Biodiversity Conservation Strategy of Slovenia

CBD Strategy and Action Plan - Slovenia (English version) Strategija ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti v Sloveniji Biodiversity Conservation Strategy of Slovenia Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 1 Fotografije so darovali /Photographs were donated by: Agencija RS za u~inkovito rabo energije / Agency for Efficient Energy Use of the RS, str. 54 Andrej Bibi~, naslovnica, str. 10, 13, 14, 19, 26 (levo zg. in sredina zg.), 30, 31, 32 (sp.), 39, 42, 50, 52, 58, 61, 62, 67, 71 ^ebelarska zveza Slovenije / Beekeeping Association of Slovenia, str. 48 (desno) Dr`avni zbor RS / National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia, str. 15 dr. Du{an Jurc, naslovnica, str. 26 (levo sr., desno zg. in sp.) dr. Hojka Kraigher, str. 27 (levo zg. in sp.), 38, 65 Jo`e Miheli~, str. 56, 57 Slavko Polak, str. 33 dr. Boris Sket, naslovnica, str. 37 dr. Peter Skoberne, naslovnica, str. 26 (sredina sp.), 34, 51 Slovenske `eleznice / Slovene Railways, str. 56 Martin [olar, naslovnica, str. 64 dr. Davorin Tome, str. 32 (zg.) dr. Peter Trontelj, naslovnica Mihej Urban~i~, str. 27 (desno) mag. Jana Vidic, str. 26 (levo sp.) mag. Rudi Verovnik, str. 35 Franci Zidar, str. 40, 47, 48 (levo) dr. Jana @el, str. 66 CIP - Katalo`ni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in unoverzitetna knji`nica, Ljubljana 502.3(497.4) 574(497.4) STRATEGIJA ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti v Sloveniji / [prevod v angle{ki jezik Andreja Naraks]. - Ljubljana : Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor Republike Slovenije, 2002 ISBN 961-6392-03-4 116691712 The Biodiversity Conservation Strategy of Slovenia was adopted by the Government of the Republic of Slovenia on 20. December 2001. It is based on technical contributions by the staff of the Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning and external experts. Until 2001, the work was coordinated by Stane Peterlin and later on by Andrej Bibi~. The financial support to the project was provided by the Global Environmental Facility. Branka Hlad and Fedor ^erne, Ph.D., made an important contribution to the concept of the Strategy. The experts who worked on individual chap- ters of the Strategy are as follows: Gordana Beltram, Ph.D., Franc Ferlin, M.Sc., Aleksander Golob, M.Sc., Jelka Habjan, Jelena Hladnik, Marta Hrustel-Majcen, Vesna Kolar Planin{i~, M.Sc., Hojka Kraigher, Ph.D., Sonja Sibila Lebe, M.Sc., Julijana Lebez Lozej, M.Sc., Helena Matoz, Jo`ica Mau~ec Zakotnik, Nives Nared, M.Sc., [tefka Novak, Biserka Strel, Ph.D., Jana Vidic, M.Sc., Jelka Kremesec- Jev{enak, Peter Skoberne, Ph.D., Viktor Strauch, Ph.D., Andrej [alehar, Ph.D., Robert Turk, M.Sc., @ivan Veseli~, M.Sc., Savo Vovk, Alma Vi~ar, Bojan @nidar{i~. Publishing: Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning, Dunajska c. 48, Ljubljana Slovene language editing: Svetlana Ristin English translation: Andreja Naraks, Lucija Mlakar (Foreword) Design and ilustrations: Andrejka ^ufer, Leonard Rubins No. of copies: 3000 Litography: B&T repro studio, Bled Printing: Medium d.o.o., @irovnica Strategija ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti v Sloveniji je dokument, ki ga je 20. decembra 2001 sprejela Vlada RS. Pripravo besedila strategije je koordiniral na podlagi strokovnih prispevkov delavcev Ministrstva za okol- je in prostor in zunanjih strokovnjakov do leta 2001 Stane Peterlin, v letu 2001 pa Andrej Bibi~. Pripravo strategije je finan~no podprl Globalni sklad za okolje (Global Environmental Facility). H konceptu strategije sta pomembno prispevala Branka Hlad in dr. Fedor ^erne, k posami~nim poglavjem strategije pa s strokovnim znanjem: dr. Gordana Beltram, mag. Franc Ferlin, mag. Aleksander Golob, Jelka Habjan, Jelena Hladnik, Marta Hrustel-Majcen, mag. Vesna Kolar Planin{i~, dr. Hojka Kraigher, mag. Sonja Sibila Lebe, mag. Julijana Lebez Lozej, Helena Matoz, Jo`ica Mau~ec Zakotnik, mag. Nives Nared, [tefka Novak, dr. Biserka Strel, mag. Jana Vidic, Jelka Kremesec-Jev{enak, dr. Peter Skoberne, dr. Viktor Strauch, dr. Andrej [alehar, mag. Robert Turk, mag. @ivan Veseli~, Savo Vovk, Alma Vi~ar, Bojan @nidar{i~. Izdajatelj in zalo`nik: Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor RS, Dunajska c. 48, Ljubljana Lektoriranje slovenskega besedila: Svetlana Ristin Prevod v angle{ki jezik: Andreja Naraks, Lucija Mlakar (Predgovor) Oblikovanje in ilustracije: Andrejka ^ufer, Leonard Rubins Naklada: 3000 Litografija: B&T repro studio, Bled Tisk: Medium d.o.o., @irovnica Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 2 "Na{a de`ela je zaradi svoje izjemne naravne raznolikosti in naravnih vrednot nedvomno pravi biser Evrope in ena najimenitnej{ih de`el sveta, kar je `e v bli`nji prihodnosti lahko ena na{ih najmo~nej{ih deviz." (Narcis MR[I^: BIOTSKA RAZNOVRSTNOST V SLOVENIJI - Slovenija-, " vro~a to~ka" Evrope) "Owing to its exceptional natural diversity and natural values, Slovenia is no doubt a true jewel of Europe and one of the most remarkable countries in the world, which may already in the very near future become one of it’s most valuable resources." (Narcis MR[I^: BIOTIC DIVERSITY IN SLOVENIA - Slovenia-the "hot spot" of Europe) Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 3 Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 4 Predgovor Slovenija ima v primerjavi z dr`avami srednje Evrope ve~je {tevilo obmo~ij z ohranjeno biotsko raznovrstnostjo. To prina{a tudi odgovornost za njihovo ohranjanje, {e posebej v obdobju, ko je upadanje biotske raznovrstnosti v Evropi `e zaskrbljujo~e. Dr`avni zbor Republike Slovenije je ratificiral Konvencijo o biolo{ki raznovrstnosti in nato sprejel Nacionalni program varstva okolja, ki postavlja ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti kot enega od {tirih prednostnih ciljev. Strategija ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti, ki jo je konec leta 2001 sprejela Vlada RS, s svojimi usmeritvami in cilji prispeva k usklajenemu doseganju treh glavnih ciljev Konvencije o biolo{ki raznovrstnosti: • ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti, • trajnostni rabi njenih sestavin, • po{teni in pravi~ni delitvi koristi genskih virov. Strategija postavlja desetletne usmeritve za dejavnosti, ki pomembno vplivajo na trajnostno rabo sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti in trajnostni razvoj. Z njo dopolnjujemo druge dr`avne strategije, predvsem Strategijo gospo- darskega razvoja Slovenije in Nacionalni program varstva okolja. Vklju~evanje drugih resorjev v skrb za trajnostni razvoj postaja s sprejetjem te strategije {e konkretnej{e, njeno izvajanje pa bo prispevalo k {e tesnej{emu povezovanju klju~nih resorjev pri izvajanju ukrepov za ohranjanje raznovrstnosti. Medresorsko sodelovanje je bilo pomembno tako pri pripravi te strategije, kot tudi pri pregledu stanja biotske raznovrstnosti in krajinske pestrosti v Sloveniji - dokumentu, ki je predstavljal temelj strategiji. Skrb za ohranjan- je biotske raznovrstnosti ima mednarodne razse`nosti, zato strategija upo{teva tudi ocene stanja in vzrokov za upadanje biotske raznovrstnosti v Evropi ter strategije biotske raznovrstnosti dr`av Evropske unije in Hrva{ke. Slovenska strategija poudarja ohranjanje ekosistemov skozi ohranjanje ugodnega stanja pripadajo~ih zdru`b rastlinskih in `ivalskih vrst (habitatnih tipov), predvsem najbolj ogro`enih tipov – obalnih, morskih in celinskih voda, barij in mo~virij, suhih in vla`nih travi{~, podzemeljskih habitatnih tipov, in zaradi velikosti populacij evropsko ogro`enih vrst zelo pomembnih – gozdov. Vklju~evanje Slovenije v Evropsko unijo tudi na podro~ju ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti prina{a nove izzive. Evropska komisija je preteklo leto sprejela akcijske na~rte za ohranjanje naravnih virov, kmetijstvo, ribi{tvo, razvoj in ekonomsko sodelovanje. Ti dokumenti so dobro vodilo tudi za pripravo in izvajanje slovenskega medresorskega akcijskega na~rta, ki bo pomembna naloga v letu 2002. Mag. Janez Kopa~ Minister za okolje in prostor Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 5 Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 6 Foreword In comparison with other central European countries, Slovenia has more areas that have preserved their biodi- versity. This brings with a responsibility to conserve such areas, especially at a time when the reduction of bio- diversity in Europe is a cause of serious concern. Following the ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia adopted the National Environmental Action Programme, which featured the conservation of biodiversity as one of its four priorities. At the end of 2001 the Slovenian government adopted the Strategy for the Conservation of Biodiversity includ- ing objectives and directions which will help us attain in a co-ordinated manner the following three main objec- tives of the Convention on Biological Diversity: • conservation of biological diversity; • sustainable use of its components; • fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources. The strategy defines ten-year objectives for activities with a significant impact on the sustainable use of the components of biological diversity and sustainable development. It complements other national strategies, pri- marily the Strategy for the Economic Development of Slovenia and the National Environmental Action Programme. The participation of other ministries in sustainable development has taken on more concrete forms on the basis of this strategy. Its implementation will contribute to closer co-operation between the key min- istries in the implementation of measures for the conservation of biological diversity. Inter-ministerial co-operation played an important role in the preparation of the present strategy and the Review of the Status of Biological and Landscape Diversity in Slovenia - a document that served as a basis for this strategy. Concern for the conservation of biodiversity has an international dimension, so the strategy reflects assessments of conservation status and the causes of the reduction of biodiversity in Europe as well as biodiversity strategies adopted by the European Union member states and Croatia. The Slovenian strategy stresses the conservation of ecosystems by maintaining a favourable conservation status of plant and animal associations (habitat types), especially the most endangered types: coastal, marine and inland waters, bogs, mires and fens, wet and dry grasslands, subterranean habitat types, and forests which are of great importance given the population sizes of species of European conservation concern. Slovenia’s integration into the European Union brings new challenges in the conservation of biodiversity along with it. Last year the European Commission adopted action plans for the preservation of natural resources, for agriculture, fisheries, development and economic co-operation. These documents will guide the preparation and implementation of the Slovenian inter-ministerial action plan, which will be an important task for 2002. Janez Kopa~, M. Sc. Minister of the Environment and Spatial Planning Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 7 KAZALO 1. UVOD 10 1.1 Ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti - izziv za prihodnost 11 1.2 Vrednost biotske raznovrstnosti 12 1.3 Stanje biotske raznovrstnosti in trendi 14 1.4 Pravni okvir in programski akti ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti 15 1.4.1 Konvencije – pravni in programski okvir 15 1.4.2 Obveznosti in programski akti v okviru prilagajanja evropskemu pravnemu redu 16 1.4.3 Pravni predpisi in programi 17 1.5 Temeljni koncept ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti 18 1.5.1 Cilji konvencije 18 1.5.2 Ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti 19 1.5.3 Trajnostna raba 20 1.5.4 Podporne dejavnosti ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti in trajnostni rabi 21 1.6 Izhodi{~a in na~ela priprave strategije ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti 23 1.6.1 Na~ela ukrepanja in delitev odgovornosti 24 2. USMERITVE OHRANJANJA BIOTSKE RAZNOVRSTNOSTI 26 2.1 Ohranjanje ekosistemov 27 2.1.1 Obalni in morski habitatni tipi 29 2.1.2 Celinske vode, barja in mo~virja 29 2.1.3 Habitatni tipi v kmetijski krajini 31 2.1.4 Gozdni habitatni tipi 31 2.1.5 Podzemeljski habitatni tipi 33 2.2 Ohranjanje krajinske pestrosti 33 2.3 Ohranjanje vrst 35 2.4 Ohranjanje genske pestrosti 36 2.5 Ohranjanje ex-situ 38 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 10 1.1 Conservation of biodiversity - a challenge for the future 11 1.2 Value of biodiversity 12 1.3 The status of biodiversity and trends 14 1.4 Legal framework and programme documents on the conservation of biodiversity 15 1.4.1 Conventions - legal and programme framework 15 1.4.2 Obligations and programme documents within the framework of the approximation of laws to the Acquis 16 1.4.3 Legal acts and programmes 17 1.5 Basic biodiversity conservation concept 18 1.5.1 Convention objectives 19 1.5.2 Biodiversity conservation 19 1.5.3 Sustainable use 20 1.5.4 Activities supporting biodiversity conservation and sustainable use 21 1.6 Grounds and principles for the drawing up of the Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 23 1.6.1 The principles of action and responsibility sharing 24 2. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION DIRECTIONS 26 2.1 Conservation of ecosystems 27 2.1.1 Coastal and marine habitats 29 2.1.2 Inland waters, bogs and fens, and marshes 30 2.1.3 Habitat types of agricultural land 31 2.1.4 Forest habitat types 32 2.1.5 Subterranean habitat types 33 2.2 Conservation of landscape diversity 34 2.3 Conservation of species 35 2.4 Conservation of genetic diversity 36 2.5 Ex-situ conservation 38 Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 8 3. DEJAVNOSTI TRAJNOSTNE RABE SESTAVIN IN TRAJNOSTNEGA RAZVOJA 40 3.1 Kmetijstvo 41 3.2 Gozdarstvo 46 3.3 Lovstvo 49 3.4 Ribi{tvo 51 3.5 Upravljanje z vodami 52 3.6 Industrija in energetika 53 3.7 Promet 54 3.8 Turizem 55 4. PODPORNE DEJAVNOSTI OHRANJANJU BIOTSKE RAZNOVRSTNOSTI IN TRAJNOSTNI RABI 58 4.1 Mehanizmi ukrepanja za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti 59 4.1.1 Zakonodajni in ekonomski mehanizmi 59 4.1.2 Urejanje prostora 60 4.1.3 Regionalni razvoj 60 4.2 Monitoring 62 4.3 Raziskovanje in razvoj tehnologij 64 4.4 Pravice do uporabe znanja 66 4.5 Izobra`evanje in komuniciranje 67 4.5.1 Ozave{~anje in komuniciranje z javnostmi 68 4.5.2 Izobra`evanje in usposabljanje 68 4.6 Izmenjava informacij in sodelovanje 69 4.6.1 Posredovalnica informacij 69 4.6.2 Mednarodno sodelovanje 70 5. IZVEDBENA STRUKTURA ZA DOSEGANJE CILJEV STRATEGIJE 72 5.1 Predpogoji 73 5.2 Sprejetje akcijskega na~rta 73 5.3 Spremljanje uspe{nosti doseganja ciljev 74 5.4 Poro~anje o izvajanju strategije 75 6. DODATEK 76 6.1 Slovar~ek izrazov in kratic 77 3. SECTORS INVOLVED IN THE SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY COMPONENTS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 40 3.1 Agriculture 41 3.2 Forestry 46 3.3 Hunting 49 3.4 Fisheries 51 3.5 Water management 52 3.6 Industry and energy sector 53 3.7 Transport 54 3.8 Tourism 55 4. ACTIVITIES SUPPORTING BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE 58 4.1 Biodiversity conservation mechanisms 59 4.1.1 Legislative and economic mechanisms 59 4.1.2 Spatial planning 60 4.1.3 Regional development 61 4.2 Monitoring 62 4.3 Research and technology development 64 4.4 A right to apply knowledge 66 4.5 Education and communication 67 4.5.1 Raising of public awareness and communicating with the public 68 4.5.2 Education and training 68 4.6 Information exchange and cooperation 69 4.6.1 Clearing House Mechanism 69 4.6.2 International cooperation 70 5. IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK FOR THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE STRATEGY OBJECTIVES 72 5.1 Preconditions 73 5.2 Adoption of the action plan 73 5.3 Monitoring of the efficiency of the action 74 5.4 Reporting on the implementation of the Strategy 75 6. APPENDIX 76 6.1 Glossary of terms and abbreviations 77 Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 9 1 UVOD INTRODUCTION Celinska mo~virja Celinske vode Gozd Grmovno in/ali zeli{~no rastlinje Industrija, trgovina, transport Me{ane kmetijske povr{ine Morje Neporasle povr{ine z malo ali brez vegetacije Njivske povr{ine Obalna obmo~ja Pa{niki Rudniki, odlagali{~a, gradbi{~a Trajni nasadi Umetno ozelenjene nekmetijske povr{ine Urbane povr{ine Inland Wetlands Inland Waters Forest Scrub and/or herbaceous vegetation Industrial, Commercial and Transport Heterogeneous Agricultural Areas Marine Waters Open spaces with little or no vegetation Arable Lands Coastal Wetlands Pastures Mines, dump and construction sites Permanent Crops Artificial non-agricultural vegetation Urban Fabric RRaabbaa zzeemmlljjii{{~~ ppoo CCOORRIINNEE // CCOORRIINNEE LLaanndd CCoovveerr Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 10 Uvod Introduction 1 11 11..11 Ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti - izziv za prihodnost @ivljenje na Zemlji se je razvilo pred pribli`no 3,5 milijar- dami let. Tekom evolucije so se razvile vrste in ekosiste- mi do stanja in pestrosti, ki jo poznamo danes in katere sestavni del je ~lovek. Biotska raznovrstnost (uporabljajo se tudi sinonimi biolo{ka raznovrstnost, biotska pestrost in biodiverziteta) je kakovost velikega pomena za potek evolucije in vzdr`evanje sistemov, ki ohranjajo `ivljenje v biosferi in nadaljnji razvoj ~love{tva. Za ~loveka pa je pomembna tudi njena gospodarska, dru`bena in okoljska vrednost. Vsaka teh vrednosti se pomembno zrcali v interesu po zdravju v povezavi z okoljem (Vis medicatrix naturae – Zdravilna mo~ narave). Za posameznika je to ena od najve~jih vrednot in njegovih osebnih virov, na dru`beni ravni pa je zdravje dobrina, ki omogo~a uspe{en dru`beni razvoj in gospodarski napredek. Zdravje je kot zmo`nost razvijanja ~love{kih potencialov eden od klju~nih virov in ciljev razvoja. KKoonnvveenncciijjaa oo bbiioolloo{{kkii rraazznnoovvrrssttnnoossttii (Konvencija v nadal- jevanju) definira biolo{ko raznovrstnost kot variabilnost med `ivimi organizmi, vklju~no s kopenskimi, morskimi in drugimi vodnimi ekosistemi in ekolo{kimi kompleksi, katerih del so. Sestavine biotske raznovrstnosti so tudi vir dobrin, ki omogo~ajo zadovoljevanje prehrambenih, zdravstvenih in drugih potreb nara{~ajo~ega svetovnega prebivalstva (poglavje 1.2). Posebej za re{evanje rev{~ine in lakote v svetu poudarja Organizacija Zdru`enih narodov za kmetijstvo in prehrano (FAO) ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti. Njeno ohranjanje in trajnostna uporaba njenih sestavin pa pomenita hkrati izbolj{evanje zdravja ljudi in dvig kakovost `ivljenja in zato slu`ita pove~evanju blaginje sedanjih in prihodnjih rodov. V evolucijsko zelo kratkem ~asu je ~lovek mo~no vplival na biotske razmere na{ega planeta in povzro~il ob~utne motnje. Vanje je posegel s {tevilnimi dejavnostmi, s katerimi zadovoljuje vedno ve~je potrebe rasto~ega pre- bivalstva in novimi navadami in vzorci vedenja ljudi (npr. pove~evanje do okolja neprijaznega porabni{kega veden- ja, {irjenje oblik pre`ivljanja prostega ~asa, pove~evanje mobilnosti). Zaradi nekaterih dejavnosti se biotska raznovrstnost ob~utno zmanj{uje (poglavje 1.3). S tem ~lovek degradira tudi okolje za svoje in {e posebno za `ivljenje prihodnjih generacij. ^asa za ukrepanje ni veliko, zato je treba prepre~evati in odstranjevati vzroke zmanj{evanja biotske raznovrstnosti prav pri izvoru. Temeljni koncept ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti ses- tavljajo Konvencija in zakonodaja Evropske skupnosti. Ta koncept, ki se izra`a `e v slovenski zakonodaji, izpostav- lja ohranitev ekosistemov in naravnih habitatnih tipov in- situ ter vzdr`evanje in krepitev populacij, ki so sposobne nadaljevati vrste v svojem naravnem okolju (poglavje 2). Za dopolnjevanje ohranjanja in-situ je smiselno tudi 11..11 Conservation of biodi- versity - a challenge for the future Life on Earth began approximately 3,5 billion years ago. During the evolution, species and ecosystems developed to the stage known today. Human race constitutes its integral part. Biodiversity (biological diversity, biotic diversity are synonyms) is an essential component in the process of evolution, the maintenance of life-conserving systems in biosphere, and for the further development of human kind. Biodiversity is extremely important for human race with regard to its economic, social and environmental value. The relevance of these values is reflected in the interest of man for health, in relation to the environment (Vis medicatrix naturae – The Healing Power of Nature). Health is one of the major values and personal sources for an individual and, at the social level, it is an asset which facilitates successful social development and eco- nomic progress. As a capacity for the development of human potential, health is one of its key sources and objectives. CCoonnvveennttiioonn oonn BBiioollooggiiccaall DDiivveerrssiittyy (hereinafter referred to as the Convention) defines biological diversity as the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part. Biodiversity components are a source of assets that allow the ever-increasing world population to satisfy its need for food, health and other goods (Chapter 1.2). To solve the issues of poverty and hunger in the world, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) emphasises the importance of biodiversity conservation. Moreover, the conservation of biodiversity and the sus- tainable use of its components lead to the improved human health and quality of life and serve to augment the wealth of the present and future generations. Man markedly affected biodiversity conditions on the planet and caused considerable disturbances in very short time, speaking in terms of evolution. Biodiversity components are influenced by numerous activities that fulfil the needs of the world population. The newly-devel- oped habits and behavioural patterns (for example, envi- ronmentally unfriendly consumer behaviour, outdoor recreation activities, increased mobility) affect biodiversi- ty. Some of the activities significantly diminish biodiver- sity (Chapter 1.3) and degrade the environment of the present and future generations. Not much time is left for action. The causes of significant reduction of biodiversity have to be prevented and eliminated at source. The Convention and EU legislation constitute the basic concept of biodiversity conservation. This concept, adopted by the Slovene legislation, focuses on the in-situ on Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 11 12 conservation of ecosystems and natural habitat types and the maintenance and strengthening of populations capa- ble of reproduction in their natural environment (Chapter 2). With a view to supplementing the in-situ conserva- tion, it is reasonable to enforce the ex-situ conservation of biodiversity components in their areas of origin. The sustainable use of biodiversity components plays a deci- sive role in the fulfilment of the basic needs of the world population, such as its need for food and health. In Europe, the densely populated and economically devel- oped continent, the in-situ conservation is generally ensured through sustainable use and, exceptionally, through the natural development of areas. Such policy is only possible if the in-situ conservation and sustainable use become inseparable parts of the development of eco- nomic and social activities that affect biodiversity (for example, transport) and exploit its components (for example, agriculture) (Chapter 3). The existing measures focused on the mitigation of the loss of biodiversity are not sufficient to put a stop to current trends. A step in the right direction would be the inclusion, when possible and appropriate, of the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of its components into the relevant sec- toral and inter-sectoral plans, programmes and policies. The permanent abatement of adverse impacts on biodi- versity, nature and the environment can be achieved if all the segments of society express a willingness to change the current system of values and their life-style. The objective may be reached if all three branches of power (in addition to the executive branch, mentioned in the previous paragraph, the legislative and judiciary branch) give a clear message in relation to biodiversity conservation and if the active participation of the public, in particular of the groups active in the non-profit and revenue-generating sector, is ensured. A key to success is the raising of awareness of the public and the susceptibil- ity of people to change social habits. The main challenge faced by the present Strategy is to achieve a harmonised conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of its components in all segments of the society, while taking into account the fundamental concept of biodiversity conservation. The objectives of the Strategy for the next 10 years will be met through the adoption and implementation of the action plan and the sectoral and regional development policies and plans that lead to the gradual changes in social habits. The current values of biodiversity and the resulting prosperity can thus be preserved for the present and future generations. 11..22 Value of biodiversity In reality society attributes market value only to a few of biodiversity values (according to the Convention these are ecological, genetic, social, economic, scientific, educa- tional, cultural, recreational and aesthetic values). However, their actual market value is high and diverse and can be expressed as: Direct use value The value of biodiversity components, for example wood, caught fish and other animals, fruit, picked mushrooms, ohranjanje ex-situ sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti, pred- vsem v dr`avah izvora sestavin. Trajnostna raba sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti pa je odlo~ilnega pomena tudi za zadovoljevanje prehrambenih, zdravstvenih in drugih potreb nara{~ajo~ega svetovnega prebivalstva. V Evropi, gosto poseljeni in gospodarsko zelo razviti celini, se ohranjanje in-situ praviloma zagotavlja s trajnostno rabo, le redko s prepu{~anjem obmo~ij naravnemu razvoju. To pa je mogo~e le, ~e postaneta ohranjanje in-situ in traj- nostna raba nelo~ljivi del razvoja gospodarskih in dru`benih dejavnosti, ki vplivajo na biotsko raznovrstnost (npr. promet) oziroma ki trajnostno izkori{~ajo njene ses- tavine, npr. kmetijstvo (poglavje 3). Obstoje~i ukrepi za zmanj{anje izgube biotske raznovrstnosti {e niso zadostni za ustavitev dana{njih trendov. Korak k temu je, da te dejavnosti povezujejo in vklju~ujejo, kjer je mogo~e in primerno, ohranjanje in trajnostno rabo sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti v ustreznih sektorskih in medsektorskih na~rtih, programih in politikah. Trajnej{e zmanj{anje negativnih vplivov na biotsko raznovrstnost in naravo oziroma okolje v {ir{em pomenu pa lahko prinese le pripravljenost vseh segmentov dru`be, da spremenijo sedanji sistem vrednot in svoj `iv- ljenjski slog. To je mo`no dose~i le z dajanjem jasnih sporo~il vseh treh najvi{jih ravni oblasti (poleg v prej{njem odstavku omenjene izvr{ne {e z zakonodajno in sodno) in zagotavljanjem aktivnega sodelovanja vse dru`be, zlasti organiziranih skupin, ki delujejo v profit- nem in neprofitnem sektorju. Ozave{~anje in dojemljivost ljudi za spreminjanje dru`benih navad pa sta klju~ do uspeha. Glavni izziv te strategije je, ob upo{tevanju temeljnega koncepta ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti, dose~i pre- mik v usklajeno ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti in traj- nostno rabo njenih sestavin v vseh bistvenih segmentih dru`be. Cilje strategije, postavljene za obdobje desetih let, bomo dosegli s sprejetjem in izvajanjem akcijskega na~rta, sektorskih in regionalnih razvojnih politik in na~rtov. To vodi tudi v postopno spreminjanje dru`benih navad. Tako bo mogo~e ohraniti dana{nje vrednote biotske raznovrstnosti in blaginjo, ki iz njih izhaja, sedan- jim in prihodnjim generacijam. 11..22 Vrednost biotske raznovrstnosti Le nekaterim od vrednosti biotske raznovrstnosti (npr. glede na delitev, ki jo vpeljuje Konvencija - ekolo{ke, genske, dru`bene, gospodarske, znanstvene, izobra`evalne, kulturne, rekreacijske in estetske vrednos- ti) dru`ba dejansko pripisuje tr`no vrednost. Ta je velika in raznolika, mogo~e pa jo je izra`ati kot: Neposredno uporabno vrednost To je npr. vrednost sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti, deni- mo lesa, ulovljenih rib in drugih `ivali, plodov rastlin, nabranih gob, zdravilnih rastlin in njihovih sestavin. Posebno neposredno uporabno vrednost predstavljajo kmetijske rastline in pasme doma~ih `ivali, ki so prilago- Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 12 Uvod Introduction 1 13 jene specifi~nim, pogosto zelo ekstremnim, pogojem okolja. V to kategorijo vrednosti lahko {tejemo tudi v zad- njem ~asu vse {tevilnej{a odkritja novih biogenih snovi (npr. prehrambnih proizvodov, funkcionalne hrane, zdravil, industrijskega materiala itd.) in mehaniz- mov delovanja (npr. giban- je robotov, aerodinami~nih lastnosti itd.), ki dobijo s prenosom v tehnologijo neposredno uporabno vred- nost. Ohranjeno biotsko raznovrstnost neposredno tr`i turizem, saj je sodobna usmeritev v “zeleni” ali alternativni turizem. Ta pa je odvisen od ohranjenosti biotske raznovrstnosti oziroma narave. Posredno (ekolo{ko) uporabno vrednost Ekosistemi zagotavljajo ekolo{ke procese, ki so tudi osnovna podpora delovanju ~love{ke dru`be in gospo- darstva. To so npr. kro`enje hranil in kisika, za{~ita tal pred spiranjem in erozijo, bla`enje podneb- nih sprememb - ponor CO2, ~istilna funkcija voda, `ivljenjski prostor za `ivali in rastline. Sistemi z ve~jo biotsko raznovrstnostjo bolje prenesejo nenadne spremembe v okolju in ohranjajo ugodno stanje ekosistemov. Pravo~asno upo{tevanje vidika ohran- janja biotske raznovrstnosti v okviru celovitega dru`beno-gospodarskega pristopa zmanj{uje porabo sredstev za sanacijo neza`elenih posledic in s tem tudi javno porabo sredstev. Iz dr`av Evropske unije so znani predvsem primeri prihrankov zaradi zmanj{evanja inten- zivnosti kmetijstva in u~inkovite rabe energije. Estetsko, kulturno in intrinzi~no vrednost Velik vpliv na ~lovekovo dojemanje okolice imajo na- ravne zna~ilnosti - `ivali, rastline in naravna obmo~ja, ~ustveno pa se odzivamo na zna~ilne estetske lastnosti. Posameznikovo dojemanje narave je mo~no odvisno od asociacij, ki jih podajajo umetniki. Slednji pogosto najdejo navdih in motiv v naravi. Tudi {tevilni kulturni obi~aji izvirajo iz naravnih pojavov. Za vedno {tevilnej{i del lju- biteljev narave je pomembno zavedanje, da {e vedno so obmo~ja z ohranjeno naravo in visoko biotsko raznovrst- nostjo, ki imajo estetsko, kulturno ali intrinzi~no vrednost kot zapu{~ina prihodnjim rodovom. Ta skupina ljudi prispeva k ohranjanju takih obmo~ij z materialnimi sred- stvi in prostovoljnim delom. herbs and their parts. The direct use value includes, in particular, agricultural plants and breeds of domestic ani- mals adapted to the specific, often extreme, local envi- ronmental conditions. Numerous newly discovered bio- genic substances (of foodstuffs, functional food, medicines, industrial material, etc.) and operation mechanisms (moving of robots, aerodynamic proper- ties) which gain direct use value when used in technology can be included in this category of val- ues. The tourist sector directly markets conserved biodiversity since the eco/sustainable tourism is highly popular. Still, such tourism is determined by the level of the conservation of biodiversity and nature. Indirect (ecological) use value Ecosystems provide ecological processes which are the founda- tions for the functioning of human society and economy. In these processes the following are included: the cycle of nutri- ents and oxygen, the protection of soil against leaching and ero- sion, the mitigation of climate change - CO2 sink, the purifica- tion function of waters, the habitats for plants and animals. Systems with rich biodiversity easily mitigate the sudden changes in the environment and maintain ecosystems at a favourable status. If biodiversity conservation aspects are duly taken into account within the framework of the integral social and economic approach, the funds for the rehabilitation of undesired consequences and thus public spending, are reduced. In the EU member states savings arise from the reduction of the intensity of agricultural production and efficient energy use. Aesthetic, cultural and intrinsic value Natural features - animals, plants and natural areas- influ- ence man’s perception of the surrounding space but, emotionally, man responds to specific aesthetic charac- teristics. An individual perception of nature is to a large extent defined by the associations offered by artists who often find inspiration and motif in nature. Moreover, many cultural customs arise from natural phenomena. It is important for numerous nature lovers to know that there are still areas of conserved nature and rich biodi- versity with the aesthetic, cultural and intrinsic value as a heritage for future generations. These people contribute to the conservation of such areas by material means and volunteer work. Na obmo~jih z ohranjeno biotsko raznovrstnostjo tr`i njeno neposredno uporabno vrednost turizem, ki mora za dolgoro~no ohranjanje te vrednosti zagotavljati ohranjenost teh obmo~ij. • In areas with conserved biodiversity its direct use value is marketed by tourism which must ensure the preservation of the value in order to guarantee the long-term conservation of these areas. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 13 14 11..33 The status of biodiversity and trends The data and discoveries allow modern science to explain the existing status of matters with increasing reliability, to foresee the developments in nature and society and to effectively direct the necessary measures. However, despite all the measures and development, biodiversity is still diminishing. If measures are not implemented, the status does not improve. At the time of the adoption of the Convention it was established by the signatories that “where there is a threat of significant reduction or loss of biological diversity, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to avoid or minimise such a threat”. The doubts about the reliability of data should therefore be considered from this point of view. The status of biological and landscape diversity in Slovenia, including the reference sources and the sum- maries of the world and European trends and the Slovene legislation, is thoroughly assessed and presented in the publication of the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia (the Review of the Status of Biological and Landscape Diversity in Slovenia). Only a general summary is provided here. It is estimated in the UNEP’s Global Biodiversity Assessment, that on a global level biodiversity is decreas- ing at a faster rate now than at any other time in the his- tory of Earth. Among the most affected areas are tropical forests and isolated island ecosystems. The FAO reports that one third of all domestic animal breeds faces extinc- tion. The situation in Europe is a cause for concern due to the impact of human activities lasting for centuries. The scale of the impact increased dramatically in the 19th century. The Assessment by the UNEP confirms that in some European countries up to 24 % of species of certain groups such as butterflies, birds and mammals are now nationally extinct. The European Environmental Agency 11..33 Stanje biotske raznovrstnosti in trendi Sodobna znanost in stroka vsak dan prihajata do novih podatkov in odkritij, s katerimi lahko vedno bolj zaneslji- vo razlagata obstoje~e stanje, predvidevata dogajanje v naravi in dru`bi in {e bolj u~inkovito usmerjata ukrepe. Kljub temu se biotska raznovrstnost zmanj{uje, kajti dok- ler se ukrepi ne izvajajo, se stanje praviloma ne poprav- lja. S sprejetjem Konvencije so podpisnice ugotovile, da »tam, kjer grozi ob~utno zmanj{anje ali izguba biotske raznovrstnosti, pomanjkanje popolne znanstvene zanesljivosti ne sme biti razlog za odlaganje ukrepov, s katerimi se je mo`no izogniti tej gro`nji ali jo celo zmanj{ati«. Zato je dvome o zanesljivosti podatkov treba gledati tudi v tej lu~i. Pregled stanja biotske raznovrstnosti in krajinske pestrosti v Sloveniji z referen~nimi viri, ki navaja tudi povzetke svetovnih in evropskih trendov in slovensko zakonodajo, je iz~rpno podan v pravkar izdani istoimen- ski publikaciji Agencije RS za okolje, zato so tukaj nave- deni le splo{ni povzetki. Ocena globalne biotske raznovrstnosti in njenih trendov, ki so jo izdelali v okviru Programa za okolje Zdru`enih narodov (UNEP), ka`e na veliko vi{jo stopnjo njenega zmanj{evanja kot kdaj prej v zgodovini Zemlje. Najbolj kriti~no so prizadeti tropski gozdovi in izolirani oto{ki ekosistemi. FAO pa poro~a, da se tretjina pasem doma~ih `ivali soo~a z izumrtjem. Stanje biotske raznovrstnosti v Evropi prav tako zbuja skrb, saj ~lovek nanjo nenehno vpliva `e stoletja. Ta vpliv se je dramati~no pove~al v 19. stoletju. Omenjena ocena UNEP-a potrjuje, da je v nekaterih evropskih dr`avah pri skupinah, kot so metulji, ptice in sesalci, izumrlo ali izginilo do 24 % vrst. Evropska okoljska agencija (EEA) v svojih poro~ilih navaja, da so vzroki za zmanj{evanje biotske raznovrstnosti v mnogih evropskih regijah pred- [tevilo ogro`enih vrst v zadnjih desetletjih zaskrbljujo~e raste. The increased number of endangered species in the last decades is a cause for concern. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 14 Uvod Introduction 1 15 vsem intenzivne, deloma industrijske oblike kmetijske in gozdarske rabe prostora, visoka stopnja fragmentacije ostankov naravnih habitatov kot posledice infrastrukture, urbanizacija, mno`i~ni turizem ter onesna`enost vode in zraka. Pri sedanjih trendih gospodarske rasti se bo izguba biotske raznovrstnosti v Evropi br`kone nadaljevala. Pregled stanja biotske raznovrstnosti in krajinske pestrosti v Sloveniji potrjuje podobne trende, ~eprav so manj izraziti kakor v razvitih srednjeevropskih dr`avah. Ogro`enih je na primer 10 % vseh praprotnic in semenk ter 56 % vreten~arjev (sesalci, pti~i, plazilci, dvo`ivke, ribe), najbolj ogro`eni habitatni tipi pa so podzemski, obalni in morski, stoje~e in teko~e vode, suha in vla`na travi{~a. Med domorodnimi pasmami doma~ih `ivali je v kategoriji ogro`enih populacij v Sloveniji najmanj devet pasem. Slovenija ima v primerjavi z dr`avami Evropske unije {e ve~ obmo~ji z ohranjenimi habitatnimi tipi, ki nastanejo kot posledica ekstenzivne kmetijske in goz- darske rabe. 11..44 Pravni okvir in programski akti ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti 1.4.1 Konvencije – pravni in programski okvir Konvencija o biolo{ki raznovrstnosti postavlja pravni in programski okvir za u~inkovito ukrepanje za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti, o ~emer govorijo naslednja poglavja te strategije. Z ratifikacijo skozi sprejetje Zakona o ratifikaciji Konvencije o biolo{ki raznovrstnosti1 so dolo~ila Konvencije postala tudi pravno zavezujo~ okvir, s katerim se je Slovenija zavezala k izpolnjevanju ciljev na na~in predviden v Konvenciji. (EEA) states in its reports that the decline of Europe’s biodiversity in many regions derives mainly from highly intensive, partially industrial forms of agricultural and sil- vicultural land use, from an increased fragmentation of remaining natural habitats by infrastructure and urbani- sation and the exposure to mass tourism as well as pollu- tion of water and air. Given the current trends in eco- nomic activities, the rate of loss of biodiversity in Europe is likely to continue. In the Review of the Status of Biological and Landscape Diversity in Slovenia similar trends were confirmed, even though they are not as evident as in the Central European countries. Approximately 10 % of ferns and higher plants and 56 % of vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish) are endangered. The most threatened habitat types are subterranean habitats, coastal and marine habitats, standing and running waters, and dry and humid grasslands. In Slovenia at least nine breeds of indigenous domestic animals have been given the status of endangered population. In com- parison to the EU countries, there are more areas of con- served habitat types based on low intensity agriculture and forestry in Slovenia. 11..44 Legal framework and programme documents on the conservation of biodiversity 1.4.1 Conventions - legal and programme framework The Convention on Biological Diversity provides the legal and programme framework for the efficient action in the field of biodiversity conservation. With the ratification and adoption of the Act ratifying the Convention on Biological Diversity1, the provisions of the Convention became a legally binding instrument obliging Slovenia to fulfil the objectives in a manner provided for in the Convention. The Convention on Biological Diversity includes several subjects which are discussed in detail by other conven- tions - the World Heritage Convention (ratified in 1992), the Ramsar Convention (notified in 1992), the Barcelona Convention (notified in 1992), the Alpine Convention (rati- fied in 1995), the Bonn Convention (ratified in 1998), the Bern Convention (ratified in 1999) and the Washington Convention (ratified in 1999). The implementation of the UN conventions has lately been oriented towards the aggregation and coordination of activities, in particular at the national level. Slovenska zakonodaja na mnogih podro~jih `e ustrezno ureja ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti in trajnostno rabo in razvoj (na sliki slovenski parlament). • The conservation of biodiversity, and sustainable use and devel- opment, are in many fields adequately regulated by Slovene legislation (here, Slovenian parlament). 