge is also to prevent and reduce to 2005) The problem is that increased the consequences of drought and other concentration of greenhouse gases also unwanted impacts of climate change. By 2030, average temperatures are expected change, as well as on the action plan to to increase in each season. As a result of address the consequences of drought and 6. CLIMATE CHANGE PREVENTIONS climate change, the occurrence of extreme water scarcity. events is increasing. The main document, in AND REDUCTION OF ITS IMPACTS the mitigation field, will be the Low-Carbon The amount of released greenhouse gases Strategy of the Slovak Republic until 2030 during the last twenty-five years has fallen By 2030, greenhouse gas emissions in the non-ETS sectors will with a view to 2050, where efficient and mainly due to the transformation of the decrease by 20% in Slovakia, compared with 2005. Green fiscal tax cost-effective measures will be proposed, economy and the introduction of more reform will be considered together with an increase in environmental taxes. especially in the areas of transport, energy stringent national legislation. The energy Publicly funded projects will be assessed in terms of green infrastructure. efficiency, industrial production and power productivity of the Slovak economy has Emission zones will be introduced in towns and transport solutions without engineering. One of the instruments for been able to catch up with the OECD negative climatic impacts will be encouraged. Under the Adaptation Strategy, climate change mitigation will be the average relatively quickly, which can also be local authorities will introduce specific measures. implementation of measures in specific due to decreasing consumption of energy areas based on the action plan of the raw materials. While GDP has grown over the To reduce the progress of climate change, measures aimed at limiting the amount updated Adaptation Strategy of the Slovak past two decades, gross domestic energy it is necessary to introduce mitigation of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere Republic on the adverse impacts of climate consumption has been steadily declining. 34 35 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 The areas with the highest number of and transport, their volume has been transport to railway or water transport, from individual car transport to public produced emissions are energy, industry declining only slowly. and in passenger transport, a shift transport, cycling and walking.

6.1 CONTINUATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION 6.3 DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ALLOWANCE TRADING In the implementation of new projects include: greening of public spaces and and in the reconstruction works, the roofs, increasing rainwater harvesting, The Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), EU ETS scheme, and also if the surplus in principle of „environmentally friendly linking up transport projects with nature, which in Slovakia covers about 50% of the non-ETS sectors is reached, it can sell the solutions“ will be applied, based on expanding urban parks and urban green total annual greenhouse gas emissions, annual allocated allowances to cover the use of green infrastructure. Project areas, and promoting biodiversity in will continue to be a key pillar for cost- emissions produced in these sectors. The proposals will include a mandatory urban areas. Building green infrastructure effective greenhouse gas emission proceeds from the sale of all emission analysis of possible application of such in agricultural land can also help adapt to reductions in industry, energy and air allowances will be used for the fulfilment solutions. An example of such projects can climate change. transport. The EU ETS scheme is based of environmental targets in the area on a „cap-and-trade““ system with a set of climate change, and to ensure the of continuously reduced annual ceiling reduction of greenhouse gas emissions 6.4 DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION for the volume of released emissions. The of the national economy, or to support scheme aims to reduce greenhouse gas climate projects and measures in STRATEGIES AT THE LEVEL OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES emissions by 43% by 2030 compared to developing countries. Slovakia will make Towns and their institutions already based on the Adaptation Strategy of 2005. the best use of support mechanisms that have room for incorporating adaptation the Slovak Republic on Adverse Impacts are laid down in the revised Emissions measures into strategic documents. In of Climate Change, will set priorities Slovakia has an option to sell about 55% Trading Directive to achieve the climate order to increase the efficiency of their for individual locations of adaptation. of its annual emission ceiling under the change targets. implementation, legislative changes Low-population villages will cooperate will be made to adequately ensure the with either bigger local authority or two

6.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS preparation of adaptation strategies or more will combine efforts towards the at the level of regions and towns with preparation of action plans. Adapting IN TRANSPORTATION clearly defined measures and sufficient measures will be adjusted to the region funding, and in particular to ensure their according to geographical conditions. Fuel prices should reflect their transport and transport solutions, it will projection into town planning. The law, environmental impacts. Fossil fuels will be necessary to analyse their impact therefore gradually balance the tax on climate and air quality, taking into burden on petrol and diesel, with a view to account cost-effectiveness or value- 6.5 PREVENTION AND MITIGATION OF THE CLIMATE ensure competitiveness and promotion of for-money principle. Long-term solutions alternative fuels, along with infrastructure will be preferred. Promoting sustainable CHANGE IMPACTS BY PROTECTING ECOSYSTEMS building. When determining appropriate solutions in transport involves an effort AND THEIR SERVICES rates, it will be necessary to consider the to make changes in the overall division impact on the business environment. of transport work. In freight transport, The importance of protecting ecosystems change is underlined by many UN and EU In the procurement of new means of it includes a shift from road freight and their services in the area of climate international documents, including the 36 37 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Paris Agreement. Sustainable solutions of the population. Agriculture, forestry, the 7. PROTECTION AGAINST FLOODS CONSEQUENCES help not only to carbon storage and water business sector as well as healthcare and retention, but also to conservation and territorial development remain key sectors. Slovakia will ensure the protection of human life and health, restoration of ecosystems, landscape It will be necessary to reconcile various property, environment, cultural heritage and economic activity restoration, flow of water courses, strategies that address climate change from floods, drought and water scarcity, using all available measures and resources. connection of fragmented ecosystems, and the preservation of ecosystems, and Greater use will be made of green measures, which together with the necessary and they provide an opportunity to remove inconsistencies. technical infrastructure will be an integral part of the flood protection system. improve the standard of living and health Damage will be prevented by alleviating root causes and also by compliance with town planning created on the basis of flood maps. Global climate change increases extreme times higher than investment in flood weather fluctuations. In Slovakia, it is protection. In the last 20 years, the mainly in the form of extreme heat and recorded average annual cost of frequent torrential rains which result in flood damage in Slovakia has reached flooding. The floods are natural and often approximately €70 million, the highest desirable in protected areas, as a part of being in 2010, when the damage and the the environment, therefore it is necessary cost of security and rescue work reached to distinguish where it is environmentally more than half a billion Euros. The most appropriate and economical to combat vulnerable area is Eastern Slovakia. Up this natural force. to two-fifths of all flood events have occurred in the Prešov region. In general, flood damage is several

7.1 INTENSIFICATION OF THE USE OF GREEN MEASURES Where it is applicable and efficient, mitigating environmentally friendly green measures will be preferable to measures will also be implemented. slow down the flow of water from the landscape into water courses, increasing The revitalization of watercourses, the retention capacity of river basin or wetlands, opening of dead branches and promoting natural water accumulation. functional inundation will be top priorities. Green measures will be implemented In selected areas, a space for the river and across the whole country area, not natural river processes will be created, only in the water course, but also in to reduce run-off. Flood protection urban, agricultural and forest land. In measures will not carry or increase the circumstances of a new or upgrading risk of flooding in areas below the water existing technical infrastructure, the course. 38 39 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030

7.2 COMPLETING THE NECESSARY INFRASTRUCTURE with the compaction of agricultural soil, The State and governmental authorities its inappropriate management and will determine at what level, what remedial Slovakia will implement flood protection surrounding environment. For each flood unsuitable forest interventions, caused measures will be put in place, taking into measures to ensure the protection protection measure, the State will ensure that the water is quickly drained away account cost effectiveness, efficiency and of human life and health, property, effective maintenance and operation from the country during rainfall. This sustainability. environment, cultural heritage and throughout the planned duration of the unfavourable situation needs to be economic activity, as set out in the flood construction, as well as the maintenance stopped and reversed. According to the analyses, the State will risk management plans. These plans of monitoring and forecasting system. be able to assess the impact of care for will be reviewed and updated every 6 The analysis of the causes of floods will be forests, agricultural or urbanized land on years. Finances will be consistent with Slovakia will thoroughly asses and justify more accurate and will be focused on the the occurrence of floods in Slovakia. The plans to target areas identified as being the necessity of the realization of water specific removable causes identified in the database of causes and consequences at significant risk for floods. Plans will be engineering structures and evaluate the river basin. Subsequent corrective actions of flood events will help other targeted based on accurate data combining the potential of all flood control measures will be implemented at local, regional preventive measures. If the originating likelihood of floods, the vulnerability of in the country and their revitalization, or national level. These may be minor body of the flood event can be determined, area and cost effectiveness. which may lead, among other things, to measures such as bridge reconstruction, they will be responsible for the remedy an increase in the protective capacity of removal of barriers in water courses, or or compensation. The principle of From a sustainability point of view, the existing structures. Further measures will national measures, such as management responsibility will lead to better flood maintenance of existing measures, be proposed based on an assessment of built-up area, forests or agricultural land. prevention. including non-structural (forecasting of the effectiveness of the green and system, monitoring), will be maintained technical infrastructure. These data will

