Agriculture and Articulate a Future Vision and Action Plan for Agricultural Revival

Introduction: 1 High Committee for Studying the Present Status of Agriculture and Articulate a Future Vision and Action Plan for Agricultural Revival Executive Programme for Agricultural Revival April 2008 In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful Republic of Sudan Council of Ministers GGeenneerraall SSeeccrreettaarriiaatt 2 Table of Contents Executive Summary ..................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 7 2. The Methodology for the Preparation of the Executive Programme for the Development of the Agricultural Sector ................................................................... 9 3. Diagnosis of the Existing Situation in the Agricultural Sector ........................ 11 33..11.. SSttrreennggtthhss:: .......................................................................................................... 11 33..22.. WWeeaakknneesssseess ((OOppppoorrttuunniittiieess ffoorr cchhaannggee)) ........................................................... 11 33..33.. OOppppoorrttuunniittiieess:: ................................................................................................... 12 33..44.. TThhrreeaattss:: ............................................................................................................. 13 33..55.. AAnnaallyyssiiss ooff tthhee PPoolliittiiccaall,, EEccoonnoommiicc,, SSoocciiaall aanndd TTeecchhnnoollooggiiccaall EEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt:: 13 4. Preparation of the Strategy .................................................................................. 14 44..11.. TThhee VViissiioonn:: ........................................................................................................ 14 44..22.. TThhee MMiissssiioonn:: ..................................................................................................... 14 44..33.. SSttrraatteeggiicc OObbjjeeccttiivveess .......................................................................................... 15 5. Key Factors of Success ......................................................................................... 16 55..11.. CCoonndduucciivvee PPrroodduuccttiioonn EEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt ................................................................. 16 5.1.1. Macro and sectoral policies ....................................................................... 16 5.1.2. Basic Infrastructure .................................................................................... 27 55..33.. AAggrriiccuullttuurraall llaanndd uussee ......................................................................................... 29 55..44.. SSuuppppoorrttiinngg SSeerrvviicceess .......................................................................................... 29 55..55.. DDeevveellooppmmeenntt aanndd MMooddeerrnniizzaattiioonn ooff AAggrriiccuullttuurraall SSyysstteemmss .............................. 30 55..66.. PPrrootteeccttiioonn aanndd DDeevveellooppmmeenntt ooff NNaattuurraall RReessoouurrcceess .......................................... 31 55..77.. AAggrriiccuullttuurraall IInndduussttrriiaalliizzaattiioonn ............................................................................ 31 55..88.. IImmpplleemmeennttaattiioonn ooff QQuuaalliittyy aanndd FFoooodd SSaaffeettyy SSttaannddaarrddss .................................... 31 55..99.. IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall PPaarrttnneerrsshhiippss ................................................................................. 32 6. The Action Plan for Programmes and Projects (2008 – 2011) ....................... 33 66..11.. PPllaannnneedd EExxppeennddiittuurree oonn tthhee AAggrriiccuullttuurraall SSeeccttoorr DDuurriinngg 22000088 –– 22001111 ............ 34 66..22.. AApppprroovveedd PPrrooggrraammmmeess aanndd PPrroojjeeccttss ffoorr 22000088:: ................................................. 37 6.2.1. Infrastructure Programmes ......................................................................... 38 6.2.2. Building the Capacities of Producers and their Institutions: ..................... 41 6.2.3. Support Services Projects: ......................................................................... 42 6.2.4. Information and Informatics: ..................................................................... 44 6.2.5. Food Security and Poverty Reduction Projects: ........................................ 45 6.2.6. Agricultural Marketing and Export Promotion Infrastructure: .................. 47 6.2.7. Development and Modernization of Agricultural Systems: ...................... 48 6.2.8. Development and Protection of Natural Resources: .................................. 49 3 7. Key Agricultural Revival Projects ........................................................................ 51 77..11.. SSttrraatteeggiicc PPaarrttnneerrsshhiippss:: ...................................................................................... 51 77..22.. OOtthheerr KKeeyy PPrroojjeecctt:: ............................................................................................ 53 8. Agricultural Commodities Development Council .............................................. 56 88..11.. JJuussttiiffiiccaattiioonnss ffoorr tthhee eessttaabblliisshhmmeenntt ooff tthhee ccoouunncciill:: ........................................... 