1 Ur.l. RS, {t. 30/96 1 Ur.l. RS (Official Journal of the Republic of Slovenia), 30/96 Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 15 16 The Convention on Biological Diversity stipulates that its parties have to adopt a strategy for the conservation of biodiversity as a programme document that lays the foundations for the implementation of the measures pro- vided for in the Convention. The National Environmental Action Plan2, drawn up pursuant to Articles 47 and 48 of the Environmental Protection Act3, lays down that the Ministry for the Environment and Spatial Planning has to draw up a national biodiversity conservation strategy (Chapter 6.1.3.1). Pursuant to Article 21 of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia Act4 the Government is the body responsible for the adoption of such strategy. 1.4.2 Obligations and programme documents within the framework of the approxima- tion of laws to the Acquis Upon the adoption of the 5th Environmental Action Programme “Towards Sustainability”, the EU member states came to an agreement to adopt a strategy on bio- diversity. The strategy must be viewed in the context of the obligations to integrate environmental concerns into other sectoral policies, in accordance with article 130R (2) of the Amsterdam Treaty which establishes that “envi- ronmental protection requirements must be integrated into the definition and implementation of Community policies and activities, in particular with a view to pro- moting sustainable development”. The Community Biodiversity Strategy as a programme document was adopted by the European Parliament in 1998. It provides guidelines for achieving compliance in the fulfilment of objectives and international obligations arising from the conventions signed by the European Union. The current EU legislation and policies are considered in the Community Strategy and Slovenia is obliged by the Association Agreement to implement them. The main documents are the integral common policies - Agenda 2000, sectoral policies - Common Agricultural Policy, Common Fisheries Policy and Rural Development Policy and the EU policy concerning the protection of nature, the environment and genetic resources determined in particular by the Directive on the conservation of wild birds, Directive on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora, Directive establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, Council Regulation on the conservation, the characterisation, the collection and the utilisation of genetic resources in agricul- ture and various Biodiversity conservation action plans focused on the conservation of natural resources, agricul- ture, fisheries and on economic and development coopera- tion. In practice, the link between these documents and environmental concerns and the conservation of biodi- versity is established by the possibility to draw funds from the EU financial mechanisms. Konvencija o biolo{ki raznovrstnosti obsega tudi vsebine, ki jih podrobneje obravnavajo druge konvencije - Konvencija o varovanju svetovne dedi{~ine (ratificirana l. 1992), Ramsarska (notificirana l. 1992), Barcelonska (noti- ficirana l. 1992), Alpska (ratificirana l. 1995), Bonska (rati- ficirana l. 1998), Bernska (ratificirana l. 1999) in Washingtonska konvencija (ratificirana l. 1999). Izvajanje konvencij, katerih skrbnik so Zdru`eni narodi, je v zad- njem ~asu usmerjeno v zdru`evanje in koordinacijo dejavnosti. To prizadevanje naj bi potekalo predvsem na dr`avni ravni. Konvencija o biolo{ki raznovrstnosti nalaga dr`avam pod- pisnicam tudi sprejetje strategije ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti kot programskega dokumenta, ki naj zago- tovi temelje za izvajanje ukrepov, dolo~enih s Konvencijo. Nacionalni program varstva okolja2, pripravljen na podlagi 47. in 48. ~lena Zakona o varstvu okolja3, nalaga Ministrstvu za okolje in prostor pripravo dr`avne strategi- je za biotsko raznovrstnost (poglavje 6.1.3.1). Na podlagi 21. ~lena Zakona o Vladi Republike Slovenije4 pa Vlada sprejema Strategijo ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti. 1.4.2 Obveznosti in programski akti v okviru prilagajanja evropskemu pravnemu redu ^lanice Evropske unije so se ob sprejetju Petega okoljskega akcijskega programa “Towards Sustainability” dogovorile med drugim o sprejetju strategije o biotski raznovrstnosti. Vsebine strategije morajo biti razumljene tudi v povezavi z dol`nostjo vklju~evati okoljske vidike v druge sektorske politike skladno s ~lenom 130R (2) Amsterdamske pogodbe. Ta dolo~a, da “morajo biti zahteve varstva okolja integrirane v opredelitev in izva- janje politik in dejavnosti Evropske unije, zlasti s poudarkom na promociji trajnostnega razvoja”. Strategijo Evropske unije o biotski raznovrstnosti je parlament Evropske unije kot programski akt sprejel leta 1998 in dolo~a smernice za zagotavljanje skladnosti pri doseganju ciljev in izpolnjevanju mednarodnih zahtev, ki izhajajo iz konvencij, katerih podpisnica je Evropska unija. Upo{teva tudi obvezno zakonodajo in politike Evropske unije, ki se jih je Slovenija obvezala izpolnjevati s pridru`itvenim spo- razumom. To so predvsem celovite skupne politike kakor Agenda 2000, sektorske politike kakor Skupna kmetijska politika, Skupna ribi{ka politika in Politika razvoja pode`elja ter politika Evropske unije na podro~ju varstva narave, okolja in genskih virov, kakor jo dolo~ajo zlasti Direktiva o ohranjanju prosto`ive~ih vrst ptic, Direktiva o ohranjanju prosto`ive~e flore, favne in habitatov, Direktiva o skupni politiki do voda, Uredba sveta o ohranjanju, zbi- ranju in uporabi genskih virov v kmetijstvu ter Akcijski na~rti biotske raznovrstnosti za ohranjanje naravnih virov, kmetijstvo, ribi{tvo in ekonomsko in razvojno sodelovanje. Povezanost z okoljskimi zahtevami in ohranjanjem biotske raznovrstnosti se izra`a v praksi pri mo`nostih ~rpanja sredstev iz finan~nih mehanizmov Evropske unije. 2 Ur.l. RS, {t. 83/99 3 Ur.l. RS, {t. 32/93, 44/95, 1/99, 9/99 4 Ur.l. RS, {t. 71/93, 23/96, 47/97, 23/99 in 119/00 2 Ur.l. RS, 83/99 3 Ur.l. RS, 32/93, 44/95, 1/99, 9/99 4 Ur.l. RS, 71/93, 23/96, 47/97, 23/99 and 119/00 Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 16 Uvod Introduction 1 17 1.4.3 Pravni predpisi in programi Obravnavanje ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti To podro~je je v Sloveniji zadovoljivo urejeno na ravni zakonskih aktov, obravnavajo pa ga predvsem Zakon o ohranjanju narave5, Zakon o varstvu okolja in Zakon o za{~iti `ivali6. Na ravni podzakonskih aktov velja za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti nekaj klju~nih uredb in odlokov (npr. Uredba o zavarovanju ogro`enih `ivalskih vrst7, Odlok o zavarovanju redkih ali ogro`enih rastlinskih vrst8, Uredba o varstvu samoniklih gliv9), na podlagi `e sprejetih zakonov pa je treba sprejeti {e nekaj podzakonskih aktov. Podro~je podpor ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti v kmetijstvu ureja Zakon o kmetijstvu10. Konvencija izpostavlja izjemen pomen ohranjanja in-situ biotske raznovrstnosti, k ~emur pomembno prispeva ustrezno upravljanje zavarovanih obmo~ij visokega na- ravovarstvenega pomena. Predpisi, s katerimi se ustanav- ljajo zavarovana obmo~ja in se zanje dolo~a upravljalca, imajo tako va`no vlogo pri ohranjanju raznovrstnosti. Na dr`avni ravni so to zlasti Zakon o Triglavskem narodnem parku11, Zakon o Spominskem parku Treb~e12 (pozneje z ZON preimenovanim v Kozjanski park), Zakon o Regijskem parku [kocjanske jame13, Zakon o Naravnem re- zervatu [kocjanski zatok14 in Uredba o Krajinskem parku Se~oveljske soline15, na ob~inski pa npr. Odlok o razgla- sitvi Zelencev za naravni rezervat16. Obravnavanje dejavnosti, ki izkori{~ajo sestavine biotske raznovrstnosti Formalnopravna ureditev trajnostne rabe sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti je na tistih podro~jih, ki so `e urejena z novimi zakoni, to so zlasti gozdovi in delno kmetijstvo, na~elno ustrezna. Na podro~ju gospodarjenja z vodami, lovstva in ribi{tva, kjer je nova zakonodaja v pripravi, je treba vanjo vnesti trajnostno rabo sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti v skladu s predpisi o ohranjanju narave in mednarodnimi obveznostmi. V usmeritvah in programskih dokumentih trajnostno rabo postavljajo Nacionalni program varstva okolja, Strategija gospodarskega razvoja RS, Program razvoja gozdov v Sloveniji in Strategija razvoja kmetijstva. Slednji razume varstvo biotske raznovrstnosti in-situ in trajnostno rabo njenih sestavin tudi v skladu z definicijami Konvencije. Programska dokumenta s podro~ja kmetijstva (Na~rt razvoja pode`elja 2000-2006 in Slovenski kmetijsko-okoljski program 2001-2006) na~elno spodbujata kmetijsko prakso za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti in finan~no podporo trajnostni kmetijski rabi naravnih virov za ohranjanje kul- turne krajine in biotske raznovrstnosti. V izvedbenem delu pa te spodbude {e niso uravnote`ene z na~eli. Priprava programskih dokumentov lovstva in ribi{tva je v za~etni fazi. 1.4.3 Legal acts and programmes Addressing of biodiversity conservation In Slovenia, the field of biodiversity conservation is rather well regulated by statutory acts, in particular the Nature Conservation Act5, the Environmental Protection Act and the Animal Protection Act6. The key executive acts concerning biodiversity conservation are the Decree on the protection of endangered animal species7, the Ordinance on the protection of rare or endangered plant species8 and the Decree on the protection of wild fungi9. Several more executive acts will have to be adopted pur- suant to the already enforced laws. The financial support for the conservation of agricultural biodiversity is regulated by the Agriculture Act10. The Convention emphasises the outstanding importance of the in-situ conservation of biodiversity guaranteed by the adequate management of protected areas of high nature protection importance. The regulations concern- ing the establishment of protected areas and the designa- tion of their management authorities therefore play a sig- nificant role in the conservation of biodiversity. Such national regulations are the Triglav National Park Act11, the Treb~e Memorial Park Act12 (renamed by the Nature Conservation Act into Kozjansko Park), the [kocjanske jame Regional Park Act13, the [kocjanski zatok Nature Reserve Act14 and the Decree on Se~oveljske soline Landscape Park15. At the municipal level, the Ordinance on the designation of Zelenci Nature Reserve16 was adopted. Addressing of the activities which use biodiversi- ty components In principle, the legal regulation of the sustainable use of biodiversity components is adequate in the fields where new acts have been adopted, that is in forestry and, in part, agriculture. In the field of water management, hunt- ing and fisheries, the provisions concerning the sustain- able use of biodiversity components have to be integrat- ed into the legislation in accordance with the nature con- servation regulations and international obligations. The principles of sustainable use are covered by the fol- lowing programme documents and guidelines: the National Environmental Action Programme, the Strategy for the Economic Development of Slovenia, the Programme for the development of forests in Slovenia and the Development Strategy of Slovene Agriculture. In the latter, the in-situ conservation of biodiversity and the sustain- able use of its components are considered in accordance with the Convention definitions. The programme docu- ments in the field of agriculture (the Rural development plan 2000-2006 and the Agri-environmental programme of Slovenia 2001-2006) promote the agricultural practice 5 Ur. l. RS, {t. 56/99, 31/00 6 Ur. l. RS, {t. 98/99 7 Ur.l. SRS, {t. 57/93, 61/93 in 69/00 8 Ur.l. SRS, {t. 15/76 in 56/99 9 Ur. l. RS, {t. 57/98 10 Ur. l. RS, {t. 54/00 11 Ur.l. SRS, {t. 17/81 in 42/86 12 Ur.l. SRS, {t. 1/81 in 42/86 13 Ur.l. RS, {t. 57/96 14 Ur.l. RS, {t. 20/98 15 Ur.l. RS, {t. 29/01 16 Ur.l. SRS, {t. 27/1987 5 Ur. l. RS, 56/99, 31/00 6 Ur. l. RS, 98/99 7 Ur.l. SRS, 57/93, 61/93 and 69/00 8 Ur.l. SRS, 57/93, 61/93 and 69/00 9 Ur.l. SRS, 15/76 and 56/99 10 Ur. l. RS, 57/98 11 Ur. l. RS, 54/00 12 Ur.l. SRS, 17/81 and 42/86 13 Ur.l. SRS, 1/81 and 42/86 14 Ur.l. RS, 57/96 15 Ur.l. RS, 20/98 16 Ur.l. RS, 29/01 Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 17 18 focused on biodiversity conservation and offer financial support for the sustainable agricultural use of natural resources, all with a view to conserve the cultural land- scape and biodiversity. However, the discrepancies between the principles and actual situation in the provi- sion of such support can not be ignored. In the field of hunting and fisheries the programme documents are only just being drawn up. Addressing of the activities which have a signifi- cant impact on biodiversity The Spatial Planning Act17 is of large importance for the conservation of biodiversity since space must be utilised in such a way that biodiversity is conserved. Fundamentally, the legislation in this field is adequate. However, new regulations on spatial planning must com- ply with the regulations on nature conservation and the international obligations. The conflict between the conservation of biodiversity and the development of specific activities is often clearly evi- dent from the spatial planning procedures and the proce- dures concerning the activities affecting space. Strategic decisions direct and motivate the development of activi- ties but the regard for biodiversity conservation require- ments is only a mechanism which merely mitigates the development trends, not influences them. It is of key importance that the principles of sustainable develop- ment and biodiversity conservation are integrated into the development strategies of specific activities. The Resolution on the Strategy for energy use and supply and the Resolution on strategic goals for the development of tourism in the Republic of Slovenia take into account the principles of sustainable development but they do not express their position towards the biodiversity conserving development. The Strategy of Economic Development of Slovenia lays the foundations for the programme direc- tions in the field of transport but the actual integration of the Strategy into the national railway and road pro- gramme is not sufficient. Addressing of the access to and distribution of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources and technology transfer In Slovenia, the exploitation and transfer of technologies is rather satisfactorily regulated by the Industrial Property Act18. 11..55 Basic biodiversity conservation concept At the global level the grounds for the biodiversity con- servation concept were set by the Convention. At the European level they are supplemented by the EU legisla- tion. The national legislation and the strategic and devel- opment programmes regulate the conservation of biodi- versity in certain fields. The relations between the legisla- tion and programmes on one hand and the objectives and directions on the other are hereby presented. Obravnavanje dejavnosti, ki bistveno vplivajo na biotsko raznovrstnost Velik pomen za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti ima Zakon o urejanju prostora17 - prostor je namre~ treba rabiti tako, da se ohranja biotska raznovrstnost. Zakonodaja, ki ureja to podro~je, je na~eloma ustrezna, novi predpisi o urejanju prostora pa morajo biti usklajeni s predpisi o ohranjanju narave in mednarodnimi obveznostmi. V postopkih urejanja prostora in poseganja vanj pa se pogosto najbolj jasno izra`a konfliktnost med ohranjan- jem biotske raznovrstnosti in razvojem nekaterih dejavnosti. Gonilo in usmerjevalec razvoja dejavnosti so strate{ke odlo~itve, upo{tevanje zahtev, ki ohranjajo biot- sko raznovrstnost, pa le mehanizem, ki ne more ve~ vpli- vati na trende razvoja, lahko jih le bla`i. Zato je klju~nega pomena, da se v strategije razvoja dejavnosti vgradijo na~ela trajnostnega razvoja in ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti. Na~ela trajnostnega razvoja upo{tevata Resolucija o strategiji rabe in oskrbe Slovenije z energijo in Resolucija o strate{kih ciljih na podro~ju razvoja turizma v Republiki Sloveniji, ne opredeljujeta pa se do razvoja, ki ohranja biotsko raznovrstnost. Izhodi{~a za krovno prometno programsko usmeritev obstajajo v Strategiji gospodarskega razvoja RS, vendar je njena integracija v nacionalni `elezni{ki in avtocestni program pomanjkljiva. Obravnavanje dostopa in delitve koristi od uporabe genskih virov ter prenosa tehnologij Podro~je, ki ureja izkori{~anje in prenos tehnologij, je v Sloveniji zadovoljivo urejeno v Zakonu o industrijski lastni- ni18. 11..55 Temeljni koncept ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti Konvencija na svetovni ravni postavlja veliko izhodi{~, na evropski ravni pa jih dopolnjuje {e zakonodaja Evropske skupnosti. Ti tvorijo globalni oziroma evropski koncept ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti. Dr`avna zakonodaja ter strate{ki in razvojni programi urejajo ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti na nekaterih podro~jih. Odnos med to zakonodajo in programi ter cilji in usmeritvami strategije je razlo`en v nadaljevanju. 1.5.1 Cilji konvencije Konvencija je bila sprejeta za doseganje treh temeljnih ciljev: • ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti, • trajnostna raba njenih sestavin, • po{tena in pravi~na delitev koristi genskih virov skupaj z ustreznim dostopom do njih in s primernim preno- som ustreznih tehnologij. 17 Ur.l. SRS, 27/87 18 Ur. l. SRS, 18/84, 15/89, RS 71/93 17 Ur. l. SRS, {t. 18/84, 15/89, RS 71/93 18 Ur.l. RS, {t. 13/92, 27/93, 34/97, 75/97 Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 18 Uvod Introduction 1 19 1.5.2 Ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti Biotska raznovrstnost je raznolikost med `ivimi organiz- mi, vklju~no s kopenskimi, morskimi in drugimi vodnimi ekosistemi in ekolo{kimi kompleksi, katerih del so. Zmanj{evanje svetovne biotske raznovrstnosti pomeni pospe{eno izumiranje dolo~enih viabilnih in za evolucijo sposobnih populacij ali vrst. S spremljanjem stanja v na- ravi je bilo ugotovljeno, da je dolo~en del biotske raznovrstnosti bolj ogro`en od drugega. V okviru ohran- janja biotske raznovrstnosti so torej tak{ne populacije in vrste dele`ne svetovne pozornosti. Navedene so v rde~em seznamu svetovno ogro`enih vrst, ki ga vodi IUCN. Dr`ave oziroma skupnosti dr`av (npr. Evropska unija) so odgovorne za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti na svojem ozemlju in za trajnostno rabo svojih biolo{kih virov. Zato morajo usmeriti pozornost na te populacije in vrste na svojem ozemlju, pa tudi na populacije in vrste, ki so ogro`ene na ravni celine oziroma dr`ave in prispevajo k viabilnosti regionalne populacije. Ker je osnovna zahte- va po varstvu ekosistemov in naravnih habitatov in-situ, mora dr`ava skrbeti za ohranjanje ekosistemov oziroma habitatov tak{nih vrst. Dolo~eni ekosistemi oziroma habi- tati potrebujejo ve~jo pozornost kakor drugi. Evropska unija je tukaj po znanju in pristopih pred svetovnim povpre~jem Konvencije in v dveh direktivah `e dolo~a tak{ne vrste in habitatne tipe. 1.5.1 Convention objectives The three basic objectives of the Convention are: • the conservation of biological diversity, • the sustainable use of its components, • the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilisation of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appro- priate transfer of relevant technologies. 1.5.2 Biodiversity conservation Biodiversity means the variability among living organ- isms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part. The loss of global biodiversity is indicated by the advanced dying out of specific viable populations or species capable of evolution. It has been established by the monitoring of their status in nature that specific species and populations are more threat- ened than others. In view of biodiversity conservation such populations and species cause world-wide concern. In the IUCN Red List they are identified as globally threatened species. Individual states and communities of states (for example, the European Community) are responsible for the conservation of biodiversity in their territory and for the sustainable use of their biological resources. Their attention should be devoted to popula- Ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti in-situ v slovenskih razmerah le v manj{em obsegu poteka s prepu{~anjem naravne- mu razvoju kot npr. v gozdnem rezervatu Pe~ka, v ve~jem pa s trajnostnimi oblika- mi rabe zemlji{~ kot npr. z ekstenzivnim kmetovanjem v Kozjanskem parku. In Slovenia, the in-situ conservation of biodiversity, performed by leaving an area to natural processes, is restricted to small areas, e.g. the Forest Reserve Pe~ka; biodiversity is in-situ mainly con- served through sustainable land use, e.g. low intensity farming in the Park Kozjansko. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 19 20 tions and species found in their own territory, and to those which are threatened at the continental or state level and contribute to the viability of the regional popu- lation. Since the in-situ conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats is the basic requirement, a state should provide for the conservation of ecosystems and habitats of such species. However, certain ecosystems and habi- tats should be given more attention than others. With regard to the necessary knowledge and approaches, the European Union is a step ahead of the average Convention party. It has already adopted two directives identifying such species and habitat types. One of the already enforced in-situ conservation meas- ures is the establishment of protected areas and areas where special biodiversity conservation measures are foreseen. If appropriate, the parties to the Convention draw up guidelines for the selection, establishment and management of protected areas and areas where special biodiversity conservation measures are to be adopted. The EU member states have reached an agreement on the establishment of such protected areas in regions where habitats of endemic and endangered species of Community interest still exist. In such areas (NATURA 2000) the sustainable use of biodiversity components and the development of regions where habitats and popula- tions of endemic and endangered species are conserved must be ensured. In these areas the economic and devel- opment incentives are provided for activities which com- ply with their conservation objectives. Habitats, habitat types and their authentic biodiversity are conserved in two ways: by leaving an area to the nat- ural processes (natural succession of communities) and by managing the area in a manner that conserves rich biodiversity. Except for biomes in the sub-Arctic area and high mountains, no habitat types in Europe are con- served through natural succession. The main reasons are the relatively dense population and the fact that most of the European territory is occupied by various human activities. The maintenance of habitat types through sus- tainable land use is the primary conservation method. In Slovenia, the relevant legislation has been adopted but the implementation part remains to be set up. The imple- mentation objectives, which will contribute to the conser- vation of biodiversity, are described in Chapter 2. 1.5.3 Sustainable use As a result of thousands of years of land cultivation, the share of wilderness or entirely natural areas in Europe is rather small in comparison to other parts of the world. Here, the habitat types that are important for biodiversity conservation are part of the cultural landscape. Land use in these areas is essential for the conservation of typical plant and animal communities (characteristic biodiversi- ty). However, such biodiversity conserving land use and the exploitation of water resources have to take into account that natural resources, either abiotic (e.g. water) or biotic (meaning biodiversity components) form a habi- tat for plant and animal species. In the Convention, sus- tainable use means “the use of components of biological diversity in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biological diversity, thereby main- Uveljavljen ukrep za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti in- situ je ustanavljanje zavarovanih obmo~ij oziroma obmo~ij s posebnimi ukrepi za njeno ohranjanje. Podpisnice Konvencije pripravijo, kjer je treba, smernice za izbor, ustanovitev in upravljanje zavarovanih obmo~ij oziroma obmo~ij, kjer je treba sprejeti posebne ukrepe za ohranitev biotske raznovrstnosti. Evropska unija se je sporazumela o njihovem ustanavljanju tam, kjer so {e evropsko pomembni habitati z endemi~nimi in ogro`enimi vrstami. Na tak{nih obmo~jih (NATURA 2000) je treba zagotavljati trajnostno rabo sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti in razvoj prostora, ki ohranja habitate in populacije teh endemi~nih in ogro`enih vrst. Dele`na pa so tudi ve~jih ekonomskih in razvojnih spodbud za dejavnosti, ki so v skladu s cilji njihovega ohranjanja. Habitati, habitatni tipi in njihova avtenti~na biotska raznovrstnost se ohranjajo s prepu{~anjem obmo~ij na- ravnemu razvoju (naravni sukcesiji zdru`b) ali s posega- njem na obmo~ja z rabo, ki vzdr`uje visoko biotsko raznovrstnost. Ohranjanje razli~nih habitatnih tipov s prepu{~anjem naravni sukcesiji na primerno velikih obmo~jih se v Evropi ne izvaja, razen v subarkti~nem in visokogorskem biomu. Glavni razlog je razmeroma gosta poseljenost in ~lovekova raba ve~ine evropskega ozemlja. Zato je bolj uveljavljeno vzdr`evanje habitatnih tipov s trajnostno rabo zemlji{~. Slovenska zakonodaja `e ureja to podro~je, izvedbeno stran pa je treba vzpostaviti v celoti. Izvedbeni cilji, ki prispevajo k temu delu ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti, so opisani v poglavju 2. 1.5.3 Trajnostna raba Zaradi ve~tiso~letnega kultiviranja zemlji{~ je prvotnih oziroma povsem naravnih obmo~ij v Evropi manj kakor v ve~ini drugih delov sveta. Habitatni tipi, pomembni za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti, so tudi del dolo~ene kulturne krajine. Na njih je raba zemlji{~ nujna za ohran- janje zna~ilnih rastlinskih in `ivalskih zdru`b (zna~ilne biotske raznovrstnosti). Raba zemlji{~ in vodnih virov, ki naj ohranja biotsko raznovrstnost, pa mora upo{tevati, da so naravni viri, tako abiotski (npr. voda) kot biotski (= sestavine biotske raznovrstnosti), tudi `ivljenjski pro- stor `ivalskih in rastlinskih vrst. Trajnostna raba je zato v okviru Konvencije definirana kot »raba sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti le na na~in in v koli~ini, ki dolgoro~no ne povzro~a zmanj{evanja biotske raznovrstnosti, tako da ostaja ohranjena njena zmo`nost za zadovoljevanje potreb in pri~akovanj sedanjih in prihodnjih generacij«. Svetovna komisija za okolje in razvoj definira trajnostni razvoj kot »zadovoljevanje potreb sedanjih generacij, ne da bi bile s tem ogro`ene mo`nosti prihodnjih generacij za zadovoljevanje njihovih«. Tak razvoj mora priznavati tudi biotsko raznovrstnost kot kvaliteto, kot zbirko ses- tavin, ki je danes ne uporabljamo v celoti, potrebovale pa jo bodo prihodnje generacije. Za dosego tak{nega razvoja je treba zahteve po ohranjanju `ivljenjskega prostora ses- tavin biotske raznovrstnosti upo{tevati pri izrabi prostora in abiotskih naravnih virov. Slovenija se je za trajnostni razvoj nedavno opredelila v Strategiji gospodarskega razvoja RS. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 20 Uvod Introduction 1 21 Gospodarske in nekatere dru`bene dejavnosti z izkori{~anjem naravnih virov (npr. sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti, vode, zemlji{~, mineralnih surovin) ali s poseganjem v prostor bistveno vplivajo na biotsko raznovrstnost. Zato morajo povezovati in vklju~evati, kjer je mogo~e in ustrezno, ohranjanje in trajnostno rabo ses- tavin biotske raznovrstnosti v ustrezne sektorske in med- sektorske na~rte, programe in politike, s ~imer bosta zagotovljena ohranjanje ter trajnostna raba sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti. Strategija Evropske unije o biotski raznovrstnosti natan~neje dolo~a ukrepe, ki so potrebni za zagotavljanje trajnostne rabe naravnih virov. Slovenska zakonodaja to podro~je pravnosistemsko `e ureja. Na posameznih podro~jih je treba trajnostno rabo sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti tudi pravno {e urediti. Obvezno pravno programsko izhodi{~e za vklju~evanje ukrepov ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti na druga podro~ja je `e dano, v usmeritvah ga natan~neje dopolnju- jeta {e Nacionalni program varstva okolja in Strategija gospodarskega razvoja RS. Sektorske razvojne politike pa morajo ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti in trajnostno rabo njenih sestavin postopoma vklju~iti v celoti. Izvedbeni cilji trajnostne rabe in razvoja, ki prispevajo k ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti, so opisani v poglavju 3. 1.5.4 Podporne dejavnosti ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti in trajnostni rabi Te dejavnosti pomembno prispevajo k bolj ciljnemu in u~inkovitemu ohranjanju in-situ in trajnostni rabi, s ~imer je mo`no tudi bolj u~inkovito odpravljati najve~je gro`nje zmanj{evanju biotske raznovrstnosti. V nadaljevanju so izpostavljene tiste dejavnosti, ki jih zaradi njihovega pomena pri ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti izpostavlja- ta Konvencija ali Strategija Evropske unije o biotski raznovrstnosti. Monitoring Za u~inkovito ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti in-situ in za ustrezno trajnostno rabo je potrebno ugotavljanje spre- memb v stanju biotske raznovrstnosti. Spremljati in nadzirati je treba njene sestavne dele, s posebno pozornostjo do tistih, ki zahtevajo nujne ohranitvene ukrepe, ter tistih, ki ponujajo najve~je mo`nosti za traj- nostno rabo. Treba je opredeljevati procese in kategorije dejavnosti, ki imajo ali bi lahko imele pomembne {kodljive u~inke na ohranjanje in trajnostno rabo biotske raznovrstnosti, ter spremljati in nadzirati posledice teh procesov in dejavnosti. V okviru monitoringa je treba sis- tematsko zbirati ustrezne podatke, jih ohranjati in vzdr`evati. Slovenska zakonodaja to podro~je `e ureja, izvedbeni cilji monitoringa so opisani v poglavju 4. Raziskovanje Politika trajnostnega razvoja je lahko uspe{nej{a kadar obstajajo ustrezne znanstvene podlage in strokovne re{itve. Zato je treba okrepiti raziskovanje, ki prispeva k identifikaciji biotske raznovrstnosti in u~inkovitemu ukrepanju pri njenem ohranjanju. Za dru`beni razvoj je pomembno raziskovanje konceptov in na~inov trajnostne rabe sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti. taining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations.” The World Commission on Environment and Development defines sustainable development as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future gener- ations to meet their own needs.” Such development must acknowledge that biodiversity is a collection of compo- nents which are currently not used in entirety but will be needed by future generations. In order to achieve such development the conservation of the habitats of biodiver- sity components has to be considered when space and abiotic natural resources are exploited. With the adoption of the Strategy of Economic Development Slovenia has taken over the concept of sustainable development. Economic and other human activities affect biodiversity by the exploitation of natural resources (for example, biodiversity components, water, land, mineral raw mate- rials) or by affecting the physical space. These activities must integrate, as far as possible and as appropriate, the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into the relevant sectoral or cross-sectoral plans, pro- grammes and policies and thus ensure the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity components. The Community Biodiversity Strategy lays down in detail the measures needed to guarantee the sustainable use of nat- ural resources. In Slovenia, the legislation concerning sustainable devel- opment has been adopted to a great extent but in certain fields the sustainable use of biodiversity components still needs to be regulated. The mandatory legal grounds for the integration of biodiversity conservation measures into other fields have been established and further sup- plemented by the directions of the National Environmental Action Programme and the Strategy for the economic development of Slovenia. However, biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of its components still need to be fully integrated into the sectoral development policies. The implementation objectives concerning sus- tainable use and development, which will contribute to the conservation of biodiversity, are described in Chapter 3. 1.5.4 Activities supporting biodiversity conservation and sustainable use These activities significantly contribute to the target-ori- ented and efficient in-situ conservation and sustainable use and thus support efficient removal of the most seri- ous threats to biodiversity. Listed bellow are the activities emphasised by the Convention and the Community Biodiversity Strategy as activities important for biodiversi- ty conservation. Monitoring In order to implement efficiently the in-situ conservation of biodiversity and to use its components in a sustainable manner it is necessary to identify the changes in the sta- tus of biodiversity. Biodiversity components have to be monitored with particular attention devoted to those that require urgent conservation measures and those which offer the greatest potential for sustainable use. It is of utmost importance that the processes and categories of Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 21 22 activities that have, or might have, significant adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biodi- versity are determined, and the consequences of these processes and activities monitored. Within the frame- work of the monitoring procedure, the relevant data have to be systematically collected, kept and maintained. In Slovenia, the relevant legislation has been adopted. The implementation objectives concerning monitoring are described in Chapter 4. Research The relevant scientific expertise and technical solutions improve the efficiency of the sustainable development policy. The research contributing to the identification of biodiversity and to the efficient conservation measures needs to be built up. The research of the concepts and methods of sustainable use of biodiversity components is important in the view of social development. Education and communication The threat to biodiversity arises from the relation of man to nature and the existing behavioural patterns in society. Biodiversity can only be conserved if the entire society is aware of the reasons and consequences of the threat it posses to nature and if social habits and behavioural pat- terns change. This is only possible if people are motivat- ed by appropriate mechanisms, limitations and incen- tives, and if the public is informed and educated. In order to fulfil these tasks all three branches of power should adopt appropriate measures. Biodiversity conservation measures Each Contracting Party adopts, as far as possible and as appropriate, the economically and socially sound meas- ures that act as incentives for the conservation and sus- tainable use of biodiversity components. Such measures concern the legislation, economic development and spa- tial planning. The EU has already incorporated the legisla- tive and economic incentive mechanisms into specific sectoral policies. Various forms of financial support are available to the interested parties, such as LIFE funds intended for the conservation of NATURA 2000 sites, the agri-environmental support to appropriate land use in areas of high biodiversity and the support to suitable regional development. Specific restrictions are necessary to ensure efficient biodiversity conservation. The EU legi- slation restricts certain activities with a view to conserve the most endangered components of biodiversity. In Slovenia, the relevant legislation is adequate in specific fields. The implementation objectives concerning the introduction of mechanisms for the promotion of biodi- versity conservation and the coordination of conservation and (un)sustainable use interests are described in Chapters 3 and 4. Izobra`evanje in komuniciranje Ogro`enost biotske raznovrstnosti izhaja iz ~lovekovega odnosa do narave ter obstoje~ih vedenjskih vzorcev v dru`bi. Biotsko raznovrstnost je mo`no ohranjati le, ~e se celotna dru`ba zaveda vzrokov in posledic njenega ogro`anja in spremeni del svojih navad in vedenjskih vzorcev. To pa bo mo`no ob motivaciji z ustreznimi mehanizmi, z omejitvami in spodbudami ter primerno informiranostjo, ozave{~enostjo in izobra`evanjem, za kar morajo poskrbeti vsi trije segmenti oblasti. Mehanizmi ukrepanja za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti Vsaka pogodbenica, ~e je to mo`no in ustrezno, sprejme ustrezne gospodarske in dru`beno sprejemljive ukrepe, ki spodbujajo ohranjanje in trajnostno rabo sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti. Tak{ni ukrepi so zakonodajni, ekonomski in prostorsko-na~rtovalski. Evropska unija je spodbuje- valne zakonodajne in ekonomske mehanizme `e vgradila v nekatere sektorske politike. Zainteresiranim so tako na razpolago podpore LIFE za ohranjanje obmo~ij NATURA 2000, kmetijsko-okoljske podpore za ustrezno rabo zemlji{~ z visoko biotsko raznovrstnostjo in podpore za ustrezen regionalni razvoj. Za ve~jo u~inkovitost pri ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti so nujni tudi omejeval- ni mehanizmi. Zakonodaja Evropske unije omejuje dejavnosti predvsem s ciljem ohranjati najbolj ogro`ene sestavine biotske raznovrstnosti. Slovenska zakonodaja to ustrezno ureja na nekaterih podro~jih. Izvedbeni cilji za uvajanje mehanizmov spod- bujanja ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti in usklajevanja interesov ohranjanja in (ne)trajnostne rabe so opisani v poglavjih 3 in 4. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 22 Uvod Introduction 1 23 11..66 Izhodi{~a in na~ela priprave strategije ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti Vodilo pri pripravi slovenske strategije so bili dokumenti Konvencije (sama dolo~ila Konvencije, odlo~itve konferenc pogodbenic, priporo~ila strokovnih organov Konvencije), upo{tevani so bili tudi ukrepi, ki jih nalaga zakonodaja Evropske skupnosti. @e iz ciljev Konvencije izhajajo speci- fi~ni cilji in ukrepi, ki stremijo k vzpostavitvi ugodnega stanja najbolj ogro`enih in za rabo najbolj pomembnih sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti v dr`avi, kakor tudi k ustavljanju neza`elenih trendov njenega zmanj{evanja. Oblikovanje strate{kih ciljev in usmeritev temelji na: • pregledu stanja biotske raznovrstnosti in krajinske pestrosti v Sloveniji, • oceni stanja in vzrokov za zmanj{evanje biotske raznovrstnosti v Evropi, s poudarkom na sosednjih dr`avah in dr`avah Evropske unije, • obstoje~ih pravnih podlagah in mehanizmih, • upo{tevanju na~el ukrepanja in delitev odgovornosti, • znanih pristopih ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti, ki 11..66 Grounds and principles for the drawing up of the Biodiversity Conservation Strategy The basis for the drawing up of the Slovene Strategy were the Convention documents (the provisions of the Convention itself, decisions adopted by the contracting parties, recommendations by the expert Convention bod- ies) and the measures imposed by the EU legislation. The objectives of the Convention lay down the specific objec- tives and measures oriented towards the establishment of a favourable status of most endangered and usable biodiversity components in the state and towards the elimination of undesired trends of biodiversity loss. The strategic objectives and directions are formulated on the basis of: • the review of the status of biological and landscape diversity in Slovenia, • the assessment of the status and the causes for biodi- versity loss in Europe, with emphasis on the neighbour- ing countries and the EU member states, • the existing legislative instruments and mechanisms, Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 23 24 • the consideration of the principles of action and respon- sibility sharing, • the established biodiversity conservation approaches employed by the neighbouring countries. • The “Review of the Status of Biological and Landscape Diversity in Slovenia”, where specific sectoral issues are discussed, was drawn up by the Environmental Agency of Slovenia in cooperation with the representatives of the relevant sectors and ministries, national research institutions, NGO representatives and numerous experts. 