7.4 REFUSAL OF CONSTRUCTIONS IN FLOOD RISK AREAS for the population in a given area. The take into account all impacts on the State will ensure sufficient financing of the landscape, water bodies, biotopes and Strenuously observed town planning that deteriorate a state in the flood area maintenance of existing flood protection population, and will not only focus on the will be an effective tool to prevent flood will be removed. measures in order to fulfil their protective flood protection. At the same time, the damage. Construction and inappropriate function without safety risks and without financial efficiency of different types of activities on a flood plain will not continue The State, according to the ‘user pays‘ negative environmental impact on the measures will be compared. to be permitted. For this purpose, accurate principle will find a way to involve the and freely available flood hazard and risk population at risk, in financing their flood maps, which are updated every 6 years, protection. One option is the financing from

7.3 PREVENTION OF DAMAGE BY ADDRESSING will be used. the property flood insurance coverage. THE CAUSES OF FLOODING Other options are the introduction of a Construction work and other activities local tax only for this purpose. In addition, Preventing the detrimental consequences in urban, agricultural and forest land will should not increase the flood risk. it may be a matter of introducing a of floods will primarily be the concern be conducted in a way to prevent rapid Consideration will be given to the contribution to implemented flood control for ecosystems and the landscape as a drainage of rainwater. At the same time, introduction of a requirement for an measures or an obligation to implement whole. Measures to mitigate floods will attention will be paid to the increasing investor to retain and effectively handle measures on own holdings to reduce the be coordinated not only by watercourse area of hard surfaces, especially in the the rainfall on their own land in a way that general risks of floods. This will ensure the administrators, but also by other relevant built-up area of towns and villages. The does not endanger neighbouring lands long-term and more direct financing of bodies in the country. Land management development of the last decade, together and other person´s property. Incentives flood protection. 40 41 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 8. SOLUTION TO DROUGHTS AND WATER SCARCITIES 8.2 IMPROVEMENT IN THE AREA OF WATER RE-USE Better planning in urban, agricultural and forest land will lead In support of this area from public sources, and land users would therefore be able to to more efficient water management. Water resources, such as renovations or construction of buildings, take all available measures to retain water rainwater and water reuse, will be used effectively. Retention of water will alleviate sufficient information should be provided from the surface run-off in the landscape the consequences of the drought and lack of water in the country. on the possibilities and preference of the concerned for its subsequent use, with use of service water (e.g. rainwater) in regard to its quality characteristics. flushing, cleaning works or, with regard Relevant legislation will be adapted to In recent years, drought in Slovakia, distributed in the country. Lowland regions to the quality of the re-used water, also ensure that the rainwater harvesting has become a significant negative in Slovakia with intensive agriculture are for irrigation. Slovakia will support the is maximized during agricultural and phenomenon. Long droughts that alternate most at risk by droughts. It is therefore implementation of innovative technologies forestry activities. Effective control and with heavy rainfalls that cause torrential necessary to pay increased attention to for rainwater retention and re-use of enforcement of these measures will be floods are on the increase. Slovakia has the protection of water resources and water in an urbanized environment for ensured. sufficient water resources to ensure to strengthen international cooperation, utility functions. Owners, land managers water for the population, industry, and including involvement in drought projects agriculture, even though they are unevenly and programs.

8.3 WATER RETENTION IN THE LANDSCAPE

8.1 LANDSCAPE INTERVENTION PLANNING WITH REGARD Priority will be given to the environmentally by innovative and environmentally friendly TO THE PROTECTION AGAINST WATER SCARCITY friendly ways of harvesting and approaches. In forest land, the focus will maintaining of water in the landscape. be put on the natural potential of the The construction of a new building should use of suitable agrotechnical practices, These include preventive measures for forest for water retention, and at the not significantly impede the original cultivation of suitable crops, restoration the retention of water in the landscape, same time, an appropriate management functioning of the location with regard to of field groves, division of large lands which means effective technical tools in method with respect to local natural the accumulation of rainfall. Therefore, it is into smaller or formation of tapping water management, as well as other green conditions and forest categorization will necessary for every structure to implement agricultural drains will be implemented measures. The right approach will enable be applied. In urban areas, we can talk mitigating or compensating technical or in agricultural landscapes. In forest area, the restoration of ground water reserves. about ecologically favourable green environmentally friendly measures in order natural potential for water retention will Slovakia will evaluate the potential of all infrastructure, such as green roofs or rain to secure a replacement for the original be harnessed, and vigilant control and water-retention measures in the country gardens. Building of small dams, cascades scheme. The solution are, in particular, enforcement of measures to eliminate and their revitalization, which may lead to or polders in forests can help to meet measures to ensure increased infiltration water run-off from forests will be ensured. an increase in the accumulation capacity the set objectives, and also to create on built-up areas or evaporation from the of water reservoirs. Further measures to suitable conditions for the accumulation formed vegetation. ensure sufficient water accumulation for of water in the form of reservoirs. In water addressing the effects of drought and water courses, where appropriate, the use of Better planning will also be applied to scarcity will be suggested by comparing more environmentally friendly technical agricultural or forest land. Increase in the actual capacity of reservoirs and the measures, such as the construction of water retention capacity of the soil and actual volume of harvested water. Drying ponds, small lakes and reservoirs will be reduction of water erosion through the up of the landscape will also be addressed carried out. 42 43 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 9. CLEAN AIR Heating with little efficient combustion concentrations in the air. Transport is equipment for burning solid fuels, including responsible for large concentrations of biomass, contributes the most to high nitrogen oxides. Most premature deaths Air quality in 2030 will be significantly better and will not have concentrations of particulate matter. due to exposure of the population to a significant adverse impact on human health and the environment. Emissions from internal combustion of pollutants are due to exposure to fine dust This will be achieved by reducing the amount of emissions compared to 2005 - car engines and combustion processes particles. SO2 by 82%, NOx by 50%, NMVOC by 32%, NH3 by 30% and PM2,5 by 49%. The coal-fired in industry also contribute to high production of electricity will be gradually reduced. Domestic heating and urban transport will shift to more environmentally friendly alternatives. The application of the BAT conditions in the industry, in the energy sector, but also in agriculture 9.1 CONSIDERATION OF THE INTRODUCTION OF A SCHEME and other smaller industries will be strengthened. The National Programme for the Reduction of Pollution will focus on cost-effective measures to reduce emissions. FOR EMISSION ALLOWANCE TRADING FOR AIR POLLUTANTS Air protection will be governed by the “polluter pays” principle. Consideration will National emission reduction commitments transport, household heating, agriculture, be given to the introduction of a scheme for emission allowance trading for air for 2030 are very ambitious for Slovakia. industry and energy. An effective measure pollutants. The air pollution tax system will be set up efficiently and motivationally. The instruments that are currently in place may also be a scheme for emission (emission limits, technical requirements allowance trading, which will help reduce The development of civilization and of many premature deaths in Europe and operating conditions) are not emissions of the pollutant concerned, industry also brings polluted air, which and in Slovakia. They have irritant effects sufficient. The National Programme for where it is environmentally, socially and has a major impact on the health of on the respiratory system even in short- the Reduction of Emissions will be the key economically the most advantageous. This the population. Solid particulates in the term exposures. When inhaled, they document for achieving emission reduction system would replace the current charging atmosphere are a risk factor, especially penetrate to the lower respiratory tract commitments, and which will determine system and it would be introduced for for the development of cardiovascular and can penetrate into the blood, causing effective measures to meet emission pollutants which are the most problematic and respiratory diseases. Particularly the health problems, especially in sensitive ceilings. The proposed measures will for Slovakia in terms of achieving the set smallest particle fractions are the cause population groups. regulate mainly the areas with the highest targets. The incentive charge system will emission reduction potential, such as remain in effect for other pollutants. 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Exposure of urban SK - 22,8 26,7 22,7 17,2 19,7 19,0 - population to PM2,5 pollution

9.2 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BEST AVAILABLE EÚ 15,5 18 18,4 16,8 15,9 15,2 14,5 - (v µg/m3) TECHNIQUES (BAT) FOR SMALL INSTALLATIONS Average share of population exposed The laws on the protection of air quality an ongoing basis, which is associated with a to excessive PM2,5 SK 43,3 33,8 38,8 38,8 34,5 24,3 - - and integrated prevention already require significant reduction in emissions. Industrial (in%) the implementation of the Best Available activities, which for their capacity, do not fall SO2 0 -22 -23 -34 -40 -49 -24 -69 Techniques (BAT) for the construction of under the integrated permitting, lack the Total emissions NOx 0 -16 -24 -26 -28 -29 -33 -40 new sources or substantial change of a reference documents on the Best Available (% change NMVOC SK 0 -16 -18 -25 -34 -38 -35 -40 source. In industrial production falling Techniques. The reference documents will compared NH3 0 -13 -17 -14 -15 -12 -12 -14 to 2005) under the integrated permitting, the Best therefore be mainly processed for medium- PM2,5 0 -27 -23 -23 -22 -25 -22 -30 Available Techniques are implemented on sized combustion plants. 44 45 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030

9.3 PROMOTION OF MORE EFFICIENT COMBUSTION of nitrogen oxides. Low-emission public tranquillity. In addition, there will be passenger transport and town cycling differentiated emission zones in towns with EQUIPMENT AND HEATING SYSTEMS will be preferred in residential areas. access for vehicles meeting the emission Inter-urban transport will promote low- classes. The tax system already favours Support will be given towards a shift At the same time, legislative and support emission public passenger transport, in low-emission transport. In the context of of households from the use of old mechanisms will be put in place to particular, railways, tramways and electric the tax system, the discussion to support solid fuel heating appliances, which replace older, less energy efficient heating buses. Municipalities will be able to charge environmental objectives in the transport significantly contribute to air pollution, to appliances that do not meet the latest passenger cars by means of congestion area, will be focused on the higher taxation more efficient combustion appliances. emission standards. A market regulation charges and create conditions for the of transportation that imposes a burden Emission standards and energy efficiency with heating appliances to 0.3 MW will be reduction of individual car transport, for on the environment. of combustion appliances, including implemented, only appliances that meet example, by creating zones of the transport used fuel, will also be controlled for small the emission criteria will be on the market. combustion installations. Illegal waste If the technical and economic efficient incineration in home furnaces will be district heating is available, the existing controlled by independent authorities infrastructure of the heating plant should and sanctioned to avoid air pollution and be used preferably. damage to the health of the population.