56 88..22.. CCoonnssttiittuuttiioonn ooff tthhee CCoommmmooddiittyy CCoouunncciillss:: ........................................................ 57 88..33.. TTeerrmmss ooff RReeffeerreennccee ooff tthhee CCoouunncciillss:: ................................................................ 58 88..44.. GGeenneerraall GGuuiiddee LLiinneess ffoorr tthhee CCoonndduucctt ooff tthhee CCoouunncciillss:: ..................................... 58 9. Empowerment of the Role of the Private Sector in Agricultural Revival ....... 63 10. Transformation of the Role of Producer Associations ................................... 65 11. Agricultural Management .................................................................................. 66 12. Creation of a Think Tank .................................................................................... 66 13. Information, Communication and Awareness Raising ................................... 67 14. The Role of International Cooperation in Supporting the Programme ........ 67 15. The Threats .......................................................................................................... 70 16. Mechanism for Supervision, Monitoring and Evaluation ............................... 71 1166..11.. SSttrruuccttuurree ooff tthhee OOrrggaanniizzaattiioonn ffoorr SSuuppeerrvviissiioonn aanndd MMoonniittoorriinngg ooff tthhee PPrrooggrraammmmee ............................................................................................................... 72 1166..22.. GGuuiiddeelliinneess ffoorr MMoonniittoorriinngg aanndd EEvvaalluuaattiioonn:: .................................................... 72 17. Expected Outputs ................................................................................................ 74 1177..11.. AAggrriiccuullttuurraall PPrroodduuccttiioonn:: ................................................................................. 74 1177..22.. AAnniimmaall PPrroodduuccttiioonn:: ......................................................................................... 77 1177..33.. GGeenneerraall IInnddiiccaattoorrss:: .......................................................................................... 76 1177..44.. IImmppoorrtt SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn ......................................................................................... 76 1177..55.. EExxppoorrtt PPrroommoottiioonn:: ........................................................................................... 76 18. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 78 4 Executive Summary Making rational use of the huge and diverse resources of the Sudan has been an unfulfilled promise and an outstanding challenge. Since the early days of Independence, successive plans and strategies to develop agriculture have been implemented. However, these plans had a limited success in achieving their objectives. The main reasons for the frustration of the agricultural development plans are: the low priority assigned to agriculture in the allocation resources, lack of political stability, the top- down approach to development which reduced rural producers to policy- takers rather policy-makers, and the weak administrative and implementation capacity of the government machine. Two important recent developments have made focus on agricultural and industrial development an urgent issue:  The advent of oil as a major source of public revenue and export proceeds. Oil revenues constitute 50% of public revenue and 85% of total export proceeds. The risk of dependence on oil is very high because of its highly volatile international prices and because of the fact that it is nonrenewable resource.  Accession of the Sudan to the WTO necessitates increasing the productivity of the agricultural sector and improving its competitiveness in local and international markets. Recently, the Sudan has taken a new and strategic direction to support agriculture. This new direction is manifested in the declaration of "The Green Mobilization" and the preparation of the Five-Year Strategic Plan. In continuation of this thrust, a high committee under the chairmanship of His Excellency, the Vise President Ali Osman Mohamed Taha has been formulated to study the present status of agriculture and articulate a future vision and action plan for Agricultural Revival. The committee which consisted of a number of distinguished persons concerned with sector's development, including politicians, executives, researchers, producers, farmers' and pastoralists' unions, NGOs, private sector, civil society organizations and manufacturers, has put together a fully integrated programme that constitutes a national strategy for the Agricultural Revival as well as a compass for correcting the current programme and plans of ministries and institutions in the center and the states, in addition to establishing a monitoring and follow up system for assessing the results and impacts of the programme. The programme was based on the following nine key indicators of success: 5  Creating an appropriate atmosphere for a sustainable development of agricultural production.  Capacity building of producers and institutions.  Addressing the issues of agricultural lands.  Developing support services.  Development and modernization of agricultural systems.  