1.6.1 The principles of action and responsibility sharing When the following principles are accepted by all the sec- tors and activities that use or affect natural resources, the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of its components can be achieved. Some of them are incorpo- rated into the existing sectoral policies - the Environmental Protection Act and the Nature Protection Act. They are also indirectly or directly stressed in the Strategy for the economic development of Slovenia. The Biodiversity Conservation Strategy summarises the princi- ples which are to be followed in the development of sec- toral policies. • Principle of careful decision making: to take decisions on the basis of the best available information; to adopt the economically and socially adequate measures which function as incentives for the conservation of biodiversity. • Principle of avoidance19: to draw up strategic environ- mental impact assessments that are mandatory for projects which are likely to have a significant negative impact on biodiversity. • Precautionary principle: to take action to avoid the potential adverse impacts of activities on biodiversity even when a causal link between activities and their impact has not been established; through the applica- tion of the scientific and technological advances such measures substantially reduce the risk to people, nature and the environment; the principle is best followed by integral strategies which at the initial stage prevent environmental burdens and burdens to biodiversity. • Principle of translocation and wise land use20: to translocate activities which are particularly damaging to biodiversity and can not be avoided, to areas where they will cause less environmental damage; when the effects of the exploitation of natural assets (the impact on the habitats of species and populations) are consi- dered to be equal, the least disturbing manner of and conditions for an activity affecting nature must be selected; in case of an alternative technical possibility such activity must be selected which does not degrade nature. jih ubirajo sosednje dr`ave. • Pripravo publikacije Pregled stanja biotske raznovrst- nosti in krajinske pestrosti v Sloveniji, ki vklju~uje opre- deljevanje sektorskih problematik, je vodila Agencija RS za okolje, sodelovali pa so predstavniki klju~nih sektor- jev oziroma ministrstev, razli~ne nacionalne razisko- valne institucije, predstavniki nevladnih organizacij in {tevilni strokovnjaki. 1.6.1 Na~ela ukrepanja in delitev odgovornosti Doseganje ohranjanja in trajnostne rabe sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti je uspe{nej{e ob upo{tevanju spodaj nave- denih na~el v vseh dejavnostih, ki izkori{~ajo naravne vire ali nanje vplivajo. Nekatera na~ela so v Sloveniji `e vgrajena v podro~no zakonodajo - Zakon o varstvu okolja in Zakon o ohranjanju narave, posredno ali neposredno jih izpostavlja tudi Strategija gospodarskega razvoja RS. Strategija ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti jih povzema celovito, z namenom, da jim sledijo pri svojem razvoju tudi sektorske politike: • Na~elo previdnega sprejemanja odlo~itev: odlo~ati se je treba na podlagi najbolj{ih razpolo`ljivih informacij ter sprejeti gospodarsko in dru`beno ustrezne ukrepe, ki delujejo kot spodbude za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti. • Na~elo izogibanja19: za projekte, ki bodo imeli verjet- no ve~ji negativni vpliv na biotsko raznovrstnost, je obvezna izdelava strate{ke presoje vplivov na okolje. • Na~elo previdnosti: ne sme se odlo`iti ukrepanja, s katerim se je mo`no izogniti potencialno negativnim vplivom dejavnosti na biotsko raznovrstnost, tudi ~e vzro~na zveza med temi dejavnostmi in njihovim vplivom {e ni bila v celoti ugotovljena. To pomembno prispeva k zmanj{anju tveganja za ~love{tvo, naravo in okolje z uporabo znanstvenih in tehnolo{kih prednosti. Temu na~elu najbolje sledijo celovite strategije, ki prepre~ujejo okoljske obremenitve oziroma obre- menitve biotske raznovrstnosti od vsega za~etka. • Na~elo premestitve in smotrne rabe prostora20: dejavnosti, ki so {e posebno {kodljive za biotsko raznovrstnost in se jim ni mogo~e izogniti, bi morali premestiti na obmo~ja, kjer bodo povzro~ale manj {kode. Ob pribli`no enakih u~inkih izkori{~anja na- ravnih dobrin (ki pomeni poseganje v `ivljenjski prostor vrst in populacij) je treba izbirati najmanj{e mo`no poseganje v naravo in se, ~e so na voljo alternativne tehni~ne mo`nosti, odlo~iti za izvedbo posega, ki ne okrni narave. • Na~elo ekolo{ke kompenzacije21: ~e se {kodljivim vplivom fizikalno-kemijskih sprememb na obmo~jih z visoko stopnjo biotske raznovrstnosti ni mogo~e izogni- ti, je treba spet vzpostaviti ravnote`je s kompenzacijski- mi varstvenimi ukrepi. • Na~elo ekolo{ke celovitosti22: zagotoviti je treba delo- vanje ekolo{kih procesov, od katerih je odvisno pre`ivetje vrst in ohranitev habitatov. • Na~elo ponovne vzpostavitve in obnove23: izgubljene sestavine biotske raznovrstnosti bi morali spet vzpostaviti in/ali obnoviti, sem spadajo ukrepi za obno- vo habitatov in ponovno naselitev ogro`enih vrst. 19 ZVO, ~leni 51, 54 in 55 20 ZVO, ~len 53/2 in ZON ~lena 5 in 15 21 ZON, ~len 52 22 ZON, ~lena 32 in 33 23 ZON, ~leni 15, 16, 17 in 52 19 Ur.l. RS, 13/92, 27/93, 34/97 and 75/97 20 Environmental Protection Act, Articles 51, 54 and 55. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 24 Uvod Introduction 1 25 • Na~elo najbolj{e razpolo`ljive tehnologije in okolju najustreznej{ega ravnanja24: dostop do tehnologije in njeno {irjenje sta klju~na elementa ohranjanja; kjer je mogo~e, je treba tudi drugim omogo~iti uporabo tehnologij, ki so uporabne pri ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti in trajnostni rabi njenih sestavin. • Na~elo »onesna`evalec pla~a«25: stro{ke ukrepov za prepre~evanje, nadzorovanje in zmanj{evanje {kode, povzro~ene biotski raznovrstnosti, mora poravnati tisti, ki je odgovoren za nastalo {kodo. Za to na~elo je osred- njega pomena celostno obravnavanje stro{kov, ki izhaja iz ekolo{kih u~inkov proizvodnje, potro{nje in distribu- cije. Sestavni del na~ela je tudi dodelitev stro{kov ones- na`evalcu, in te stro{ke je treba upo{tevati pri merjenju ekonomske u~inkovitosti. Intenzivnost rabe narave in okolja se mora nara{~ajo~e izra`ati v stro{kih in posle- di~no v cenah. Le tako bodo gospodarske dru`be in gospodinjstva/{ir{a javnost prejeli pravilne, tj. trajnost- nost spodbujajo~e cenovne signale na katerih bodo temeljile njihove odlo~itve. • Na~elo udele`be javnosti in javne dostopnosti infor- macij26: podporo javnosti pri uvajanju ukrepov v zvezi z biotsko raznovrstnostjo je treba dose~i z vklju~evan- jem javnosti, interesnih skupin in lastnikov zemlji{~, znanstvene skupnosti ter drugih posameznikov in skupin dr`avljanov. • Na~elo prepre~evanja27: prepre~evanje {kode je cenej{e kakor njeno saniranje. • Na~elo sodelovanja28: na~elo, ki omogo~a skupno re{evanje problematike in naju~inkovitej{e iskanje ustreznih re{itev, s tem pa prina{a velike prihranke tudi v okviru porabe javnih sredstev, saj `e vsebuje na~elo prepre~evanja. Temelji na naj{ir{i mo`ni udele`bi vseh zainteresiranih, tj. javnosti, industrije in dru`benih skupin pri zastavljanju ciljev in izvajanju ukrepov, ki sledijo politiki trajnostnega razvoja. • Principle of ecological compensation21: to avoid the harmful effects of the physical and chemical changes in the areas of rich biodiversity by the introduction of compensatory protection measures for the restoration of a natural balance. • Principle of ecological integrity22: to guarantee the functioning of ecological processes vital for the survival of species and conservation of habitats. • Principle of re-establishment and restoration23: to re-establish and/or restore the lost biodiversity compo- nents; the introduction of measures for the restoration of habitats and re-population of endangered species. • Principle of Best Available Techniques and Best Environmental Practice24: to provide access to tech- nology and its expansion as the key conservation ele- ments; when possible, other users must have access to technologies which can be used in the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of its components. • Polluter-pays principle25: to oblige the person respon- sible for the damage to cover the costs of measures for the prevention, control and reduction of damage on biodiversity; the essential element of the principle is that the costs arising from environmental impacts of production, consumption and distribution are consid- ered integrally and are allocated to the polluter; the costs must be taken into account in measuring the eco- nomic efficiency; the intensity of the exploitation of nature and environment should be reflected in higher costs, and subsequently, prices; the companies and households/the public will thus realise the connection between sustainable use of natural resources and their price and will base their consumer decisions on this information. • Principle of public participation and access to information26: to attain public support to the introduction of biodiversity conservation measures through the participation of citizens, interest groups, land-owners, scientific community and other individuals and groups. • Principle of prevention27: to prevent damage is more cost-effective than to restore it. • Principle of cooperation28: to cooperate to facilitate the common problem-solving and efficient finding of solutions; since it integrates the principle of prevention, the savings in public expenditure are significant; the principle is based on the participation of all interested parties, the public, industry and social groups, in the setting up of the objectives and implementing the measures concerning sustainable development. 24 ZVO, ~len 8 25 ZVO, ~len 10 26 ZVO, ~lena 14 in 73 27 ZVO, ~len 8 28 ZVO, ~len 7 21 Environmental Protection Act, Article 53(2 ) and Nature Conservation Act, Articles 5 and 15. 22 Nature Conservation Act, Article 52. 23 Nature Conservation Act, Articles 32 and 33. 24 Nature Conservation Act, Articles 15, 16, 17 and 52. 25 Environmental Protection Act, Article 8. 26 Environmental Protection Act, Article 10. 27 Environmental Protection Act, Articles 14 and 73. 28 Environmental Protection Act, Article 8. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 25 2 USMERITVE OHRANJANJA BIOTSKE RAZNOVRSTNOSTI BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION DIRECTIONS Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 26 Usmeritve ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti Biodiversity conversation directions 2 27 Koncept biotske raznovrstnosti obravnava vse obstoje~e variacije `ivega sveta, to je {tevilo, pestrost in variabilnos- ti organizmov in zvez, ki jih tvorijo z zdru`evanjem. Obi~ajno je ta pestrost razumljena na treh biotskih ravneh – genski, vrstni in ekosistemski. Temeljna je zahteva po ohranitvi te biotske raznovrstnosti z ohranitvi- jo ekosistemov in naravnih habitatov in-situ ter vzdr`evanjem in krepitvijo populacij, ki so sposobne nadaljevati razvoj vrst v svojem naravnem okolju. Ohranitev ekosistemov se izvaja zlasti skozi sonaravno ali trajnostno gospodarjenje, ki vklju~uje ohranjanje ugodne- ga stanja habitatnih tipov, habitatov vrst, vrst in populacij ter genske pestrosti. Odlo~itev pogodbenic {t. V/6 (glej poglavje Dodatek) podrobneje razlaga in promovira eko- sistemski pristop pri ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti. Ohranjanje in-situ je v nadaljevanju razdeljeno na tri ravni, ekosistemsko, vrstno in gensko. V Evropi zaradi ve~tiso~letnega kultiviranja zemlji{~ pomembno prispeva k ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti tudi ohranjanje kra- jinske pestrosti. Za vrste in populacije, ki so tako prizadete, da je njihovo pre`ivetje v naravi regionalno ali globalno vpra{ljivo, in za kultivirane sorte in pasme, pa je smiselno tudi varovanje ex-situ. Pojem `ivalske in rastlinske vrste se uporablja, kakor je dolo~eno v Zakonu o ohranjanju narave, s ~imer se cepljivke, glive in li{aji obravnavajo kot rastlinska vrsta. 22..11 Ohranjanje ekosistemov Med velikimi naravnimi ekosistemi, ki v Evropi bistveno prispevajo k ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti in so zara- di ~lovekovega delovanja najbolj ogro`eni, so predvsem celinske vode, morski, obalni, travi{~ni in gozdni ekosis- temi. K ohranjanju ekosistemov prispeva ohranjanje ugod- nega stanja pripadajo~ih habitatnih tipov. V Sloveniji je treba za ohranjanje visoke biotske raznovrstnosti poleg habitatnim tipom, ki se pojavljajo v prej na{tetih ekosis- temih, posvetiti posebno pozornost {e podzemeljskim habitatnim tipom. V strategiji je uporabljana klasifikacija habitatnih tipov PHYSIS, ki jo kot osnovo za dolo~anje The concept of biodiversity deals with all existing varia- tions of the living world, the number, diversity and vari- ability of all organisms and the relations created by their uniting. Generally, the diversity covers three biotic levels – the genetic, species and ecosystem level. The funda- mental requirement is to conserve biodiversity through the in-situ conservation of ecosystems and natural habi- tats, and the maintenance and strengthening of popula- tions which are capable of further development in their natural environment. Ecosystems are conserved through sustainable management which incorporates the mainte- nance of habitat types, species’ habitats, species and populations, and genetic diversity at a favourable status. Decision V/6 of the Parties to the Convention (see Appendix) describes in detail the ecosystem approach in the conservation of biodiversity and promotes its enforcement. The in-situ conservation is further divided into the ecosystem, species and genetic level. Due to the thousands of years of land cultivation in Europe, the con- servation of landscape diversity significantly contributes to the conservation of biodiversity. The ex-situ conserva- tion must be taken into account in relation to the species and populations which are threatened to the extent when their survival in nature is uncertain at the local and global level, and to the cultivated varieties and breeds. The term plant and animal species is used as referred to in the Nature Conservation Act. Cyanobacteria, fungi and lichens are considered plant species. 22..11 Conservation of ecosystems Of the large natural ecosystems in Europe that substan- tially contribute to the conservation of biodiversity and are threatened by human activities, the following should be emphasised: inland waters, marine and coastal ecosystems, grasslands and forests. The maintenance of habitat types at a favourable status contributes to the con- servation of the relevant ecosystems. In order to conserve rich biodiversity in Slovenia, subterranean habitat types must be added to the list of types which are part of the Za nemoteno delovanje ekosistema je pomemben neoviran in stalen pretok energije med trofi~nimi nivoji, neovirana in stal- na produkcija in razgradnja biomase. V tleh (na sliki levo je profil gozdnih tal) to omogo~ajo povezave gliv z viri hranil, vi{jimi rastlinami, drugimi vrstami glivami in bakterijami (na slikah desno). An ecosystem functions well if the energy flux between trophic levels is continuous and the production and decomposition of biomass is undisturbed. In soil (left picture: forest soil pro- file), the functioning of an ecosystem is guaranteed when the contacts between fungi and nutrients, higher plants, other fungi and bacteria are established (pictures on the right). Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 27 28 above-mentioned ecosystems. The PHYSIS classification of habitat types was used in the Strategy. It is applied by the European Union as a basis for the determination of habitat types. The decisions adopted by the Parties to the Convention introduce the term wetlands which is, howev- er, defined differently than habitat types. Generally speaking, in Slovenia a wetland is an area of any coastal habitat type and habitat types of inland waters, bogs, fens and marshes, humid and wet grasslands, riverine and marsh forests and scrub, and specific subterranean habitat types. A considerable reduction in and loss of specific habitat types (extensive meadows, meadow orchards, wetlands), an increased fragmentation of landscape, hindrances to dynamic processes in ecosystems, loss of landscape structures, increased nuisances in distant natural areas (high mountains, rock walls, headwaters), all these lead to the extensive loss of specialised and endemic species and to the “erosion” of species diversity in Slovenia. The conservation of ecosystems and the appurtenant diversity of habitat types is therefore of key importance for the conservation of species’ diversity. In view of the Ramsar Convention, wetlands are one of the more emphasised ecosystems. They are conserved through the implemen- tation of the nature protection directions focused on the above-mentioned habitat types (Chapter 2) and activities that contribute to their maintenance at a favourable sta- tus (Chapter 3). In view of the efficient conservation of ecosystems, it is important to promote the establishment of a network of protected areas, taking into account the network of pro- tected areas of the European Union - NATURA 2000. However, the established system of protected areas is not sufficiently efficient and adequate to guarantee the con- servation of populations of numerous wild species and their habitats. It is therefore necessary for the in-situ con- servation that a state ensures the conservation and sus- tainable use of biodiversity components outside protected areas. Numerous global processes, in particular climate change and the depletion of the ozone layer, seriously affect the status of biodiversity. Climate change influences certain sensitive ecosystems. The functioning of ecosystems may alter, following the enhanced climate changes and that should be taken into account in the conservation and sus- tainable use of biodiversity components. In addition, the depletion of the ozone layer is likely to have an adverse impact on local biodiversity. OBJECTIVE • To conserve ecosystems through the maintenance of habitat types at a favourable status. DIRECTIONS • To protect areas vital for the maintenance of habitat types at a favourable status. • To establish a network of protected areas, while taking into account the NATURA 2000 network, and to provide mechanisms for the conservation and sustainable use, including financial mechanisms. • To establish and efficiently manage the ecological net- work to improve the status of endangered and key habitatnih tipov uporablja tudi Evropska unija. Odlo~itve pogodbenic Konvencije uvajajo tudi pojem mokri{~a, ki pa je opredeljen na druga~ni podlagi kakor habitatni tipi. Okvirno je v slovenskih razmerah mokri{~e obmo~je, kjer se pojavlja kateri koli od obalnih habitatnih tipov, habitat- nih tipov celinskih voda, barij in mo~virij, mokrotnih in vla`nih travi{~, obre~nih in mo~virnih gozdov in grmi{~ ter nekateri od podzemeljskih habitatnih tipov. Ob~utno zmanj{evanje in izguba dolo~enih habitatnih tipov (npr. ekstenzivni travniki, travni{ki sadovnjaki, mokri{~a), vse ve~ja fragmentacija krajine, zaviranje dina- mi~nih procesov v ekosistemih, izginjanje struktur v kraji- ni, pove~evanje mote~ih dejavnikov v odro~nih naravnih predelih (visokogorje, skalne stene, povirja potokov in rek) vodi k vse obse`nej{emu izginjanju specializiranih in endemi~nih vrst in s tem k »eroziji« slovenske vrstne raznovrstnosti. Ohranjanje ekosistemov in pripadajo~e pestrosti habitatnih tipov je zato klju~no tudi za ohranjan- je vrstne pestrosti. Zaradi navezave na Ramsarsko kon- vencijo o mokri{~ih so eden izmed poudarjenih ekosiste- mov mokri{~a. Ohranjajo se z izvajanjem naravo- varstvenih usmeritev, ki se nana{ajo na zgoraj omenjene habitatne tipe (poglavje 2) in dejavnosti, ki prispevajo k ohranjanju njihovega ugodnega stanja (poglavje 3). Za u~inkovitej{e ohranjanje ekosistemov je pomembno okrepiti podporo ustanavljanju mre`e zavarovanih obmo~ij ob upo{tevanju sistema zavarovanih obmo~ij Evropske unije - mre`e NATURA 2000. Za ohranjanje populacij {tevilnih prosto`ive~ih vrst in njihovih `ivljenj- skih prostorov pa vzpostavitev sistema zavarovanih obmo~ij {e ni dovolj u~inkovita in ustrezna. Zato je za ohranjanje in-situ nujno, da dr`ava poskrbi za ohranjanje in trajnostno rabo sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti tudi zunaj zavarovanih obmo~ij. [tevilni globalni procesi imajo resne posledice za stanje biotske raznovrstnosti, zlasti podnebne spremembe in tanj{anje ozonskega pla{~a. Podnebne spremembe vpli- vajo na nekatere ob~utljive ekosisteme. Kot posledica stopnjevanja podnebnih sprememb v delovanju ekosiste- mov lahko nastanejo spremembe, kar je treba upo{tevati pri ohranjanju in trajnostni rabi sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti. Tanj{anje ozonske plasti pa utegne posredno vplivati na lokalno biotsko raznovrstnost. CILJ • Ohranitev ekosistemov skozi ohranjanje ugodnega stan- ja habitatnih tipov. USMERITVE • Zavarovanje in varovanje obmo~ij, klju~nih za ohranjan- je ugodnega stanja habitatnih tipov. • Vzpostavitev mre`e zavarovanih obmo~ij ob upo{tevanju omre`ja NATURA 2000 in zagotavljanje ustreznih meha- nizmov za ohranjanje in trajnostno rabo, vklju~no s finan~nimi mehanizmi. • Vzpostavitev in u~inkovito upravljanje ekolo{kega omre`ja z namenom izbolj{ati stanje ogro`enih oziroma klju~nih vrst in njihovih habitatov ter ekosistemov. • Podpreti in promovirati ohranjanje zna~ilnih struktur in funkcij ogro`enih ekosistemov. • Zvi{ati dru`beno in ekonomsko uporabnost mehaniz- mov za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti ter odpravljati Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 28 Usmeritve ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti Biodiversity conversation directions 2 29 podpore, ki spodbujajo zmanj{evanje biotske raznovrst- nosti in netrajnostno rabo njenih sestavin. • Vzpostavitev ustrezne koordinacije med razli~nimi pobu- dami za ustavljanje podnebnih sprememb in tanj{anja ozonske plasti za doseganje njihove sinergije v skladu z Okvirno konvencijo ZN o spremembah podnebja. • Zdru`evanje aktivnosti in pobud drugih mednarodnih dogovorov s podro~ja varstva okolja in ohranjanja na- rave ter vsebin Konvencije z namenom dose~i, da bodo ~im bolj u~inkoviti. 2.1.1 Obalni in morski habitatni tipi Slaba petina slovenske morske obale je ohranila bolj ali manj naravno podobo. Obmo~ja z obalnimi in morskimi habitatnimi tipi, kjer so ti {e biotsko izjemno raznovrstni ali dobro ohranjeni in dajejo habitat ogro`enim rastlin- skim ali `ivalskim vrstam, bistveno prispevajo k visoki biotski raznovrstnosti v Sloveniji. Tak{na obmo~ja edina zagotavljajo `ivljenjski prostor {tevilnim zna~ilnim morskim in obmorskim organizmom. Podobno kot v vsem Sredozemlju so tudi pri nas poglavit- ni pritiski na tovrstne habitatne tipe urbanizacija, indus- trializacija, pove~evanje prometa in turizma in s tem povezano onesna`evanje. To so glavni vzroki za njihovo ogro`enost, delujejo pa predvsem v zaledju. Biotsko raznovrstnost v obalnih in morskih habitatnih tipih neposredno ogro`ajo urbanizacija o`jega obalnega pasu in nekatere druge dejavnosti na obali in v morju ter s tem povezano onesna`evanje, ter naseljevanje in {irjenje tujerodnih vrst. V Sloveniji je ve~ina obmo~ij s pomembnimi obalnimi in morskimi habitatnimi tipi zavarovana, zelo va`no pa je tudi njihovo ustrezno upravljanje. Omenjena zavarovana obmo~ja so majhna, zato je za dolgoro~no ohranitev teh habitatnih tipov pomembno ustrezno prilagajanje dejavnosti na njihovih vplivnih obmo~jih. CILJI • Na Obali in v zaledju zmanj{anje industrijskega, kmetij- skega in komunalnega onesna`evanja voda in morja na raven, ki ne ogro`a biotsko izjemno raznovrstnih ali dobro ohranjenih habitatnih tipov ter habitatov ogro`enih ali endemi~nih rastlinskih ali `ivalskih vrst. • Vrnitev v ugodno stanje degradiranih habitatnih tipov, kjer je to izvedljivo. • Prepre~itev vnosa tujerodnih vrst v naravno okolje in {irjenja `e vnesenih tujerodnih vrst na ekolo{ko pomembna obmo~ja. USMERITVE • Dosledno upo{tevanje in izvajanje varstvenih re`imov zavarovanih obmo~ij in izkori{~anje razvojnih mo`nosti, ki jih ta ponujajo pri razvoju Obale. • Prednostno izvajanje sprejetih programov obnove degradiranih habitatnih tipov. • Na~rtovanje in izvajanje posegov in dejavnosti na zavarovanih obmo~jih in v njihovem vplivnem obmo~ju morata zagotavljati ohranjanje ugodnega stanja habitat- nih tipov, z naravno zgradbo in strukturo morskega dna, obale in re~nih ustij vred. 2.1.2 Celinske vode, barja in mo~virja Le nekaj odstotkov povr{ine Slovenije so obmo~ja z species and their habitats and ecosystems. • To encourage and promote the conservation of charac- teristic structures and functions of the threatened ecosystems. • To improve the social and economic serviceability of biodiversity conservation mechanisms and to withdraw support to activities which diminish biodiversity and promote unsustainable use of its components. • To establish appropriate coordination between various incentives to stop climate change and the depletion of the ozone layer in order to achieve synergy effects of these incentives in the framework of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. • To coordinate the activities and incentives of various international environmental protection and nature conser- vation agreements and the subject matter of the Convention in order to achieve their maximum efficiency. 2.1.1 Coastal and marine habitats Only one fifth of the Slovene sea coast has maintained its natural appearance. The areas of coastal and marine habitat types fundamentally contribute to Slovenia’s rich biodiversity, in particular when they are well conserved and provide habitats for endangered plant or animal species. Often they are the only habitats of numerous characteristic marine and coastal organisms. With regard to the main sources of impacts on such habi- tat types, the situation in Slovenia is quite similar to that in other Mediterranean countries. Urbanisation, industri- alisation, increased transport and the related pollution are the main threat to the coastal and marine habitats. They are concentrated in particular in the hinterland of the Slovene coast. Biodiversity is directly threatened by the urbanisation of the narrow coastal zone, by activities carried out on the shore and in the sea, and by the resulting pollution and the introduction and expansion of non-indigenous species. In Slovenia, most of the areas of important coastal and marine habitat types have been protected but the appro- priate management of these areas must not be neglect- ed. These protected areas are rather small and in order to guarantee the long-term conservation of their habitat types it is necessary to adjust the activities carried out in their zones of influence. OBJECTIVES • To reduce, on the Coast and in its hinterland, the industrial, agricultural and urban pollution of streams and sea to the level that does not threaten the excep- tionally diverse, with regard to biotic characteristics, and well preserved habitat types and the habitats of endangered or endemic plant and animals species. • To restore at a favourable status the degraded habitat types, where possible. • To prevent the introduction of non-indigenous species into the natural environment and the spreading of the introduced non-indigenous species to the ecologically important areas. DIRECTIONS • To consistently implement and enforce the protection regimes in protected areas and to exploit the possibili- ties of development on the Coast. • To give priority to the implementation of the adopted Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 29 30 programmes for the restoration of degraded habitat types. • To ensure the maintenance of habitat types at a favourable status, including the natural texture and structure of the sea bottom, shore and river mouths, by planning and carrying out suitable activities in pro- tected areas and their zones of influence. 2.1.2 Inland waters, bogs and fens, and marshes Only a small share of Slovenia’s territory is taken up by the conserved habitat types of inland waters, bogs and fens, and marshes. However, they are extremely rich in species and thus significantly contribute to the overall biodiversity in Slovenia. They are extremely sensitive due to their limited size. Their low social value is the main reason for their sub- stantial and continuous degradation. Consequently, they are among the most threatened habitat types. Inappropriate management of waters and organisms liv- ing in and near water contributes considerably to the endangerment of species. The quality and quantity of water (in particular in view of the pollution of water with pesticides and fertilisers) are the fundamental parameters essential for the functioning of all ecosystems and the conservation of the threatened habitat types. The competition and conflict between the nature conservation sector and other economic sectors over this limited natural resource has provoked the need for the drawing up of a strategic water policy focused on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity com- ponents. Such policy was established by the EU within the framework of its common water policy (Directive establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy). OBJECTIVES • To conserve the existing ecologically important wet- lands and their habitat types at a favourable status and to restore the ecological characteristics of the degraded inland waters, bogs and fens, and marshes, where feasible. • To consider waters as a system where subterranean and surface waters and their habitat types form an integral whole. ohranjenimi habitatnimi tipi, ki spadajo med celinske vode, barja in mo~virja. Ti so med vrstno najbogatej{imi in tako znatno prispevajo k vi{ji biotski raznovrstnosti. @e zaradi razmeroma majhne povr{ine so zelo ranljivi, zaradi nizke dru`bene vrednosti pa mo~no podvr`eni degradaciji in posledi~no med najbolj ogro`enimi. Neustrezno upravljanje voda in posledi~no v njej in ob njej `ive~ih organizmov je bistveno prispevalo k veliki ogro`enosti vrst. Koli~ina in kakovost vode (zlasti v povezavi z onesna`e- vanjem s pesticidi in gnojili) sta bistvena parametra za delovanje vseh ekosistemov in s tem za ohranjanje ogro`enih habitatnih tipov. Konkuren~ne in z ohranja- njem potencialno konfliktne zahteve razli~nih sektorjev po tem omejenem naravnem viru ustvarjajo nujnost strate{ke politike do voda s ciljem ohranjanja in trajnostne rabe sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti, ki jo je Evropska unija postavila s skupno politiko do voda (ti. Direktiva o skupni politiki do voda). CILJI • Ohranitev obstoje~ih ekolo{ko pomembnih mokri{~ in ugodnega stanja habitatnih tipov na njih ter obnova ekolo{kega zna~aja degradiranih celinskih voda, barij in mo~virij, kjer je to izvedljivo. • Celovita obravnava voda kot sistema, v katerem podzemne in povr{inske vode ter pripadajo~i habitatni tipi sestavljajo enovito celoto. • Dose~i raven stanja voda, ki ne ogro`a biotsko izjemno raznovrstnih ali dobro ohranjenih habitatnih tipov ter habitatov ogro`enih ali endemi~nih rastlinskih ali `ival- skih vrst, predvsem z zmanj{anjem industrijskega, kmetijskega in komunalnega onesna`evanja voda. • Prepre~itev vnosa tujerodnih vrst v celinske vode in {irjenja `e vnesenih tujerodnih vrst na ekolo{ko pomembna obmo~ja. • Spodbuditev rabe zemlji{~ na obre`ju in v aluvialnem pasu rek za ohranjanje habitatnih tipov, ki vzdr`ujejo vodni ciklus in so pomembni za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti, ter zmanj{anje in prepre~evanje {kodljivega delovanja voda. • Prilagajanje rabe prostora naravnim zakonitostim voda ter njeno usmerjanje zunaj obmo~ij z intenzivnimi hidro- dinami~nimi procesi in zunaj obmo~ij, ki so strate{ko pomembni vodni viri. V Sloveniji je ve~ina obmo~ij s pomembni- mi obalnimi in morskimi habitatnimi tipi zavarovanih (na sliki Naravni rezervat Strunjan). In Slovenia, most areas of coastal and marine habitat types of conservation con- cern have been protected (here, the Nature Reserve Strunjan). Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 30 Usmeritve ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti Biodiversity conversation directions 2 31 USMERITEV • U~inkovito izvajanje skupne politike Evropske unije do voda kot orodja za ohranjanje in trajnostno rabo ses- tavin biotske raznovrstnosti. To zahteva analizo koli~in in kakovosti vode za zadovoljevanje potreb po njej na vsakem povodju, med katerimi je treba upo{tevati potrebe po vodi za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti, za pitno vodo in drugo rabo (npr. namakalno, energet- sko, industrijsko). 2.1.3 Habitatni tipi v kmetijski krajini Ekstenzivni na~ini rabe zemlji{~, ki vzdr`ujejo kmetijsko krajino, pomagajo ohranjati tudi habitatne tipe, ki bistveno prispevajo k ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti. Ti tipi so predvsem vla`na in suha travi{~a na revnih tleh (habitatni tipi po palearkti~ni klasifikaciji: naravna suha travi{~a in sekundarna suha travi{~a, mokrotna ali vla`na antropogena travi{~a in visoko steblikovje), travni{ki sadovnjaki in omejki, drevoredi, pode`elski mozaik. Obseg nekaterih habitatnih tipov v kmetijski krajini se je precej zmanj{al zaradi prehoda na intenzivni na~in pridelave hrane in zaradi opu{~anja sonaravnih oblik kmetovanja. Tako so redke in ogro`ene postale {tevilne vrste, vezane prete`no na te habitate. Iz krajine so izginile tudi {tevilne drobne strukture (npr. omejki, drevoredi, suhozidi), ki so pomembne za pre`ivetje ogro`enih vrst. V primerjavi z dr`avami Evropske unije ima Slovenija {e ve~ obmo~ij z ohranjenimi habitatnimi tipi v kmetijski krajini. To prednost bomo ohranili z ustreznimi ukrepi razvoja kmetijstva. CILJA • Ohranitev sedanjega obsega vla`nih in suhih travi{~ ter travni{kih sadovnjakov prednostno na obmo~jih ogro`enih ali endemi~nih `ivalskih ali rastlinskih vrst. • Ohranitev sedanje dol`ine omejkov oziroma njeno pove~anje, prednostno na ekolo{ko pomembnih obmo~jih. USMERITVE, • ki pomembno prispevajo k tema ciljema, so opisane v poglavju Kmetijstvo. 2.1.4 Gozdni habitatni tipi V primerjavi z ve~ino evropskih dr`av imamo v Sloveniji sorazmerno dobro ohranjene gozdove, ki pokrivajo 56 % ozemlja. Pestra rasti{~a in podnebne razmere omogo~ajo veliko pestrost gozdnih zdru`b (habitatnih tipov). K ohran- • To attain such water quality standards that the excep- tionally diverse, with regard to biotic characteristics, and well preserved habitat types and habitats of endangered and endemic plant or animal species are not threatened, in particular by reducing the industrial, agricultural and urban pollution of water. • To prevent the introduction of non-indigenous species into the inland waters and the spreading of the already introduced non-indigenous species to the ecologically important areas. • To encourage the land use on river banks and in allu- vial area in order to conserve habitat types which main- tain the water cycle, and are important for the conser- vation of biodiversity and the reduction and prevention of damage caused by waters. • To adjust land use to the natural water regimes and to concentrate activities outside areas of intensive hydro- dynamic processes and areas of strategically important water resources. DIRECTION • To implement the EU common water policy which is an instrument of conservation and sustainable use of bio- diversity components; the quality and quantity of water needed in every water basin, including the need for water to conserve biodiversity, the need for drinking water, and water used in other sectors (irrigation, ener- gy, industry) must be analysed for this purpose. 2.1.3 Habitat types of agricultural land The extensive farming, which maintains agricultural land- scape, helps conserve habitat types that contribute to the conservation of biodiversity. These habitats are mostly dry and humid grasslands on poor soil (habitat types according to the palearctic classi- fication: natural dry grasslands and secondary dry grasslands, wet and humid anthropogenic grasslands and tall herbs), mead- ow orchards and hedges, trees along roads, rural mosaic. As a result of transfer to inten- sive food production and aban- donment of sustainable agricul- tural practices, the size of specif- ic habitat types in the agricultur- al landscape reduced. Many species living in these habitats became rare and endangered. Small landscape structures (hedges, tree-lined roads, rock fences), important for the sur- vival of endangered species, have disappeared. In comparison to the EU mem- ber states Slovenia has large areas of conserved habitat types in agricultural landscape. The advantage can only be preserved by the implementation of appro- priate measures for the develop- ment of agriculture. Ohranitev ekolo{ko pomembnih mokri{~ (na sliki Cerkni{ko jezero) in ugodnega stanja pripadajo~ih rastlinskih in `ivalskih zdru`b (habitatnih tipov) na njih pomembno prispeva k ohranitvi biotske raznovrstnosti. • The conservation of ecologically important wetlands (here, Cerkni{ko jezero) and the maintenance of the relevant plant and animal communi- ties (habitat types) at a favourable status significantly contribute to the conservation of biodiversity. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 31 32 OBJECTIVES • To conserve the surface area of wet and dry grass- lands and meadow orchards, in particular in areas of endangered or endemic plant or animal species. • To conserve, and even increase, the current length of hedges, in particular in ecologically important areas. DIRECTIONS • which significantly contribute to the achievement of these two objectives are discussed in the Chapter on agriculture. 2.1.4 Forest habitat types In comparison to most European countries the forests in Slovenia are rather well conserved. They cover approx- imately 56 % of the territory. Diverse sites and climate con- ditions determine the high diversity of forest communi- ties (habitat types). In Slovenia the conservation of rich biodi- versity primarily derives from large complexes of forests in various stages of succession with a large share of decaying wood mass, and of “forest islands” in the agricultural and suburban landscape (Dinaric fir-beech forests; lowland alder groves; flooded common-oak forests; rare forest communi- ties of headwaters and other rare ecosystems; habitats and biotopes/eco-cells in forests; forests at upper forest line; reserves of primeval forests; natural and old, semi-anthro- pogenic forest types; forest gene reserves and autochto- nous provenances). In such forests rare habitats and organisms are often conserved and they need to be protected carefully. janju visoke biotske raznovrstnosti v Sloveniji prispevajo predvsem velike sklenjene povr{ine gozdov v razli~nih sukcesijskih stadijih z visokim dele`em odmrle lesne mase in otoki gozdov v kmetijski in predmestni krajini (zlasti dinarski jelovo-bukovi gozdovi, ni`inski jel{evi gaji in poplavni dobovi gozdovi, redke gozdne zdru`be drugih sve`ih in povirnih leg, drugi redki ekosistemi, habitati in biotopi / ekocelice v gozdu, gozdovi na zgornji gozdni meji, (pra)gozdni rezervati, naravni in stari polnaravni gozdni tipi, gozdni genski rezervati in avtohtone prove- nience). V takih gozdovih so se pogosto obdr`ali redki habitatni tipi in vrste organizmov, ki jih je treba posebej varovati. Institucionalno in normativno je skrb za gozdove dobra, to se ka`e v ohranjenosti in pestrosti na{ih gozdov. Slovenija z velikim dele`em gozdov nosi zaradi ogro`enosti gozdnih eko- sistemov v svetovnem in evropskem merilu tudi veliko odgovornost za ohranjanje nji- hove biotske raznovrstnosti. Z usmeritvami razvoja gozdarstva pa je treba zagotoviti, da se bo tako stanje tudi ohranilo. CILJ • Ohranitev ugodnega stanja gozdnih habitatnih tipov in pove~evanje obmo~ij v tak{nem stanju. USMERITVE, • ki pomembno prispevajo k temu cilju, so opisane v poglavju Gozdarstvo. Obse`ni strnjeni gozdovi v JV Sloveniji pomembno prispevajo k ohran- janju biotske raznovrstnosti v evropskem merilu. • Large forest areas in SE Slovenia essentially contribute to the conser- vation of biodiversity at the European level. Kmetijska krajina na Ljubljanskem barju z ohranjenimi habitatnimi tipi, ki so `ivljenjski prostor {tevilnim ogro`enim vrstam. The conserved habitat types of the agri- cultural landscape in Ljubljansko barje are habitats of numerous endangered species. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 32 Usmeritve ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti Biodiversity conversation directions 2 33 2.1.5 Podzemeljski habitatni tipi Zanje je v Sloveniji zna~ilna visoka stopnja endemizma `ivalskih vrst in razmeroma dobra ohranjenost - pripada- jo~a vodna in kopenska podzemeljska favna sta med najbogatej{imi na svetu. Slovenski podzemeljski svet ima tudi izjemno znanstveno in kulturno-zgodovinsko vred- nost. Gre za okolja z veliko ekolo{ko ob~utljivostjo, na stanje biotske raznovrstnosti v njih pa neposredno vpliva preti- rana ali neprimerna uporaba jam. Ta povzro~a uni~evan- je `ivljenjskega prostora `ivali z onesna`evanjem z odla- ganjem odpadkov v vhodne dele jam, v njihovi notran- josti pa s teptanjem, onesna`evanjem s karbidnim apnom, baterijami in nerazgradljivimi odpadki, moten- jem kolonij netopirjev, lovom in nabiranjem nevreten~arjev, osvetljevanjem turisti~nih jam. Raba kra{kega povr{ja odlo~ilno vpliva na stanje biotske raznovrstnosti v jamah prek stanja in dinamike povr{inskih voda, ki se stekajo v podzemlje. Raznovrstnostjo ogro`a onesna`evanje teh voda, hidrotehni~nih posegi, ki bistveno spreminjajo odto~ni re`im, ter ob~asne nesre~e kot posledica posami~nih izlivov strupenih snovi nad kra{kim podzemljem ali nad le`i{~i intersticialne vode. CILJ • Ohranitev ugodnega stanja podzemeljskih habitatnih tipov na ekolo{ko pomembnih obmo~jih in ugodnega varstvenega statusa celotne podzemeljske favne. USMERITEV • Dovoljevati rabo jam le za oblike turizma in rekreacije, ki ustrezno upo{tevajo veliko ob~utljivost teh habitatov in ne uni~ujejo `ivljenjskega prostora `ivali. 