9.4 GRADUAL REDUCTION OF THE COAL-FIRED ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION Coal burning releases emissions of solid one of the key goals of the transition to a pollutants, sulphur oxides, nitrogen and low-carbon economy. The mechanisms carbon oxides that create negative resulting from the revised Emissions pressures on local air quality and Trading Directive and other mechanisms population health. The production of will be used, as far as possible, for the electricity and heat from coal will lead gradual reduction of the production of to a gradual phasing out, with a positive electricity and heat from coal. trend of total coal reduction, which is

9.5 INCREASING THE LOW-EMISSION TRANSPORT A mechanism for the promotion of low- created. Transport, in particular passenger emission transport based on electro- cars, has the increasing share of total mobility and other alternative fuels with greenhouse gas emissions, but also other minimum impact on air quality and other pollutants, especially, nitrogen oxides. It low-emission forms of mobility will be accounts for almost half of all emissions 46 47 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 GREEN ECONOMY Domestic material SK 13,3 13,5 11,9 11,4 12,6 12,7 12,8 consumption per capita (tonnes per capita) EÚ 14,1 14,6 13,6 13,2 13,3 13,1 13,4 Global climate change and finite does not create additional environmental GDP / domestic material SK 0.9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,1 1,1 1,1 consumption resources require innovative approaches pressures. To achieve this goal, public EÚ 1,8 1,8 2 2 2,1 2,2 2,2 (EUR/kg) to economic adjustment. The economy and governmental authority approaches of the 21st century is an economy with need to be changed, which will require The municipal waste SK 9,1 10,3 13,3 10,8 10,3 14,9 23,0 recycling rate the highest reuse of used materials, increased emphasis on environmental EÚ 38,3 39,6 41,5 42,2 43,7 45,0 45,3 (%) efficient material consumption and education and data collection and Waste production SK 1 728 - 1 558 - 1 643 - 1 951 sustainable energy consumption that processing to better formulate measures. per capita (kg) EÚ 4 871 - 4 944 - 4 931 - - 10. TOWARDS THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY The landfilling rate (excl. SK 55 - 53 - 51 - - mineral waste) (%) EÚ 29 - 28 - 25 - - By 2030, the municipal waste recycling rate, including its preparation for re-use, will be increased to 60% and by 2035, the land- Slovakia has great potential to improve A tighter waste management policy filling rate will be reduced to less than 25%. Slovakia will use green public the use of existing resources. The rate brings the risk of illegally deposited waste procurement at least in 70% of the total value of the public procurement. It will increase support for green innovation, science and research. Disposal of food of municipal waste recycling is one of (illegal dumps), the removal of which waste for supermarkets will be prohibited. the lowest in the EU, while land-filling is often costly. There are thousands of is still the dominant form of waste locations with illegally deposited waste management and its rate is one of the in Slovakia, which degrade a given area, Waste and its mismanagement burdens economy is thus still negative. Although highest in the EU. Slovakia produces threatens the health of population and the environment twice. The direct negative Slovakia’s resource requirements are lower relatively less waste than other EU ecosystems and poses further future impact is its land-filling and possible than in OECD countries, consumption still countries, but recycling is significantly risks. Most waste in such landfills is mixed risk of environmental contamination, exceeds our capabilities. The proportion lower. Two-thirds of municipal waste and municipal and construction waste. the secondary burden is in the form of of industry in Slovak GDP is relatively more than half of all waste are deposited pressure to use new sources, which higher than in the OECD countries. The in landfills, which is significantly higher may be in some cases non-renewable. total material consumption per capita, than in the EU. The trend of declining Therefore, it is important to build the excluding the period of great recession, waste landfill and increasing recycling Slovak economy on the principles of the is increasing. In addition, the Slovak is very weak and will not change without circular economy and sustainable use of Republic lags behind most of the EU stricter measures. There is also a need natural resources. countries in green innovations, and green for consistent separation and recovery procurement contracts make up only a of biodegradable municipal waste. The Slovak economy consumes more fraction of the total public procurement. The economy thus loses significant resources than its natural capacity. volumes of materials that could be used The ecological footprint of the Slovak secondarily. 48 49 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030

10.1 SUPPORT OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY 10.2 GRADUAL INCREASE OF FEES FOR WASTE LANDFILL By the 2016 Transition to Green Economy by 2030. Electronic public procurement The landfill fee will fully take into account has previously undergone some form of conference in Bratislava, which took place will ensure simple and transparent the environmental costs associated with waste treatment, corresponding to the in the framework of the Slovak Presidency provision and monitoring of green public soil, water or air contamination, or other higher priorities of the waste hierarchy of the Council of the EU, it was agreed that procurement. economic costs. Raising landfill fees is is landfilled. Subsequent consideration Slovakia will promote green innovations a good incentive to sort waste, prevent will be given to introducing other fees to and the cooperation of Slovak and Consideration will be given to the waste and create pressure to increase support measures that are higher in the foreign universities, scientific institutions, deposit system expansion of single-use recycling. It has been shown that a higher waste hierarchy. These measures will exert private and third sectors and towns drinks containers and the limitation of fee is likely to gradually reduce the landfill pressure to increase recycling capacity. and villages. Support for co-operation the use of disposable plates and other rate, but it must be suitably complemented The SR will support the research and between ministries and the third sector containers. Information campaigns by other measures. Fees for the disposal of development of recycling technologies will be broad. Emphasis will be placed and instruments for businesses and municipal waste in a landfill in Slovakia not only in the field of municipal waste, on prevention of waste generation, households will improve the prevention are one of the lowest in the EU. In order but also in industrial waste, as well as the creation of conditions for the priority use of waste generation. At the same time, for the measure to be effective, the construction of recycling capacities for of residues and recovered waste from the creation of re-use centres will be municipalities will include in the municipal commodities that recycling capacity is industry to reduce the use of natural supported, where citizens will have the waste fee, the full costs of municipal waste missing or insufficient. This will enable the materials, ecological design of products opportunity to hand in items which can management within the scope of the recycling of waste from separate waste and lack of technologies for the treatment still be used or repaired and re-used. applicable legislation. Measures will also collection that would otherwise end up in of certain types of waste. Clusters will be taken to ensure that only waste that landfills or incinerators. continue to be built. At the same time, After agreement on reducing the amount companies will be informed about the of plastic bags consumed, voluntary possibilities of support programs, and agreements will also be extended

10.3 INTRODUCTION OF INCENTIVE FOR WASTE COLLECTION the administration of grant applications to other products and services that DEPENDING ON THE ACTUAL QUANTITY OF WASTE and project implementations will be place a disproportionate burden on simplified. the environment. It is also necessary Gradually, incentive for the collection of flat-rate basis can be used according to to introduce such concepts for the municipal waste, based on the waste the type of waste separation. Quantity Stimulating green innovations will promotion of environmentally friendly volume, will be introduced in municipalities. waste collection can significantly reduce also increase the proportion of green products, which can influence the stage The quantity waste collection is an option the amount of mixed municipal waste procurement. Slovakia will ensure that the of consumption and use of products, in Slovakia, which only a few municipalities produced, by generating direct financial green public procurement covers 70% of such as the award of environmental have chosen. Municipalities, based on their incentives for citizens to increase separation. the total number of public procurement labels, which would give manufacturers a preferences, will gradually introduce one Since the fee is based on the amount of contracts. Green public procurement will competitive advantage. of the forms of quantity waste collection waste that is actually produced, the more be mandatory for central government (different sizes of sacks or containers, the citizen separates, the less mixed waste authorities, self-governing regions, and frequency of collection, regular monitoring he produces and the less is paid in fees. municipalities and from the beginning of produced waste, etc.). As an intermediate for selected product groups, and it will step of switching to a quantity waste A convenient and motivational system gradually expand to reach the target set collection, the system of discounts on a for waste producers will be completed, 50 51 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 they will be provided with necessary and tools to ensure the functionality and 10.5 PREVENTION OF THE PRODUCTION OF BIODEGRADABLE information and compliance monitoring prevention of the system circumvention in order to facilitate waste separation. It is must be available. At the same time, AND FOOD WASTE necessary to build simple waste separation the functionality of extended producer Slovakia will limit food waste production by information campaigns and behavioural facilities and infrastructure for the efficient responsibility system will be improved, its 2030. Restaurants and supermarkets will be measures aimed at changing human operation of the quantity municipal waste administrative burden will be reduced and obliged to make use of the food, for example, behaviour in regards to food waste in order collection. Adequate and clear waste the control of concerned entities will be by charity donation of the food that fulfils to prevent its production. separation options for municipal waste increased. food safety requirements. If they are no longer suitable for consumption, they will The prevention to limit the biodegradable