Protecting and developing natural resources  Agricultural industrialization  Implementation of quality control and safety measures  Establishment of international partnerships. A number of programmes have been formulated to address these components for realizing the desired transformation. The most important features of these programmes are as follows: First: The executive programme for Agricultural Revival has defined the macro and sectoral policies for creating an appropriate atmosphere for achieving agricultural and agricultural-led industrialization as well as setting a time-bound programme for execution in addition to defining the implementing entities. Second: The programme defined the infrastructure conducive for agricultural development focusing on the following:  Water harvesting programmes, dams, hafeers in rainfed areas due to its significant importance for the stability of the ways of living of farmers and pastoralists, in addition to increasing production and productivity and providing drinking water for humans and animals.  Building agricultural rural roads, crossing points, bridges and Irish bridges which facilitate the movement of people, animals, products and agricultural inputs.  Establishing state-based primary cattle, vegetables and fruit wholesale markets. In addition, quays for cattle and plant products would be established at standards that meet quality and safety criteria. Laws and regulations will be issued for these markets to organize their work, taking into account marketing, storage and export facilities such as grain silos, quarantines, slaughterhouses, cooling, packaging, classification, and grading services to ensure marketing efficiency of agricultural and animal products. Third: The programme includes projects for capacity building of producers and institutions, namely:  Realizing qualitative transformation of producers through raising their productive efficiency in using modern technologies as well as developing their administrative capacities. 6  Completing institutional reforms including the transformation of producers' unions to qualitative unions which place the issues of productivity and sustainable agricultural development at the top of their priorities. Fourth: The programme proposed addressing land issues aiming at encouraging agricultural investment and sustainable land use through:  Registering the agricultural land and defining the citizens', villages' and groups' rights.  The rest of the land will be registered under government ownership and made available to investors.  Setting equitable rules for land lease and rent and reviewing existing relevant laws. Fifth: The programme focused on the development of the supporting services through:  Enhancing and developing hydrological, plant, animal and industrial scientific research through building capacities, training of researchers, as research constitutes the spearhead for realizing the Agricultural Revival.  Enhancing the capacity of technology transfer and extension services using the village as a center for providing services and agricultural knowledge, in addition to introducing and adopting successful technologies aiming at increasing the productivity and improving the quality of products.  Rectifying agricultural education curricula and focusing on technical and technological education.  Enhancing the capacity of information and informatics institutions by providing them with up-to-date technologies and conducting the basic surveys particularly the comprehensive agricultural census (plant and animal). Six: The Programme emphasized the development and upgrading of agricultural systems through:  Raising the efficiency of the existing irrigated schemes by upgrading irrigation management and systems, rationalizing water use, developing field irrigation, crop intensification, and integrating plant and animal production with conservation of forests, range and pastures.  Introducing modern types of animal and fishery production such as intensive rainfed and irrigated pasture farmer and ranches, aquaculture, as well as establishing wildlife reserves. 7 Seventh: The programme targeted the protection and development of natural resources through the following:  Developing forests and pastures as well as restoring the vegetative cover.  Combating desertification  Developing the gum arabic belt.  Establishing reserves and preserving wildlife. Eighth: The programme included significant interventions to develop agriculture-based industrialization, including the utilizing of the idle capacities of the agro-industries. Ninth: The programme underscored the importance of establishing international strategic partnerships with a view to transferring technologies, training, capacity building, expanding and developing markets. Tenth: This programme is intended to create a conducive atmosphere for mobilizing the whole community and encouraging its participation in the agricultural activities, noting that the programme gives a greater support to the private sector capabilities by empowering it to play a greater role in the implementation of the programmes. Eleventh: The programme recommended establishing agricultural commodity development councils (plants and animals) as a successful instrument used by many commodity-dependent countries for realizing the integration of the different activities in the commodity production and marketing chain through bringing together all the stakeholders concerned with the commodity in the areas of research, training, production, marketing, manufacturing, consumption and export. The programme also proposed functions and powers for these councils and some guidelines for their work. Twelfth: The programme included a supervision and follow up mechanism chaired by H.E. the Vise President, in addition to a High Council for Agricultural Revival, and a General Secretariat responsible for mobilizing and following up revival programmes and projects including the commodity councils. Thirteenth: The total cost of this programme during 2008 – 2011 is estimated at 10.1 billion SP: 2.4 billion SP for 2008, in addition to 2.5 billion for 2009, and same amount for 2010, and finally 2.7 billion SP for 2011. It is noteworthy that the contribution of the government constitutes 1.36 billion SP in the year 2008, (approved in the budget) and the cost required in 2009 is estimated at 1.34 billion SP and decreases to 1.1 and 1.0 billion SP in 2010 and 2011 respectively. 