22..22 Ohranjanje krajinske pestrosti V Evropi zaradi ve~tiso~letnega kultiviranja zemlji{~ pre- vladuje krajina, ki zaradi regionalno razli~nih krajinskih From the institutional and normative point of view forests are well managed in Slovenia and that is seen in the level of conservation and diversity. Globally, forest ecosystems are endangered and Slovenia, with its exten- sive forests, has a responsibility to conserve their biodi- versity. The development directions of the forestry sector should guarantee the maintenance of their current status. OBJECTIVE • To maintain forest habitat types at a favourable status and to increase the share of areas with such a status. DIRECTIONS • which significantly contribute to the achievement of this objective are discussed in the Chapter on forestry. 2.1.5 Subterranean habitat types Subterranean habitat types are characterised by a high level of endemism of animal species and a good conser- vation status - the aquatic and terrestrial subterranean fauna is among the richest in the world. The Slovene underground is extremely valuable from the scientific, cultural and historic point of view. Subterranean habitats are ecologically highly sensitive environments. The status of their biodiversity is directly affected by the excessive or inappropriate use of caves. The habitats of animals is destroyed and affected by pol- lution caused by the disposal of waste at the entrances to caves; soil compaction; pollution by waste carbide lime, batteries and indecomposable substances; disturbances to bat colonies; hunting and collection of invertebrates; and lighting systems in tourist caves. Land use categories in karst areas affect the status of biodiversity in caves via surface waters that run into the underground. Biodiversity is threatened by the pollution of waters, hydro technical activities that significantly change the runoff regime, and the occasional accidental spillages of toxic substances at the karst surface or above the layers of interstitial water. The conservation of biodiversity in subterranean habitat types is incorporated into the objectives of the chapters on inland waters, bogs and fens, and marshes, and water Slovenski podzemeljski habitatni tipi izstopajo po velikem {tevilu endemi~nih `ivalskih vrst (na sliki jamski pa{~ipalec Neobysium spelaeum). In Slovenia subterranean habitat types are characterised by a high number of endemic animal species (here a cavernicolus pseudoscorpion Neobysium spelaeum). Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 33 34 management. However, another specific objective is rele- vant for the karst area. OBJECTIVE • To maintain the subterranean habitat types in the eco- logically important areas, and the entire subterranean fauna, at a favourable conservation status. DIRECTION • To permit the use of caves only for such tourist and recreational activities which take into account the sen- sitivity of these habitats and do not destroy the habi- tats of animals. 22..22 Conservation of landscape diversity Due to thousands of years of land cultivation in Europe, the locally diverse landscape types prevail which consid- erably contribute to the rich biodiversity. Landscape types, whose constituent parts are small structures (streams and other water bodies, individual trees and tree groups, hedges, rock fences, tree-lined roads), the low intensity agricultural land (meadows and pastures which are not fertilised), the mosaics of fields covered by various agricultural plants, and the sustainably managed forest, are particularly important for the conservation of biodiversity. The simplification of landscape patterns caused by the loss of natural structures and cultural elements in land- scape results in the diminished landscape and biological diversity and leads to the loss of the identity of a specific landscape type. In Slovenia, landscape is characterised by agriculture and forestry. The intensification of agricultural production ruins the traditional landscape patterns. In certain regions the abandonment of farming causes the overgrowing of arable land causing the loss of specific habitat types in the landscape. Landscape patterns are conserved by human activities, e.g. activities focused on the conservation and mainte- nance of important or characteristic landscape qualities which conserve the typical landscape and biological diversity of the area. The protection and conservation of landscape types, important for biodiversity conservation, is closely linked to the traditional and low intensity land use categories of the past era which reflected the eco- nomic and social conditions of the period. Nowadays, it can only be preserved at a limited scale in protected areas or areas of exceptional landscapes. In order to con- serve other landscape types it is important that such activities are planned which do not reduce the diversity of landscape and its valuable natural and cultural fea- tures. It is important to appropriately maintain landscape patterns and coordinate the changes arising from the social, economic and environmental processes. OBJECTIVES • To conserve the traditional low intensity and sustain- able land use forms that maintain the high level of bio- diversity, and the diversity and cultural identity of land- tipov pomembno prispeva k visoki biotski raznovrstnosti. Za njeno ohranjanje so posebno pomembni tipi krajine, katerih sestavni deli so drobne strukture v njej (vodotoki in drugi vodni pojavi, posamezno drevje ali skupine dreves, `ive meje, suhozidi, drevoredi), ekstenzivne kmetijske povr{ine (npr. malo gnojeni ali negnojeni travniki in pa{niki), mozai~ni preplet njiv z razli~nimi kul- turami in trajnostno gospodarjen gozd. Poenostavljanje krajine zaradi izginjanja naravnih struktur in kulturnih elementov v krajini zmanj{uje tako krajinsko pestrost kakor biotsko raznovrstnost ter vodi v izginjanje identitete dolo~enega tipa krajine. Prete`ni del slovenske krajine je v kmetijski in gozdarski rabi. Na zemlji{~ih v kmetijski rabi poteka poenostavljanje krajine zaradi inten- zifikacije. V nekaterih delih Slovenije se zaradi opu{~anja kmetijstva zara{~ajo kmetijske povr{ine, s ~imer izginjajo tudi dolo~eni habitatni tipi v krajini. Krajino ohranjajo ~lovekove aktivnosti, to pomeni izvajanje aktivnosti za ohranjanje in vzdr`evanje pomembnih ali zna~ilnih lastnosti krajine, ki ohranjajo za dolo~en tip kra- jine zna~ilno krajinsko in biotsko raznovrstnost. Varstvo oziroma ohranjanje biotsko najbolj pomembnih tipov kra- jine je povezano s tradicionalnim in ekstenzivnim na~inom rabe prostora v preteklosti, ki je bil odvisen od ekonomskih in socialnih razmer v preteklosti, in je zato izvedljivo le na manj{ih povr{inah v okviru zavarovanih obmo~ij oziroma na obmo~jih izjemnih krajin. Za ohranjanje ostale krajine pa je va`no tak{no na~rtovanje dejavnosti, ki ne zmanj{uje Grbinasti travniki (na sliki v Triglavskem narodnem parku) so oblika izjemne krajine, nastale zaradi delovanja ledenikov. • Bumpy meadows (here in the Triglav National Park) are an exam- ple of an outstanding landscape, formed by glaciers. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 34 Usmeritve ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti Biodiversity conversation directions 2 35 pestrosti krajine ter naravnih in kulturnih vrednot v njej. Pomembno je njeno ustrezno vzdr`evanje ter usmerjanje in usklajevanje sprememb, ki jih prina{ajo dru`beni, gospo- darski in okoljski procesi. CILJA • Ohranitev tradicionalne ekstenzivne in trajnostne rabe prostora, ki ohranja visoko biotsko raznovrstnost, kra- jinsko pestrost in kulturno identiteto krajine, v delih zavarovanih obmo~ij in na obmo~jih izjemnih krajin. • Ohranitev obstoje~e krajinske pestrosti ter naravnih in kulturnih vrednot v njej. USMERITVE • V delih zavarovanih obmo~jih in na obmo~jih izjemnih krajin usmerjanje razvoja, razvoj trajnostnih modelov rabe prostora, spodbujanje doma~e obrti, usmerjanje turistov za zmanj{evanje ne`elenih obremenitev okolja in zvi{evanje lokalnih prihodkov. • Zmanj{evanje {kodljivih u~inkov prostorskih posegov na krajino ter njene naravne in kulturne vrednote s pros- torskim na~rtovanjem in nadzorom nad neza`elenimi oblikami razvoja. • Podpiranje tradicionalne rabe prostora, kjer je mo`no, zlasti pa v povezavi s kmetijsko-okoljskimi programi. 22..33 Ohranjanje vrst Med poglavitnimi vzroki ogro`anja biotske raznovrstnosti so intenzifikacija kmetijske pridelave, {irjenja urbanih sredi{~, industrije in transportne mre`e, pove~evanje onesna`evanja, pove~evanje rabe zemlji{~ in naravnih virov za potrebe turizma. Podatki iz rde~ih seznamov ka`ejo na ogro`enost 10 % domorodnih vrst vi{jih rastlin, 36 % listnatih mahov, 12 % li{ajev, 13 % metul- jev, 62 % domorodnih sladkovodnih in 7 % morskih vrst rib, 100 % dvo`ivk, 88 % plazilcev, 52 % ptic in 55 % sesalcev. Ve~inoma so to specializirane in/ali endemi~ne vrste. K njihovemu vse obse`nej{emu izginjanju vodi predvsem izguba njihovih `ivljenjskih prostorov (habita- tov). Biotska raznovrstnost domorodnih pasem doma~ih `ivali pa je ogro`ena zaradi nadome{~anja z intenzivnej{imi tujerodnimi pasmami, ki omogo~ajo ve~jo prirejo in s tem gospodarnej{o pridelavo na kmetijah. scapes in protected areas and areas of exceptional landscapes. • To conserve the existing landscape diversity and its valuable natural and cultural features. DIRECTIONS • To draw up directions for the development of sustain- able land use models, the promotion of hand craft, the construction of tourist trails to avoid undesired burden- ing of the environment and to increase the income of the local population. • To reduce the harmful impacts of activities on the land- scape and its valuable natural and cultural features through spatial planning and control over the unsuit- able development. • To promote the traditional land use forms, if possible, in particular in relation to agri-environmental pro- grammes. 22..33 Conservation of species The main threat to biodiversity is the intensification of agricultural production; the growth of urbanised areas, industry and transport network; the increased pollution; and the land use and natural resources for tourist purpos- es. The data in red lists show that 10 % of indigenous higher plants, 36 % of leafy mosses, 12 % of lichens, 13 % of butterflies and moths, 62 % of indigenous freshwa- ter and 7 % of marine fish species, 100 % of amphib- ians, 88 % of reptiles and 55 % of mammals are endan- gered. These species are, in most cases, specialised and/or endemic. One of the main reasons for their diminishing is the loss of their habitats. The threat to bio- diversity of indigenous breeds of domestic animals is posed in particular by the substitution of these breeds with more productive non-indigenous species which facil- itate the cost-effective farm production. In order to stop the “erosion” of species’ diversity it is of key importance that ecosystems and the diversity of their habitat types are conserved (see chapter on the Conservation of ecosystems). Some species are threat- Prepre~evanje neposrednega uni~evanja `ivali in rastlin zmanj{uje ogro`enost vrst, ki imajo v Sloveniji majhne in izolirane populacije (na sliki gorski apolon Parnassius apollo, priljubljena vrsta zbiral- cev metuljev). The prevention of direct destruction of animal and plants species with small and isolated populations remaining in Slovenia eliminates a threat to these species (here, apollo Parnassius apollo, favoured by butterfly collectors). Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 35 36 ened by the loss of habitats and others by other direct causes of endangerment. In this case, additional meas- ures are necessary for the conservation of these species. OBJECTIVE • To maintain all indigenous animal and plant species at a favourable status. DIRECTIONS • To prepare and implement action programmes for improving the status of the most endangered species. • To mitigate the pressure on endangered species (in particular pressure caused by recreational activities and the exploitation of species) in critical periods (nest- ing, spawning, wintering) to the level which allows the maintenance of populations. • To conserve structures in habitats which are necessary for the conservation of endangered species’ popula- tions. • To conserve and, where appropriate, establish ecologi- cal links which facilitate gene exchange among popula- tions. • To coordinate the in-situ and ex-situ measures for the conservation of endangered species, in particular the breeding of species for reintroduction into the wild and the establishment of suitable conditions for their repro- duction in nature. • To prevent the introduction of non-indigenous species into the natural environment. 22..44 Conservation of genet- ic diversity Genetic diversity is a fundamental feature of living organ- isms. It allows them to adapt to the changeable living conditions and it guarantees the survival of organisms in the ever-changing environment and the constant adapta- tion of organisms through generations. Large effective populations ensure the high genetic diversity of a species. It is therefore of utmost importance to conserve such populations. Genes of the wild and domesticated species carry infor- mation for useful organic substances, such as medicines and technical material. Genetic diversity is a prerequisite for the conservation of agricultural plant varieties and domestic animal breeds. Genetic reserves (for example, the minimum number of animals and animal semen doses) are essential for the conservation of breeds and varieties. Genetic depletion of species threatens their existence. It derives from the diminishing and isolation of a specific population due to the reduction, fragmentation and isola- tion of habitats. Many wild plant and animal species are limited to the fragmented, unconnected and genetically isolated populations. That is reflected in the genetic drift that increases with the reduced size and advanced level of isolation of a population. The in-situ protection of genetic resources and the conservation of adequate sizes of effective populations is therefore the main biodiversity conservation objective while the ex-situ protection meas- Za ustavitev »erozije« vrstne pestrosti je klju~no ohranjan- je ekosistemov in njihove pestrosti habitatnih tipov (glej poglavje Ohranjanje ekosistemov). Nekatere vrste so ogro`ene zaradi izgube habitatov in tudi zaradi neposred- nih na~inov ogro`anja. Za ohranjanje populacij teh vrst so potrebni dodatni ukrepi. CILJ • Ohranitev ugodnega stanja vseh domorodnih `ivalskih in rastlinskih vrst. USMERITVE • Priprava in izvajanje akcijskih programov za izbolj{anje stanja najbolj ogro`enih vrst. • Zmanj{ati pritiske na ogro`ene vrste (predvsem zaradi pove~ane rekreacije in izkori{~anja vrst) v kriti~nih obdobjih (gnezdenje, drstenje, prezimovanje) na raven, ki omogo~a vzdr`evanje populacij. • V habitatih ohranjati strukture, potrebne za ohranjanje populacij ogro`enih vrst. • Ohranjati in po potrebi vzpostavljati ekolo{ke povezave, ki omogo~ajo gensko izmenjavo med populacijami. • Za ohranjanje ogro`enih vrst koordinirati in-situ in ex- situ ukrepe, zlasti vzgajanje vrst za vra~anje v naravo z vzpostavljanjem primernih razmer za njihovo razmno`evanje v naravi. • Prepre~evati vnos tujerodnih vrst v naravno okolje. 22..44 Ohranjanje genske pestrosti Genska pestrost je pri vseh `ivih bitjih temelj za prilaga- janje spremenljivim `ivljenjskim razmeram. Omogo~a jim pre`ivetje v spreminjajo~em se okolju in s tem nenehno prilagajanje vrst nanj skozi generacije. K visoki genski pestrosti v okviru vrste prispevajo velike efektivne popu- lacije, zato je pomembno njihovo ohranjanje. Geni prosto`ive~ih in udoma~enih vrst nosijo zapise za uporabne organske snovi, kakor so zdravila in tehni~ni material. Genska pestrost je obenem temelj za ohranje- vanje sort kmetijskih rastlin in pasem oziroma linij doma~ih `ivali. Za njihovo ohranjevanje so pomembne t.i. genetske rezerve (npr. minimalno {tevilo `ivali in doz `ivalskega semena). Gensko siroma{enje vrst ogro`a njihov obstoj in je posledica zmanj{evanja in izolacije posameznih populacij zaradi zmanj{evanja, drobljenja in izolacije habitatov. Mnoge prosto`ive~e rastlinske in `ivalske vrste so danes omejene na razdrobljene, nepovezane populacije, ki so med seboj gensko izolirane. To se izra`a v genetskem driftu, ki je tem ve~ji, ~im manj{e in ~im bolj izolirane so populacije. Varovanje genskih virov in-situ in ohranjanje ustreznih velikosti efektivnih populacij je zato glavni cilj ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti, medtem ko je varovan- je ex-situ, kakor so botani~ni in `ivalski vrtovi, arboretu- mi in genske banke, nujen dodaten ukrep pri redkih in ogro`enih vrstah in tam, kjer varovanje in-situ ni ve~ mo`no. Ohranjanje genske pestrosti je treba obravnavati kot Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 36 Usmeritve ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti Biodiversity conversation directions 2 37 sestavni del in dopolnilo k varstvu vrst in ekosistemov. Sestavni del zato, ker z vzpostavitvijo ekolo{kih koridor- jev lahko prepre~imo izolacijo posameznih populacij in s tem siroma{enje genske pestrosti, ki lahko vodi v izumi- ranje vrst; dopolnilo pa zato, ker lahko v dolo~enih primerih procese, ki vodijo v zmanj{evanje vrstne pestrosti, ugotovimo s spremljanjem genetske variabil- nosti, {e preden jih je mo`no zaznati s spremljanjem drugih zna~ilnosti. CILJA • Prepre~itev drobljenja populacij in povezovanje neko~ povezanih populacij za ohranjanje pretoka genov, pri naravno izoliranih populacijah pa zagotovitev njihovega ohranjanja in-situ, in kjer je potrebno pove~evanje teh populacij. • Zagotovitev ex-situ varstva za domorodno floro in favno, katere populacije so tako majhne, da samo in-situ varstvo ni dovolj uspe{no. USMERITVI • Pri vna{anju tujerodnih vrst in genskem vme{avanju v naravo uvesti primerno varnostno za{~ito, zlasti pri gospodarskih panogah, kjer se dejavnosti izvajajo v na- ravnem okolju, npr. kmetijstvo, farmacija, biotehnologija. • Pravno urediti podro~ja ohranjanja biotske raznovrst- nosti in-situ in ex-situ in ravnanja z gensko spremenje- nimi organizmi. ures, such as botanical gardens, zoos, arboretums and gene banks, are a necessary additional measure taken to conserve rare and endangered species if the in-situ con- servation is no longer possible. The conservation of genetic diversity must be considered a constituent part of and supplement to the protection of species and ecosystems. A constituent part because the establishment of eco-corridors allows us to prevent the isolation of individual populations, and thus the depletion of genetic diversity which leads to the extinction of a species, and a supplement because in specific cases the processes which lead to the reduction of biodiversity can be recognised through the monitoring of genetic variabili- ty, even before they could be registered through the monitoring of other characteristics. OBJECTIVES • To prevent the fragmentation of populations and to pro- mote the re-establishment of the once-existing connec- tions between populations to conserve the gene flow; to ensure the in-situ conservation of naturally isolated populations and, where possible, increase the number of specimens in these populations. • To guarantee the ex-situ protection of indigenous flora and fauna the populations of which are so small that the in-situ conservation does not suffice. DIRECTIONS • To initiate an appropriate protection mechanism with regard to the introduction on non-indigenous species and genetic manipulation, in particular in relation to economic sectors where activities are carried out in the natural environment, such as agriculture, pharma- cy, biotechnology. • To legally regulate the field of the in-situ and ex-situ biodiversity conservation and the management of genetically modified organisms. Povr{inska pop. / terrestial pop. Rakov {kocjan Jamska pop. / subterranean pop. Planinska j. II Planinska j. IM 1230 bp ➭ 1200 bp 880 bp ➭ ➭ Raziskave genske pestrosti pri enakono`nem raku vodnem osli~ku (Asellus aquaticus) iz pore~ja kra{ke Ljubljanice ka`ejo na zelo velike genetske razlike med povr{inskimi in jamskimi populacijami, razlike pa so tudi med jamskima populacijama. Na sliki je primerjava del~kov DNK (metoda RAPD) med jamskimi in povr{inskimi populacijami, ozna~eni del~ki so pomembno razli~ni. Vir: VEROVNIK, R. Genetska diferenciacija jamskih in povr{inskih populacij vodnega osli~ka Asellus aquaticus (Crustacea: Isopoda) v povodju kra{ke Ljubljanice. Magistrska naloga, 1998. The studies of genetic variability in isopod crustacean Asellus aquaticus from the river system of karst Ljubljanica show significant genetic differences between the terrestrial and subterranean populations and also between the two subterranean populations. Here, the comparison of DNA fragments (RAPD method) between the terrestrial and subterranean populations. Marked are the significantly different DNA fragments. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 37 38 22..55 Ex-situ conservation Gene banks, breeding centres, botanical gardens and zoos play an important role in the conservation of biodi- versity if their activities are included in the coordinated reintroduction or integral nature protection schemes. With regard to the agricultural plants, including the forest genetic fond and domestic animals, it is extremely important that genetic erosion is avoided and the quality of breeds and varieties improved. OBJECTIVES • To conserve wild animals ex-situ when the in-situ con- servation is not possible or is seriously threatened. • To conserve indigenous domestic breeds and varieties for the production of food, materials and medicines, and to conserve the genetic resources of wild relatives of domesticated breeds and varieties. DIRECTIONS • To encourage zoos and botanical gardens, gene banks and collections to maintain species in order to reintro- duce them into the wild when the action leads to a sat- isfactory in-situ conservation status of a species; to maintain animals according to the standards which guarantee viable specimens. • To promote the breeding of indigenous varieties of agri- cultural plants and breeds of domestic animals. 22..55 Ohranjanje ex-situ Genske banke, vzrejni centri, botani~ni in `ivalski vrtovi imajo lahko pomembno vlogo pri ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti, ~e je njihova dejavnost vklju~ena v koor- dinirane reintrodukcijske ali celovite naravovarstvene sheme. Za kmetijske rastline, z gozdnim genskim fon- dom vred, kot tudi doma~e pasme se je nujno izogniti genski eroziji in izbolj{ati kakovost sort in pasem. CILJA • Ohranitev ex -situ prosto`ive~ih vrst, kadar za te ni mo`no zagotoviti ohranjanja in-situ oziroma kadar je nji- hovo ohranjanje in-situ resno ogro`eno. • Ohranitev domorodnih udoma~enih pasem in sort za proizvodnjo hrane, materiala in zdravil ter genskih virov prosto`ive~ih sorodnikov udoma~enih sort in pasem. USMERITVI • Spodbujati `ivalske in botani~ne vrtove, genske banke in zbirke, da vzdr`ujejo vrste za vra~anje v naravo, kadar to vodi k zadovoljivemu ohranitvenemu statusu vrste in-situ. Vzdr`evanje `ivali naj poteka v okviru zado- voljivih standardov, ki zagotavljajo pre`ivetja sposobne osebke. • Spodbujati gojenje domorodnih sort kmetijskih rastlin in rejo domorodnih pasem doma~ih `ivali. Ohranitev genskih virov domorodnih vrst, ki se jih uporablja za proizvodnjo materi- ala in zdravil (na sliki semenska planta`a ~rne jel{e Alnus nigra), pomaga izbolj{evati njihove uporabne vrednosti. The conservation of genetic resources of indigenous species, used for the produc- tion of materials and medicines (here, the seed plantation of black alder Alnus nigra), helps improve the use value of these species. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 38 Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 39 3 PODPORNE DEJAVNOSTI OHRANJANJU BIOTSKE RAZNOVRSTNOSTI IN TRAJNOSTNI RABI SECTORS INVOLVED IN THE SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY COMPONENTS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 40 Dejavnosti trajnostne rabe sestavin in trajnostnega razvoja Sector involved in the sustainable use of biodiversity components and sustainable development 3 41 Trajnostni razvoj omogo~a zadovoljevanje potreb dana{njih generacij, ne da bi omejeval mo`nosti prihod- njih pri zadovoljevanju njihovih potreb. Blaginja sedanjih generacij je sprejemljiva, ~e izhaja iz krepitve virov bla- ginje in izbolj{evanja razvojnih dejavnikov. Za zadovolje- vanje potreb prihodnjih generacij bo treba zbirko sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti, ki jih danes {e ne uporabljamo, {iriti. Uporabljamo namre~ vedno ve~ zdravil, tehni~nega materiala, rastlinskih sort in `ivalskih pasem, ki jih prido- bimo iz sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti. Zato trajnostna raba posameznih sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti pomeni njihovo rabo na na~in in v koli~ini, ki dolgoro~no ne povzro~a zmanj{evanja celotne biotske raznovrstnosti. Rezultat trajnostnega razvoja je torej dolgoro~no uravnote`eno izbolj{evanje vseh treh sestavin blaginje, gospodarske, socialne in okoljske, kar vklju~uje ohranjeno biotsko raznovrstnost. Dejavnosti razli~no u~inkujejo na ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti in trajnostno rabo njenih sestavin. Najbolj odlo~ilen vpliv imajo kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo, lov, ribi{tvo, vodno gospodarstvo, energetika, industrija, promet, urbanizacija, turizem in rekreacija. Za u~inkovito izvajan- je strategije je nepogre{ljivo sodelovanje znanosti, tehnologije, izobra`evanja, strokovnega usposabljanja in financ. 33..11 Kmetijstvo Na~ini rabe prostora poglavitno vplivajo na biotsko raznovrstnost. Dolo~ena raba v okviru iste dejavnosti lahko podpira ohranjanje in trajnostno rabo sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti ali pa povzro~a resno gro`njo. Kmetijstvo generira oboje, tako koristi kot neugodne pri- tiske na biotsko raznovrstnost, odvisno od na~ina kmeto- vanja, obdobij pa{e in ko{nje ipd. Dolo~eni habitatni tipi so zaradi naravnih danosti posebno ob~utljivi na vplive kmetijstva. Vladno posredovanje s podpiranjem izbranih ukrepov mo~no vpliva na na~in kmetovanja. Podpore pogosto vodijo do pridelave ustreznih koli~in hrane in izvajanja novih kmetijskih praks, ki pa marsikdaj niso v skladu s trajnostno rabo sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti. Pove~anje pridelave gre pogosto na ra~un degradacije naravnega kapitala (rodovitna zemlja, ~ista voda, naravni in polnaravni ekosistemi). Po drugi strani podpiranje sonaravne kmetijske prakse pogosto pomeni zagotavljan- je in ohranjanje pomembnih habitatov. Prebivalci obmo~ij, ki so odvisni od kmetijstva, bi morali biti zainteresirani, da raba kmetijskih zemlji{~ sledi traj- nostni praksi. S tem lahko pomembno prispevajo k ohranjanju in trajnostni rabi sestavin biotske raznovrst- nosti. Nekatere habitate je mo`no ohraniti le, ~e {e naprej potekajo ustrezne kmetijske dejavnosti. Kjer je kmetijska raba klju~ni trajnostni element ekosistemov, lahko njeno opu{~anje pelje v nepovratno degradacijo razli~nih habitatov. ^eprav je ozave{~enost med kmeti vse ve~ja, pa praksa »zelenih tehnologij« ne more za`iveti do `elene stopnje, ~e kmetijska in okoljska politika ne dajeta kmetom komplementarnih usmeritev in ne deluje- ta skupno. Sustainable development allows the present generations to satisfy their needs without limiting the possibilities of future generations to satisfy their needs. The prosperity of current generations is acceptable if it originates from the strengthening of the sources of prosperity and the improvement of development factors. In order to satisfy the needs of future generations it is necessary to expand the collection of biodiversity components that are cur- rently not used. Nowadays, more and more medicines, technical material, plant varieties and animal breeds, obtained from biodiversity components, are used. It is considered that particular components of biodiversity are used sustainably when they are used in a manner and quantity which in a long-term do not reduce biodiversity. The result is a balanced, long-term improvement of all three prosperity components, the economic, social and environmental, including biodiversity. Various activities have various impacts on the conserva- tion of biodiversity and sustainable use of its compo- nents. Most decisive is the impact of agriculture, forestry, hunting, fisheries, water management, energy sector, industry, transport, urbanisation and tourism and recre- ation. Science, technology, education, expert training and finances have to go hand in hand to efficiently imple- ment the Strategy. 33..11 Agriculture Land use categories have a principal impact on biodiversi- ty. A specific form of land usewithin the same activity can support the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversi- ty components, or seriously threaten them. Agriculture is an activity that generates both, the benefits and adverse effects on biodiversity, depending on the farming practices and grazing and mowing periods, etc. Due to their natural features, particular habitat types are extremely sensitive to the impacts of agriculture. Governmental interventions assist the selected measures and thus significantly affect the farming practices. They often lead to the sufficient food production and implementation of new agricultural practices. However, many times they are not in compliance with the sustainable use of biodiversity components. The production increases at the expense of the degradation of natural capital (fertile soil, clean water, natural and semi-natural ecosystems). On the other hand, the sup- port to sustainable agricultural practices often leads to the maintenance and conservation of important habitats. People, who live in areas where agriculture is the primary source of income, must be interested in sustainable land use practices. In this way they can contribute to the conser- vation and sustainable use of biodiversity components in the area. Certain habitats are conserved only if the tradi- tional agricultural activities continue to be carried out. Where farming land is the key sustainable element of an ecosystem, its abandonment leads to the irreversible degra- dation of different habitats. Even though the awareness of farmers has improved, the practice of “green technologies” does not reach the wanted level if the agricultural and envi- ronmental policies do not offer farmers complementary directions, and if they do not act jointly. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 41 42 Species’ genetic resources are an irreplaceable source of materials used in agriculture, either for activities carried out by breeders or for economic activities, such as quantitative food production, production in changed environmental con- ditions and production in balanced ecosystems which allow such activities. One of the most important aspects of the agricultural policy is the protection of genetic resources, (potentially) used in agriculture, in the environment where they originate. When such protection of genetic resources is not possible, it is necessary to carry out the ex-situ protec- tion measures which guarantee the conservation of genetic resources (for example, gene banks). The objectives of the Slovene agricultural policy are the preservation of population density in the countryside and the enforcement of the principles of environmental protec- tion and nature conservation. These objectives have to be met if agriculture is to play its economic, spatial, environ- mental and social role. In order to achieve this goal, the agricultural policy integrates the biodiversity conservation measures into the traditional, but modernised, environmen- tal protection and nature conservation instruments and rules. These have to be further developed on the basis of the principles of sustainable development and use of biodi- versity components, including genetic resources. The agri- cultural policy covers the measures for maintaining and even increasing the stock of domestic animals. These meas- ures need to be enforced at a broader level. The Slovene countryside is characterised by variable relief and micro-climatic diversity. Together with the economic and sociological aspects, these aggravating conditions deter- mine the cultivation practices in these areas. Since 1990s, such areas are defined as “less-favoured areas” in terms of agricultural production. According to the special criteria they are divided into the mountainous, highland, karst areas and other areas. To guarantee the cultivation of land in these areas, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food provides annual direct payments. Slovenia incorporat- ed the programme on direct payments for these areas into its agricultural policy reform and in this way harmonised its legislation with that of the EU. The multipurposeness of agriculture is acknowledged through this support. At the same time the non-market allocation of funds encourages and ensures the conservation of biodiversity and the culti- vation of land, the maintenance of population density and Genski viri vrst so nenadomestljiv izvor materiala za kmetijsko rabo, bodisi za dejavnost `lahtniteljev, bodisi za gospodarsko dejavnost, kakor je koli~inska pridelava hrane, bodisi za pridelavo v spremenjenih okoljskih razmerah, in ne nazadnje tudi za pridelavo v tistih uravnote`enih ekosistemih, ki dopu{~ajo tak{no dejavnost. Eden pomembnej{ih vidikov kmetijske politike je za{~ita genskih virov, ki so uporabni ali potencialno uporabni v kmetijstvu, v okolju kjer so nastale. Za primere, ko tak{na oblika varstva genskih virov ni mo`na, pa je treba izvajati tak{ne ukrepe varstva ex-situ, ki zagotavljajo ohranjanje teh genskih virov (npr. genske banke). Slovenska kmetijska politika si je pri uresni~evanju gospo- darske, prostorske, ekolo{ke in socialne vloge kmetijstva ter njegovega sonaravnega razvoja postavila za cilj tudi uresni~evanje na~el varstva okolja in ohranjanja narave ter poseljenosti pode`elja. Za dosego omenjena politika vklju~uje ukrepe ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti v okviru klasi~nih, vendar posodobljenih instrumentov ter pravil varovanja okolja in ohranjanja narave. Instrumenti in pravila se morajo razvijati naprej na podlagi na~el traj- nostnega razvoja in trajnostne rabe prvin biotske raznovrstnosti, z genskimi viri vred. Kmetijska politika zajema med drugim ukrepe za ohranjanje in pove~evanje {tevila domorodnih doma~ih `ivali, potrebno pa je {e bolj obse`no izvajanje. Zna~ilnosti slovenskega pode`elja sta reliefna razgibanost in mikroklimatska pestrost. Skupaj z ekonomskimi in sociolo{kimi dejavniki pogojujeta ote`eno obdelovanje na teh obmo~jih. Od 1990 so tak{na obmo~ja v Sloveniji opredeljena kot »obmo~ja z omejenimi mo`nostmi za kmetovanje« in dolo~ena po posebnih kriterijih v: gorsko- vi{inska, hribovska, kra{ka in druga obmo~ja. Za zago- tavljanje obdelanosti le-teh pa Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano zagotavlja tudi letna izravnalna pla~ila. Slovenija je program izravnalnih pla~il za ta obmo~ja utemeljila v reformi kmetijske politike in se tako na tem podro~ju uskladila s pravnim redom Evropske unije. Vsebinsko te podpore pomenijo priznanje ve~namenskosti kmetijstva ter prehod na tr`no nevezana pla~ila, ki vzpodbujajo tudi ohranjanje biotske raznovrst- nosti, poleg tega pa {e zagotavljanje primerne obdelanos- ti, ohranjanje poseljenosti, kulturne krajine in okolja. Mozai~ni preplet travnikov, njiv, sadovnjakov in omejkov, `ivljenjski prostor {tevilnim ogro`enim vrstam, vzdr`ujejo kmetje na nekaj obmo~jih v Sloveniji (na sliki v Kozjanskem parku). In certain areas of Slovenia the mosaic of meadows, fields, orchards and hedges, a habitat to many endangered species, is conserved by farmers (here, the Park Kozjansko). Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 42 Dejavnosti trajnostne rabe sestavin in trajnostnega razvoja Sector involved in the sustainable use of biodiversity components and sustainable development 3 43 Ohranjanje pode`elja, njegove obdelanosti in posredno tudi poseljenosti pa so temeljni cilji slovenske in evropske kmetijske strukturne politike. Vzdr`evanje in uporaba domorodnih pasem doma~ih `ivali lahko ob ustreznem sistemu podpor prispeva k ohranjanju obmo~ij z omejenimi dejavniki pridelave v Sloveniji in tako prepre~uje zara{~anje kmetijskih povr{in. Te podpore in kmetijsko okoljske podpore Evropska unija namenja tudi za rejo ogro`enih lokalnih pasem doma~ih `ivali na obmo~jih, od koder izvirajo. Reja teh pasem je del ukrepov ohranjanja okolja in narave. V zadnjih letih je razvoj nove biotehnologije, zlasti na podro~ju genskega in`eniringa pripeljal do uporabe metod, ki omogo~ajo produkcijo gensko spremenjenih organizmov (GSO) z novimi, druga~nimi in/ali izbolj{animi lastnostmi. Ker GSO niso rezultat naravnega izbora, se porajajo pomisleki o njihovi uporabi in zaskr- bljenost zaradi morebitnih {kodljivih vplivov na ohranjan- je biotske raznovrstnosti. Skrb je v manj{i meri izra`ena za nena~rtovane vnose iz laboratorijev v naravo, v ve~ji pa za primere spro{~anja GSO v naravo za uporabne namene, {e posebno kadar prihaja do interakcij GSO z drugimi organizmi in posledi~no za spremembe v struk- turi in funkciji dolo~enega ekosistema. Zato se z opre- delitvijo biolo{kega tveganja na podlagi ocene vplivov GSO na naravo ter njunih medsebojnih vplivov zagotavlja varstvo narave in zlasti ekosistemov pred mo`nimi {kodljivimi vplivi GSO. Zaradi interakcije trajnostnega kmetijstva in razvoja pode`elja z ohranjanjem in trajnostno rabo sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti morata ohranjanje in trajnostna raba biotske raznovrstnosti upo{tevati naslednje pristope: Ohranjanje in trajnostna raba sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti v kulturni krajini Kmetijstvo pomembno vpliva na stanje in delovanje habi- tatnih tipov v ekosistemih kulturne krajine (kmetijski eko- sistemi). Posledice se ka`ejo tudi na okoli{kih ekosis- temih, in ~e gre za vodne ekosisteme, {e dale~ nizvodno. V obeh primerih lahko kmetijstvo vpliva na ohranjanje in trajnostno rabo sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti pozitivno ali negativno. Kmetijstvo je igralo in {e vedno igra zelo veliko vlogo v ekosistemski pestrosti. Zato ohranjanje in trajnostna raba kmetijskih ekosistemov zahtevata vzdr`evanje in nadaljnji razvoj kmetovanja. Ob upo{tevanju pozitivne vloge ekstenzivnega kmetijstva na prosto`ive~e vrste je treba kmete podpreti pri vzpostavljanju in vzdr`evanju ustreznih ustvarjenih habitatov. Zagotoviti je treba kar najbolj pozitivne vplive kmetijskih praks in proizvodnje na ohranjanje in trajnostno rabo sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti in na krajinsko pestrost - zlasti ohranjati in vzdr`evati dolo~ene sonaravne oblike kmetijstva. Negativne vplive kmetijskih dejavnosti na biotsko raznovrstnost in krajinsko pestrost je treba bla`iti, zlasti dolo~ene na~ine rabe zemlji{~ in uporabe za{~itnih sred- stev in gnojil, ~ezmerne obremenitve kmetijskih povr{in, onesna`evanja kot posledice intenzivne `ivinoreje, the conservation of cultural landscape and the environ- ment. The conservation of the countryside, its land cultiva- tion and the maintenance of population density are the fundamental objectives of the Slovene and European agri- cultural structural policies. The maintenance and use of indigenous breeds of domestic animals and the adequate system of financial support con- tribute to the conservation of areas where production con- ditions are limited and the afforestation of arable land is thus prevented. The European Union allocates funds and agri-environmental supports to the breeding of endangered local breeds of domestic animals in their centres of origin. The breeding of these animals is one of the nature conser- vation and environmental protection measures. In the last few years the development of biotechnology, in particular in the field of genetic engineering, led to the application of methods which allow the production of genetically modified organisms (GMO) with new, different and/or improved properties. Since GMO do not derive from natural selection processes, the doubts about their use are raised and the concern is expressed about their possible adverse effects on the conservation of biodiversity. The accidental introduction of GMO into nature from laborato- ries is a cause for concern and their release for application purposes is highly questionable, in particular, since GMO interact with other organisms and, consequently, change the structure and function of a particular ecosystem. The identification of a biological hazard on the basis of the assessment of the impact of GMO on nature and their mutual impacts guarantees the protection of nature and ecosystems against the potential adverse effects of GMO. Due to the interaction between sustainable agriculture and rural development, and the conservation and sus- tainable use of biodiversity components, the conserva- tion and sustainable use of biodiversity have to take into account the following approaches: Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity components in cultural landscape Agriculture significantly affects the status and functioning of habitat types in the ecosystems of cultural landscape (agricultural ecosystems). The consequences are also seen in the neighbouring ecosystems and, in the case of aquatic ecosystems, far downstream. In both cases agri- culture affects the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity components, either positively or negatively. Agriculture has always played an important role in the diversity of ecosystems. The maintenance and further development of farming activities is a prerequisite for the conservation and sustainable use of agricultural ecosys- tems. Taking into account the positive impact of low intensity agriculture on wild species, farmers must be given support in the setting-up and maintenance of suit- able “created” habitats. The positive effects of agricultur- al practices and production on the conservation and sus- tainable use of biodiversity components and landscape diversity have to be guaranteed. The specific sustainable farming methods in particular should be conserved and maintained. The negative impacts of agricultural activities on biologi- Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 43 44 cal and landscape diversity should be mediated, especial- ly the specific land cultivation methods; the application of plant health products and fertilisers; the excessive bur- dening of arable land; the pollution caused by intensive livestock breeding; the extensive monocultures; the destruction of wetlands and hedges; and the use of heavy machinery. Pesticides have direct negative impacts on the conservation of biodiversity in areas where they are introduced into the environment, as well as indirect impacts in other, non-agricultural ecosystems. The agricultural action plan has to be based on the exist- ing policies and policies included in the Agenda 2000. However, these policies have to be supplemented in such a way that they contribute to the conservation of biologi- cal and landscape diversity. OBJECTIVE • To enforce the ecological and social function of agricul- ture which contribute to the conservation of the coun- tryside and rich biodiversity in these areas and is based on sustainable agricultural practices and sus- tainable development of these areas. DIRECTIONS • To meet the objectives concerning the conservation of biological and landscape diversity through the application of suitable agricultural policy instruments. • To promote the target agri-environmental measures which emphasise the principles of the conservation of plant and animal species in agricultural activities and ensure sus- tainable agriculture; to regularly monitor the efficiency of these measures through specific biodiversity indicators. • To allocate budgetary funds to the target agri-environmen- tal measures instead of financially supporting the farming practices which reduce biodiversity. • To enforce the recommendations concerning good agricul- tural practice in order to reduce the threat of pollution caused by chemical and mineral substances and other harmful effects on biological and landscape diversity. • To raise the awareness of all farmers and turn the poten- tial polluters into stewards of the environment and biolog- ical and landscape diversity; the emphasis is placed on the appropriate management of pesticides. • To introduce and promote, through legislation, the labelling and marking of agricultural products grown in a manner, and in areas, significantly contributing to the conservation of biodiversity. • To reduce emissions from point (livestock breeding farms) and diffuse (intensive cultivation) sources of pollu- tion. • To promote and ensure the viability of sustainable plant cultivation and animal breeding through the selection of varieties and breeds that are adapted to the natural con- ditions and conserve the ecosystems of endangered wild species; to support the breeding/cultivation of less pro- ductive indigenous plant species and breeds of domestic animals. • To coordinate agricultural policy with the efforts for the conservation of endangered plant and animal species, in particular the policy on livestock breeding with the endeavours for the conservation of large carnivores. • To promote and encourage the less intensive agricultural practices in areas of high nature protection value, espe- cially in protected areas. • To limit all the activities which are unfavourable for the conservation of biodiversity (agromeliorations, hydro mel- iorations, commassations) and do not contribute to the monokultur ve~je razse`nosti, uni~evanja mokri{~ in `ivic ter uporabe te`ke mehanizacije. Denimo pesticidi imajo neposredne negativne u~inke na ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti na obmo~jih, kjer se jih vna{a v okolje, poleg tega pa tudi posredne na drugih obmo~jih in v drugih, nekmetijskih ekosistemih. V tem okviru mora akcijski na~rt za kmetijstvo temeljiti na obstoje~ih politikah in tistih, za~rtanih v Agendi 2000, in jih dopolniti tako, da bodo prispevale k ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti in krajinske pestrosti. CILJ • Uveljavitev ekolo{ke in socialne funkcije kmetijstva, ki prispeva k ohranjanju pode`elja, visoke biotske raznovrstnosti na teh obmo~jih in temelji na sonaravnih oblikah kmetijstva ter trajnostnem razvoju teh obmo~ij. USMERITVE • Dosegati cilje ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti in kra- jinske pestrosti z ustreznimi instrumenti kmetijske poli- tike. • Spodbujanje ciljnih kmetijsko-okoljskih ukrepov, ki morajo bolj vklju~evati na~ela ohranjanja rastlinskih in `ivalskih vrst v kmetijske dejavnosti in zagotavljati so- naravno kmetijstvo, ter redno spremljanje njihove u~in- kovitosti s specifi~nimi kazalci biotske raznovrstnosti. • Pove~anje ustreznega prora~una in virov za ciljne kmeti- jsko-okoljske ukrepe na ra~un sredstev za podporo oblikam kmetovanja, ki zmanj{ujejo biotsko raznovrst- nost. • Uveljavljanje priporo~il dobre kmetijske prakse z namenom zmanj{evati tveganje onesna`evanja s kemi~nimi in mineralnimi snovmi ter drugih {kodljivih vplivov na biotsko raznovrstnost in krajinsko pestrost. • Pove~evanje ozave{~enosti vseh kmetovalcev, da iz potencialnih onesna`evalcev postanejo skrbniki okolja ter biotske raznovrstnosti in krajinske pestrosti, kar zajema tudi ustrezno ravnanje s pesticidi. • Zakonsko uvajanje in promocija ozna~b kmetijskih izdelkov, pridelanih na na~ine, ki pomembno prispevajo k ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti, ter za{~itnih znamk za kmetijske izdelke, pridelane na obmo~jih, ki pomem- bno prispevajo k ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti. • Zmanj{evati emisije iz to~kovnih (npr. `ivinorejskih farm) in razpr{enih virov (intenzivno kmetijstvo). • Promocija in zagotavljanje viabilnosti sonaravne vzgoje rastlin in reje `ivali z izbiro sort in pasem, ki so prilago- jene naravnim danostim in s katerimi je mogo~e ohran- jati ekosisteme ogro`enih prosto`ive~ih vrst ter z zago- tavljanjem podpore za rejo/vzgojo manj produktivnih domorodnih rastlinskih sort in pasem doma~ih `ivali. • Uskladitev kmetijske politike s prizadevanjem za ohranitev ogro`enih vrst rastlin in `ivali, {e posebno `ivinorejske politike s prizadevanjem za ohranitev velikih zveri. • Promocija in podpora manj intenzivnim oblikam kmeto- vanja v naravovarstveno visoko ovrednotenih obmo~jih, zlasti zavarovanih. • Omejevanje vseh neugodnih posegov za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti (agro- in hidromelioracij, komasacij itd.), ki ne prispevajo k doseganju vseh ciljev kmetijske politike. Ohranjanje in trajnostna raba genskih virov, vrst, sort, pasem in mikrobnih `ivljenjskih oblik in-situ in ex- situ z aktualno ali potencialno vrednostjo kot kmetijskih pridelkov in uravnote`ena delitev koristi, ki izhajajo iz Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 44 Dejavnosti trajnostne rabe sestavin in trajnostnega razvoja Sector involved in the sustainable use of biodiversity components and sustainable development 3 45 rabe genskih virov v kmetijstvu, zahteva {irok spekter dejavnosti in-situ in ex-situ. Varstvo lokalnih vrst in-situ, sort in pasem (semen- ski sestoji, genske banke kmetijskih rastlin in doma~ih `ivali, ohranjanje na zavarovanih obmo~jih) zahteva ustrezen sistem ekonomskih in socialnih spodbud, povezanih z bolj{o ozave{~enostjo uporabnikov in porab- nikov, in normativno urejen sistem. Nekatere kmetijske dejavnosti pomagajo vzdr`evati ogro`ene rastlinske in `ivalske vrste, kar je dru`beno pomembna storitev. Genske banke (semenske banke, semenski nasadi in `ive zbirke, poskusni nasadi, klonski vrtovi, `ive `ivali, zamrznjeno seme, jaj~eca in embriji, ohranjanje in-vitro) domorodnih sort rastlin in domorodnih pasem doma~ih `ivali, pomembnih za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti, je treba povzdigniti na raven, ki bo zmogla zadovoljiti sedanje in prihodnje zahteve po prehranski varnosti. Slovenske domorodne pasme doma~ih `ivali je treba ohranjati predvsem v njihovem avtohtonem okolju. Pregled zdaj{njega stanja v Sloveniji je naveden v Pregledu stanja biotske in krajinske raznovrstnosti. CILJA • Raz{iritev obsega sonaravne kmetijske prakse, ki temelji na domorodnih genskih virih rastlinskih sort in pasem doma~ih `ivali. • Ohranjanje genskega potenciala domorodnih sort in pasem. USMERITVE • Karakterizacija (s taksonomsko identifikacijo vred), ovrednotenje in dokumentacija genskih virov rastlin- skih sort in pasem `ivali. Ovrednotenje naj poleg biolo{kih zna~ilnosti zajema tudi agronomske zna~ilnosti kmetijskih rastlin in njihovih divjih sorod- nikov ter fiziolo{ko-prehranske zna~ilnosti posameznih pasem `ivali. • U~inkovito upravljanje inventarja in centralnega regis- tra slovenskih genskih virov (in-situ, ex-situ). • Priprava in izvajanje nacionalnega programa ohranjan- ja genskih virov in njihove trajnostne rabe v okviru ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti in potencialne rabe za prehranske in druge namene. • Izdelava programov delovanja kmetijskih genskih bank, uporabnih za ohranjanje genskih virov in-situ in ex-situ za prehrano in kmetijstvo tako, da bodo dostopne tudi za rabo. • Spodbujanje reje/vzgoje in kmetijske rabe gospo- darsko u~inkovitih domorodnih rastlinskih pasem in sort doma~ih `ivali. • Spodbujanje razvoja blagovnih znamk kmetijskih izdelkov, ki izvirajo od domorodnih pasem doma~ih `ivali in rastlinskih sort, ter organiziranja prodaje teh proizvodov. • Okrepitev sodelovanja in s tem pretoka informacij med znanostjo, stroko, pristojnimi ministrstvi, kmeto- valci in porabniki. • Z ustrezno zakonodajo vzpostaviti mehanizme nadzora nad uporabo in spro{~anjem GSO v naravo ter njihovo uvajanje le postopno, ob upo{tevanju na~ela previd- nosti in na~ela »od primera do primera«. • Zagotoviti preglednost postopkov izdaje soglasij oziro- ma dovoljenj za uporabo in spro{~anje GSO z ustrezno institucionalno infrastrukturo na ravni dr`ave fulfilment of the objectives of agricultural policy. The in-situ and ex-situ conservation and sustain- able use of genetic resources of species, varieties and microbes, (potentially) valuable as crops, and the balanced distribution of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources in agriculture require a wide spectre of in-situ and ex-situ activities. In-situ protection of local species, varieties and breeds (seed stands, gene banks of agricultural plants and domestic animals, conservation in protected areas) requires an appropriate system of economic and social incentives, based on the raised awareness of users and consumers, and a system of norms; specific agricultural activities assist in the maintenance of endangered plant and animal species and that is a socially important service. Gene banks (seed banks, seed stands and live collections, test stands, clone gardens, live animals, frozen semen, eggs and embryos, in-vitro conservation) of indigenous plant varieties and animal breeds, important for the conservation of biodiversity, must be further developed to meet the cur- rent and future food safety requirements. The Slovene indigenous breeds of domestic animals should be con- served in their autochtonous environment. The current sta- tus of these breeds is dealt with in the Review of the Status of Biological and Landscape Diversity. OBJECTIVES • To enforce sustainable agricultural practice based on indigenous genetic resources of plant varieties and breeds of domestic animals in the newly designated, expanded areas. • To conserve the genetic potential of indigenous vari- eties and breeds. DIRECTIONS • To characterise (including the taxonomic identification), evaluate and document the genetic resources of plant varieties and animal breeds; beside biological properties, the evaluation should include the agronomic characterisa- tion of agricultural plants and their wild relatives and the physiological and dietary characterisation of specific ani- mal breeds. • To effectively manage the inventory and central register of Slovene genetic resources (in-situ, ex-situ). • To draw up and implement the national programme for the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources within the framework of biodiversity conserva- tion and their potential use for dietary and other purpos- es. • To draw up programmes on the functioning of agricultural gene banks that are used for the in-situ conservation of genetic resources intended for dietary and agricultural purposes with the aim of actual utilisation of the prod- ucts. • To promote the breeding/cultivation and agricultural use of the economically efficient indigenous plant varieties and breeds of domestic animals. • To promote the development of trade marks for agricul- tural products of indigenous breeds of domestic animals and plant varieties and to organise the market for these products. • To strengthen the cooperation and flow of information between research sciences, technical sciences, responsi- Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 45 46 ble ministries, farmers and consumers. • To establish, through legislation, the mechanisms of con- trol over the use and release and gradual introduction of GMO in nature, taking into account the precautionary prin- ciple and the “from case to case” principle. • To guarantee, with appropriate institutional infrastructure at the state level, the transparency of procedures for the granting of consents and permits for the use and release of GMO, and the technically qualified staff. • To designate and conserve areas where GMO are not released into the environment. • To strengthen international cooperation in the exchange of information and genetic material according to the prin- ciples of state competencies and its responsibility for the protection of natural genetic resources. The impact of the agricultural market policy on agricultural production and land use indirectly affects the conservation of biological and landscape diversity. Direct financial support to producers within the framework of the promotion of sustainable development and biodiversity will have to become an even more important motivation factor. The changes in the global and regional patterns of agricul- tural production, emphasised by the changes in trade pat- terns, will require the replacement or abandonment of the current local production systems. They may lead to the intensification of production, all with a view to preserve the competitive position of producers and to supply new mar- kets. Global processes of the liberalisation of the market induce the substantial alterations in the current systems of subventions and protection mechanisms. Consumers dictate the forms of food production. The reli- able and persuasive consumer information on food produc- tion methods (labels identifying production methods, desig- nation of geographical origin and other characteristics of agricultural products) contributes to the conservation of bio- diversity. It helps promote such land use forms which con- serve agricultural ecosystems and maintain gene banks of varieties and breeds which prevent genetic erosion. It is necessary to establish and enforce legislation regulating consumer protection by the labelling of products according to the production methods, designation of geographical ori- gin and provenance and the characteristics of an agricultur- al product. OBJECTIVE • To promote market-orientated agricultural policies and activities that take into account the requirements con- cerning the conservation and sustainable use of biodi- versity components. 33..22 Forestry Beside agriculture, forestry is the principal land use activity which affects biodiversity, not only because forests cover 56 % of the surface area but also because it is exceptionally important for the conservation of habitats, communities, species and their genetic diversity, and for sustainable use. The basic facts about the status of Slovene forests and their role in the conservation of biodiversity are covered by the 1996 Programme for the development of forests in Slovenia29. in strokovno usposobljenostjo kadrov. • Razglasitev in ohranjanje obmo~ij, kjer se GSO ne spro{~a v okolje. • Okrepitev mednarodnega sodelovanja na podro~ju izmenjave informacij in genskega materiala po na~elu pristojnosti dr`ave in njene odgovornosti do za{~ite naravnih genskih virov. Vpliv politike trgovanja s kmetijskimi izdelki na kmetijsko proizvodnjo in rabo prostora je posredno pomemben za ohranjanje biotske in krajinske pestrosti. Neposredne investicije proizvajalcem v okviru promovi- ranja trajnostnega razvoja in biotske raznovrstnosti bodo morale postati mo~nej{a gonilna sila. Spremembe v glo- balnih in regionalnih vzorcih kmetijske proizvodnje, pod- prte s spremembami v vzorcih trgovanja, bodo verjetno zahtevale nadomestitev ali opustitev sedanjih lokalnih proizvodnih sistemov ali pa bodo vodile v intenziviranje zaradi ohranjanja konkuren~nosti oziroma oskrbovanja novih trgov. Globalni proces liberalizacije trga pelje v znatno spreminjanje obstoje~ih sistemov subvencij in za{~itnih mehanizmov. Porabnik pomembno vpliva na oblike pridelave hrane. Njegovo verodostojno in prepri~ljivo obve{~anje o na~inu pridelave kupljene hrane (ozna~be na~inov pridelave, znamke geografskega porekla in druge zna~ilnosti kmetij- skih proizvodov) lahko prispeva k ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti. V pomo~ je pri kmetijski rabi zemlji{~, ki prispeva k ohranjanju kmetijskih ekosistemov, in pri vzdr`evanju genskih bank sort in pasem, ki prispevajo k prepre~evanju genske erozije. Za to sta pomembni vzpostavitev in uveljavitev zakonodaje, ki ureja varstvo porabnika z ozna~bami na~inov pridelave, varstva geografskega porekla in opredelitve izvora in zna~ilnosti kmetijskih proizvodov. CILJ • Promoviranje v trgovino usmerjene kmetijske politike in dejavnosti, ki upo{tevajo zahteve ohranjanja in trajnos- tne rabe sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti. 33..22 Gozdarstvo V Sloveniji je gozdarstvo poleg kmetijstva poglavitna oblika rabe prostora v smislu vpliva na biotsko raznovrstnost. Ne le zaradi obse`nosti ozemlja (56 %), ampak tudi zato, ker ima klju~no vlogo pri ohranjanju naravnih habitatov, zdru`b, vrst in njihove genske pestrosti, in trajnostni rabi. Bistvene ugotovitve o stanju slovenskih gozdov in pomenu za biotsko raznovrstnost navaja `e leta 1996 sprejet Program razvoja gozdov v Sloveniji30, zato so tukaj povzete, nekatere pa dopol- njene. Gozdovi so za Slovenijo, ki nima veliko drugih naravnih virov, zelo pomembni tudi gospodarsko. Ohranjeni goz- dovi omogo~ajo razvoj turizma in rekreacije, saj je privla~nost obse`nih obmo~ij ohranjenih gozdov ena na{ih najva`nej{ih primerjalnih prednosti pred drugimi srednjeevropskimi dr`avami. V primerjavi z gozdovi 30 Ur. l. RS, {t. 14/9629 Environmental Protection Act, Article 7. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:48 Page 46 Dejavnosti trajnostne rabe sestavin in trajnostnega razvoja Sector involved in the sustainable use of biodiversity components and sustainable development 3 47 ve~ine drugih evropskih dr`avah so slovenski bolje ohranjeni in imajo pestrej{o naravno zgradbo, kar ka`ejo med drugim nadpovpre~no mo~ne populacije evropsko ogro`enih vrst. Vzrok za nadpovpre~no ohran- jenost slovenskih gozdov je te`ka prehodnost kra{kega in gorskega sveta, zaradi katere je ~lovek v preteklosti nanj vplival manj usodno kot v la`je dostopnih goz- dovih, in na~rtno in skrbno gospodarjenje z gozdovi v preteklosti in danes. K temu pripomore tudi dobra insti- tucionalna in normativna urejenost gozdarstva v Sloveniji. Z gozdovi v Sloveniji gospodarimo sonaravno. Pomlajujemo jih naravno, vsi posegi v gozdove so ma- lopovr{inski in zmerni, kar odgovarja re`imu, ki ga IUCN predpisuje za zavarovana obmo~ja VI. kategorije. Sonaravno gospodarjenje z gozdovi v Sloveniji organsko povezuje ohranjanje narave in gospodarsko dejavnost. Z njim se hkrati z izkori{~anjem gozdov ohranjajo in krepijo vse funkcije gozdov - ekolo{ke, socialne in proizvodne. Krepitev ekolo{kih in socialnih funkcij goz- dov praviloma skoraj v ni~emer ne omejuje proizvodnje lesa, zahteva pa posebej poglobljeno, na~rtno in dolgo- ro~no gospodarjenje z gozdovi. Zaradi zagotavljanja ekolo{kih in socialnih funkcij imajo tudi zasebni gozdovi javni pomen, zato dr`ava financira javno gozdarsko slu`bo tudi v zasebnih gozdovih in last- nikom gozdov pokriva del stro{kov gospodarjenja z goz- dovi. Program razvoja gozdov v Sloveniji dolo~a tri temeljne cilje gospodarjenja z gozdovi, od katerih se dva neposredno nana{ata na ohranjanje biotske raznovrst- nosti v slovenskih gozdovih in krajinah. Strategija povzema te cilje. In this chapter, the summary of the programme conclu- sions and some supplementary ideas are discussed. Forests are of enormous economic importance for Slovenia since it does not posses many other natural resources. The conserved forests facilitate the development of tourism and outdoor activities, and the attractiveness of vast forest areas is one of the most important comparative advantages of Slovenia over other countries of the Central Europe. In comparison to other European countries, the forests in Slovenia are well conserved and their natural structure is far more diverse. They are inhabited by the above-average populations of species endangered at the European level. The reason for the high degree of conservation of Slovene forests lies in the prevailing karst and mountainous land- scape that is not easily traversed. In the past, the impact of human activities in these areas was not as accentuated as in the more easily accessible forests. The other reason is the carefully planned and wise management of forests now and in the past. Moreover, the exemplary institutional and normative regulation of forestry in Slovenia significantly contributed the conservation of forests. In Slovenia forests are managed in a sustainable manner. They are naturally regenerated, all the activities affecting them are carried out over small areas and at a moderate scale. The management regime corresponds to the IUCN Protected Area Category VI. Sustainable forest manage- ment is an instrument for establishing an organic link between nature conservation and economic activities. It allows the simultaneous exploitation of forests and the con- servation and strengthening of all forest functions, the eco- logical, social and production function. The strengthening of the ecological and social functions of forest is generally not hindered by the production of wood, but the main con- dition is a sound, strategic and long-term forest manage- ment. In order to ensure the ecological and social functions of forests, the state provides funds for a public forestry service in both, public and private forests. Part of the Izven obmo~ij strnjenih gozdov so za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti klju~nega pomena manj{i gozdovi, skupine drevja, posamezna drevesa, obvodno gozdno rastje, protivetrni pasovi in omejki. Small woods, groups of trees, individual trees, riparian forest vegetation, wind shelter belts and hedges contribute to the conservation of biodiversity outside areas of large forests. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 47 48 costs of the forest management is thus covered by the state instead of the owners of forests. The Programme for the development of forests in Slovenia sets three basic forest management objectives. Two of them directly target the conservation of biodiversity in Slovene forests and landscapes. They are included in the Strategy. OBJECTIVES • To conserve forests and develop them in a sustainable manner, all in view of the conservation of biodiversity and the ecological, social and production functions of forests. • To conserve the natural environment and the ecological balance in a landscape. • To conserve population density in and cultivation of a landscape and to improve the quality of life in the coun- tryside. DIRECTIONS • To effectively enforce all the directions of the Programme for the development of forests in Slovenia which con- tribute to the conservation of biodiversity, in particular: • To conserve and restore plant and animal diversity and to protect the rare or endangered forest species and ecosys- tems; to conserve and establish a suitable living environ- ment for all indigenous species of wild animals. • To bring the tree composition and structure, as much as possible, to the natural status and to carry out a gradual biological stabilisation (by the introduction of indigenous tree species) in the biologically and ecologically labile stands (for example, in fir prevailing stands). • To regenerate forests naturally and over small areas; the regeneration by plantation is an exceptional measure taken when it is impossible to regenerate forests natural- ly; if forests are regenerated by plantation, it is vital that the propagating material is of a species suitable for the selected site and of suitable provenances. • To designate the habitats of particular importance for ani- mals and areas important for the conservation of biodiver- sity in a forest and landscape; to adapt the management to forests and the role they play in the environment. • To guarantee the conservation and development of aquat- ic ecosystems in the forest environment. CILJI • Ohranitev in trajnostni razvoj gozdov v smislu njihove biolo{ke pestrosti31 ter vseh ekolo{kih, socialnih in proizvodnih funkcij. • Ohranitev naravnega okolja in ekolo{kega ravnote`ja v krajini. • Ohranitev poseljenosti in kultiviranosti krajine ter izbolj{evanje kakovosti `ivljenja na pode`elju. USMERITVE • U~inkovito izvajanje vseh usmeritev Programa razvoja gozdov v Sloveniji, ki prispevajo k ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti, zlasti: • Ohranjanje in vzpostavljanje rastlinske in `ivalske pestrosti ter varovanje redkih ali ogro`enih vrst in eko- sistemov v gozdu, pa tudi ohranjanje in vzpostavljanje primernega `ivljenjskega okolja za vse avtohtone vrste prosto`ive~ih `ivali. • Drevesno sestavo in zgradbo je treba {e bolj pribli`ati naravni; v biolo{ko in ekolo{ko labilnih (npr. zasmre~enih) sestojih izvajati postopno biolo{ko stabi- lizacijo (z vna{anjem naravnih drevesnih vrst). • Gozdove je treba pomlajevati naravno in malopovr{insko, obnova s sajenjem pa je le izjemni ukrep v razmerah, ko gozda ni mogo~e naravno obnovi- ti; pri obnavljanju sestojev s sajenjem je treba uporabljati sadike rasti{~u primernih vrst in ustreznih provenienc. • Dolo~iti posebej vredne habitate za `ivali oziroma pre- dele, ki so posebej pomembni za ohranitev biolo{ke pestrosti v gozdu in krajini in prilagoditi gospodarjenje z gozdovi njihovi vlogi. • Skrb za ohranitev in razvoj vodnih ekosistemov v goz- dnem prostoru. • Zagotovitev popolnega varstva gozdnih rezervatov (zakonska za{~ita in po potrebi odkup). • Zagotovitev popolnega varstva gozdov v obmo~jih I. in II. varstvene kategorije po IUCN. • Prepu{~ati ekolo{ko zelo ranljive sestoje na ekstrem- nej{ih rasti{~ih naravnemu razvoju (razen nujnih sona- ravnih sanacij). • Izlo~itev manj{ih povr{in gozdov (ekocelic) in posameznega drevja z namenom ohranjanja in Sustainable agricultural practice based on indigenous genetic resources of plant varieties and breeds of domestic animals supports conservation of agricultural diversity and diversity of wildlife. Sonaravna kmetijska praksa, ki temelji na slovenskih genskih virih rastlinskih sort in pasem doma~ih `ivali (na sliki {tajerska koko{ in kranjska ~ebela), pomaga ohranjati tako kmetijsko biotsko raznovrstnost, kot raznovrstnost prosto`ive~ih vrst. 31 sinonim za biotsko raznovrstnost Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 48 Dejavnosti trajnostne rabe sestavin in trajnostnega razvoja Sector involved in the sustainable use of biodiversity components and sustainable development 3 49 pove~evanja biotske pestrosti gozdnega prostora, • Ohranitev, vzpostavitev in oblikovanje gozdnih robov ter skupin drevja, posameznih dreves, obvodnega gozdne- ga rastja, protivetrnih pasov in omejkov zunaj gozda. • Uporabljati izklju~no ekolo{ko obzirne tehnologije prido- bivanja (spravila) lesa ter graditi okolju ~imbolj prilago- jene in samo najnujnej{e gozdne prometnice. • Prepre~iti take rabe gozdov, ki bi ogrozile trajnostni razvoj gozdov in njihovih funkcij. • Pri prostorskem planiranju, na~rtovanju posegov v pros- tor in razvoju dejavnosti na obmo~jih, opredeljenih v gozdnogospodarskih na~rtih, upo{tevanje funkcij goz- dov, zlasti ekolo{kih. • V okviru slovenske gozdne genske banke vzpostavitev mre`e gozdnih genskih rezervatov na osnovi strokovnih meril ter ustrezne karakterizacije in dokumentacije domorodnih populacij gozdnih genskih virov. 33..33 Lovstvo Populacije divjadi in njihovo `ivljenjsko okolje (habitat) sta nelo~ljiva dela celote, zato mora biti tudi njihovo obravnavanje vselej celovito. Struktura habitatov divjadi je zelo odvisna od na~ina rabe gozdnih in kmetijskih zemlji{~ ter vzorcev poselitve, transportnih povezav, na~ina in obsega turizma in rekreacije. V Sloveniji jo zaz- namuje velik dele` strnjenih gorskih gozdov in gozdov na visokem krasu, ki {e daje primerne habitate populacijam v Evropi redkih vrst divjadi. K ohranitvi divjadi pa morajo prispevati vse dejavnosti, ki delujejo v prostoru in vplivajo nanj. Neustrezno na~rtovani in izvajani posegi v populacije (npr. odvzem najvitalnej{ega dela populacije iz narave) nujno vodijo v njihovo gensko osiroma{itev, spreminjanje spolne in starostne strukture ter pove~ane pritiske na habitate. Zato mora na~rtovanje ukrepov temeljiti na sis- temati~nem spremljanju stanja oziroma trendov razvoja populacij divjadi, njihovih habitatov ter medsebojnih razmerij. Na~rtovanje ukrepov mora predvideti tudi posredne u~inke lova lovnih vrst divjadi (npr. pri vrstno neselektivne oblike lova, vznemirjanje ogro`enih vrst z lovom na dolo~enih obmo~jih) in jih prepre~evati. Cilji lovskih organizacij sledijo zakonodaji in se distancirajo od teh oblik lova, ki jih zagovarjajo vedno bolj le posamezni- ki. Usmerjanje gospodarjenja z divjadjo in njihovim `ivljenj- skim okoljem v Sloveniji je institucionalno in normativno dobro urejeno. Desetletne in letne lovskogojitvene na~rte lovskogojitvenih obmo~ij izdeluje javna gozdarska slu`ba, s ~imer je zagotovljena celovitost usmerjanja z gozdnimi ekosistemi. Lovskogospodarske na~rte za posamezna lovi{~a pa na njihovi podlagi izdelujejo lovske organizacije (lovske dru`ine in gojitvena lovi{~a). Uresni~evanje na~rtov nadzoruje in{pekcija. [ibka plat celotnega sis- tema upravljanja s populacijami divjadi je nezadovoljivo uresni~evanje na~rtov. Lovstvo uspe{no sodeluje pri ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti predvsem z zavzemanjem za ohranjanje habitatov `ivalskih vrst, z zmanj{evanjem {tevila lovnih vrst, uvajanjem obmo~ij brez lova in kraj{anjem obdobij • To ensure the complete protection of forest reserves (legal protection and purchase, if necessary). • To ensure the complete protection of forests in the IUCN Protected Area Categories I and II. • To surrender the ecologically vulnerable stands, growing in extreme conditions, to the natural development (except for the urgent sustainable restoration measures). • To designate small forest areas (eco-cells) and individual trees in order to conserve and increase biodiversity of forests. • To conserve, establish and create forest edges and tree groups, individual trees, riparian forest vegetation, wind shelterbelts and tree boundaries outside forests. • To apply the ecologically sound technologies in tree felling (skidding of wood) and to only build the absolutely necessary and environment-friendly forest roads. • To prevent the exploitation of forests which would threat- en their sustainable development and functions. • To take into account forest functions, in particular ecolog- ical, in the planning and development of activities in areas defined in the forest management plans. • To establish, within the framework of the Slovene forest gene bank, a network of forest gene reserves based on expert criteria and on appropriate characterisation of and documentation on indigenous populations of forest genet- ic resources. 33..33 Hunting The populations of wild animals and their living environ- ment (habitat) are constituent parts of an integral whole and must be dealt with in an integral manner. The cate- gories of use of forests and agricultural land, the settle- ment patterns, the transport connections and the form and extent of tourism and outdoor activities to a large extent determine the structure of game habitats. In Slovenia these habitats are characterised by a large share of mountain forests and forests of the high karst regions which provide a suitable living environment for popula- tions of game which is rare elsewhere in Europe. However, the conservation of game must be taken into account by all activities affecting the environment in the area. The inadequately planned and implemented activities affecting populations (the taking of the most vital part of population from the wild) inevitably lead to the genetic depletion of a population, the alterations in its gender and age structure and the increased impacts on habitats. The planned measures must be founded on the systemat- ic monitoring of the status of game populations and trends of their development, their habitats and mutual relations. The indirect effects of the hunting of game species (non-selective hunting with regard to the species, disturbing of endangered species by hunting in specific areas) have to be taken into account in the planning of measures or even prevented. The objectives of the hunt- ing organisations are not in contradiction with the rele- vant legislation. Non-selective hunting is merely a prefer- ence of certain individuals. In Slovenia, the directions on the management of game and its living environment is well regulated at the institu- tional and normative level. The ten-year and annual plans for game breeding and hunting in specific hunting Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 49 50 and breeding areas are drawn up by the public forestry services. In this way the integrity of forest ecosystems is guaranteed. The hunting management plans for specific hunting grounds are drawn up by the hunting organisa- tions on the basis of the game breeding and manage- ment plans. The implementation of the plans is con- trolled by inspection bodies. Nevertheless, the weak link in the system of game population management is the insufficient enforcement of the plans. Hunting organisations contribute to the conservation of biodiversity through the conservation of habitats of ani- mal species, the reduction in the number of hunted species, the designation of non-hunting areas and the limitation of hunting periods for particular species. When such activities are carried out which interfere with the populations of animal species, the findings of ecology are taken into account and gradually enforced. Such approach successfully supports the conservation of biodi- versity. OBJECTIVE • To maintain species and habitat types at a favourable status and, where necessary, improve their status by directing the development of game populations. DIRECTIONS • To address the issues of game and its living environ- ment in an integral manner. • To draw up game-breeding and hunting plans with regard to the status of game, its habitats, the load- bearing capacity of the environment and the ecological processes in ecosystems, in compliance with the sus- tainable use and development of forests. • To incorporate the nature protection objectives into the game breeding and hunting plans and to guarantee their harmonisation with the directions for the conser- vation of endangered species and threatened habitat types. • To promote the participation of public forestry services and hunting organisations in the spatial planning process and the implementation of activities in rural areas, in particular during the construction of infra- structure, in order to ensure the conservation of habi- tats of game and other wild animals. • To draw up directions for all activities, in particular in individualnega lova. Pri poseganju v populacije `ivalskih vrst se postopoma upo{tevajo in uveljavljajo dognanja iz ekologije. Tak{en pristop uspe{no podpira ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti. CILJ • Ohranjanje ugodnega stanja vrst in habitatnih tipov, in kjer je to potrebno izbolj{evanje stanja, z usmerjanjem razvoja populacij divjadi. USMERITVE • Ohranitev celovitega obravnavanja divjadi in njenega `ivljenjskega okolja. • Pripravljanje lovsko-gojitvenih na~rtov glede na stanje divjadi in njenih habitatov, glede na naravno nosilno kapaciteto okolja ter ob upo{tevanju ekolo{kih pro- cesov v ekosistemih in v skladu s trajnostno rabo in razvojem gozdov. • Vklju~itev naravovarstvenih ciljev v lovsko-gojitvene na~rte in zagotavljanje njihove usklajenosti s smernica- mi ohranjanja ogro`enih vrst in habitatnih tipov. • Aktivnej{a vklju~itev javne gozdarske slu`be in lovskih organizacij v prostorsko na~rtovanje in izvedbo posegov v neurbani prostor, {e posebno ob gradnji infrastruk- turnih objektov, za zagotavljanje ohranjanja habitatov divjadi in drugih prosto`ive~ih `ivali. • Aktivnej{e usmerjanje vseh dejavnosti, {e posebej na podro~ju kmetijstva, gozdarstva in upravljanja z vodami, za zagotavljanje ohranjanja habitatov divjadi in drugih prosto`ive~ih `ivali. • Usmerjati opravljanje za divjad mote~ih aktivnosti v primerna letna obdobja. • Izvajanje lovskogojitvenih ukrepov za ohranitev in izbolj{anje habitatov divjadi in drugih prosto`ive~ih vrst, pri tem pa postopno zmanj{evanje intenzivnosti krmljenja divjadi. • Postopno prenehanje doseljevanja vseh lovnih vrst div- jadi v naravo na ekolo{ko pomembnih obmo~jih in upo{tevanje lokalnega genskega izvora pri doseljevanju divjadi na drugih obmo~jih. • Spodbujati zmanj{evanje umetne reje lovnih vrst ptic za {portni lov. • Zmanj{evanje obor, postavljenih za namene lova. Z usmerjanjem razvoja populacij visoke divjadi (na sliki divje svinje Sus scrofa) je mo`no ohranjati ugodno stanje habitatnih tipov. It is possible to maintain habitat types at a favourable status by the management of populations of large game species (here, wild boar Sus scrofa). Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 50 Dejavnosti trajnostne rabe sestavin in trajnostnega razvoja Sector involved in the sustainable use of biodiversity components and sustainable development 3 51 33..44 Ribi{tvo V preteklosti so antropogeni vplivi na vodne sisteme (pro- tipoplavni ukrepi, hidroelektrarne in jezovi, spu{~anje odpadnih voda, namakanje in izsu{evanje) pogosto mo~no negativno vplivali na vodne organizme, tudi ribe. Od 81 vrst domorodnih sladkovodnih rib in pi{kurjev jih je 64 % ogro`enih, poleg tega je v slovenske vode nasel- jenih {e 14 tujerodnih vrst rib. Od najmanj 110 vrst morskih rib stalnic jih je 7 % ogro`enih. Komercialno ribi{tvo za zadovoljevanje prehrambnih potreb je v Sloveniji prisotno v morskih vodah in v manj{i meri v notranjosti dr`ave, prispevek komercialnega ribolova k slovenski ekonomiji je minimalen. Nekateri na~ini morskega ribolova zmanj{ujejo biotsko raznovrstnost v slovenskem morju. [portni ribolov je ekonomsko mnogo pomembnej{i in ima v nasprotju s komercialnim mnogo ve~ji vpliv na biotsko raznovrstnost. Selektivno odstranja vrste rib iz ekosistema in znotraj vrst najbolj vitalne oseb- ke. Vlaganje rib in urejanje povr{in za {portni ribolov mo~no vpliva na naravne populacije in na spreminjanje sestave ekosistemov. Premalo je promocije pomena in ohranjanja naravnega drstenja in izkori{~anja le naravne- ga prirastka rib. Posebno zaradi majhnega dele`a vodnih povr{in v Sloveniji {portni ribolov mo~no u~inkuje na zmanj{anje biotske raznovrstnosti, skupaj s {irjenjem tujerodnih vrst rib ogro`a {tevilne domorodne vrste rastlin in `ivali ter ru{i naravno ravnote`je ekosistemov. CILJA • Vzpostavitev upravljanja sladkovodnih ribjih populacij na podlagi strokovno in pregledno dolo~enih velikosti po- pulacij rib, ob upo{tevanju ekolo{kih procesov v vodnih ekosistemih, naravne nosilne kapacitete okolja in na- ravovarstvenih smernic, tako da se ohranjanja biotska raznovrstnost. • Zagotovitev trajnostne rabe biotskih virov, ki so pred- met morskega ribolova in nabiralni{tva morskih organiz- mov, in ohranjene biotske raznovrstnosti v morskih in obalnih habitatnih tipih. USMERITVE • Pripravljanje ribi{ko-gojitvenih na~rtov na podlagi upo{tevanja {tevil~nosti in vrstne sestave ribjih popu- lacij v okviru mednarodno uveljavljenih metodologij. the field of agriculture, forestry and water manage- ment, to conserve the habitats of game and other wild animals. • To perform activities at a time of year when game is not overly disturbed. • To implement the game breeding and hunting meas- ures to conserve and improve the habitats of game and other wild animals, while gradually lessening the intensity of game feeding. • To gradually cease the repopulation of hunted species in the ecologically important areas and to take into account the local gene origin in the repopulation of game in other areas. • To reduce the breeding of hunted bird species for the purpose of sport hunting. • To reduce the size of pens set up for hunting purposes. 