10.4 INCREASE IN THE PREVENTION OF ILLEGAL DUMPING OF be able to compost them or energetically waste will be encouraged, with an utilize (e.g. by selling at a reduced price for emphasis on biodegradable municipal SOLID WASTE BASED ON THE “POLLUTER PAYS“ PRINCIPLE feeding purposes, except for the feeding waste. Households will be able to compost of wild animals). As in other EU countries, it comfortably the waste they produce. A The use of preventive measures to prevent by permitting the installation of camera will be possible to sell such foods in special sufficient network of collection and recovery the emergence of illegal dumps will increase. traps etc.). If a municipality or a private facilities. facilities for separated biodegradable Municipalities will cooperate closely with landowner does not remove an illegal kitchen and restaurant waste will be built. the police to increase the presence of waste dump even after a notice from a Slovakia will remove “best before“ food Particular attention will be paid to the police on the incriminated locations. governmental authority, the competent labelling and introduce uniform “use by“ collection and treatment of green waste The establishment of an environmental state organizations will remove it at foods after the date of minimum durability (e.g. from gardens, parks or meadows). police will be considered. At the same the expense of the landowner or the may still be suitable for consumption, if At the same time, bio-waste disposal time, cleaning up of the location will be municipality, according to the waste dump they are well stored. Labelling “minimum options will be increased, for example, enforced, which will reduce the profitability location. This will increase the motivation durability“ increases food waste production only these biogas plants will be able to of such actions. Consistent punishment of municipalities to implement preventive and is therefore abolished in most European apply for public support, which will collect of offenders will reduce illegal dumping. measures and consistently track and countries. Other legislative restrictions and separated biodegradable waste for biogas Especially, illegal waste incineration will punish polluters. If a municipality proves unnecessarily stringent standards that can production, while the biogas by-product will be closely monitored. Resulting successful to prevent the creation of illegal dumps, lead to the generation of waste from still meet the criteria for use as a secondary interventions will be published. their removal at the own expenses, usable foods will also be reviewed. Last nutrient source in agriculture. sufficient education of the citizens, and but not least, it is necessary to provide Effective penalties will be introduced for disproportionate costs of removing illegal waste producers, or designated persons dumps will incur, the municipality will be responsible for the illegal placement of able to apply for financial or other state waste, and who even upon a notice, have assistance. Legislation will extend the not removed illegal dumps. Legislation responsibility of property owners for illegally will extend the responsibility of property disposed waste, if the landowner fails to owners for illegally disposed waste, if the make arrangements with the municipality landowner fails to make arrangements for the prevention of illegal waste dumps on with the municipality for the prevention their land (e.g. by permitting the installation of illegal waste dumps on their land (e.g. of camera traps etc.). 52 53 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 11. ECONOMIC AND CLEAN ENERGY Economic and environmental aspects the locations that are significant in terms need to be taken into account for of history or culture. Nuclear power has sustainable energy use. Coal and not solved the problem of safe storing of By 2030, the energy intensity of the Slovak industry will be closer nuclear power plants need large sources high-level radioactive waste and spent to the EU average. By 2020, criteria for the sustainable use of all of cooling water for their operation. fuel, which needs to be separated from the renewable resources will be developed. Energy prices will include all external Inefficient biomass combustion can environment for a very long time. Water costs. Legislative and financial support will focus on resources that meet lead to increased pressure on protected power plant interventions in the water sustainability criteria and do not have negative environmental impacts. At areas, ecosystems in unprotected land, course and its ecosystems and impacts the same time, transparency and public awareness of the energy and energy and woody plants outside the forest. Wind on biodiversity need to be evaluated and projects will increase. The share of renewable energy sources in energy power stations have to be sensitively sensitively compensated. When using production, energy consumption in transport, energy savings and greenhouse placed in locations with good wind geothermal energy, it is necessary to gas emissions drop will be in line with the European and national energy and potential, but outside of the migratory focus on the reinjection of water into the climate plan of the SR by 2030. routes of birds and bats, and outside of same aquifer of groundwater. Slovakia is still almost entirely dependent total electricity. Slovakia still remains one on imported energy raw materials from of the most energy-intensive economies,

11.1 IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY abroad and the use of renewable energy especially given the structure of industry, Despite increasing energy efficiency, focus more on the cost-effective areas sources (RES) is below the EU average. as it consumes almost 80% more energy Slovakia still has the potential for of energy efficiency of construction and Excluding lignite mining, domestic per unit of GDP than the EU average. energy savings and energy efficiency, housing. The basis will be the promotion mining is minimal and a trend of gradual However, between 2000 and 2015, energy as energy intensity is still almost twice of significant and in-depth renovation reduction is expected. Hydroelectric plants intensity was reduced by 51%, most in as high as the EU average due to the of buildings. Sufficient resources will have the largest share of total electricity the EU. In comparison with the Visegrad economic structure of our economy. be provided to meet energy efficiency production from renewable energy Group countries (V4), the energy intensity However, maintaining the trend of commitments, including comprehensive sources, which produce one-sixth of the of Slovakia is the lowest in the long term. reducing energy intensity will be a building renovation. Support for new challenge, given the cost-effective financial instruments will allow for 2009 2011 2013 2015 2016 energy saving potential. Setting energy a higher share of private funding to The development of energy intensity SK 260,7 250,3 237,1 214,7 208,9 efficiency targets for industry must achieve energy efficiency targets, for (kg oil equivalent/1 000 EUR) reflect Slovakia’s commitments towards example, in the form of concessions, EÚ 135,5 130,3 128,2 120,4 3 the EU, while reflecting the real potential delegated management, guaranteed The proportion of RES in energy consumption SK 9,4 10,3 10,1 12,9 12,0 and potential of industrial enterprises. energy service (GES). (%) EÚ 12,4 13,2 15,2 16,7 17,0 Public sources in the energy sector will The proportion of RES in electricity SK 17,8 19,3 20,8 22,7 22,5 consumption (%) EÚ 19,0 21,7 25,4 28,8 29,6 11.2 DEVELOPING RENEWABLE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY The proportion of RES in transport SK 5,3 5,5 6,0 8,5 7,5 FRIENDLY ENERGY SOURCES (% of total transport fuel consumption) EÚ 4,6 4,0 5,9 6,7 7,1 In the area of energy production, renewable which by its nature does not burden the energy production will be preferred, environment and contributes to the long- 3 Data are not available. 54 55 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 term sustainable development of the the public with sufficient information and will that limit the use of regional and local ownership of municipalities, local firms, Slovak Republic and to the environment undergo mandatory environmental impact renewable resources and limit the residents and their associations. compared to traditional sources of energy. assessments. The impacts of water power Rules and criteria will be developed for plants on the hydrology of river ecosystems each renewable resource in regards to will be mitigated by the removal of barriers 11.4 IMPROVEMENT OF THE PUBLIC AWARENESS their sustainable use. They will respect on water courses, for example, by modifying OF ENERGY AND ENERGY PROJECTS regional potential, economic advantage, release schedules with the release of impact on the energy system, impact on appropriate flow rates with regard to In regards to the power generation be binding for the next authorization protected areas, protected species of habitats. Solar power stations will be, in the sources, the public must be informed process. plants and animals and opinion of the implementation of mitigating measures, in a timely and accurate manner of concerned public, municipalities and mainly located on the roofs of buildings, the possible effects and potential In terms of maximizing the public regions. Similar criteria have already car parks, brownfields or lower quality soils consequences of the failure of power interest, the scope of information been developed in the past for the use and not on high quality soils and habitats stations, respectively, about an secrecy will be reviewed. Where there of wind energy and biomass for energy of national and European importance. In emergency event that may have an is a risk to the security, confidentiality purposes covered by EU funds. The rules regards to the geothermal energy, it is impact on the environment and health. will be maintained with professional will be binding on all upcoming projects necessary to focus on reinjection of water The functioning and participation and analytical justification. Where and should not only concern publicly into the rock environment and to minimize of municipalities and the public environmental and health protection funded projects. outlets into surface streams. The setting of concerned in the process of authorizing interests prevail, there will be increased protection zones of geothermal sources, and the construction and operation of public awareness (e.g., the volume and Support from public sources and further subsequently their compliance, respectively energy production resources by petition composition of discharged waste water legislative support for RES will only be conditions of use by geothermal users will options will be streamlined. Institute of from power plants or radioactive waste acceptable for sources that do not be determined by law. Sustainability criteria environmental impact assessment of generated). At the same time, a public demonstrably impair the quality of the will not apply to projects that have already power plants on the environment will consultation will be launched on the environment. All these projects will provide started. be strengthened, in particular in the topic of safe separation of radioactive process of dealing with the comments waste from the environment and impact of the public concerned. The outcomes on its compartments. An analytical study