8 Fourteenth: Investing in infrastructure is given top priority at 39.4% of the developmental appropriations allocated for the programmes and projects during 2008, followed by food security, poverty reduction and rural development at 34.4%. developing and protecting natural comes in the third place at of 9.8% then comes the support services on the fourth place and the export infrastructure comes in the fifth place at 7.5% and 6.6% respectively. Capacity building, improving and upgrading agricultural systems and commodity councils take the rest of the appropriations. Fifteenth: The total finance of programme amounts to 2905.15 million SP during 2008 and will rise gradually to reach 3422.74 million SP in 2011. This includes governmental contribution, foreign, bank-lending and self-financing in addition to the agricultural season's subsidies. Total government financial contribution is estimated at 1279.4 million SP in 2008 and will decrease to 764 million SP in 2011 (from 44% to 22%). Foreign finance, including grants and loans to agricultural project from regional and international finance institutions will increase from 286 million SP to 385 million SP (from 9.9% to 11.1%). Finance by commercial banks will increase at an annual rate of 25% from 800 million SP to 1560 million SP (from 27.5% to 45.6%). Agricultural subsidies will decrease, with the improvement of infrastructure and supporting services, from 208 million SP to 120 million SP. Financing from farmers' own resources will increase from 540 million SP to 720 million SP (from 18.6% to 21.0%) during the same period. Self-financing may perhaps exceeds these estimates since the increase in productivity resulting from the implementation of the programme will improve the productive capacities of the producers to finance their agricultural activities. Sixteenth: The programme is expected to achieve tangible results, most significant of which is the development of the farming systems and the generation of job opportunities in the agricultural sector, the agriculture- led industrial sector and the related service sectors. By introducing participatory methods of natural resources management, the programmes will also ensure sustainable use of these resources and reduce conflicts over them. Consequently the country will be able to reach self-sufficiency in those crops in which it enjoys a competitive edge, namely sorghum, millet, fruits and vegetables, oil seeds, livestock products, poultry and fish. Enough raw materials will also be produced to satisfy the existing idle capacity in the agro-industries. 9 Seventeenth: In terms of import substitution the realization of self- sufficiency in wheat will be a significant achievement of the programme. The value of wheat produced is estimated at US$ 1.15 billion. The present import bill of US$ 599 million will turn into a surplus of US$ 36 million by 2011. In the case of sugar, the deficit will decrease from US$ 84 million in 2007 to US$ 51 million in 2011 in spite of the expected increase in the population and the changing patterns of consumption towards sugar-based products as a result of increasing urbanizations. The increase in the production of these commodities will be an outcome of the package of key agricultural and livestock projects and the incentives which will be offered to investors. Eighteenth: In the area of export promotion, the country will produce a minimum surplus of 2.4 million tons of sorghum annually. The current surge in the prices of cereals and the preferential prices paid by the Saudi Government to importers of cereals open windows of opportunity for export of sorghum. Similarly, exports of sesame are expected to increase from its current level of US$ 174 to US$ 360. Export karkade and watermelon seeds are expected to reach US$ 52 million, while groundnuts exports are expected to earn US$ 615. Proceeds of exports of fruits, vegetables fodder, and gum arabic are also expected to increase. In the case of cotton the expected increase in demand and prices in the international market will induce a greater supply through the increase of the area planted in the irrigated and rainfed sectors. Cotton export proceeds are expected to amount to US$ 884 million. All in all, the total export earnings of all crops is expected to reach US$ 4.5 billion in 2011 as shown in the annexes to this report. Nineteenth: The export proceeds of the livestock sector are expected to increase from an estimate of US$ 274 in 2008 to US$ 635 million in 2011 (excluding boarder trade). The export proceeds of cattle, sheep, goats and camels will increase from US$ 11.8 million, US$ 141.3 million, US$ 5.2 million and US$ 33.6 million in 2008 to US$ 129 million, US$ 276.4 million, US$ 12.8 million and US$ 48.5 million in 2011 respectively. The export proceeds of fish, tauna and shrimp will increase from US$ 4 million, US$ 10 million and US$ 30 million in 2008 to US$ 10 million, US$ 30 million and US$ 60 million in 2011 respectively. The exports proceeds of hides and skins will increase from US$ 38.9 million in 2008 to US$ 68.4 million in 2011. 