33..44 Fisheries In the past anthropogenic activities (anti-flood measures, hydro electric power plants and dams, the discharge of waste waters, irrigation and drainage) adversely affected water ecosystems and aquatic organisms, including fish. Of 81 species of indigenous freshwater fish and lampreys, 64 % are endangered. In addition, 14 non-indigenous fish species have been introduced into Slovene waters. In total 7 % of at least 110 non-migratory marine fish species are endangered. In Slovenia the industrial fishing for food is carried out at the sea and, to a lesser extent, in inland waters. However, the contribution of industrial fishing to the economy is minimum. Certain forms of marine fishing reduce biodiversity of the Slovene sea. Economically much more important is the recreational fishing. Contrary to the industrial fishing its impact on biodiversity is much more significant. It selectively removes fish species from an ecosystem and the most vital specimens within a specific species. The stocking of fish and the management of areas intended for recreational fishing affect natural populations and the structure of ecosystems changes. Natural spawn- ing, and its conservation, and the exploitation of the natu- ral fish stock are not promoted enough. Due to the rather limited share of water areas in Slovenia the recreational fishing and the introduction of non-indigenous fish species significantly reduce biodiversity, endanger numerous Ukvarjanje s {portnim ribolovom pomeni mnogim ljudem ohranjanje stika z naravo, vendar je v neustreznih oblikah vzrok ogro`enosti {tevilnih vrst. Many people maintain their contact with nature through angling. However, its inap- propriate forms constitute a threat to many species. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 51 52 indigenous plant and animal species and destroy the natu- ral balance of ecosystems. OBJECTIVES • To manage freshwater fish populations; in order to con- serve biodiversity the management plans must be found- ed on the technically well defined sizes of fish popula- tions, while taking into account the ecological processes in water ecosystems, the natural load-bearing capacity of the environment and the nature protection guidelines. • To ensure the sustainable use of biotic resources, sub- ject to marine fishing and harvesting of marine organ- isms, and to conserve biodiversity in the marine and coastal habitat types. DIRECTIONS • To draw up fish-breeding plans on the basis of the abundance and species composition of fish popula- tions within the framework of the internationally enforced methodologies. • To implement and promote projects for the conserva- tion of biodiversity by recreational fishing which does not threaten endangered species. • To use in a sustainable manner species which are sub- ject to marine fishing and harvesting of marine organ- isms while reducing the bycatch and the negative impacts of fishing on the benthic, pelagic and other communities of wild animals and plants. • To gradually cease stocking all fish species into open waters in the ecologically important areas and to take into account the local gene origin in the stocking of indigenous fish species. • To fish in such a way that the natural age structure of animal populations is not altered and to stop the fish- ing of indigenous species by electrifying devices. • To physically enclose and separate the commercial fish farms from the natural watercourses in order to prevent the escaping of fish and the organic pollution. • To promote the breeding of indigenous fish species in commercial fish farms. 33..55 Water management Water management (the protection and management of waters, decision-making concerning their use) is of extreme importance for the conservation of biodiversity. In the past • Izvajanje in promocija projektov ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti s {portnim ribolovom, prijaznim do ogro`enih vrst. • Trajnostna raba vrst, ki so predmet morskega ribolova in nabiralni{tva morskih organizmov, ob hkratnem zmanj{evanju stranskega ulova ter negativnih vplivov ribolova na bento{ke, pelagi~ne in druge skupnosti prosto`ive~ih `ivali in rastlin. • Postopno prenehanje vlaganja vseh vrst rib v odprte vode na ekolo{ko pomembnih obmo~jih in {e ve~je upo{tevanje lokalnega genskega izvora pri vlaganju domorodnih vrst rib. • Izvajanje ribolova na na~in, ki ne spremeni naravne starostne strukture `ivalskih populacij, in prenehanje izlavljanja domorodnih vrst rib z elektrolovom. • Primerno fizi~no zavarovanje komercialnih ribogojnic in lo~itev od naravnih vodotokov, tudi za prepre~evanje pobega rib in organskega onesna`evanja. • V komercialnih ribogojnicah spodbujanje gojenja domorodnih vrst rib. 33..55 Upravljanje z vodami Upravljanje z vodami (zajema njihovo varstvo, urejanje in odlo~anje o rabi) je zelo pomembno za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti. Neprimerni na~ini urejanja voda v pretek- losti so mo~no vplivali na zmanj{evanje biotske raznovrst- nosti vodnih in na vode vezanih habitatnih tipov. Najve~je zmanj{evanje so povzro~ili posegi pri urejanju voda, ki so spremenili ali zaustavili re~no dinamiko, s ~imer je izginilo mnogo obre`nih `ivljenjskih prostorov ter nanje vezanih `ivalskih in rastlinskih vrst. Odvzemanje ~ezmernih koli~in vode in proda, predvsem v obdobjih in na obmo~jih, ki so kriti~na za pre`ivetje vrst, je dodatno prispevalo k zmanj{evanju populacij ogro`enih vrst. Cilji upravljanja z vodami v Sloveniji so sedaj doseganje ugodnega stanja voda in drugih z njimi povezanih ekosiste- mov, zagotavljanje varstva pred {kodljivim delovanjem voda, uravnavanje in ohranjanje vodnih koli~in ter spodbu- janje trajnostne rabe voda ob upo{tevanju dolgoro~nega varstva razpolo`ljivih vodnih virov in njihove kakovosti. Doseganje teh ciljev je zdru`ljivo z ohranjanjem obmo~ij z visoko biotsko raznovrstnostjo, vendar pa je za ohranjanje Ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti in zagotavljanje varstva pred {kodljivim delovanjem voda je mo`no z reaktivacijo potencialnih in vzpostavitvijo novih retencijskih povr{in (na sliki logi ob Dravi). The reactivation of potential retention areas and the establishment of new ones (here, the foot-flooded forest at the river Drava) facilitate the conservation of biodiversity and ensure protection against adverse impacts of water. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 52 Dejavnosti trajnostne rabe sestavin in trajnostnega razvoja Sector involved in the sustainable use of biodiversity components and sustainable development 3 53 visoke raznovrstnosti na teh obmo~jih praviloma treba storiti {e nekaj ve~ od nujno potrebnih ukrepov za dosegan- je ciljev upravljanja z vodami. CILJA • Urejanje in varovanje voda na na~in, ki ohranja biotsko raznovrstnost ter zagotovitev trajnostne rabe voda. • Celovito upravljanje voda, ki upo{teva njihovo dinamiko in naravne procese ter medsebojno povezanost in soodvisnost pripadajo~ih habitatnih tipov. USMERITVE • Vklju~evanje ciljev ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti v vse vidike upravljanja z vodami. • Zagotavljanje do narave prijaznega urejanja vodotokov ob njihovem upo{tevanju kot celovitih sistemov in na na~in, ki zagotavlja ohranjanje ali vzpostavitev naravne dinamike voda. S tem sta povezani ohranitev in vzpostavitev obre`nega pasu in poplavnega prostora, ki so `ivljenjski prostor ali del `ivljenjskega prostora rastlinskih in `ivalskih vrst, zlasti ogro`enih. • Ohranjanje oziroma kjer je mogo~e, vnovi~no vzpostav- ljanje zvezne povezave voda za zagotavljanje vodnih selitvenih poti `ivali. • Izvajanje posegov v ~asu, ki se ne ujema z najbolj ob~utljivimi obdobji razmno`evanja `ivali in rastlin. • Vzdr`evanje voda in vodnogospodarske infrastrukture - vklju~no s ~i{~enjem naplavin in odstranjevanjem rastlinja - na na~in, ki ne zmanj{uje biotske raznovrst- nosti. • Odvzemanje proda v koli~inah in na na~in, ki ne zmanj{uje biotske raznovrstnosti. • Zagotovitev ciljev upravljanja z vodami predvsem z reak- tivacijo potencialnih in vzpostavitvijo novih retencijskih povr{in. • Na ekolo{ko pomembnih obmo~jih zagotavljanje zadost- nih koli~in oziroma pretoka vode za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti, posebno v kriti~nih obdobjih. • Zagotavljanje poenotenega upravljanja z vodnogospo- darskimi objekti. 33..66 Industrija in energetika Strategija gospodarskega razvoja Slovenije temelji tudi na predpostavki, da se mora za ve~jo konkuren~nost zni`evati okoljska intenzivnost gospodarske rasti in zvi{evati okoljska u~inkovitost podjetij. Bistvo izbolj{evan- ja okoljske u~inkovitosti slovenskih podjetij mora biti zni`evanje okoljske intenzivnosti dosedanjega razvoja. Energetska intenzivnost je dvakrat vi{ja od povpre~ne v Evropski uniji, dele` izvoza, ki temelji na naravnih virih, je ve~ji od tistega, ki bi si ga Slovenija lahko privo{~ila, saj nima pomembnej{ih zalog ekonomsko zanimivih mi- neralnih in energetskih surovin. Biotska raznovrstnost (vrste in genska informacija, ki jo nosijo) je neobnovljiv naravni vir, ki ga je treba ohranjati in trajnostno izkori{~ati njegov potencial. Mnoge njene sestavine se namre~ uporabljajo kot surovine v industriji. Uveljavljanje visokih in ~istej{ih tehnologij dolgoro~no pripomore k ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti. the unsuitable water management methods significantly affected the reduction of biodiversity in the aquatic and water-related habitats. The loss of biodiversity was mostly provoked by water management activities that altered the river dynamics and in some cases even stopped the flow, causing the loss of many riparian habitats and their plant and animal species. The abstraction of excessive amounts of water and gravel, in particular in areas and during peri- ods vital for the survival of species, contributed to the reduction of populations of endangered species. In Slovenia the objectives of water management are to attain the favourable status of waters and water-related ecosystems; to ensure protection against the adverse impacts of water; to regulate and conserve the available amounts of water; to promote the sustainable use of water, while taking into account the long-term protection of the available water resources and their quality. The fulfilment of these objectives is closely linked to the conservation of areas of high biodiversity but beside the indispensable water management measures, additional action will be needed for the conservation of such areas. OBJECTIVES • To manage and protect waters in a biodiversity-conserv- ing manner and to ensure sustainable use. • To manage waters in an integral manner taking into account the natural processes and the interconnected- ness and mutual dependency of habitat types. DIRECTIONS • To integrate biodiversity conservation objectives into all aspects of water management. • To ensure the nature-friendly management of watercours- es as integral systems and to manage them in a way which guarantees the conservation or restoration of the natural dynamics of waters; to this end, the main tasks are the conservation and restoration of the embankment area and the flood zone functioning as a habitat, or part of it, of many plant and animal species, in particular endangered ones. • To conserve and, where possible, restore the passages between particular water bodies in order to ensure migra- tion routes for animals. • To carry out activities at a time of year which does not coincide with the breeding periods of plants and animals. • To manage waters and water infrastructure network, including the removal of deposits and vegetation, in a manner that does not reduce biodiversity. • To remove gravel in the amount and manner that does not reduce biodiversity. • To guarantee the fulfilment of water management objec- tives through the reactivation of potential retention zones and the creation of new ones. • To guarantee, in ecologically important areas, sufficient amount of water and regular flow rate to conserve biodi- versity, in particular in dry season. • To ensure uniform management of water management facilities. 33..66 Industry and energy sector The Strategy for the Economic Development of Slovenia is founded on the presumption that, in order to achieve Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 53 54 the higher level of competitiveness, the environmental intensity of economic growth has to reduce and the envi- ronmental efficiency of companies has to grow. The basic prerequisite for the improved environmental efficiency of Slovene companies is the reduction of the environmental intensity of the current economic development. The ener- gy intensity is twice the average of the EU, and the share of export based on natural resources is too large since Slovenia does not have important deposits of mineral and energy raw materials. Biodiversity (species and their genetic information) is a non-renewable natural resource that must be conserved, and its potential exploited in a sustainable manner, since many biodiversity components are used as raw materials in industry. In a long-term, the enforcement of high and clean technologies contributes to the conservation of biodiversity. OBJECTIVES • To ensure the competitive position of industry through sustainable development which conserves biodiversity. • To guarantee a reliable and sufficient long-term energy supply which is environment-friendly and conserves bio- diversity, and to encourage efficient energy use. DIRECTIONS • To use energy and use natural resources more effi- ciently and to take into account the energy intensity trends in energy supply. • To reduce greenhouse gas emissions. • To promote investments in clean industrial technolo- gies and reduce the emissions of harmful substances. • To promote industrial activities in areas where a suit- able infrastructure is in place, where it is possible to prevent environmental catastrophes, and where biodi- versity is not threatened. • To avoid the construction of new energy supply facili- ties in the ecologically important areas or areas which are part of the ecological network. 33..77 Transport In the last decade the road transport in Slovenia has rap- idly increased. The growth can be ascribed to the increase in domestic transport as well as to transit arising from the geographical position of Slovenia and the latest political changes. The state itself must actively address CILJA • Zagotovitev konkuren~nosti industrije s trajnostnim razvojem, ki ohranja tudi biotsko raznovrstnost. • Zagotovitev dolgoro~no zanesljive in zadostne ener- getske oskrbe, ki je sprejemljiva za okolje in ohranja biotsko raznovrstnost, ter u~inkovite rabe energije. USMERITVE • U~inkovitej{a raba energije, izraba naravnih virov in upo{tevanje trendov energetske intenzivnosti pri oskrbi z energijo. • Zmanj{evanje emisij toplogrednih plinov. • Spodbujanje vlaganj v uvajanje ~istih industrijskih tehnologij in zmanj{evanje emisij {kodljivih snovi. • [irjenje industrijskih dejavnosti na obmo~ja, kjer je ure- jena ustrezna infrastruktura in zagotovljena mo`nost prepre~evanja okoljskih katastrof, in kjer ni ogro`anja biotske raznovrstnosti. • Izogibanje gradnji novih energetskih objektov na ekolo{ko pomembnih obmo~jih oziroma obmo~jih, ki so del ekolo{kega omre`ja. 33..77 Promet Cestni promet v Sloveniji je v zadnjem desetletju skokovi- to nara{~al. Pove~al se je notranji promet, zaradi geografske lege Slovenije in politi~nih sprememb pa tudi tranzitni promet. Dr`ava mora sama aktivno odpravljati te`ave s transportom v okviru mednarodnega prizadevan- ja za na~ine prevoza, ki ~im manj obremenjujejo okolje in naravo. Promet negativno vpliva na stanje biotske raznovrstnosti s fragmentacijo habitatov, zavzemanjem obse`nega prostora za prometno infrastrukturo, onesna`evanjem zraka, voda in tal ter pove~anim hrupom. Navkljub nekaterim ukrepom za izbolj{anje stanja (uva- janje ~istej{ih oblik transporta, razvoj konkuren~ne `elezni{ke infrastrukture in razvoj kolesarskega omre`ja) sta za to klju~nega pomena prehod prebivalstva na okolju in naravi manj {kodljive oblike prevoza ter zmanj{evanje prometa. K ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti prispeva posredno, a zelo pomembno, uvajanje ~istej{ih in energetsko u~inkovitej{ih industrijskih tehnologij, kot je npr. kotlovnica, ki pridobiva energijo iz industrijskih lesnih odpadkov. The introduction of cleaner and energy- efficient industrial techniques, such as district heating plants firing industrial wood waste, indirectly, but significantly, contribute to the conservation of biodiversity. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 54 Dejavnosti trajnostne rabe sestavin in trajnostnega razvoja Sector involved in the sustainable use of biodiversity components and sustainable development 3 55 CILJ • Zagotovitev mobilnosti ljudi in tovora, ki ohranja biotsko raznovrstnost. USMERITVE • Preusmerjanje prometa na okoljsko sprejemljivej{e in ne dovolj izkori{~ene zmogljivosti (npr. `elezni{ki promet). • Obvladovanje onesna`enja zaradi prometa z izogiban- jem nepotrebnemu ali odve~nemu prometu ter vzpostavljanjem strukturnega razvoja v industriji in urbanizmu, ki bo transportno manj intenziven. • Tehni~na optimizacija vozil in goriv z namenom zmanj{evati emisije in porabo energije, razvijati nove pogonske na~ine in pove~ati zbiranje in recikliranje odslu`enih vozil. • Vklju~evanje na~el ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti v prometno politiko in razvoj infrastrukture, kar pomeni tudi izogibanje obmo~jem visoke naravovarstvene vred- nosti, kolikor je le mogo~e. • Prepre~evanje ali omejevanje negativnih vplivov gradnje infrastrukture in infrastrukturnih dejavnosti na krajine in ekosisteme, ter bolj{e izkori{~anje obstoje~e infrastruk- ture. • Ustavljanje drobljenja ekosistemov zaradi gradnje novih infrastrukturnih objektov in zagotavljanje ustreznih pre- hodov za `ivalske vrste. 33..88 Turizem Turizem je pomembna in razvijajo~a se gospodarska panoga in pomemben vir prihodka za Slovenijo. Lahko bistveno prispeva k ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti, ker jo pomaga ekonomsko ovrednotiti kot dobrino, ki sicer nima tr`ne vrednosti. Biotska raznovrstnost daje visok simbolni pomen in vi{jo ceno proizvodom, ki jih turizem tr`i (tudi kot izvozno blago) na doma~ih tleh z neposredno prodajo turistom iz tujine (npr. preno~i{~a, kakovostna doma~a prehrana, zunajpenzionska poraba). Za Slovenijo pomeni razvojno prilo`nost, ker ima {e {tevilne razmeroma dobro ohran- jene ekosisteme in omogo~a do`ivljanje rastlinskih in `ivalskih vrst. Slednje je pomembna prvina tr`enja pri turisti~ni ponudbi pode`elja, ki jo i{~e segment kupcev z visoko razvito zavestjo o pomenu zdravega okolja in nujnosti njegovega ohranjanja. the issues of transport within the framework of interna- tional efforts for such modes of transport that do not excessively burden the environment and nature. The negative impacts of transport on the status of biodiversi- ty are evident from the fragmentation of habitats, occu- pation of large areas by transport infrastructure, pollution of air, water and soil, and noise pollution. Despite specific measures for the improvement of the status (the introduction of cleaner transport means, the development of railway infrastructure and a network of cycling trails), the situation is not likely to change unless people start using more environment-friendly transport means and unless the overall transport decreases. OBJECTIVE • To guarantee such mobility of people and cargo which conserves biodiversity. DIRECTIONS • To transfer transport to the more environmentally acceptable modes which have not been exploited enough (e.g. railway transport). • To control pollution caused by transport by avoiding the unnecessary or redundant transport and by less trans- port-intensive development in the industrial and urban sector. • To technically improve vehicles and fuels to reduce emissions and energy consumption; to develop new drive modes and promote the collection and recycling of used vehicles. • To incorporate biodiversity conservation principles into the transport policy and the development of infrastruc- ture, i.e. to avoid as much as possible the areas of high nature protection value. • To prevent or limit the negative impacts of the con- struction of infrastructure and the relevant activities on landscape and ecosystems and to optimally use the existing infrastructure. • To stop the fragmentation of ecosystems caused by the construction of new infrastructure facilities and to guarantee suitable passages for animals. 33..88 Tourism Tourism is an important and developing economic sector which generates a considerable share of Slovenia’s GDP. Mobilnost ljudi zagotavljajo tudi okoljsko sprejemljivej{e oblike prometa. The environment friendly forms of trans- port ensure the mobility of people. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 55 56 Its contribution to the conservation of biodiversity is sig- nificant since it assists in the economic evaluation of bio- diversity as an asset which, in view of other sectors, does not have a market value. Biodiversity has a high symbolic value and is an element which raises the price of the marketed tourist products (including export goods) directly offered to foreign tourists in the state itself (tourist residences, high quality domestic food, extra spending). Slovenia has many well- conserved ecosystems and biodiversity is a feature that offers an opportunity for development since it allows tourists to enjoy the variety of plant and animal species. The latter is an important component in the tourist mar- keting of the countryside, particularly popular with tourists who are aware of the importance of the healthy environment and its conservation. Such areas are relatively easily accessible. Unfortunately, the infrastructure does not permit adequate tourist man- agement that would direct tourists to areas less vulnera- ble to environmental pressures (information centres, eco- museums, various trails) and ensure harmless visits of valuable natural features. As soon as such infrastructure is in place it starts to function as an instrument for rais- ing the public awareness about the importance of biodi- versity. The inappropriate forms of tourism can contribute con- siderably to the depletion of biodiversity. The main prob- lem is the intensity of the activity (mass tourism). Tourism is an economic sector determined by the acces- sibility and availability of the healthy, natural environ- ment. It must follow the principles of sustainable devel- opment. If these principles are not taken into account, the conservation of biodiversity is not guaranteed and the exploitation of non-renewable resources continues at an undiminished rate. The principles of tourist development must include the conservation of diversity, the character- istics and beauties of nature and landscape, and the development of suitable recreation areas in compliance with the nature protection principles. Obmo~ja s temi danostmi so sorazmerno dostopna, pre- malo pa je razvita infrastruktura, ki bi obiskovalcem primerno ponudila naravne vrednote in jih hkrati usmer- jala na dele obmo~ij, ki prenesejo ve~je turisti~ne obre- menitve (npr. informacijski centri, ekomuzeji, u~ne in do`ivljajske poti). S tak{no infrastrukturno ureditvijo je mo`no tudi uspe{no ozave{~ati ljudi o pomenu biotske raznovrstnosti. Neustrezne oblike turizma lahko bistveno pripomorejo k zmanj{anju biotske raznovrstnosti, praviloma so povezane s preveliko intenzivnostjo (ti. mno`i~ni turizem). Turizem je mo~no odvisen od zdravega, naravnega okol- ja, zato mora nujno slediti na~elom trajnostnega razvoja. Brez tega ni mogo~e zagotoviti ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti ali zmanj{ati porabe neobnovljivih virov. Na~ela turisti~nega razvoja morajo vklju~evati ohranjanje pestrosti, zna~ilnosti in lepot narave in krajine ter razvoj ustreznih rekreacijskih obmo~ij skladno z naravovarstve- nimi na~eli. CILJ • Oblikovanje bolj uravnote`ene in trajnostno usmerjene turisti~ne ponudbe z vpletanjem naravnih znamenitosti vanjo ter upo{tevanjem potenciala vse dr`ave in ogro`enosti posameznih znamenitosti. USMERITVE • S ponujanjem vrednot biotske raznovrstnosti oblikovan- je novih turisti~nih produktov in storitev, ki pove~ujejo prihodek in {tevilo delovnih mest v turizmu. • Zmanj{ati obremenitev okolja, ki jo lahko povzro~a razvoj turizma, s spodbujanjem okoljsko sprejemljivih dejavnosti, primernih za lokalno (v geografskem pomenu) turisti~no gospodarstvo. • Razvoj oziroma izgradnja zavarovanemu obmo~ju primerne turisti~ne in rekreacijske infrastrukture, {e posebno v in ob narodnih, regijskih in krajinskih parkih, z namenom usmerjati dostop javnosti do obmo~ij (tudi rekreacijskih) v zavarovanih obmo~jih. • Uvedba zoniranja v zavarovanih obmo~jih za usmerjanje dostopa javnosti z dolo~itvijo ve~ kategorij obmo~ij: od predelov, kjer velja prepoved obiska, do predelov, kjer je za`eleno razvijati ustrezno turisti~no infrastrukturo. Obmo~ja z ohranjeno biotsko raznovrst- nostjo so pomemben del turisti~ne ponudbe, zato jih ohranjamo tudi z ustreznim usmerjanjem obiskovalcev s pomo~jo parkovne infrastrukture in nad- zornikov (na slikah informacijski center Triglavskega narodnega parka v Trenti in nadzornik z oznakami pri vodstvu skupine obiskovalcev). Areas with conserved biodiversity consti- tute an important part of tourist offer; their value can be conserved if appropri- ate visitor management is supported by park facilities and rangers (here, the Triglav National Park Information Centre in Trenta and a ranger wearing a badge, with a group of visitors). Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 56 Dejavnosti trajnostne rabe sestavin in trajnostnega razvoja Sector involved in the sustainable use of biodiversity components and sustainable development 3 57 • Spodbujanje do okolja prijazne in uravnote`ene rasti turizma in do narave prijaznih oblik tovrstne gospo- darske rabe prostora ob zmanj{evanju pritiska na biot- sko raznovrstnost. • Prostorsko usmerjanje in ~asovno usklajevanje dejavnosti za prepre~evanje motenja in uni~evanja `ivali in rastlin. • Ozave{~anje turisti~nih delavcev in turistov o pomenu biotske raznovrstnosti za kakovostno turisti~no ponud- bo (npr. tekmovanja za naravovarstvene ali okolje- varstvene nagrade). OBJECTIVE • To formulate a balanced and sustainable tourist offer by incorporating into it the outstanding natural features and by taking into account the potential of the entire state and the endangerment of particular outstanding features. DIRECTIONS • To include biodiversity components in the tourist offer and thus develop new tourist products and services that increase the profit and create new jobs. • To reduce the tourism induced burdening of the envi- ronment by promoting the environmentally acceptable activities suitable for the local (geographically speak- ing) tourist economy. • To develop and construct tourist and recreational infra- structure suitable for a specific protected area, in par- ticular in and near the national, regional and landscape parks, in order to direct the access of the public to the areas within the protected area. • To introduce zoning in protected areas in order to direct the access of the public by classifying areas into several categories, from areas where access is prohib- ited to areas where the construction of tourist infra- structure is welcome. • To promote the environment-friendly and balanced growth of tourism and other activities while simultane- ously reduce the pressure on biodiversity. • To coordinate the spatial distribution and the timing of activities in order to prevent the disturbing of animals and plants, and their destruction. • To raise awareness of the employees of tourist facili- ties and tourists themselves about the importance of biodiversity for high quality tourist offer (competitions for nature protection or environmental protection awards). Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 57 4 PODPORNE DEJAVNOSTI OHRANJANJU BIOTSKE RAZNOVRSTNOSTI IN TRAJNOSTNI RABI ACTIVITIES SUPPORTING BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 58 Podporne dejavnosti ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti in trajni rabi Activities supporting biodiversity conservation and sustainable use 4 59 44..11 Mehanizmi ukrepanja za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti Dr`ava ima horizontalno (na vsem svojem obmo~ju) na voljo ekonomske, zakonodajne in prostorsko-na~rtovalske mehanizme za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti, ki so lahko omejevalni ali spodbujevalni. Najbolj u~inkovita je kombinirana uporaba mehanizmov, ki omejujejo neza`elene oblike rabe prostora oziroma poseganja vanj v okviru neke dejavnosti, ter tistih, ki spodbujajo pozi- tivne oblike rabe oziroma poseganja v okviru iste dejavnosti. Ambicija ekonomske politike varstva okolja, vklju~no z ohranjanjem biotske raznovrstnosti je uskla- ditev javnofinan~nih izdatkov oz. zmanj{anje teh izdatkov za netrajnostne programe ob so~asnem pove~anju izdatkov za (nove) programe trajnostnega razvoja. Regionalno na~rtovanje, usmerjanje in spodbu- janje razvoja je v dr`avah Evropske unije pristop, ki na ve~jem geografskem obmo~ju lahko pove`e horizontalne ukrepe in jih prilagodi. Pri u~inkoviti in pametni uporabi prej na{tetih mehanizmov in posledi~no pri ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti ima pomembno vlogo zagotavljan- je javnih slu`b. Tega lahko zagotavlja dr`ava neposredno z vodenjem javnih zavodov ali s prena{anjem upravljanja teh mehanizmov na zasebne ustanove preko koncesij (npr. za rabo naravnih vrednot, ki so v lasti lokalne skup- nosti ali dr`ave ter za upravljanje parkov in zavarovanih obmo~ij). 4.1.1 Zakonodajni in ekonomski mehanizmi V slovenski zakonodaji so {tevilni ustrezni zakonodajni mehanizmi `e vzpostavljeni, s podzakonskimi akti pa praviloma {e ne dovolj natan~no opredeljeni. Ti mehaniz- mi bolj u~inkovito prispevajo k doseganju ciljev, ~e so podprti z ustreznimi ekonomskimi mehanizmi. Ekonomski mehanizmi, ki prispevajo k ohranjanju okolja in so navedeni v NPVO, lahko prispevajo tudi k ohranjan- ju biotske raznovrstnosti, ~e so pri njihovem uresni~evan- ju upo{tevane posebnosti ohranjanja biotske raznovrst- nosti. Tuje izku{nje u~ijo, da so za njihovo dokon~no postavitev in uveljavitev (tudi javno financiranje) pomem- bni dokon~na vzpostavitev trga, dolo~itev jasnih lastnin- skih razmerij, opredelitev naravovarstvenega interesa pri dr`avni/ob~inski lastnini in opredelitev javnega naravo- varstvenega interesa pri zasebni lastnini. Najpomembnej{i spodbudi za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti sta javno financiranje in dav~ne olaj{ave za storitve, ki jo ohranjajo, {e posebno, ~e se hkrati zmanj{ujejo nasprotne pomo~i, ki zmanj{ujejo biotsko raznovrstnost. Oblikovanje tak{nih ekonomskih mehaniz- mov mora zagotoviti prerazporeditev javnofinan~nih izdatkov v skladu s predvsem prej navedenim ter uve- ljavitev tr`nih mehanizmov trajnostno naravnanega upravljanja z naravnimi dobrinami v parkih in za{~itenih obmo~jih z uveljavitvijo koncesij za njihovo rabo (voda, gramoz, gozdovi). 44..11 Biodiversity conserva- tion mechanisms At the horizontal level (at its entire area) the state has at its disposal the economic, legislative and spatial planning mechanisms for the conservation of biodiversity. These mechanisms may be either restrictive or promoting. The most efficient is the combination that restricts the unfavourable forms of land use within the framework of an activity affecting the environment on one hand and promotes the favourable land use within the framework of the same activity on the other. The ambition of the economically oriented environmental protection policy, including the conservation of biodiversity, is to coordi- nate and reduce the general government expenditure intended for non-sustainable programmes while simulta- neously increase the expenditure for (new) sustainable development programmes. In the EU member states the the directing and promoting of regional development is an approach that creates a link between the horizontal measures and adjusts them to the conditions in a large, geographically defined area. The provision of adequate public services plays an important role in the efficient and sound application of the mentioned mechanisms and, consequently, in the conservation of biodiversity. Public services may be ensured through the state-run public institutes or through the transfer of management to private institutions via concessions (e.g. for the use of valuable natural features owned by local communities or the state and for the management of parks and protected areas). 4.1.1 Legislative and economic mechanisms In Slovenia the relevant legislative mechanisms have already been established by the acts and laws but the regulatory framework has not been determined in detail. It should be taken into account that these mechanisms are effective if they are supplemented by the relevant economic mechanisms which contribute to the conserva- tion of biodiversity. These mechanisms are included in the National Environmental Action Programme. If the specific requirements of biodiversity are taken into account, they can contribute to its conservation. According to the foreign experience, in order to set up and enforce the economic mechanisms (including public financing) it is necessary to establish market, introduce clear ownership relations and define the nature conserva- tion interests with regard to the national/municipal prop- erty and private property. The most important incentives for the conservation of biodiversity are public financing and tax reliefs for servic- es that conserve biodiversity, in particular, if support to adverse incentives is lessened. Economic mechanisms must be formulated in such a way that the reallocation of general government expenditure is provided in compli- ance with the already mentioned principles, and that the market mechanisms concerning the sustainable manage- ment of natural resources in parks and protected areas are enforced via concessions for their use (water, gravel, forests). Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 59 60 OBJECTIVES • To enforce biodiversity conservation measures provided for in the Nature Conservation Act. • To enforce measures for the conservation of biodiversi- ty and sustainable use of its components provided for in the National Environmental Action Plan. 4.1.2 Spatial planning The purpose of spatial planning is to ensure a har- monised spatial development through the coordination of the economic, social and environmental protection aspects of development. Spatial planning is one of the mechanisms for ensuring sustainable development in space since it guarantees the conservation of nature, the protection of natural resources, cultural heritage and other high quality features of the natural and cultural environment, by the application of the spatial planning and urbanistic methods. The decisions related to the matters concerning spatial planning are based on the analyses of and expert find- ings about the characteristics of space and the develop- mental possibilities of particular activities located within it. The developmental needs and protection requirements must be incorporated into spatial plans. The interests concerning the conservation of biodiversity are included in the spatial planning process in compliance with the legislation and at the same level as other sectors that rep- resent public interests determined by legislative acts. Procedures concerning the drawing up of the spatial plan- ning documents and spatial realisation documents are an important instrument for the inclusion of biodiversity conservation in spatial planning since the acceptability of the planned activities is assessed according to the expect- ed impacts on biodiversity. The provision of reliable data on the management, protection, measures and restric- tions is a necessity if procedures are to be less expensive, more sensible and not so long-lasting. Analyses of sectoral interests in space and the environ- mental vulnerability studies, which are incorporated into the legislative instruments concerning spatial planning, form the foundation for the coordination of developmen- tal needs and protection requirements. In the analysis phase of the drawing up of spatial documents, the basic spatial planning objectives, the environmental vulnerabili- ty studies and the integrated environmental impact assessments take into account the biodiversity conserva- tion issues. These documents lay the foundations for the selection of the form of an activity that conserves biodi- versity, or whose impact is minimum. OBJECTIVES • To include the conservation of biodiversity in spatial documents and procedures for the drawing up of spa- tial planning and spatial realisation documents (vulner- ability studies, environmental impact assessments and strategic environmental impact assessments), in partic- ular in protected and internationally important areas. • To guarantee the participation of the public in the pro- cedures for the drawing up and adoption of spatial doc- uments. CILJA • Uveljavitev ukrepov za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstno- sti, ki jih predvideva Zakon o ohranjanju narave. • Uveljavitev ukrepov za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti in trajnostno rabo njenih sestavin, ki jih predvideva NPVO. 4.1.2 Urejanje prostora Namen urejanja prostora je z usklajevanjem gospodarskih, dru`benih in okoljevarstvenih vidikov razvoja omogo~ati skladen prostorski razvoj. To je eden od mehanizmov za zagotavljanje trajnostnega razvoja v prostoru, saj z metoda- mi prostorskega in urbanisti~nega na~rtovanja lahko zago- tavlja ohranjanje narave, varovanje naravnih virov in kul- turne dedi{~ine ter drugih kakovosti naravnega in kulturne- ga okolja. Odlo~itve o zadevah, povezanih z urejanjem prostora, temeljijo na analizah in strokovnih dognanjih o lastnostih prostora in na razvojnih mo`nostih posameznih dejavnosti v njem. Z na~rtovanjem prostorskih ureditev se soo~ajo razvojne potrebe in varovalne zahteve. Interesi ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti vstopajo v proces prostorskega na~rtovanja v skladu z zakonodajo, enakovredno s sektorji, ki zastopajo zakonsko opredeljene javne interese. Postopki priprave prostorskih planskih in izvedbenih aktov so lahko pomemben instrument za vklju~evanje ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti, saj se med postopkom preverja sprejemljivost na~rtovanih posegov glede na pri~akovane vplive nanjo. Z zagotavljanjem korektnih podatkov v ure- ditvah, varovanju, ukrepih in omejitvah se lahko zagotovijo kraj{i, cenej{i in smiselnej{i postopki. Podlaga za usklajevanje razvojnih potreb in varstvenih zahtev so analize sektorskih interesov v prostoru in {tudije ranljivosti prostora, ki so opredeljene v pravnih podlagah urejanja prostora. V analiti~ni fazi priprave prostorskih aktov je skrb za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti lahko zajeta s temeljnimi cilji urejanja prostora, s {tudijami ranljivosti in s celovitimi presojami vplivov na okolje. Ti dokumenti dajo podlago za izbiro najugodnej{e razli~ice za poseg, ki ohrani ali najmanj vpliva na biotsko raznovrst- nost. CILJA • Ustrezna vklju~itev skrbi za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti v prostorske akte in v postopke priprave prostorskih planskih in izvedbenih aktov (npr. {tudije ranljivosti, celovite presoje vplivov na okolje in presoje vplivov na okolje), {e posebno na zavarovanih in med- narodno pomembnih obmo~jih. • Zagotovitev vklju~evanja javnosti v postopke priprave in sprejemanja prostorskih aktov. USMERITVI • Dodelava zakonskih podlag za zagotovitev kakovostne presoje vplivov, ki bo vklju~evala presojo izgube biotske raznovrstnosti in krajinske pestrosti. • Izbolj{evanje vsebinske revizije prostorskih aktov. 