11.3 REMOVAL OF ENVIRONMENTALLY HARMFUL of the assessment will include expert will be prepared focusing on a safe and SUBSIDIES AND REGULATIONS justifications and analysis and will long-term solution to this problem. Public support for environmentally a long-term serious environmental and harmful activities will be phased out. health burden. Damage to property, health and the environment should be fully borne by A large part of the Slovak electricity the polluter. The environmental impact sector is dependent on large centralized of energetics will be evaluated, taking sources that require higher electricity into account the environmental, regional transmission and distribution costs. and development plans of the areas It is therefore necessary to remove concerned. For example, coal burning is administrative and legislative barriers 56 57 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 12. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR A BETTER limits and control. Carbon taxation in the air pollutants. The production of basic transport, construction, agriculture and pollutants, in particular dust particles ENVIRONMENT waste incineration sectors, along with from individual fuels, should also be taken the Emissions Trading Scheme, would into account in the transport sector. At By 2030, the possibility of expanding environmental taxes in be a cost-effective tool for reducing the same time, the taxation of harmful individual regions will be considered in Slovakia, and accordingly, greenhouse gas emissions. At the same elements used in consumer products, such selected measures will be applied in order to increase their total amount. The time, a mechanism will be established as batteries and gases will be reviewed. control of polluting equipment and application practices for issuing penalties to take into account the production of will be improved. Pollution penalties will increase to such an extent, that the exceeding of limits will no longer be economically attractive.

12.2 IMPROVEMENT OF THE CONTROL With the economic boom there is also the EU. In addition, in the current situation, AND THE REASSESSMENT OF POLLUTION PENALTIES a greater burden on natural resources. the penalties imposed for environmental Despite the fact that Slovakia is a pollution are a low incentive for a polluter Controls of environmental pollutants will be The technological and operational causes developed economy, the tools to sanction to switch to less harmful technologies and more effective and their results published. of pollution will be taken into account in interventions in natural resources are to remedy their actions in order to fulfil the Current pollution control does not allow the application of pollution penalties. used to a small extent. The revenue from set limits. It may be that the total fine is sufficient screening of installations and In regards to the air pollution, a control environmental taxes in Slovakia is among only a small part of the profit that can be their current release of pollutants, as the system for combustion appliances in the lowest in OECD countries and implicit achieved at the expense of exceeding the polluter is informed in advance. Pollution households, services and small businesses energy taxation is the second lowest in set limits. charges should be raised to a level that is will be introduced. motivating towards cleaner technologies. 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Revenues from en- SK 1,9 1,8 1,8 1,7 1,7 1,8 1,8 1,8 vironmental taxes (in % of GDP) EÚ 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,5 2,5 2,4 2,4 Implicit energy SK 101 93 102 102 100 114 118 122 taxation (in euros / tonne oil EÚ 201 199 215 218 221 235 233 235 equivalent)

12.1 CONSIDERATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL TAX REFORM Consideration will be given to the option is to abolish unfounded excise duty introduction of fiscal neutral environmental exemptions or introduce new taxes to tax reform, including the overall tax reduce pollution. Conditions will be created reform. The tax burden will be shifted to to prevent the risk of carbon leakage environmentally harmful activities. One from ETS areas to areas without emission 58 59 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 13. ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION 13.1 IMPROVEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND LEARNING FOR PEOPLE OF ALL AGES IN FORMAL EDUCATION In cooperation with central government authorities and their Environmental education and training for created for such education, which will professional organizations, academia, non-governmental sustainable development will be given provide the learners with knowledge, organizations and municipalities, the system of formal and informal environmental special attention in the action plans attitudes and skills that will support the education and training for sustainable development will become more efficient. for the implementation of the National creation of values, which will enable them They will receive special attention through the action plans for the implementation Programme for Education Development. to take a stand and contribute to the of the National Programme of Education and Training. Any participant, will gain the The interdepartmental working group objectives set out in this strategy, as well knowledge and skills needed to promote the principles of sustainable development. for the coordination of the National as to problem solving of environmental Programme for Education Development and sustainability issues. will monitor the fulfilment of objectives Environmental education and training has included in the objectives, performance and priorities, set up effective forms and A regular analysis of the current status of been in the long term an underestimated and content standards of the innovative methods, and oversee the incorporation environmental education and training in social need in Slovakia. It lags behind state educational program, in which it is of the 2030 Agenda objectives into both formal and informal education will the needs of today’s society. Despite defined as a cross-cutting theme. It can environmental education and training for evaluate its effectiveness. The analysis the wide possibilities of realization of the be implemented as part of the curriculum sustainable development. must include attained goals, used environmental education and training, it is content of the school subjects, through content, forms and methods, including necessary to state that the environmental separate projects, seminars, teaching In the process of moving towards mapping of all educational activities and awareness of citizens in Slovakia is blocks and, last but not least, it can form a sustainability, education is an absolute good practice examples in environmental insufficient and does not lead to a change separate subject within the framework of priority. Appropriate conditions will be education and training. of behaviour and values in the context of optional lessons. sustainable development. Most citizens think that the quality of the environment in Education needs to be started at a 13.2 HEADING TOWARDS THE RESPONSIBLE Slovakia is lower than in other EU countries. very early age, as children do not have Although, according to surveys, up to three negative environmental habits that need PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION AND NATURE quarters of Slovaks consider nature to be to be eliminated. Quality environmental CONSERVATION THROUGH INFORMAL LEARNING an element that increases their sense of education and training and education national pride, but only half of respondents for sustainable development not only Sustainable consumption should reflect environmental consulting, education for the are willing to actively participate in civic increase the environmental awareness the natural capacity of the economy. It wider public in terms of conscious reduction initiatives aimed at improving the quality of the population, but also build an is therefore necessary to move towards of consumption. Thanks to educational of life in the country. active approach to the environment by sustainable consumption and minimize activities and a nationwide campaign, developing the skills that are necessary for the environmental footprint. The state the civil society (public and private sector A formal environmental education in sustainable development, such as systemic will support informal learning activities and non-governmental organizations) Slovakia is concentrated in school-type thinking, foresight, strategic thinking, critical and conditions for the development as well as municipalities, will have a very facilities and it is coordinated by the thinking, normative competence, as well of third sector and municipal training good overview of voluntary environmental Ministry of Education, Science, Research as an integrated approach to problem activities, which will include, among other policy instruments, such as the eco-label and Sport of the Slovak Republic. It is solving. things, training of company managers, or participation in the environmental 60 61 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 management and audit scheme, which a direct impact on these areas. will contribute to greater interest in with the aim of raising awareness of the demonstrate lower environmental impacts. maintaining and improving the current natural and cultural values of the area Simultaneously, a network of state and non- state. The ways on how tourism could will increase. Geoparks will be developed To improve the future direction, there state environmental education centres contribute via payments for services that in a sustainable manner according to will be consistently realized measures will be created with a target state that will come from landscape management will the approved and valid geopark building of the departmental concept for be comparable to European countries. be examined. government concept. The aim is to environmental education and training At the level of state, regional and local increase attractiveness of the tourism of The Ministry of the Environment of the authorities, a mechanism will be created Support, maintenance and use of and introduction of new elements. In SR until 2025 . An intensive, nationwide to complete the network of environmental exhibition and museum premises, open establishing nature trails with the themes campaign to promote responsible and and educational centres in all regions, as air museums, objects of cultural and of nature conservation, forestry and conscious consumption of products, well as information and visitor centres in natural heritage, environmental education geology, but also global environmental including foodstuff, with a low carbon and protected areas, based on the principles of centres, nature schools, forest schools education, expert advice will be promoted. environmental footprint, will be organized fair, open and transparent tendering. in collaboration with other government departments. Educational activities will The awareness of local bodies about the focus on responsible consumption, active benefits of local nature conservation will participation and waste prevention. be improved, as well as information and Emphasis will be placed on waste promotion activities on nature conservation management education, which will involve and care, including educational support, the participation of Producer Responsibility training and research. In the context of Organizations (PROs) and the third sector. the European Landscape Convention, an Without knowing how to prevent waste information campaign, work with the public, production through prevention, reduction, cooperation with the media and educating recycling and reuse, other measures in this professionals and local authorities will be area will only have partial results. Particular ensured. Public access to information on attention must be paid to responsible environmental burdens will be improved, consumption in transport, catering and thus encouraging the involvement of the clothing, as they represent a significant public, especially local communities, in their part of global greenhouse gas production, solution. while at the same time, consumers have

13.3 IMPROVEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS THROUGH CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE AND TOURISM Soft forms of tourism with low impact represent a source of nature conservation on nature can help the population’s revenue. The acquired knowledge of environmental awareness and also nature conservation and biodiversity 62 63 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 14. BETTER DATA FOR BETTER DECISION MAKING Air quality assessment is carried out with a view to the future development of by monitoring ambient air pollutant electromobility and electricity storage with concentrations, and by modelling in areas, a positive impact on the environment. The scope and quality of the data collected will be improved, which are not covered by monitoring. The A consistent data collection and particularly in the areas of waste, water, air and biodiversity. current national network of 38 monitoring monitoring of habitats and species of The collected and updated data should be to the maximum extent harmonized at national and international level, and publicly available in a machine processable stations will be expanded to cover national and European importance will be form. Subsequently, they will be able to be used again to create analyses and previously unmonitored regions and areas ensured. The results from the studies of models that will form the basis for formulating measures. that are at risk of pollutant transmission biota and ecosystems will be the basis for from neighbouring countries. responsible and informed decision making of the government authorities for nature Extensive data about various areas of the indicators. The problem is also their lack of Engineering geological mapping, conservation, with the aim of restoring environment is already available today. interconnection, lack of consistency, often monitoring and surveying of the most ecosystem functions of the landscape. However, they are often inadequate, either duplication of collection and excessive risky slope deformations will be carried for their quality or because they do not administrative burden for businesses. Future out. The data will be used to create models The collection and processing of data cover all the required areas, and there is policies and measures should be formed of affected locations, to analyse the risk relating to waste will also be improved, a need to introduce measurement of new on the basis of actual data and analyses. of environmental damage and the risk of and a new comprehensive waste harm to the population. Environmental management information system will and probable environmental burdens will be set up. The current data collection

14.1 IMPROVEMENT IN THE RANGE AND QUALITY be surveyed in the highest risk locations. system, its quality and the possibility OF DATA COLLECTION Risk analyses of confirmed burdens and of evaluation are considered to be feasibility studies for the remediation very unsatisfactory. The introduction of Current data on groundwater potential year, will be strengthened. International of selected locations will be completed. quality data collection and evaluation do not take into account the possible cooperation will be intensified in the Subsequently, work plans to eliminate is necessary to improve the functioning consequences of climate change and thus field of drought monitoring. Slovakia will environmental burdens for locations of the waste management system. It is potential real declines of resources. Data support the research, development and that fall under the state responsibility, will necessary to introduce the monitoring of collection is performed only quarterly, modelling to determine the priorities for be prepared. The state will ensure post- the flow of individual waste streams, to with current policies requiring up to hourly water supply during prolonged drought remediation monitoring from publicly- evaluate the fulfilment of objectives and collection statements on 300 groundwater and identification of hazardous locations funded sources and it will inspect post- impacts of the implemented measures, monitoring objects. In order to secure data with fast run-off of water from the remediation monitoring funded from as well as the use of analyses and models collection, the property-law settlement of landscape. In regards to the water, data private sources. that are absent from waste management. the monitoring objects will be completed. In on a diffuse water pollution, emissions order to reduce the number of incomplete from diffusive sources of pollution or data The collection of the current energy To ensure a relevant database, it will be or unreported data, the control of the from monitoring of some non-scheduled consumption data will help ensure a necessary to use and develop the existing registration of water consumers and the substances in water fauna are also sustainable, secure and economical supply tools for harmonized public data sharing of actual quantities of surface and ground missing. In the context of surface water, the of electricity from large central, but also governmental authorities in the framework waters, as well as locations with not elements, such as emerging chemicals, smaller renewable energy sources installed of electronisation of public administration, enough availability of sufficient volumes residues of drugs, pesticides etc., should in the locations of consumption. This will national spatial data infrastructure and the of water for the population throughout the be tracked. make energy processes more efficient Open Government Partnership`s initiative. 64 65 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 The popularization and use of outcomes of basic and cross-sectional environmental data will increase. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