4.1.3 Regionalni razvoj U~inkovito na~rtovanje in usmerjanje razvoja na ve~jem geografskem obmo~ju lahko precej olaj{a prizadevanje za Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 60 Podporne dejavnosti ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti in trajni rabi Activities supporting biodiversity conservation and sustainable use 4 61 ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti in trajnostno rabo njenih sestavin. Na naravno najbolj ohranjenih obmo~jih Slovenije se klasi~ni razvojni programi sre~ujejo z omejit- vami, ki jih postavljajo naravne danosti. Prav tu so ve~inoma tudi `e ustanovljena ali na~rtovana zavarovana obmo~ja (narodni, regijski in krajinski parki), ki so se marsikje v Evropi izkazala kot ustrezna oblika usmerjanja manj konvencionalnih na~inov razvoja. Tudi za ohranjan- je biotske raznovrstnosti je klju~no uravnote`enje social- nih in ekonomskih zahtev regij z njihovimi naravnimi danostmi. Ker je za ta obmo~ja zna~ilno zmanj{evanje prebivalstva, je na njih vedno te`je vzdr`evati za biotsko raznovrstnost tako pomembno kulturno krajino. Z vstopanjem v Evropsko unijo bo na teh obmo~jih tudi pri- hodnost kmetijstva tesno povezana z ohranjanjem na- rave, saj naravne razmere ve~inoma ne omogo~ajo konkuren~ne proizvodnje kmetijskih proizvodov za trg. Sektorsko neusklajeno spodbujanje nekaterih oblik gospo- darskega razvoja (npr. agromelioracije, male hidroelek- trarne, gradnja obse`nih turisti~nih zmogljivosti, neprimerna prometna infrastruktura) je v preteklosti ponekod ogrozilo ali zmanj{alo biotsko raznovrstnost, demografski upad pa s tem ni bil ustavljen. Ena od razvojnih mo`nosti teh obmo~ij, ki lahko izbolj{a razmere za delo in `ivljenje lokalnega prebivalstva, so parki. Ti so tudi center zdru`evanja sredstev za vzpostavitev sistema podpor, ki omogo~a normalno delo in `ivljenje doma~inov in upo{teva ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti. CILJA • Postavitev regionalnega razvoja na na~elih trajnostnega razvoja. • Spodbuditev razvoja dejavnosti, ki izkori{~ajo razvojne mo`nosti obmo~ij z ohranjeno biotsko raznovrstnostjo tako, da raznovrstnosti ne ogro`ajo, in so ume{~ene v prostor tako, da jo hkrati ohranjajo. USMERITVE • Usposabljanje doma~ega prebivalstva za vodenje in izvajanje novih dejavnosti, ki jih omogo~a in prina{a zavarovano obmo~je, {e posebej narodni, regijski ali krajinski park. DIRECTIONS • To amend the existing legislation in order to ensure high quality environmental impact assessments which will include the evaluation of the loss of biological and landscape diversity. • To improve the revision procedures of the substantive elements of spatial documents. 4.1.3 Regional development The efficient planning of development in a large geo- graphic area can mitigate efforts for the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of its components. In the environmentally most conserved areas of Slovenia the traditional development programmes are faced with the restrictions imposed by natural conditions. It is here that protected areas have been established or planned (national, regional and landscape parks) which proved to be an appropriate form of the less conventional develop- ment in many parts of Europe. The balance of the social and economic requirements of regions characterised by their natural conditions is a key to the conservation of biodiversity. Since these areas are denoted by the decrease of population it is difficult to maintain the cul- tural landscape vital for biodiversity. With the accession of Slovenia to the EU the future of agriculture will be closely connected to the conservation of nature in these areas since the natural conditions do not allow the pro- duction of competitive market products. In the past the promotion of specific forms of development, uncoordi- nated at the sectoral level, (e.g. agromeliorations, small hydro electric power plants, construction of extensive tourist facilities, inappropriate road infrastructure), threatened and even diminished biodiversity but the decrease of population continued. In these areas parks are one of the developmental possi- bilities for improving the working and living conditions of the population. They are centres of the accumulation of funds intended for the establishment of the system of financial supports which gives an opportunity to the local population for normal life and work and simultaneously takes into account the conservation of biodiversity. Ena od mo`nosti za usklajevanje razli~nih interesov z zahtevami ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti in trajnostnega razvoja je na~rtovanje prostorskih ureditev. The planned spatial management is one of the possibilities for coordination between different interests and biodiversi- ty conservation and sustainable develop- ment requirements. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 61 62 OBJECTIVES • To base the regional development programmes on the principles of sustainable development. • To promote activities that exploit the developmental possibilities of areas with conserved biodiversity in such a way that biodiversity is not threatened and that the location of a particular activity conserves biodiversi- ty. DIRECTIONS • To train the local population for the management and implementation of activities introduced by the estab- lishment of a protected area, in particular the national, regional or landscape park. • To strengthen the capacities of appropriate institutions which participate in the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of its components. • To promote organic farming and encourage the market- ing of organic products from parks. • To implement the agri-environmental programmes which help conserve important habitats and ensure the profitability of low intensity farms. • To facilitate the modernisation and restoration of farms which contribute to the sustainable management and reduce the burdening of the environment. • To promote the economic diversification and develop- ment of additional activities on farms, based on con- served biodiversity. • To promote the coordination of cultural programmes and the programmes concerning the conservation of biodiversity and protection of cultural heritage. • To detect and prevent in due time the negative impacts of the development of road infrastructure in unpopulat- ed areas. 44..22 Monitoring The monitoring of changes in biodiversity is an essential component in the implementation of the Convention. Monitoring covers the status of biodiversity and the pres- • Okrepitev zmogljivosti ustreznih ustanov, ki sodelujejo pri ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti in trajnostni rabi njenih sestavin. • Spodbujanje ekolo{kega kmetijstva in podpiranje tr`enja ekolo{kih proizvodov iz parkov. • Izvajanje kmetijsko-okoljskih programov, ki pomagajo ohranjati pomembne habitate in omogo~ajo rentabil- nost kmetij z ekstenzivno kmetijsko proizvodnjo. • Podpiranje tak{ne modernizacije in obnove kmetijskih gospodarstev, ki prispeva k ve~ji sonaravnosti in ni`jemu obremenjevanju okolja. • Spodbujanje ekonomske diverzifikacije in razvoja dopol- nilnih dejavnosti na kmetijah, ki temelji na ohranjeni biotski raznovrstnosti. • Spodbujanje povezovanja kulturnih programov s progra- mi ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti in varstva kulturne dedi{~ine. • Pravo~asno ugotavljanje in prepre~evanje negativnih trendov, ki jih na doslej neposeljena obmo~ja prina{a razvoj prometne infrastrukture. 44..22 Monitoring Monitoring sprememb biotske raznovrstnosti je nujna sestavina izvajanja Konvencije. Sestavljajo ga monitoring stanja biotske raznovrstnosti in monitoring pritiskov in odzivov na zmanj{evanje biotske raznovrstnosti. Upo{tevajo~ kadrovske in finan~ne omejitve ter dejanske naravovarstvene potrebe, Konvencija spodbuja monito- ring kazalcev stanja biotske raznovrstnosti, ki ga ve~ina evropskih dr`av `e izvaja. Navkljub obstoju dolo~enih baz podatkov o stanju biotske raznovrstnosti v Sloveniji je bilo posve~ene monitoringu kazalcev stanja biotske raznovrstnosti doslej posve~ene izjemno malo pozornosti. Napredek v okviru izvajanja strategije in akcijskega na~rta ter drugih ukrepov se spremlja in ocenjuje tudi po kazal- cih stanja biotske raznovrstnosti, zato je z razvojem strategije nujno za~eti izvajati ciljno zastavljeni monito- ring. Z njim je treba zajeti ekosisteme in habitatne tipe: • z veliko pestrostjo, s {tevilnimi endemi~nimi ali ogro`enimi vrstami, • ki so nujni za pre`ivetje selitvenih vrst, • ki so dru`benega, gospodarskega, kulturnega ali znanstvenega pomena, • ki so reprezentativni, enkratni ali povezani s klju~nimi evolucijskimi ali drugimi biolo{kimi procesi. Za spremljanje pritiskov, ki vplivajo na biotsko raznovrst- nost je treba opredeliti ustrezne kazalce. Njihov monito- ring je bistven element te strategije, ker bo zagotovil potrebne informacije za presojo izvr{evanja in vpliva ukrepov. CILJI • Izpopolnitev seznama vrst in populacij v Sloveniji. • Spremljanje stanja biotske raznovrstnosti na osnovi sklopa kazalcev. • Spremljanje vplivov najpomembnej{ih pritiskov na biot- sko raznovrstnost na podlagi sklopa kazalcev. • Spremljanje odzivov na zmanj{evanje pritiskov, tudi pripravljenost dru`be za spreminjanje ustaljenih vedenj- skih vzorcev. • Zagotovitev dostopnosti interpretacij zbranih podatkov in po potrebi podatkov samih. Dolgotrajnej{e spremljanje velikosti oz. gostote populacij poteka na obmo~ju Slovenije za mnogo vrst ptic in lovno divjad. • In Slovenia the long-term monitoring of population size or density is carried out for numerous bird and game species. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 62 Podporne dejavnosti ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti in trajni rabi Activities supporting biodiversity conservation and sustainable use 4 63 sures on and responses to the reduction of biodiversity. Taking into account the limitations concerning the avail- able human resources and funds and the actual nature protection requirements, the Convention promotes the monitoring of indicators that show the status of biodiver- sity. Such monitoring is implemented in most European countries. Despite the existence of specific data-bases on the status of biodiversity in Slovenia, the monitoring of biodiversity status indicators has been neglected so far. The indicators of biodiversity status serve as a foundation for the monitoring and evaluation of the progress within the framework of the implementation of the Strategy, the action plan and other measures. It is essential that with the development of the Strategy, the target-oriented monitoring starts. The monitoring must be focused on ecosystems and habitat types: • of high diversity, with numerous endemic or endan- gered species; • vital for the survival of migratory species; • socially, economically, culturally or scientifically important; • representative, unique or linked to the key evolutionary or other biological processes. In order to monitor the pressures that affect biodiversity, the relevant indicators must be determined. The monitor- ing of these indicators is a crucial element of the present Strategy. It will ensure the information needed to assess the enforcement of the measures and their impacts. OBJECTIVES • To update the list of species and populations found in Slovenia. • To monitor the status of biodiversity on the basis of a set of indicators. • To monitor the effects of the most important pressures on biodiversity on the basis of a set of indicators. • To monitor the responses to the reduction of pres- sures, including the willingness of a society to change the established behavioural patterns. • To ensure the access to the collected data and their interpretations. DIRECTIONS • To adopt legal provisions on the internationally compa- rable monitoring of biodiversity indicators at the ecosystem, spatial and genetic level. • To establish and implement the national programme for the monitoring of biodiversity. • To keep and coordinate central records on the survey- ing and monitoring of biodiversity. • To transparently present methods used in determining the status of biodiversity and encourage responses to negative trends. • To identify indicators used in assessing the impacts of activities on biodiversity components and in evaluating progress in the implementation of the Strategy. • To monitor the indicators of activities that degrade habitats, are managed in an unsustainable manner and cause the emissions of pollutants and the release and spreading of non-indigenous species and genetical- ly modified organisms in the environment. • To monitor public opinion on the issues concerning bio- diversity. • To monitor the public opinion about the willingness to change the established behavioural patterns. Velikost populacije in gnezditveni uspeh bele {torklje (Ciconia ciconia) v Sloveniji1. Population size and breeding success of white storks (Ciconia ciconia) in Slovenia. Velikost slovenske gnezde~e populacije zlatovranke (Coracias garrulus)2. Size of slovene breeding population of roller (Coracias garrulus). Opa`anja risa (Lynx lynx) v Gojitvenih lovi{~ih Jelen Sne`nik in Medved Ko~evje3. Records of lynx (Lynx lynx) in GL Jelen Sne`nik and Medved Ko~evje. Viri: 1 [O[TARI^, M. [torklje v slovenskem Podravju. Varstvo narave 1965, 4. JE@, M. Bela {torklja (Ciconia ciconia L.) v Sloveniji v letu 1979. Varstvo narave 1987, 13. DENAC, D. Gnezditvena biologija, fenologija in raz{irjenost bele {torklje (Ciconia ciconia) v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 2001, 106-107. POLAK, S. (ur.), 2000: Mednarodno pomembna obmo~ja za ptice v Sloveniji; Important Bird Areas (IBA) in Slovenia. DOPPS, Monografija DOPPS [t. 1, Ljubljana. 2 BRA^KO, F. Naglo upadanje {tevil~nosti zlatovranke Corracias garrulus v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 1986, 30. GEISTER, I, 1995. Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije.Tehni{ka zalo`ba Slovenije. Ljubljana. POLAK, S. (ur.), 2000: Mednarodno pomembna obmo~ja za ptice v Sloveniji; Important Bird Areas (IBA) in Slovenia. DOPPS, Monografija DOPPS [t. 1, Ljubljana. 3 graf prirejen po STANI[A, C., KOREN, I., ADAMI^, M. Situation and Distribution of the Lynx (lynx lynx l.) in Slovenia from 1995-1999 - HYSTRIX - Italian Journal of Mammology, 2001, Vol. 12 (2). leto leto leto Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 63 64 44..33 Research and technology development Any sustainable development policy is much more suc- cessful if it is based on scientific findings which are time- ly taken into account in the adoption of the relevant deci- sions. In order to allow the economic and social develop- ment that conserves biodiversity, while simultaneously creating prosperity, it is necessary that knowledge is acquired and technologies created for the sustainable use of natural resources. Biodiversity components provide an unexploited potential for the research of materials, tech- nologies and energy resources used by man. It is neces- sary to promote research focused on the identification of biodiversity components. The fight against the reduction of biodiversity is successful if measures for the conserva- tion of biodiversity components are developed and applied, and if the undesired impacts on biodiversity are avoided. The efficiency of the research process and tech- nological development is ensured through the application of the interdisciplinary approach and the inclusion of all research fields. Applied technologies, such as biotechnology, offer numerous possibilities for the exploitation of biodiversity components. Consequently, the need has arisen for glob- al cooperation in biotechnological research of natural genetic resources. However, the right to exploit these resources has to be taken into account. Biotechnology is becoming an important factor in the environmental, eco- nomic and social prosperity of a state. OBJECTIVES • To broaden the scope of research of threats to and pressures on biodiversity components and of their causes. • To develop the tools and alternative instruments for all parties involved in the conservation of biodiversity and use of its components, including the research of clean and ex-situ conservation technologies. • To broaden the scope of the basic research pro- USMERITVE • Sprejetje pravnih dolo~il o mednarodno primerljivem monitoringu kazalcev biotske raznovrstnosti na ekosis- temski, vrstni in genski ravni. • Zastaviti in izvajati nacionalni program monitoringa biotske raznovrstnosti. • Centralno koordinirati in voditi evidence o popisovanju (inventarizaciji) in monitoringu biotske raznovrstnosti. • Pregledno podajati metode o ugotavljanju stanja biotske raznovrstnosti in spodbujati odzivanje na nega- tivne trende. • Opredelitev kazalcev za presojo vpliva posegov in dejavnosti na sestavine biotske raznovrstnosti ter za presojo napredka pri izvajanju strategije. • Monitoring kazalcev za posege in dejavnosti, ki povzro~ajo degradacijo habitatov, netrajnostno ravnanje, emisije onesna`eval ter spro{~anje ali {irjenje tujerodnih vrst in gensko spremenjenih organizmov v okolje. • Spremljanje javnega mnenja o problematiki biotske raznovrstnosti. • Spremljanje javnega mnenja o pripravljenosti za spre- minjanje ustaljenih vedenjskih vzorcev. 44..33 Raziskovanje in razvoj tehnologij Politika trajnostnega razvoja je lahko uspe{nej{a ob primerni znanstveni podlagi, ki jo mora pravo~asno upo{tevati tudi pri sprejemanju odlo~itev. Vzpostavljanje tak{nega ekonomskega in dru`benega razvoja, ki omogo~a blaginjo ob ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti, zahteva razvijanje znanja in tehnologij za trajnostno rabo naravnih virov. Sestavine biotske raznovrstnosti dajejo tudi malo izkori{~en potencial za raziskovanje materiala, snovi, tehnologij in virov energije, ki jih lahko uporablja ~lovek. Zato je nujno spodbujati raziskave za identifikaci- jo sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti. Zmanj{evanju biotske raznovrstnosti uspe{neje kljubujemo z razvijanjem in uporabo metod za ohranitev njenih ogro`enih sestavin oziroma za izogibanje neza`elenim vplivom nanje. Raziskovanje in tehnolo{ki razvoj sta u~inkovitej{a le z interdisciplinarnim pristopom in vklju~evanjem vseh Z ustreznim znanjem in podatki uspe{neje kljubujemo zmanj{evanju biotske raznovrstnosti. Adequate knowledge and relevant data are the principal factors in addressing the loss of biodiversity. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 64 Podporne dejavnosti ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti in trajni rabi Activities supporting biodiversity conservation and sustainable use 4 65 potrebnih raziskovalnih podro~ij. Uporabne tehnologije, kakor je nova biotehnologija, odpira- jo {tevilne mo`nosti izkori{~anja sestavin biotske raznovrst- nosti in s tem potrebe po globalnem sodelovanju z zago- tavljanjem u~inkovite soudele`be pri biotehnolo{kih raziskavah naravnih genskih virov, ob upo{tevanju pravic do njih. Tako postaja tudi biotehnologija pomemben dejavnik okoljske, gospodarske in dru`bene koristi dr`ave. CILJI • [iritev raziskav ogro`enosti in relevantnih pritiskov na sestavine biotske raznovrstnosti ter njihovih vzrokov. • Razvoj orodja in alternativ za partnerje pri ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti in rabi njenih sestavin, z razisko- vanjem ~istih tehnologij in varstvenih tehnologij ex-situ vred. • [iritev ustreznih temeljnih raziskovalnih programov na podro~jih sistematike, evolucijske biologije, fiziologije, ekologije in genetike. • Zagotovitev dostopnosti izsledkov raziskav in {tudij za odlo~anje. USMERITVE • Oblikovanje interdisciplinarnega nacionalnega programa raziskovanja biotske raznovrstnosti, ki dolo~a prioritete, tudi na podro~ju taksonomije, pri temeljnih in usmer- jenih raziskavah in kategorizacijo projektov. • Vzpostavitev nacionalne mre`e centrov za raziskovanje biotske raznovrstnosti in njihovo vklju~evanje v evropske centre, za pospe{itev bazi~nega raziskovanja pomena in delovanja biotske raznovrstnosti na vseh ravneh. • Podpiranje aplikativnih raziskav na~inov ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti in-situ, ki vklju~ujejo tudi na~ine ravnanja s habitatnimi tipi in upravljanje krajine. • Podpiranje aplikativnih raziskav o trajnostni rabi ses- tavin biotske raznovrstnosti v kmetijstvu, gozdarstvu, lovstvu, ribi{tvu in biotehnologiji, ki vklju~ujejo tudi na~ine ravnanja s habitatnimi tipi in upravljanje krajine. • Promoviranje raziskovalnih dejavnosti, ki uporabljajo molekularne metode pri merjenju in odkrivanju biotske raznovrstnosti in uzakonjanje teh tehnologij. • Izbolj{evanje sodelovanja razli~nih ministrstev oziroma drugih partnerjev pri ciljnih raziskovalnih programih. • Krepitev dele`a dru`boslovnih in ekonomskih raziskav za potrebe ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti ter dele`a raziskav, ki opredeljujejo sektorske koristi od njenega ohranjanja. grammes in the field of systematics, evolution biology, physiology, ecology and genetics. • To ensure the accessibility and availability of research and study findings in the decision-making process. DIRECTIONS • To formulate an interdisciplinary national programme for the research of biodiversity that would lay down the priorities, including in the field of taxonomy, with regard to the basic and directed studies, and for the categorisation of projects. • To establish the national network of biodiversity research centres and ensure their participation in the European network, with a view to encourage the basic research of the importance and functioning of biodiver- sity at all levels. • To offer support to the applied research of the in-situ biodiversity conservation methods which include vari- ous forms of the management of habitat types and landscapes. • To offer support to the applied research of the sustain- able use of biodiversity components in agriculture, forestry, hunting, fisheries and biotechnology, including the research of various forms of the management of habitat types and landscapes. • To promote research activities which apply molecular methods in the measuring and discovering of biodiver- sity components and to enact these technologies. • To improve the cooperation of various ministries and other involved parties in the target research pro- grammes. • To increase the share of social science and economic studies focused on the conservation of biodiversity and the share of studies dealing with benefits derived from biodiversity conservation. Dendrogram pestrosti treh vrst je`kov (gliv iz rodu Hydnum) in njihove ektomikorize pri ~rnem boru (Pinus nigra). The dendrogramme of variability of three species of genus Hydnum and their ectomycorrhizae on austrian pine Pinus nigra. Molekularno biolo{ke raziskave prispevajo pomemben dele` k poznavanju in razumevanju biotske raznovrstnosti. Dendrogram je narejen na osnovi primerjave vzorcev DNK, oddaljenost posameznih ~rtic od levega roba pomeni enak ko{~ek DNK in ka`e na variabilnost znotraj vrste ali celo mo`nost delitve vrste rumeni je`ek (H. rufescens L.Fr. – na sliki spodaj v mikorizi s smreko) na dve taksonomski enoti. The molecular biology research methods significantly contribute to the understanding of biodiversity. The dendrogramme is prepared on the analysis of DNA samples in which the distances of individual lines from the left edge represent equal DNA fragments, shows the variability within the species or even a possibility of dividing H. rufescens L. Fr. species into two taxonomic units (picture below, in its ectomycorrhizae on spruce). VIR: GREBENC, Tine, KRAIGHER, Hojka. Kartiranje tipov ektomikorize po anatomski metodi in s primerjavo s PCR-RFLP vzorci eksikatov gliv iz mikoteke GIS. Hladnikia (Ljubl.), 2001, 13, str. 64-68. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 65 66 44..44 A right to apply knowledge Fast development of the information and gene technolo- gies in view of the use of natural resources and the relat- ed discoveries of the hereditary information of biological material affect the relationships between the natural genetic resources and the development of technologies, production and economic efficiency, with regard to the promotion of competition between various partners/stakeholders and states. The biotechnological and genetic research is included in the directed and ratio- nalised research and development processes in medicine, pharmacy, chemistry and other fields. The study of genes and biomolecules is focused on the identification of their information-carrying components and their transfer into the “in-vitro” systems. Consequently, large quantities of material are no longer needed. In Slovenia, there are no broad studies oriented towards the development of tech- nologies from biodiversity components at the moment. The institutions and companies rarely obtain patents for their findings but it is possible that the policy will develop in the future. More than 40 % of the world production of chemicals and pharmaceuticals is founded on the exploitation or identification of natural resources by gene technology. Its results form the basis for industrial production of the identical “synthetic” compounds and final products. The exploitation of genetic resources is extremely intensive, in particular in the developing countries. It is stipulated by national legislations that lay down the possibilities for access to the natural genetic resources, their exploitation, and the application of environment-friendly technologies. The Convention and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) stipulate the “rules of play” for all contracting parties. The issue is the primary right to compensation for exploitation of natural genetic resources. This right implies the right of the state of origin of a natural genetic resource to patent compensation. The transfer of tech- nologies via patent protection undoubtedly promotes the marketing of bioscience and increases the impact and 44..44 Pravice do uporabe znanja Nagel razvoj informacijske in genske tehnologije na podro~ju uporabe naravnih virov in s tem povezano odkrivanje dednih informacij biolo{kega materiala spre- minjata odnose na relaciji naravni genski viri-razvoj tehnologij-proizvodnja-ekonomska u~inkovitost v smislu spodbujanja tekmovalnosti med razli~nimi partnerji in dr`avami. Biotehnolo{ko in gensko raziskovanje tako postaja sestavni del vse bolj usmerjenega in raciona- liziranega raziskovanja in razvoja v medicini, farmaciji, kemiji in na drugih podro~jih. Pospe{eno prou~evanje genov in biomolekul je torej usmerjeno k prepoznavanju njihovih informacijskih vsebin in njihovemu prenosu v »in-vitro« sisteme, kar po drugi strani zmanj{uje potrebo po vse ve~jih koli~inah razpolo`ljivega materiala. V Sloveniji trenutno ni obse`nih raziskav za razvijanje tehnologij iz sestavnih delov biotske raznovrstnosti, slovenske ustanove in podjetja prav tako redko patentira- jo te izsledke, lahko pa se ta dejavnost razvije. Ve~ kot 40 % svetovne kemijske in farmacevtske proizvodnje temelji na izkori{~anju ali prepoznavanju na- ravnih virov s pomo~jo genske tehnologije; na podlagi teh rezultatov je zasnovana tudi industrijska proizvodnja identi~nih »sinteti~nih« spojin in kon~nih proizvodov. Izkori{~anje genskih virov v dr`avah, zlasti tistih v razvo- ju, je intenzivno. Odvisno je od nacionalne zakonodaje in ta dolo~a mo`nosti dostopa do naravnih genskih virov, njihovo izkori{~anje in uporabo okolju primernih tehnologij. Konvencija in Mednarodni sporazum o trgovinskih vidikih pravic intelektualne lastnine zahtevata vzpostavitev pravil »igre« v dr`avah pogodbenicah. Gre za primarno pravico do od{kodnine v primeru izkori{~anja naravnih genskih virov. Ta med drugim zajema pravico dr`ave, iz katere naravni genski vir izhaja, do od{kodnine iz patenta. Nedvomno pa se s prenosom tehnologij prek patentne za{~ite pospe{uje tr`enje bioznanosti in pove~uje vpliv ter nadzor posameznikov, dr`av ali podjetij na izkori{~anje svetovnega potenciala naravnih genskih virov. Velik dele` svetovne kemijske, farma- cevtske in `ivilske proizvodnje uporablja sestavine biotske raznovrstnosti ali infor- macije iz njihovih genskih zapisov. A large share of world production of chem- icals, pharmaceuticals and food is based on the exploitation of biodiversity compo- nents or their genetic code information. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 66 Podporne dejavnosti ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti in trajni rabi Activities supporting biodiversity conservation and sustainable use 4 67 CILJ • Omogo~anje dostopa do genskih virov z okolju primerno uporabo tehnologij. USMERITEV • Uresni~evanje mehanizmov pravi~ne delitve dose`kov raziskovanja in razvoja, kakor tudi koristi od komer- cialne in druge rabe virov. 44..55 Izobra`evanje in komuniciranje Ogro`enost biotske raznovrstnosti izhaja iz ~lovekovega dojemanja narave in odnosa do nje ter obstoje~ih vedenj- skih vzorcev. Ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti je mo`no le, ~e se ljudje zavedajo vzrokov njenega ogro`anja in spremenijo del svojih navad in vedenjskih vzorcev. Spremenili pa jih bodo le, ~e jih bodo k temu motivirali ustrezni mehanizmi z omejitvami in spodbudami in ~e bodo primerno informirani, ozave{~eni in izobra`eni. Za spreminjanje vzorcev vedenja morajo ljudje vedeti, kje in kaj morajo oziroma lahko po~nejo druga~e. Cilj ozave{~anja je, da naravovarstvena sporo~ila pridejo v zavest posameznika in da ravna v skladu z njimi. To je zahtevna naloga, saj ljudje sprejemajo predvsem ekonomske, zdravstvene in dru`bene koristi, ki jih imajo od spremenjenih vedenjskih vzorcev. Poleg tega `ivimo v informacijski dru`bi, v kateri smo vsak dan zasuti s kopi- co informacij in sporo~il. Ozave{~anje razli~nih ciljnih skupin zahteva ustrezne komunikacijske metode, tehnike in sredstva. Ozave{~enost pa je la`e dose~i, ~e tudi for- malno izobra`evanje zagotavlja ustrezno znanje, razumevanje in povezovanje naravovarstvenih problemov ter ga omogo~a uporabiti za njihovo odpravljanje. Izobra`evanje je klju~nega pomena za doseganje in pro- mocijo trajnostnega razvoja ter krepitev ~love{kih virov na tem podro~ju. Temeljne dejavnosti za u~inkovitej{e uresni~evanje ciljev trajnostnega razvoja so ozave{~anje {ir{e javnosti, formalno izobra`evanje in usposabljanje skupin, ki nenehno aktivno sodelujejo v procesu ohran- janja in rabe biotske raznovrstnosti. control of individuals, states or companies over the exploitation of the available natural genetic resources in the world. OBJECTIVE • To facilitate the access to genetic resources by the application of environment-friendly technologies. DIRECTION • To enforce mechanisms that ensure the just distribu- tion of the achievements of research and development and the benefits of the commercial and other use of resources. 44..55 Education and communication The threat to biodiversity arises from the man’s compre- hension of nature and his relation to it, and from the exist- ing behavioural patterns. Biodiversity can only be con- served if the public becomes aware of the reasons for its endangerment and if it changes habits and behavioural pat- terns. However, people will only change their attitudes if they are motivated by appropriate restrictive mechanisms and incentives, and if they are well-informed, aware and educated. In order to change their behavioural patterns people must know what to do differently, and where to do it. The basic objective is to launch the nature protection slogans in such a way that the public becomes aware of the problems and consequently acts in accordance with the message. That is a demanding task since people usually consider only the economic, health and social benefits of the changed behav- ioural patterns. Moreover, we live in an information society and every day we are burdened with new information and messages. In order to raise awareness of various target groups it is necessary to apply the appropriate communica- tion methods, techniques and means. It is easier to achieve a high level of awareness if the formal education process provides people with the appropriate knowledge about and understanding of nature protection issues, with a view to eliminate the environmental problems. The education process plays a key role in the promotion and achievement of sustainable development and in the capacity building of human resources in this field. The basic activities for the Za odgovorno ravnanje z biotsko raznovrstnostjo in okoljem je bistveno izo- bra`evanje in usposabljanje. Education and training are essential for the responsible management of biodiver- sity and the environment. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 67 68 effective enforcement of sustainable development objec- tives are the raising of awareness of the general public and the formal education and training of groups actively partici- pating in the processes concerning the conservation and use of biodiversity. 4.5.1 Raising of public awareness and communicating with the public Public awareness constitutes a basis for a gradual change in people’s habits towards the conservation of biodiversity at the working place, at home, in the local community and during free time activities. The awareness-raising cam- paigns are therefore one of the notable instruments for achieving the Convention objectives. In many fields the pub- lic is organised in interest groups (societies and associa- tions) that are important awareness-raising mechanisms. In Slovenia the communication with and between the interest groups is not as well developed as in the EU member states. The communication fields that have to be further developed within the framework of awareness raising process are the intersectoral communication and the com- munication with local communities, organised interest groups, public media and general public. OBJECTIVE • To increase the number of environmentally aware interest groups which understand the importance of biodiversity and are familiar with the activities that conserve, or potentially threaten, biodiversity. DIRECTIONS • To enforce the state policy in the field of raising of envi- ronmental awareness and promoting education about all aspects of biodiversity. • To develop programmes for informing, educating and rais- ing the awareness of the public about the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and to coordinate the mentioned activities. • To set up an appropriate system for informing and sup- porting the participation of individuals in biodiversity con- servation activities and for encouraging the wise and sound use of natural resources. • To incorporate purposeful communication in the activities involved in the conservation of biodiversity and sustain- able use of its components; consequently, the intersec- toral communication and the communication with the local populations should improve. • To organise campaigns and other awareness-raising activ- ities within all sectors concerned with biodiversity. • To train the staff involved in the implementation of the biodiversity conservation strategy at the local, national or international level. • To reward the economic and social actors for achieve- ments in the field of biodiversity conservation. 4.5.2 Education and training The general, professional, and technical education and training in the field of biodiversity are focused on the edu- cation and training of individuals for the sound manage- ment of nature and the environment. They are instruments for better understanding of the functioning of nature and the impacts on nature caused by consumer behaviour pat- terns and social trends. Through the education and training an individual learns how to act to contribute to the conser- vation and sustainable use of biodiversity. In order to implement the Biodiversity Conservation Strategy, all actors involved in the activities concerning or 4.5.1 Ozave{~anje in komuniciranje z javnostmi Ozave{~ena javnost je bistvena za postopno spreminjanje navad v smeri ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti na delovnem mestu, doma, v lokalni skupnosti in pri pros- to~asnih dejavnostih. Zato so kampanje in druge dejavnosti ozave{~anja javnosti eden od pomembnih instrumentov za dosego ciljev Konvencije. Javnost je na mnogih podro~jih organizirana v interesne skupine (dru{tva in zveze), ki imajo klju~no vlogo pri ozave{~anju. Komuniciranje z in med interesnimi skupinami v Sloveniji ni razvito do stopnje, ki jo pozna Evropska unija. Glavne skupine komunikacijskih podro~ij, ki jih je treba v okviru ozave{~anja javnosti bolj razvijati so medresorsko komuniciranje, komuniciranje z lokalnimi skupnostmi, organiziranimi interesnimi skupinami, javnimi ob~ili in {ir{o javnostjo. CILJ • Pove~evanje {tevila ozave{~enih zainteresiranih skupin ljudi, ki se zavedajo pomena biotske raznovrstnosti in poznajo aktivnosti, s katerimi jo pomagajo ohranjati ali jo lahko ogro`ajo. USMERITVE • Uveljavljanje aktivne politike dr`ave na podro~ju ozave{~anja in izobra`evanja o vseh vidikih biotske raznovrstnosti. • Razvoj programov informiranja javnosti, izobra`evanja in ozave{~anja o ohranjanju in trajnostni rabi biotske raznovrstnosti ter ustrezna koordinacija omenjenih dejavnosti. • Vzpostavitev ustreznega sistema informiranja in podpi- ranje aktivne udele`be posameznikov pri ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti ter modri in razumni rabi na- ravnih virov. • Vgrajevanje na~rtnega komuniciranja v vse dejavnosti, ki so klju~ne za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti in trajnostno rabo njenih sestavin. To mora voditi tudi k bolj{i medsektorski komunikaciji in komuniciranju z lokalnim prebivalstvom. • Vodenje kampanj in drugih dejavnosti ozave{~anja v okviru vseh vsebinskih sklopov biotske raznovrstnosti. • Usposabljanje kadrovskih potencialov, ki so ali bodo vklju~eni v izvajanje strategije biotske raznovrstnosti na lokalni, dr`avni in mednarodni ravni. • Nagrajevanje gospodarskih in dru`benih akterjev za dose`ke na podro~ju ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti. 4.5.2 Izobra`evanje in usposabljanje Vzgoja in izobra`evanje na podro~ju biotske raznovrst- nosti v splo{nem, poklicnem in strokovnem izobra`evan- ju sta namenjena pridobivanju znanja in vzgoji oziroma do{olanju posameznikov za odgovorno ravnanje z naravo in okoljem. Sta instrumenta za bolj{e razumevanje delo- vanja narave in posledic vzorcev lastnega potro{ni{kega vedenja in dru`benih trendov nanjo. Hkrati posredujeta informacije o tem, kako lahko vsak ~lovek s svojimi dejanji prispeva k ohranjanju in trajnostni rabi biotske raznovrstnosti. Izvajanje strategije ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti zahte- va specifi~no-strokovno znanje vseh akterjev, ki kakor koli posegajo v biotsko raznovrstnost ali vplivajo nanjo. Potrebno strokovno znanje je na razpolago le, ~e so vse- Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 68 Podporne dejavnosti ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti in trajni rabi Activities supporting biodiversity conservation and sustainable use 4 69 bine ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti oziroma trajnostne rabe njenih sestavin vklju~ene v sheme usposabljanja strokovnjakov. Najnovej{i izsledki stroke se lahko uveljavijo v praksi, ~e se lahko strokovnjaki redno seznanjajo z znanstvenim, tehni~nim in tehnolo{kim napredkom ter upo{tevajo rezultate v programih dela svojih organizacij. CILJA • Zagotovitev specifi~nega strokovnega znanja za ohran- janje biotske raznovrstnosti med akterji, ki kakor koli poklicno posegajo v biotsko raznovrstnost ali vplivajo nanjo. • Zagotovitev zadovoljive stopnje splo{ne izobrazbe o okolju, biologiji in biotski raznovrstnosti na vseh stopnjah izobra`evanja. USMERITVE • V vseh {olah izbolj{anje obstoje~e kakovosti in obsega naravoslovja, ki prispeva k razumevanju delovanja biotske raznovrstnosti, {e posebno biologije. • Opredelitev minimalne skupne vsebine u~nih na~rtov in vklju~evanje vsebin varstva narave oziroma biotske raznovrstnosti v u~ne na~rte na vseh ravneh formalne- ga izobra`evanja. • Spremljanje izvajanja okoljskega oziroma naravo- varstvenega izobra`evanja in vrednotenje njegovih u~inkov. • Usmerjanje dodiplomskih in podiplomskih {tudijskih vsebin v teme Konvencije. • Priprava in podpiranje programov interdisciplinarnega usposabljanja in specializacije naravovarstvenega kadra, zlasti za projektno vodenje, upravljavske naloge in komuniciranje z zadevnimi javnostmi in drugimi ciljni- mi skupinami. • Priprava in podpiranje programov interdisciplinarnega usposabljanja posredovalcev naravovarstvenega znanja, zlasti u~iteljev, kmetijskih svetovalcev, nevladnih orga- nizacij, javne vodnogospodarske in gozdarske slu`be, turisti~nih delavcev za izobra`evanje in ozave{~anje zainteresiranih skupin (npr. lastnikov in upravljalcev). • Promocija nenehnega izobra`evanja odraslih o okoljskih oziroma naravovarstvenih zadevah. • Vzpostavitev in promocija razvoja raziskovalnih in inter- disciplinarnih izobra`evalnih centrov za okoljsko izo- bra`evanje. • Podpora razli~nim oblikam sodelovanja z in med pod- jetji ter nevladnimi organizacijami pri ozave{~anju, izo- bra`evanju, usposabljanju in drugih oblikah komunici- ranja. 