14.2 USE OF DATA AND ANALYSIS FOR THE The Strategy for the Environmental Policy the negative impacts on the environmental DEVELOPMENT OF MEASURES of the Slovak Republic until 2030 was based compartments, and it should be followed by on international, European and national ministries, private sector and public sector. Environmental measures should be so that they can be used by other legislation and applicable strategic completed on analyses and models government authorities and the public. documents, as well as from the study of EU environment policy is based directly on that are based on accurate data. This Open access will improve data usability the European Environment Agency that the articles of the Treaty on the Functioning approach will increase the accuracy and creative processing. For more was focused on the analysis of global of the European Union, as well as on its of estimates and impact of measures targeted set-up of local policy, the megatrends, and the follow-up assessment measures and winding-up legislation. In and it will help reduce unwanted side environmental data will also be publicly of global megatrends from the point of 2013, the EU adopted the 7th Environmental effects of improperly set policies. For this available in applicable form at regional view of the Slovak Republic. The knowledge Action Program (EAP), which governs the purpose, an available central electronic and municipal level. High-quality and from the building of scenarios up to 2020 for EU‘s environment policy by 2020. The EAP system will be set up, covering all up-to-date data will also ensure better biodiversity and climate change was also sets out a long-term vision for the EU‘s 2050 environmental compartments. and more reliable fulfilment of cross- used. Current international and national objectives and includes three priority areas border and international legislative policies and strategy papers are listed in for action: The analysis, models and other data commitments and expectations of the Appendix 1. Envirostrategy 2030 regulates should be, to the maximum extent, Slovak Republic in several areas. publicly available in processable form, 1. natural capital: to protect, conserve and enhance fertile soil, seas, fresh waters, clean air and biological diversity; 2. resource efficient economy: ensure full implementation of the EU environmental package and EU energy package; improve the environmental performance of products and reduce the environmental impact of consumption; 3. human health and well-being: to safeguard citizens from environmental impacts and risks to their health and well-being; air and water pollution, excessive noise and toxic chemicals are among the major environmental concerns. Envirostrategy 2030 and its proposed implementation of the Agenda 2030 will measures are in line with the 2030 be elaborated in the upcoming Vision and Agenda for Sustainable Development National Development Strategy of Slovakia of the United Nations (UN). By adopting until 2030. The 2030 Agenda is the most Government Decree No. 273/2018 B.1 of comprehensive set of global priorities for 13 June 2018, the national priorities of sustainable development so far, and it was the Slovak Republic in regards to the approved by the international community 66 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 67 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 at the UN in September 2015. The continuing its efforts and extending its SR in co-operation with The Ministry of forestry and agriculture, and the Ministry integration element is reflected in Agenda cooperation, in particular by reinforcing the Environment of the SR in the area of of Education, Science, Research and Sport 2030 as a link of all three dimensions of the involvement of national experts in land management with impact on the of the SR in environmental education and sustainable development: economic, the implementation of projects in third environment. The Ministry of Transport training. The Ministry of the Environment of social and environmental. Envirostrategy countries, intensifying the exchange and Construction of the SR has the the SR, in cooperation with the Ministry of 2030 is also in accordance with existing of „best practices“ and supporting the competence in the area of clean and Interior of the SR, will address measures to strategies, such as the adopted Economic increasing representation of national sustainable transport and the Ministry combat environmental crime. The Ministry Policy Strategy for 2030 and the approved experts in international organizations. of Finance of the SR, particularly, in the of the Environment of the SR will cooperate Pilot Version of National Investment Plan area of environmental taxes. The Ministry with the Ministry of Health of the SR on for 2030. Envirostrategy 2030 will also be in Measurable and verifiable targets and of Economy of the SR is, in cooperation measures that are relevant for public compliance with the upcoming National criteria are important for assessing the with the Ministry of the Environment of health. The Ministry of the Environment Regional Development Strategy of the SR. achievement of the necessary and desired the SR, responsible for the rational use of the SR will deal with the area of data changes. Envirostrategy 2030 takes over of the rock environment, energy, the and its publication in cooperation with The 2030 Agenda contains the main 17 the already measurable targets of the circular economy, climate change and air all government departments, according sustainable development goals (SDGs), SR by 2030, and it adds targets that are protection. The Ministry of Agriculture and to its material scope, and in cooperation worked into 169 related sub-targets. While in compliance with the 2030 Agenda. It Rural Development of the SR, in cooperation with the Deputy Prime Minister‘s Office the primary objective of the Millennium assigns indicators to the targets which with the Ministry of the Environment for Investments and Information and the Development Goals was to eliminate are to be found in the individual chapters. of the SR, will be responsible for the Office of the Government Plenipotentiary extreme poverty and hunger in developing It proposes the targets and indicators in implementation of measures in the field of for Civil Society. countries, the motto of the 2030 Agenda areas where they are missing. for Sustainable Development is „no IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE STATE OF ENVIRONMENT, IT IS ALSO one will be left behind“, and the pledge The Ministry of the Environment of the NECESSARY TO IMPROVE INSTITUTIONAL COOPERATION. to fulfil its goals is expected also from SR is responsible for the preparation developed countries. The 2030 Agenda and implementation of most of the In the field of agriculture and forestry, there remains a lack of clarity between is not legally binding, but its honouring Envirostrategy 2030 measures. This the protection of habitats of protected areas, which is the responsibility of the is a natural duty of developed countries. concerns measures in the field of: water Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic and the economic use of forests, Achieving the environmental objectives protection and the consequences of which is the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the 2030 Agenda also includes active floods, nature and landscape protection, of the Slovak Republic. Protecting biodiversity and promoting ecotourism should participation of the Slovak Republic at the biodiversity and protected areas, rational be a priority in protected areas. international level, in accordance with the use of the rock environment, climate activities of international organizations, change and air protection, the circular Cooperation between the concerned government departments and organizations as well as actions, such as exploring economy, including waste management, in the area of combating illegal hunting, harvesting, poisoning and trafficking in breakthroughs and possibilities of Slovak green public procurement or green endangered species will be strengthened. Government departments dealing with the involvement in the implementation of innovations, environmental assessment CITES convention and environmental crime, apart from the Ministry of the Environment SDGs in third countries, where the Ministry and energy impacts, economic of the SR, include: the Ministry of Finance of the SR (customs authorities), the Ministry of of Environment already cooperates instruments for the environment and Interior of the SR (police and district offices), the Ministry of Justice of the SR (public in various projects. The Ministry of the environmental education. The Ministry of prosecutor‘s office and courts) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Environment of the SR is interested in Agriculture and Rural Development of the of the SR (veterinary authorities, plant-health care, anti-poaching initiatives). INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 68 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 69 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 The Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the SR, in cooperation With the Ministry of Interior of the SR and the Office for Public Procurement, with other relevant government authorities, including the Ministry of Agriculture effective cooperation will be established, to efficiently and mandatorily apply and Rural Development and the organisations within its scope, are responsible green public procurement, which will enable the best electronic monitoring and for environmental education. Therefore, it will be important to coordinate the progress assessment. government departments and their professional institutions and determine the responsibility of the Ministry of the Environment of the SR. Other professional Effective cooperation will be established with the Ministry of Finance of the SR in institutions of government departments, environmental non-governmental the setting of system and enforcing the “polluter pays” principle in the areas of organizations and other relevant organizations, especially at regional and local tax legislation (fees, excise duties, environmental taxes, etc.) level, will be involved in the process. In the area of organic farming, cooperation and adjustment of agricultural policy Closer cooperation is also needed in the area of environmental impacts will be improved between the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of of transport. The accurate quantification of the environmental impacts of the SR and the Ministry of Environment of the SR. passenger car traffic and line constructions is missing. In order to solve these problems, it is therefore necessary to improve cooperation between the Ministry In the field of water protection and water management, flood control measures of Transport and Construction of the SR and the Ministry of the Environment of and the prevention of the negative consequences of water scarcity and drought, the SR, especially when preparing strategic plans and policies. the cooperation and observance of the environmental objectives of the Slovak Republic in the government departments of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural In the area of assessment of environmental impacts of energy, it will be necessary Development of the SR, the Ministry of Transport and Construction of the SR to extend cooperation with the Ministry of Economy of the SR and the Ministry of and the Ministry of Economy of the SR will be improved. Appropriate measures the Environment of the SR. The Ministry of the Environment of the SR authorities need to be applied throughout the whole river basin of water courses, including should be able to better control the environmental impacts of energy and set observance of the principles of integrated landscape management. environmental criteria for energy projects. Interaction with the Ministry of Health of the SR is needed to strengthen cooperation in identifying the negative and positive impacts of selected environmental quality components on health (water, air, soil, protected areas, and climatic conditions). This can help to better address the proposed measures in tackling various degrees of environmental quality, and to protect and restore the unspoiled natural environment. In conjunction with the Ministry of Interior of the SR, the Ministry of the Environment of the SR will participate in procedures for ensuring the activities of municipalities in the wake or occurrence of exceptional events related to the emergence of slope deformations. In cooperation with the Ministry of Transport and Construction of the SR, geological hazards will be mapped in areas, where collisions of traffic constructions with landslides or other geodynamic phenomena can be minimized or eliminated. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 70 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 71 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 LIST OF INDICATORS Defoliation is the percentage of leaves or needles loss in trees. The indicator assesses the health status of forest ecosystems and Defoliation of trees Enviroportál its development based on the proportion of defoliated trees in the 2 - 4 damage levels SOURCE DEFI N I T I ON (defoliation greater than 25%). ENOUGH CLEAN WATER FOR EVERYONE The intensity of use of forestry It records the ratio of annual logging OECD resources and growth of new forest. Amount of water supplied to households (i.e. The specific water consumption MOE SR water invoiced to households) per capita The proportion of wind on the Proportion of accidental logging due to wind in households MoA SR per unit of time. actual logging on the total actual logging. Population supplied from MOE SR/ Share of population supplied with drinking The proportion of spruce bark Proportion of accidental logging due to spruce MoA SR public water supply networks Eurostat water from public water mains. beetle on the actual logging bark beetle on the total actual logging. Population connected Eurostat/ Share of population connected to public Total recorded annual logging, including to public sewers OECD sewers. The actual logging MoA SR accidental logging. Production and discharge of waste water Production of waste water Eurostat SUSTAINABLE USE OF THE ROCK ENVIRONMENT per capita. The proportion of remediated The proportion of treated waste water to the Proportion of remediated areas on the The proportion of treated waste areas on the total number Enviroportál MOE SR total amount of waste water discharged to total number of locations with registered water to untreated of locations with registered – ISEZ water courses. environmental burdens in the SR. environmental burdens in the SR SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT Area proportion of reclaimed, closed and The proportion of reclaimed, MoA SR/ Proportion of nitrogen that a plant can take SGIDŠ abandoned extractive waste disposal sites Efficient use of nitrogen closed and abandoned EPI on total nitrogen in the soil. -GeoIS in the total area of the registered, closed and extractive waste disposal sites abandoned extractive waste disposal sites. ÚGKK SR/ Total area of arable land per capita Arable land in hectares per capita. OECD The proportion of remediated slide The proportion of remediated slide area on SGIDŠ Total annual nitrogen consumption in area on the total of the registered the total of the registered slide area in the Consumption of nitrogen -GeoIS MoA SR industrial fertilizers in kilograms per hectare slide area in the Slovak Republic Slovak Republic supplied in industrial fertilizers of agricultural land. Surveyed and probable Number of surveyed environmental burdens BALANCE OF ALL FOREST FUNCTIONS MOE SR environmental burdens and probable environmental burdens. Gross loss of a vegetation Loss of tree cover between 2001-2014 based EPI higher than 5 meters on satellite images. Remediated environmental The proportion of remediated MOE SR burdens environmental burdens. Share of forest land in total area of SR by Change of forest area Enviroportál cadastre. Monitored environmental The proportion of monitored environmental MOE SR burdens burdens. 72 73 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 PREVENTION AND MITIGATION OF THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE An ecological footprint is a measure of human demand for Earth‘s ecosystems. It compares The data refer to the total emissions of CO2, human demand with the Earth‘s ecological CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6 and NF3 in relation capacity. It represents the amount of Total greenhouse gas emissions OECD to GDP. The data do not include indirect biologically productive land and sea needed to GDP CO2 (emissions generated by solvent to regenerate the resources that the human decomposition and releases to land in Ecological footprintt NFA population consumes, and the Earth‘s ability agriculture). to absorb and cope with the corresponding Greenhouse gas emissions measured in waste without harm. It monitors individual Total greenhouse gas emissions countries, their resources and how much OECD kilograms, compared to the number of per capita they actually consume. Difference between inhabitants in the country. domestic resources and consumption is the The amount of greenhouse gas MOE SR/ Total volume of emitted greenhouse gas ecological footprint of a given country in the emissions SHMÚ emissions in Slovakia. world environment. Eurostat/ Overall change in sectors that are not The proportion of recycled municipal The amount of greenhouse gas MOE SR/ covered by the ETS (e.g.transport, buildings, waste to the total amount of municipal emissions in the non-ETS sectors SHMÚ agriculture, waste) compared to 2005. waste generated. The figure for 2015 The municipal waste recycling Eurostat comes from Eurostat, the Ministry of the CLEAN AIR rate Environment of the SR uses a different methodology and declares about 20% of Expressing the potential concentration of the municipal waste recycling. substance inhaled by the urban population. Exposure of urban population Eurostat The limit value set by the European to PM2,5 pollution An amount of waste generated in kilograms Environment Agency is 25 µg / m3; The World Waste production per capita Eurostat divided by the number of inhabitants. Health Organization reports 10 µg / m3. The proportion of total landfilled waste to The proportion of total population exposed The landfilling rate (excl. Eurostat total waste generated (including industrial Average share of population to higher concentrations of the substance mineral waste) EPI waste). exposed to excessive PM2,5 than recommended by the World Health Organization (10 µg / m3). ECONOMIC AND CLEAN ENERGY Percentage change in total emissions The share of gross energy consumption and Total emissions released in all sectors in Slovakia according The development of energy EEA/SHMÚ Eurostat GDP measures the energy consumption of the to individual pollutants. intensity economy and its average energy efficiency. TOWARDS THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY The proportion of RES in energy The share of renewable energy in total Eurostat consumption energy consumption. Domestic material consumption Total material consumption in the economy in Eurostat per capita tonnes divided by the number of inhabitants. The proportion of RES The share of renewable energy in total Eurostat Performance of the economy measured by in electricity consumption electricity consumption. GDP / domestic material gross domestic product divided by the total consumption Eurostat The proportion of renewable resources in consumption of materials in the economy in The proportion of RES in transport Eurostat kilograms. total fuel consumption in transport. 74 75 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR A BETTER ENVIRONMENT A Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild CITES fauna and flora. Revenues from environmental Volume of total environmental tax revenue Pursuant to Directive 2000/60 / EC on water - the objectives of the Eurostat taxes expressed as a percentage of GDP. Directive, which are to maintain or improve the status of all water Good water status bodies to at least a “good” status. The share of energy taxes and total energy Implicit energy taxation Eurostat EEA European Environment Agency consumption in a given year. EIA Environmental impact assessment A unit of measure; represents the amount of biodegradable organic LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Population equivalent (PE) pollution expressed by the five-day biochemical oxygen demand indicator (BOD5), which is equivalent to 60 g of BOD5 produced by AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS one inhabitant per day. (Act No. 364/2004 Coll.). An ecological footprint is an indicator that is closely related to the concept of sustainable development. It represents the area of so- called ecologically productive land (it includes land and water) The best available techniques, best available techniques and that a person (or school, town, state, mankind) needs every year BAT technologies. to secure all resources and to dispose of waste using conventional Ecological footprint technologies. An ecological footprint is a measure of human demand An area in which it is forbidden to carry out activities that interfere for Earth’s ecosystems. It compares human demand with the with the non-interference development of the territory, in particular Earth’s ecological capacity. It represents the amount of biologically interventions in forest vegetation, vegetation and soil cover Non-interference productive land and sea needed to regenerate the resources that and water courses, capture or killing of animals, application of area/territory without the human population consumes, and the Earth’s ability to absorb chemicals, placing of buildings or driving by a motor vehicle - human intervention and cope with the corresponding waste without harm. apart from cases of a direct threat to the life and health of people, national security risks or exercise of state supervision or other Benefits and gains provided by ecosystems such as water, food, wood, control activities. soil formation, air and water purification, flood and drought protection, crop pollination and more. According to the European Commission, According to § 29 par. 4 of Act no. 44/1988 Coll. on the Protection Records of exclusive ecosystem services in the Natura 2000 network bring annual benefits and Utilization of Mineral Resources (Mining Act), as amended, the and non-reserved Ecosystem services of between € 200 and 300 billion. euros. In addition, in these territories, records of exclusive deposits and the balance of mineral reserves mineral deposits visitors spend 1.2 to 2.2 billion days a year, representing additional of the Slovak Republic. The Ministry also draws up annual records of of the SR recreational benefits of up to € 9 billion. euros (even without taking into non-reserved mineral deposits of the Slovak Republic. account the economic benefits for local entities from the consumption of goods and services by visitors). A brownfield is a property (land or building) that is not effectively Brownfield used and is neglected or even contaminated. It is a property that Energy Is the ratio of GDP generated at constant prices to gross domestic cannot be used effectively without the renewal process. productivity energy consumption A system for introducing a ceiling for greenhouse gas emissions EPI Environmental performance index Cap and trading. ETS (EU ETS) European Emission Trading Scheme 76 77 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council of Binary nitrogen compound. At normal pressure and temperature, 995/2010 laying down the obligations of operators who place NH3 – Ammonia it is a toxic, corrosive, colorless gas with a characteristic pungent, timber and timber products on the market imposes an obligation sharp, strongly irritating odor. on competent national authorities and market participants to avert NMVOC Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) EUTR and prevent the entry into the internal market of timber from illegal logging or timber products , where each Member State is obliged Nitrogen oxides. They are: nitrous oxide NI2O, nitric oxide NIIO, to establish central registration, designate one or more competent nitrous oxide NIII2O3, nitrogen dioxide NIVO2 (dimerizes to N2O4) and authorities responsible for the implementation of the EUTR and NOX nitric oxide NV2O5. Nitrogen oxides are produced as an undesirable determine penalties for timber marketing offenses. product in high-temperature incineration installations during any high-temperature combustion in air. A geopark is a territory of scientific importance not only from a geological aspect, but also from the point of view of its archaeological, O3 Ozone economic or cultural character of European importance. In addition to the potential for scientific research, it is focused on the OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Geopark environment, including education, it can be an important aspect for OSN United Nations Organisation local economic development towards new economic activities of the region, artistic and educational value. The basic goal of building OZV Producer Responsibility Organizations geoparks is a functioning and sustainable form of popularization and knowledge of the most important geotopes. Small solid dust particles (less than 2.5 μm) scattered in the air, which PM2,5 are so small that they easily enter the lungs and blood circulation. EVVO Environmental education and learning Their increased concentration can cause serious health problems. GMOS Genetically modified organisms Air quality improvement programs in air quality management HDP Gross domestic product PZKO areas ISEZ Environmental burden information system SDGs Sustainable Development Goals IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature Strategic Environmental Assessment - is an impact assessment of SEA major development concepts, territorial planning documentations Green or soft tourism. Its most important type is a rural tourism. and legal provisions. Soft forms of tourism It also includes hiking, cycling and so on. Sulfur dioxide is one of the two main sulfur oxides. It‘s a colorless, Protected areas, nature reserves, national nature reserves, SO2 stinking, poisonous gas. Its density is 2.26 times more than the air. Small-scale areas natural monuments, national natural monuments and protected landscape elements. SR Slovak Republic MDV SR The Ministry of Transport and Construction of the Slovak Republic It is one of the most significant events of exogenous geodynamic MH SR The Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic processes. Based on the Atlas Map of Slope Stability of the Slovak Republic, there were 21,190 registered slope deformations registered MoA SR The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic in Slovakia in 2006, which disturb the territory with an area of 257.5 Slope deformation thousand. ha, which represents 5.25% of the area of Slovakia. The MOE SR The Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic largest share of slope deformations has landslides, of which it NFA National Footprint Accounts was registered 19 104 in 2006 and represent a total of 90.2% of all 78 79 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Greener Slovakia - STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 registered slope deformations. The main natural causes of slope deformations are climatic factors in combination with the erosion BIBLIOGRAPHY of water courses, groundwater emergence and buoyancy effects of groundwater. SGIDŠ -GeoIS State Geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr – Geological information system Biospotrebiteľ. (2013). Ekologické poľnohospodárstvo. http://www.biospotrebitel.sk/ekologicke-polnohospodarstvo/ekologicke-polnohosp- ŠOP SR State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic odarstvo.htm Structure of Industry The current structure of the Slovak industry can be found at the in Slovakia following links: Eurostat, Statistical Office SR Biospotrebiteľ. (2013). Ekologické poľnohospodárstvo na Slovensku. http://www.biospotrebitel.sk/ekologicke-polnohospodarstvo/ekologicke-polnohosp- PM EMISSIONS Atmospheric particulate matter odarstvo-slovensko.htm ÚGKK SR Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre Authority of Slovak Republic Černecký et al. (2014). Správa o stave biotopov a druhov európskeho významu za obdobie rokov 2007 – 2012 v Slovenskej republike. Banská Bystrica: : The State Nature WHO World Health Organization Conservancy of the Slovak Republic. 1 626 s. µg microgram Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW. (2008). CRACKDOWN ON ILLE- In particular, it is mainly environmentally friendly water retention GAL DUMPING –Handbook for Local Government. measures, such as the protection and expansion of functional flood http://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/resources/illegaldumping/080045-illegal-dumping.pdf plains; preservation, restoration and replenishment of river bank vegetation, wetlands and forests in flood plains; preservation and DG Environment. (2014). 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State and trends of carbon pricing. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/636161467995665933/pdf/99533-REVISED- PUB-P153405-Box393205B.pdf World Bank. (2017).Worldwide Governance Indicators. http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx#home 86 Title: Greener Slovakia – STRATEGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC UNTIL 2030 Published by: Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic Edited by: Pavol Široký, Martin Haluš, Veronica Antalová, Ján Dráb, Martin Gális, Jana Mikudová, Marianna Bodáczová, Kristína Mojzesová/ Institute for Environmental Policy (IEP) in cooperation with other departments of the Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic and seven working groups (158 members) Translation: LEXMAN, s. r. o. Graphics and Print: Coreta, a. s. , 2020 Print run: 1 000 pcs Paper: Cocoon Offset, matt, recycled (100 gsm, 250 gsm) E-publication: http://www.minzp.sk/iep/strategicke-materialy/envirostrategia-2030/