44..66 Izmenjava informacij in sodelovanje 4.6.1 Posredovalnica informacij Posredovalnica informacij (Clearing House Mechanism – CHM) je informacijski in komunikacijski sistem, ki omogo~a dostop in izmenjavo informacij o biotski raznovrstnosti, podpira in pospe{uje znanstveno in tehni~no sodelovanje z aktivnim pridobivanjem novih informacij ter razvija med- mre`ne povezave na mednarodni in dr`avni ravni. Zbira in posreduje vse informacije, ki so vezane na posamezne ~lene Konvencije in sledijo njenim ciljem. Okvir affecting biodiversity must be well educated and trained in specific scientific or technical fields. The necessary techni- cal knowledge is available only if the issues concerning bio- diversity conservation and sustainable use of its compo- nents are incorporated in the expert education and training schemes. The latest findings in a specific field can be applied in practice if experts are regularly informed about the scientific, technical and technological progress, and if the research results are taken into account in the work pro- grammes of their companies or organisations. OBJECTIVES • To guarantee specific technical knowledge, needed for the conservation of biodiversity, of all actors who profes- sionally interfere with or affect biodiversity. • To guarantee a satisfactory level of general education on the environment, biology and biodiversity at all stages of the education process. DIRECTIONS • To improve the current level of quality and extent of nature science programmes which contribute to the understanding of the functioning of biodiversity, in particu- lar of biology programmes, in all schools. • To define the minimum range of common curriculum themes and to integrate into them the nature protection or biodiversity issues at all levels of the formal education process. • To monitor the implementation of the environmental and nature protection education programmes and to evaluate their effects. • To include the Convention issues in the graduate and post-graduate theses. • To draw up programmes for the interdisciplinary training and specialisation of the nature protection staff in project management, management tasks and communication with the general public and other target groups. • To draw up programmes for interdisciplinary training of disseminators of nature protection knowledge, in particu- lar teachers, agricultural advisers, non-governmental organisations, public water management and forestry services and employees of tourist companies and organi- sations, to educate the interested groups (e.g. owners and managers) and raise their awareness. • To promote the continuous adult education in nature con- servation and environmental protection. • To establish and promote the development of the research and interdisciplinary environmental education centres. • To support cooperation with and between companies and non-governmental organisations in awareness-raising, education, training and other forms of communication. 44..66 Information exchange and cooperation 4.6.1 Clearing House Mechanism The Clearing House Mechanism - CHM is an information and communication system for the access to and exchange of information on biodiversity; it supports and promotes the scientific and technical cooperation through the active gath- ering of information, and develops internet links at the international and national level. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 69 70 All the information concerning the particular articles of the Convention, and its objectives, are gathered and provided within this mechanism. The framework of the CHM is rather wide and includes such fields as the in-situ and ex-situ pro- tection; systematics; access to genetic resources; intellectual property and transfer of technology; biological safety; tradi- tional and domestic knowledge; sharing of benefits; incen- tive mechanisms; and institutional framework. OBJECTIVE • To promote decision-making based on the available infor- mation, the comparing of information and knowledge, and the upgrading and integration of knowledge; to prevent the unnecessary duplication of work. DIRECTIONS • To promote the participation of all sectors, governmental, non-governmental, expert and scientific organisations, indi- viduals, local communities, public media and other CHM users as information suppliers or users. • To establish control over legislation, strategic documents, projects, data bases and mechanisms concerning biodiver- sity. • To coordinate data bases with information on biodiversity. • To set priorities concerning the research and education in the field of biodiversity on the basis of the available and requested information. • To link knowledge with information and to ensure data needed for inquiries related to the enforcement of the Convention at the national and international level. • To guarantee the informing of the public and its participa- tion in the decision-making procedures concerning the environmental impact assessments by establishing the internationally comparable and publicly accessible informa- tion system. • To establish a clearing-house mechanism to implement the Protocol on Biosafety pursuant to the mandatory provi- sions of the Convention. 4.6.2 International cooperation International cooperation is of key importance for the imple- mentation of the Slovene policy on the conservation of bio- diversity and sustainable use of its components and for the exchange of experience and cooperation at the bilateral and multilateral level. The cooperation involves in particular: • cooperation with the Convention Secretariat and other expert and political bodies, • cooperation with contracting parties of the Convention at the inter-state, European and global level. The Clearing House Mechanism plays an important role in such cooperation. The formulation of common positions at the national level by the Biodiversity Working Group (see Chapter 5) is a pre- requisite for successful international cooperation. The imple- mentation of the Convention at the national and internation- al level must be closely linked to the implementation of other conventions in the field of biodiversity (Washington Convention, Ramsar Convention, Bonn Convention, Bern Convention, Barcelona Convention, Danube Convention, World Heritage Convention, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change). At the international level, the main issue is the cooperation with the Convention bodies (Convention Secretariat, posredovalnice je za zdaj zelo {irok in zajema podro~ja, kakor so varstvo in-situ in ex-situ, sistematika, dostop do genskih virov, intelektualna lastnina in prenos tehnologije, biolo{ka varnost, tradicionalno in doma~e znanje, delitev koristi, spodbujevalni mehanizmi in institucionalna vzpostavitev. CILJ • Omogo~itev podpore odlo~anju na podlagi dostopnih infor- macij, primerjave med informacijami in znanjem ter nad- gradnjo in integracijo le-tega, kakor tudi prepre~itev podva- janja dela. USMERITVE • Sodelovanje vseh sektorjev, vladnih, nevladnih, strokovnih in znanstvenih organizacij, posameznikov, lokalnih skup- nosti, javnih ob~il in drugih uporabnikov CHM kot ponud- nikov ali uporabnikov informacij. • Vzpostavitev pregleda nad zakonodajo, strate{kimi doku- menti, projekti, bazami podatkov in mehanizmi, ki segajo na podro~je biotske raznovrstnosti. • Uskladitev podatkovnih baz, ki pokrivajo biotsko raznovrst- nost. • Dolo~anje prioritet pri raziskovanju, izobra`evanju in {olan- ju na podro~ju biotske raznovrstnosti poteka na podlagi ponudb in povpra{evanja po tipih informacij. • Povezovati znanje in informacije ter zagotavljati informaci- je za poizvedbe, povezane z uresni~evanjem Konvencije, tako na nacionalni kot mednarodni ravni. • Zagotovitev obve{~anja javnosti in njeno vklju~evanje v postopke odlo~anja pri presoji tveganja za naravo z vzpostavitvijo mednarodno primerljivega in javnosti dostopnega informacijskega sistema. • Vzpostaviti posredovalnico informacij za potrebe izvajanja Protokola o biolo{ki varnosti na podlagi obveznih dolo~il Konvencije. 4.6.2 Mednarodno sodelovanje Mednarodno sodelovanje je klju~nega pomena pri izvajanju politike ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti in trajnostne rabe njenih sestavin v Sloveniji ter pri izmenjavi izku{enj in sode- lovanju na bilateralni ali multilateralni ravni. Sodelovanje se razvija predvsem na dveh ravneh: • s Sekretariatom Konvencije in njenimi preostalimi strokovnimi in politi~nimi telesi, • z dr`avami pogodbenicami Konvencije na meddr`avni, evropski in svetovni ravni. Pomembno vlogo pri tem ima posredovalnica informacij (CHM). Za uspe{no mednarodno sodelovanje je klju~nega pomena oblikovanje skupnih izhodi{~ na nacionalni ravni, ki jih pripravlja Delovna skupina za biotsko raznovrstnost (glej naslednje poglavje). Izvajanje Konvencije na nacionalni in mednarodni ravni se mora povezovati z izvajanjem pre- ostalih konvencij, vezanih na biotsko raznovrstnost (Washingtonska, Ramsarska, Bonska, Bernska, Barcelonska, Donavska konvencija, Konvencija o ohranjanju svetovne dedi{~ine, Okvirna konvencija ZN o spremembi podnebja). Na mednarodni ravni gre predvsem za sodelovanje organi Konvencije (Sekretariat Konvencije, Pomo`no telo za znanstveno, tehni~no in tehnolo{ko svetovanje, Konferenca pogodbenic in Medvladni odbor za Kartagenski protokol) kot tudi z Organizacijo Zdru`enih narodov za kmetijstvo in Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 70 Podporne dejavnosti ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti in trajni rabi Activities supporting biodiversity conservation and sustainable use 4 71 prehrano. Prispevki k mednarodnemu sodelovanju so tudi imenovanje slovenskih strokovnjakov na Mednarodni sez- nam ekspertov za posamezna podro~ja, sodelovanje na delavnicah in pri delu ad hoc strokovnih skupin, ki jih sprej- me Konferenca pogodbenic ter udele`ba na regijskih pripravljalnih sestankih. Sekretariat Konvencije in Sekretariati Ramsarske, Bonske, Barcelonske, Washingtonske konvencije, Konvencije o ohranjanju svetovne dedi{~ine in Okvirne konvencije ZN o spremembi podnebja so podpisali memorandum o sodelo- vanju. To poteka tako med sekretariati kakor med pogod- benicami konvencij, in sicer kot priprava skupnih pro- gramov, sodelovanje pri skupnih projektih in usklajevanje poro~anja za posamezno konvencijo. V okviru pribli`evanja Evropski uniji je klju~no sodelovanje z njenimi ustanovami in drugimi dr`avami pri vseevropskih pobudah (npr. Panevropska strategija) ter z mednarodnimi strokovnimi organizacijami in fundacijami, kakor so Planta Europa, BirdLife International, Wetlands International, IUCN, World Conservation and Monitoring Centre, EUROPARC, European Association for Animal Production, EUFORGEN (Evropski program varovanja gozdnih genskih virov), ECCF (Evropski svet za ohranjanje gliv) in Global Environment Facility. CILJ • Krepitev mednarodnega sodelovanja in izbolj{evanje nje- govih rezultatov na posameznih ravneh in med njimi. USMERITVE • Krepitev sodelovanja z mednarodnimi institucijami in pri posameznih projektih z izmenjavo izku{enj in dobre prakse. • Posredovanje in predstavitve dobrih primerov ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti in rabe njenih sestavin mednarodni javnosti. • Razvijati prednostna podro~ja mednarodnega sodelovanja (teme Konvencije): gozdni ekosistemi, celinske vode in mokri{~a, invazivne tujerodne vrste, turizem, gensko spre- menjeni organizmi. Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice, Conference of the Parties and Intergovernmental Committee for the Cartagena Protocol) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. The interna- tional cooperation includes the appointment of Slovene experts to the International list of experts for particular fields, the participation at workshops and in ad-hoc expert groups organised by the Conference of the Parties, and the participation at the regional preparatory meetings. The Secretariat of the Convention and the Secretariats of the Ramsar, Bonn, Barcelona and Washington Convention, the World Heritage Convention and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change have signed the Memorandum of Cooperation. The Secretariats and the con- tracting parties cooperate in the drawing up of joint pro- grammes, participate in joint projects, and coordinate the reporting for a particular convention. Within the framework of Slovenia’s accession to the EU, the cooperation with its institutions and other states, in view of pan-European initiatives (e.g. the Pan-European strategy), and international expert organisations and foundations, such as Planta Europa, BirdLife International, Wetlands International, IUCN, World Conservation and Monitoring Centre, EUROPARC, European Association for Animal Production, EUFORGEN (European Forest Genetic Resources Programme), ECCF (European Council for Conservation of Fungi) and Global Environment Facility, is extremely impor- tant. OBJECTIVE • To strengthen international cooperation and improve results at particular levels and between them. DIRECTIONS • To strengthen cooperation with international institutions and projects by exchanging information and good practice. • To present the successful examples of biodiversity conser- vation and sustainable use of its components to the inter- national public. • To develop priority fields of international cooperation (the Convention Thematic Areas): forest ecosystems, inland waters and wetlands, invasive alien species, tourism, genetically modified organisms. Mednarodna izmenjava izku{enj in prenos dobre prakse lahko pomembno izbolj{ata u~inkovitost ohranjanja biotske raznovrst- nosti. The international exchange of experience and the transfer of good practice can sig- nificantly improve the efficiency of biodi- versity conservation. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 71 5 IZVEDBENA STRUKTURA ZA DOSEGANJE CILJEV STRATEGIJE IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK FOR THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE STRATEGY OBJECTIVES Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 72 Izvedbena struktura za doseganje ciljev strategije Implementaion framework for the achievement of the strategy objectives 5 73 55..11 Predpogoji Cilji strategije so zastavljeni ob dolo~enih predpogojih in mogo~e jih bo dose~i u~inkovito, ~e bodo izpolnjeni. To so: • vlada na razli~nih ravneh zagotavlja vzajemnost, part- nerstvo in soudele`bo pri ohranjanju biotske raznovrst- nosti, • pripravljenost vseh zadevnih javnosti in sektorjev, da cilje strategije biotske raznovrstnosti vklju~ujejo v svoje strategije, programe, projekte, • sodelovanje vseh poglavitnih udele`encev vladnih sek- torjev, lokalnih skupnosti, nevladnih organizacij, last- nikov zemlji{~ in naj{ir{e javnost pri vklju~evanju ciljev strategije in izvajanju usmeritev ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti, ki pri doseganju ciljev sledijo enakim strate{kim na~elom in s tem zagotavljajo vzajemno pomo~, • dr`avne slu`be v veliki meri izkoristijo obstoje~e pravne, finan~ne in druge dru`beno-gospodarske meha- nizme na mednarodni, nacionalni, regionalnih in lokalnih ravneh za doseganje ciljev strategije v okviru svojih dejavnosti, • pripravljenost odgovornih za izvajanje zakonodaje in sprejemanje ustreznih podzakonskih aktov, • ustrezno spremljanje in nadzor nad izvajanjem zako- nodaje, • pravo~asno izvajanje predpisov s podro~ja ohranjanja narave in poseganja v prostor, tudi delov, povezanih z izpolnjevanjem zahtev Direktiv Evropske unije o ohra- nitvi prosto`ive~ih ptic ter ohranitvi naravnih habitatov in prosto`ive~e flore in favne, • pravo~asno izvajanje predpisov s podro~ja ravnanja z GSO, • ustrezno spremljanje in nadzor nad izvajanjem strategi- je. Zavedati pa se je treba, da sestavine biotske raznovrst- nosti ne poznajo regionalnih in dr`avnih meja in so zato populacije vrst odvisne tudi od razmer v drugih dr`avah. Raven ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti v drugih dr`avah bo zato vplivala tudi na stanje biotske raznovrstnosti v Sloveniji. 55..22 Sprejetje akcijskega na~rta Izvajanje Konvencije je ve~stopenjski proces. Analiza oziroma poro~ilo o uresni~evanju dolo~il Konvencije ka`e sedanje stanje biotske raznovrstnosti in nakazuje pogla- vitne pomanjkljivosti pri njenem ohranjanju ter trajnostni rabi njenih sestavin. S sprejetjem te strategije se za~ne odpravljanje poglavitnih pomanjkljivosti in dolo~i splo{na politi~na usmeritev. Sledi priprava akcijskega na~rta po sektorjih, ki mora biti sprejet najpozneje leto dni po spre- jetju strategije. Klju~ni proces za doseganje ciljev Konvencije pa je izvajanje akcijskih na~rtov in drugih ukrepov v strate{kem okviru, ki je podan za poglavitne sektorske razvojne politike. 55..11 Preconditions In order to effectively achieve the objectives of the Strategy, specific preconditions have to be meet. These pre- conditions are: • the reciprocity, partnership and co-participation in the conservation of biodiversity, ensured by the Government; • the willingness of the public and each sector to integrate the objectives of the Biodiversity Conservation Strategy into their own strategies, programmes and projects; • the participation of the representatives of all major gov- ernmental sectors, local communities, non-governmental organisations, land owners and the general public in the formulation of the Strategy objectives and the implemen- tation of biodiversity conservation directions which follow the same strategic principles and thus guarantee mutual assistance; • the utilisation of the available legal, financial, social and economic mechanisms by state institutions at the interna- tional, national, regional an local level aimed at achieving the strategy objectives within the framework of their activities; • the willingness of the responsible bodies to implement the legislation and adopt the relevant executive acts; • the monitoring and control of the implementation of the legislation; • the punctual implementation of the regulations on nature conservation and the activities affecting the environment, including the requirements of the EU directives on wild birds and on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora; • the punctual implementation of the regulations on GMO; • the monitoring and control of the implementation of the Strategy. However, it should be taken into account that biodiversity components cross regional and national borders and that populations of species thus also depend on the conditions in the neighbouring countries. The degree of conservation of biodiversity in these countries hence inevitably affects the status of biodiversity in Slovenia. 55..22 Adoption of the action plan The implementation of the Convention is a multistage process. The analysis of and report on the enforcement of the provisions of the Convention reflect the current status of biodiversity and indicate the main deficiencies concerning biodiversity conservation and the sustainable use of its components. With the adoption of this Strategy the basic deficiencies are eliminated and a general policy framework is established. The following stage dictates the drawing-up of the action plan by sectors. The plan has to be adopted in one year after the adoption of the Strategy. The main con- dition for the achievement of the Convention objectives is the implementation of the action plans and other measures within the strategic framework established for the principal sectoral development policies. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 73 74 Action plans and other measures must be founded on the existing, successfully implemented measures and mecha- nisms and on the principles of good practice. Sectoral development policies should be upgraded with measures which are efficient in the elimination of the main problems of biodiversity depletion. The action plan must therefore be based on the participation of all principal actors in every field and the implementers of sectoral policies. The latter must be prepared to accept their share of obligations and tasks in the conservation of biodiversity. The core element of the plan is the responsibility to adapt all activities to the natural capacity of the environment and to enforce the sus- tainable development. The tasks of sectors are: • to define the practical biodiversity conservation measures • to draw up sectoral plans for the implementation of these measures • to cooperate with nature protection experts and encourage the participation of economic sectors in such activities • to upgrade the scientific and expert findings and improve the human resource capability through appropriate train- ing, education and information within the framework of the economic and study activities. The role/task of the nature protection sector is to monitor the status and pressures and to analyse, set priorities and objectives, inform, promote and offer advice and expert assistance. In cooperation with other sectors, it carries out joint projects concerning good practice of the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of its components and suggests the relevant general measures and directions. The continuous dialogue between the nature protection sector and other sectors must be guaranteed and the division of responsibilities must be clear in order to carry out the imposed tasks. The Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning as well as the Ministry for Agriculture, Forestry and Food, the Ministry of the Economy, the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Affairs, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Culture must actively participate in the implementation of the Strategy. 55..33 Monitoring of the efficiency of the action The implementation and enforcement of the Strategy objec- tives must be monitored and evaluated and, if necessary, supplemented and improved, therefore the objectives must be measurable. The action plan lays down the deadlines for the achievement of the results and the spatial distribution of the relevant activities. It should be taken into account that biodiversity is a dynamic system which changes in time and space. It is significantly affected by human activi- ties and the objectives must be set in the framework of the land use categories in the past and now. It is quite demand- ing to formulate such objectives that would produce meas- urable results, in particular in view of defining the status of biodiversity. The main reason is the insufficient knowledge, especially in the field of taxonomy and ecology. In order to measure the objectives, the reports on the status and the information on trends of the relevant indicators must be made available (see Chapter 4.2). However, while Akcijski na~rt in drugi ukrepi za dosego ciljev morajo gra- diti na `e obstoje~ih uspe{nih ukrepih in mehanizmih oziroma primerih dobre prakse. Sektorske razvojne poli- tike je treba nadgraditi z ukrepi, ki bodo uspe{neje odpravljali glavne probleme zmanj{evanja biotske raznovrstnosti. Akcijski na~rt mora zato na vsakem vse- binskem podro~ju temeljiti na vklju~evanju glavnih akter- jev in izvajalcev sektorske politike, slednji pa morajo biti pripravljeni prevzeti svoj del odgovornosti in nalog za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti. Jedro je odgovornost prilagajanja vseh dejavnosti naravnim zmogljivostim okol- ja in uresni~evanju trajnostnega razvoja. Vloga/naloga sektorjev pa je: • opredeliti konkretne ukrepe za ohranjanje biotske raznovrstnosti, • pripraviti sektorske na~rte za izvajanje teh ukrepov, • sodelovati z naravovarstveno stroko in aktivno vklju~evati gospodarske panoge v tovrstno delo, • nadgraditi spoznanja strokovnih ali znanstvenih izsled- kov in pove~evati kadrovske zmogljivosti z ustreznim usposabljanjem in izobra`evanjem ter informiranjem v okviru gospodarskih dejavnosti in {tudijskih smeri. Vloga/naloga naravovarstvenega sektorja je spremljanje stanja in pritiskov, analiziranje, dolo~anje prioritet in cil- jev, informiranje, spodbujanje, promoviranje, svetovanje in strokovna pomo~. V sodelovanju z drugimi sektorji izvaja skupne projekte zgledne prakse ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti in trajnostne rabe njenih sestavin in pred- laga splo{ne ukrepe in usmeritve. Za to nalogo je pomembno zagotoviti stalni dialog med naravovarstve- nim in drugimi sektorji ter opredeliti skupne cilje in jasno delitev odgovornosti. Pri izvajanju strategije morajo poleg Ministrstva za okolje in prostor aktivno sodelovati zlasti Ministrstvo za kmetij- stvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano, Ministrstvo za gospodarst- vo, Ministrstvo za promet, Ministrstvo za {olstvo, znanost in {port, Ministrstvo za notranje zadeve, Ministrstvo za delo, dru`ino in socialne zadeve, Ministrstvo za finance, Ministrstvo za zdravje in Ministrstvo za kulturo. 55..33 Spremljanje uspe{nosti doseganja ciljev Doseganje ciljev in izvajanje usmeritev strategije je treba spremljati in vrednotiti ter jih po potrebi dopolnjevati in izbolj{evati. Zato morajo biti merljivi, v akcijskem na~rtu pa doseganje rezultatov tudi ~asovno in prostorsko opre- deljeno. Pri njihovem oblikovanju pa je treba upo{tevati, da biotska raznovrstnost ozna~uje dinami~en sistem, ki se spreminja v ~asu in prostoru. Nanj mo~no vpliva ~lovek s svojimi dejavnostmi, zato je cilje treba postaviti v okvir rabe prostora v preteklosti in sedanjosti. Oblikovanje ciljev z merljivimi rezultati, posebno tistih, ki opredeljujejo kakovost stanja biotske raznovrstnosti, je pogosto ote`eno zaradi pomanjkanja znanja, zlasti tak- sonomskega in ekolo{kega. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 74 Izvedbena struktura za doseganje ciljev strategije Implementaion framework for the achievement of the strategy objectives 5 75 Za merjenje ciljev morajo biti na razpolago poro~ila o stanju in trendih primernih kazalcev (glej tudi poglavje 4.2). Medtem, ko te razvijamo, pa je mo`no uporabiti nekatere `e obstoje~e kazalce za spremljanje napredka. Doseganje ciljev spremlja in vrednoti Delovna skupina za biotsko raznovrstnost, ki deluje v okviru slovenskega Sveta za trajnostni razvoj. Slednji jo potrdi na predlog, ki ga Vlada posreduje v treh mesecih po sprejetju strategije. Delovna skupina spremlja izvajanje ciljev strategije ter Svetu za trajnostni razvoj in Vladi redno poro~a in predla- ga popravke in dopolnitve. Sestavljajo jo predstavniki klju~nih vladnih sektorjev, zdru`enj lokalnih skupnosti, vplivnih nevladnih organizacij in znanstvenih ustanov. Naloga Delovne skupine je tudi vklju~evanje ohranjanja in trajnostne rabe sestavin biotske raznovrstnosti v ustrezne sektorske ali medsektorske na~rte. Pri tem sodelujejo organi v sestavi ministrstev, zaradi koordinacijske vloge mora biti oblikovana ve~ja strokovna delovna skupina v okviru ARSO. Sem sodi tudi izbolj{anje organizacije ohranjanja biotske raznovrstnosti, medinstitucionalnega in medsektorskega sodelovanja, preglednosti in dostop- nosti podatkovnih baz in informacijskih sistemov. 55..44 Poro~anje o izvajanju strategije Medvladni forum za predstavitev dose`kov strategije in akcijskega na~rta na mednarodni ravni so sre~anja dr`av pogodbenic in konference evropskih ministrov za okolje. Dr`ave podpisnice so dol`ne poro~ati o izvajanju Konvencije Konferenci pogodbenic praviloma vsaka 4 leta na podlagi standardiziranega formata. Na temelju sklepov pogodbenic Slovenija izdeluje tudi tematska poro~ila o izvajanju Konvencije na podro~ju izbranih ciljev (npr. v letih 2000-01 o tujerodnih vrstah, gozdnih ekosistemih in deljenju koristi). Pripravljajo se na podlagi poro~il Delovne skupine za biotsko raznovrstnost. new indicators are being developed, the existing ones should be used to monitor the progress. The Biodiversity Working Group of the Council for Sustainable Development monitors to what degree the objectives have been achieved. This working group is approved by the Council on the proposal submitted by the Government in three months after the adoption of the Strategy. It monitors the implementation of the Strategy objectives and reports to the Council for Sustainable Development and the Government. It also proposes amendments to the Strategy. The members of the Biodiversity Working Group are the representatives of the key governmental sectors, local communities’ associations, influential non-governmental organisations and scientific institutions. The principle task of the Working group is to incorporate the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity com- ponents into the relevant sectoral and intersectoral plans. The bodies of various ministries participate in the imple- mentation of its tasks but in order to coordinate the process, a special technical working group within the Environmental Agency has to be established. Moreover, the organisation of the biodiversity conservation, the interinsti- tutional and intersectoral cooperation and the transparency and accessibility of data bases and information systems have to improve. 55..44 Reporting on the implementation of the Strategy The meetings of contracting parties and the conferences of the European environmental ministers are the intergovern- mental forum for the presentation of the achievements of the Strategy and action plan at the international level. The contracting parties are obliged to report on the imple- mentation of the Convention to the Conference of the Parties every four years on the basis of a standardised format. Following the decisions of the contracting parties, Slovenia draws up theme reports on the implementation of the Convention with regard to the selected objectives (e.g. in 2000-01 on alien species, forest ecosystems and the sharing of benefits). These reports are drawn up on the basis of the reports issued by the Biodiversity Working Group. GGOOVVEERRNNMMEENNTT COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WORKING GROUP FOR BIODIVERSITY the representatives of governmental sectors the representatives of NGOs the representatives of local communities the representatives of scientific institutions VVLLAADDAA SVET ZA TRAJNOSTNI RAZVOJ DELOVNA SKUPINA ZA BIOTSKO RAZNOVRSTNOST predstavniki vladnih sektorjev predstavniki nevladnih organizacij predstavniki lokalnih skupnosti predstavniki znanstvenih ustanov Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 75 76 APPENDIX DODATEK 6 Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 76 Dodatek Appendix 6 77 66..11 Slovar~ek izrazov in kratic Biodiverziteta (glej Biotska raznovrstnost) Biotska pestrost ( glej Biotska raznovrstnost) Biotska raznovrstnost (definicija iz Zakona o ohranjanju narave) je raznovrstnost `ivih organizmov, ki vklju~uje raznovrstnost znotraj vrst in med razli~nimi vrstami, gen- sko raznovrstnost ter raznovrstnost ekosistemov. Izraz “biotska raznovrstnost” izhaja iz angle{kega izraza “biodi- versity” in je preveden na ve~ na~inov, zato se v sloven{~ini uporabljajo tudi izrazi »biodiverziteta« in »biotska pestrost«. Biolo{ka raznovrstnost - izraz izhaja iz angle{kega izraza »biological diversity«, ki ga je leta 1992 definirala Konvencija. Pozneje se je v angle{~ini kot primernej{i uveljavil izraz »biodiversity«. Glej tudi Biotska raznovrst- nost. Domorodna (avtohtona) `ivalska ali rastlinska vrsta je tista, ki je v dolo~enem ekosistemu naravno prisotna; od vrst, ki so bile iztrebljene, se za domorodne {tejejo tiste, za katere v ekosistemu {e obstajajo pribli`no enaki biotopski in biotski dejavniki, kot so bili pred iztrebitvijo. Efektivna populacija je tisti del populacije, ki se uspe{no razmno`uje. Njena velikost se izra`a kot razmerje med efektivno in celotno populaciji. Ekolo{ko pomembno obmo~je je obmo~je habitatnega tipa, dela habitatnega tipa ali ve~je ekosistemske enote, ki pomembno prispeva k ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti. To so: • obmo~ja habitatnih tipov, ki so biotsko izjemno raznovrstni ali dobro ohranjeni, kjer so habitati ogro`enih ali endemi~nih rastlinskih ali `ivalskih vrst in habitati vrst, ki so mednarodno pomembni po merilih ratificiranih mednarodnih pogodb ali ki druga~e prispe- vajo k ohranjanju biotske raznovrstnosti, • obmo~ja habitatnega tipa ali ve~je ekosistemske enote, ki pomembno prispevajo k ohranjanju naravnega ravnovesja s tem, da so glede na druga ekolo{ko pomembna obmo~ja uravnote`eno biogeografsko raz- porejena in sestavljajo ekolo{ko omre`je, • habitati mednarodno varovanih vrst, • selitvene poti `ivali in • obmo~ja, ki bistveno prispevajo h genski povezanosti populacij rastlinskih ali `ivalskih vrst. Ekosistem pomeni dinami~en kompleks rastlinskih in `ivalskih zdru`b ter zdru`b mikroorganizmov in njihove- ga ne`ivega okolja, ki so povezani v funkcionalno celoto. Endemit, endemi~na vrsta je rastlinska ali `ivalska vrsta, ki `ivi samo na dolo~enem geografskem obmo~ju, pravilo- ma manj{em (npr. Cerkni{ko jezero, Notranjska, Alpe). GSO – gensko spremenjeni organizmi. 66..11 Glossary of terms and abbreviations Biodiversity (see Biotic diversity) Biotic diversity (the Nature Conservation Act definition) is the variability among living organisms, including the diversity within and between species, genetic diversity and diversity of ecosystems. Biological diversity - the term was defined by the Convention in 1992. Later on, the term “biodiversity” was accepted world wide. (See also Biotic diversity) Conference of the Parties is the highest body of the Convention where the authorised representatives of the parties adopt decisions concerning the implementation of the Convention and its amendments, and discuss other important issues related to it. The decisions adopted at the Conference of the Parties are obligatory for all parties if the reservations can not be made. Convention - in italic it refers to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Decision of the Parties see Conference of the Parties Effective population is the population that breeds success- fully. Its size is determined by the ratio between the effective population and total population. Ecologically important area is an area of a habitat type, its part or large ecosystem unit that significantly contributes to conservation of biodiversity. Such areas are: • areas of habitat types which are, with regard to their biotic characteristics, exceptionally diverse or well preserved; where there are habitats of endangered or endemic plant or animal species; and habitats which are internationally important according to the criteria of the ratified international treaties; or habitats which in any other way contribute to the conservation of biodiversity; • areas of a habitat type or a large ecosystem unit which significantly contribute to the maintenance of natural balance; their biogeographical distribution is regular in comparison to other ecologically important areas and they compose an ecological network; • habitats of internationally protected species; • animal migration routes; and • areas which significantly contribute to the genetic flow between the populations of plant or animal species. Ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and the relevant non-living environment, which interact as a functional unit. Endemic, endemic species is a plant or animal species that inhabits a specific geographical area, usually a small one (for example, Cerkni{ko jezero, Notranjska region, the Alps). Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 77 78 Ex-situ conservation is the conservation of populations and species outside their natural living environment, in botanical gardens, zoos, and aquariums. GMO - Genetically Modified Organisms. Habitat is an area where a species lives and which is characterised by specific living and non-living factors or a geographically defined area where the specimen or popu- lation of a species live. Habitat type is a spatially explicit ecosystem unit distin- guished by biotope or biotic characteristics. Up to 6 levels (subtypes) of habitat types can be defined according to the PHYSIS classification. As a rule, they describe a char- acteristic species’ community or the status of abiotic fac- tors. Habitat type is at a favourable status when its natural range and areas it covers within that range are general and stable; when the structure of a habitat type and the natural processes or proper use guarantee its self-preser- vation capacity; when the processes which might deterio- rate the structure and function of a habitat type and thus threaten its self-preservation capacity in a foreseeable future are not known; when a favourable status of char- acteristic habitat types is guaranteed. Indigenous (autochthonous) animal or plant species is a species which naturally occurs in a certain ecosystem; of the exterminated species those shall be considered indigenous for which approximately the same biotope and biotic conditions still exist in the ecosystem as prior to the extermination. IUCN (The World Conservation Union) is an international nature protection organisation; it was established in 1948 as the Union for Protection of Nature (IUPN). In 1956 it was renamed into the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and since the 18th Session of the General Assembly in Perth (1990) the shorter name, The World Conservation Union, is used. The abbreviation IUCN (UICN in French) has not changed. In-situ conservation is the conservation of populations and species in their living environment. NATURA 2000 - a network of protected areas of the European Union pursuant to the directives on the conser- vation of wild birds and on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. Notification is a notice on the adoption of a convention communicated by the state to the Depositary of the Convention. NEAP - National Environmental Action Programme Non-indigenous (allochthonous) species is a species which has been introduced in a certain area (for example, conti- nent, state, island) by man (not naturally) and has not been present in biocenosis of a certain ecosystem prior to the introduction; of the exterminated species those Habitat (`ivljenjski prostor) je s specifi~nimi ne`ivimi in `ivimi dejavniki opredeljen prostor vrste oziroma geograf- sko opredeljen prostor osebka ali populacije vrste. Habitatni tip je biotopsko ali biotsko zna~ilna in pros- torsko zaklju~ena enota ekosistema. Po klasifikaciji PHYSIS delimo habitatne tipe na do {est ravni (podtipov). Praviloma so opis zna~ilne zdru`be vrst ali stanja abiot- skih dejavnikov. IUCN (Svetovna zveza za ohranitev narave) je mednarod- na naravovarstvena organizacija, ustanovljena leta 1948 pod imenom International Union for Protection of Nature (IUPN). Leta 1956 se je preimenovala v International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, od zasedanja Generalne skup{~ine leta 1990 v Perthu (Avstralija) pa se vedno bolj uveljavlja kraj{i opisni naslov The World Conservation Union. Kratica IUCN (oziroma UICN na francoskem govornem obmo~ju) se s tem ne spreminja. Konferenca pogodbenic je najvi{ji organ konvencije, v katerem poobla{~eni predstavniki pogodbenic sprejemajo odlo~itve glede izvajanja konvencije, spremembe ali dopolnitve konvencije ter druge pomembnej{e zadeve v zvezi s konvencijo. Odlo~itev sprejeta na konferenci pogodbenic je za dr`avo pogodbenico obvezujo~a, ~e pridr`ki niso dopustni. Konvencija – v le`e~i pisavi je mi{ljena Konvencija o biolo{ki raznovrstnosti. Mokri{~e je v splo{nem v slovenskih razmerah obmo~je, kjer se pojavlja kateri koli od naslednjih habitatnih tipov po klasifikaciji PHYSIS: obalni habitatni tipi, celinske vode, barja in mo~virja, mokrotna in vla`na travi{~a, obre~ni in mo~virni gozdovi in grmi{~a; ter nekateri podzemski habitatni tipi. NATURA 2000 - sistem zavarovanih obmo~ij Evropske unije na podlagi Direktiv o ohranitvi prosto`ive~ih ptic ter ohranitvi naravnih habitatov in prosto`ive~e flore in favne. Notifikacija je obvestilo o sprejetju konvencije, ki ga dr`ava obi~ajno po{lje njenemu depozitarju. NPVO – Nacionalni program varstva okolja. Odlo~itev pogodbenic glej Konferenca pogodbenic. Ohranjanje ex-situ je ohranjanje populacij in vrst izven nji- hovega naravnega `ivljenjskega okolja, v botani~nih in zoolo{kih vrtovih oziroma akvarijih. Ohranjanje in-situ je ohranjanje populacij in vrst v nji- hovem `ivljenjskem okolju. Ratifikacija je na~in sprejetja konvencije v notranjo zakonodajo dr`ave. Tujerodna (alohtona) vrsta je tista, ki se na neko obmo~je (npr. kontinent, dr`ava, otok) ne naseli po naravni poti (praviloma jo vnese ~lovek) in v biocenozi dolo~enega Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 78 ekosistema pred naselitvijo ni bila prisotna; od vrst, ki so bile iztrebljene, se za tujerodne {tejejo tiste, za katere v ekosistemu ne obstajajo ve~ pribli`no enaki biotopski in biotski dejavniki, kot so bili pred iztrebitvijo. Ugodno stanje habitatnega tipa nastopa, ~e je naravna raz{irjenost habitatnega tipa in obmo~ij, ki jih posamezen habitatni tip znotraj te raz{irjenosti pokriva, splo{na in stabilna, ~e struktura habitatnega tipa in na- ravni procesi ali ustrezna raba zagotavljajo samoohrani- tveno sposobnost, ~e v predvidljivi prihodnosti niso znani procesi, ki bi lahko poslab{ali strukturo in funkcijo habi- tatnega tipa in s tem ogrozili njegovo samoohranitveno sposobnost, ali ~e je zagotovljeno ugodno stanje zna~ilnih vrst habitatnega tipa. Ugodno stanje vrste nastopa, ~e sta raz{irjenost vrste in {tevil~nost populacij v okviru naravnih nihanj in ne ka`eta dolgoro~nega trenda zmanj{evanja in so habitati populacij vrste dovolj veliki, da zagotavljajo dolgoro~no ohranitev populacij. Vrsta je skupina naravnih populacij, ki se med seboj dejansko ali potencialno razmno`ujejo, ki pa so repro- duktivno izolirane od drugih tak{nih skupin. Zavarovano obmo~je pomeni geografsko dolo~eno obmo~je, ki je namenjeno ali urejeno in upravljano za doseganje posebnih ohranitvenih namenov. shall be considered non-indigenous for which approxi- mately the same biotope and biotic conditions no longer exist in the ecosystem as prior to the extermination. Protected area is a geographically defined area intended for achieving special conservation measures and man- aged accordingly. Ratification is the manner of accepting a convention in the internal legislation of a state. Species is at a favourable status if its distribution and abundance are consistent with the natural fluctuations and do not show a long-term reduction trend and if the habitats of its populations are sufficiently large to main- tain the populations on a long-term basis. Species is a group of, actually or potentially, interbreed- ing individuals, not normally able to interbreed with other such groups. Wetland is the area (in Slovenia, in general conditions) where any of the following habitat types, classified according to the PHYSIS, occurs: coastal habitat types; inland waters; bogs and fens, and marshes; wet and humid grasslands; riparian and marsh forests and scrub; specific subterranean habitat types. Mop Biotika final 05.04.2002 12:49 Page 79