10 1. Introduction The sustainable use of the huge and diverse agricultural resource potentials in the Sudan with a view to enhancing the welfare of its people has been a great hope and a moving target since the time of independence. These resources are envisaged, not only to meet the domestic requirements for food security, employment and foreign exchange earnings but also to enable the Sudan to offer significant contributions to regional and international trade and food security. However these expectations have yet to be fulfilled pending a real breakthrough to achieve a comprehensive agricultural development. Taking the political, economic and social development of the Sudan into perspective, it is imperative that these resources be utilized earnestly to achieve a comprehensive agricultural development. Agriculture is the source of income and livelihood for the rural people, the engine of growth for the other economic sectors such as trade, industry and transport. The ultimate results of agricultural development would be the generation of job opportunities, rendering the rural areas more habitable, reducing poverty and striking a balanced distribution of the benefits of development between the different states and localities through giving more attention to the least developed ones. The advent of the petroleum era in the Sudan, since the turn of the last century, and the negative phenomenon which accompanied its exploitation underscored the necessity and urgency for emphasizing the development of the agricultural and industrial sectors. Now petroleum resources constitute 50% of public revenue and 85% of the foreign export earnings. Heavy dependence on petroleum involves serious risk to the Sudanese economy because of the fluctuations in its international prices and because of the fact that it is a none-renewable resource liable to depletion. In addition, investment of oil revenues in urban development, if associated with the neglect of the agricultural sector, leads to rural exodus to the urban sector. Taking these developments into consideration, the government must undertake urgent and serious actions to bail out the Sudanese economy from the distortions inflicted upon it by the current petroleum policy. These actions should aim to ascertain agriculture and industry as the leading sectors of the economy. This strategy necessitates prompt actions designed to increase the efficiency of the agricultural sector and agriculture-led industries with a view to enhancing the competitiveness of Sudanese commodities in local and international markets in preparation for accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). 11 Mindful of all these facts and developments, the Government of National Unity (GNU) committed itself to the strategic option of achieving sustainable agricultural development. An evident expression of this political will is the declaration of the "Green Mobilization" in 2006 and the adoption of the Strategic Five-Year Plan (2007-2011). For further strengthening and development of this thrust, the Council of Ministers issued its Resolution No. 173, 2007 for the formation of the High Committee for the Study of the Current Situation in the Agricultural Sector and the Proposal of Appropriate Visions for its Future Development. The high committee is formed under chairmanship of his Excellency Ali Osman Mohamed Taha the Vice President. The committee is entrusted to come up with practical and executable visions, taking into consideration the Green Mobilization and the five-year Strategic Plan as main references. 12 2. The Methodology for the Preparation of the Executive Programme for the Development of the Agricultural Sector The membership of the committee is comprehensive involving all stakeholders concerned with the development of the agricultural sector including politicians, executives, producers, university professors, researchers, private sector, civil society organizations, farmers' and pastoralists' unions. The methodology adopted by the committee to fulfill its terms of reference was as follows: (a) Formation of five specialized subcommittees to prepare comprehensive reports covering all issues specified in the TOR. The committees were:  The committee for diagnosing the current situation in the agricultural sector.  The committee for analyzing the crop mix and the requirements of food security and export.  The committee for increasing productivity.  The committee for agro-based industrialization  The commodity concerning polices supporting agricultural development. (b) Holding intensive meetings for the high committee with all its members at the Secretariat of the Council of Ministers to discuss the following:  The visions and proposals focusing on reforming agricultural policies and programmes.  The drafts of papers prepared by the five subcommittees. (c) Using the objectives and programmes of the Green Mobilization and the Strategic five Year Plan as the basic references. (d) Review of successful experiences of agricultural development in several countries including China, Malaysia, Brazil, South Korea, India and Vietnam. (e) The programme gives priority to those projects which benefit the majority of the people in the rural areas such as water harvesting projects which can give quick results within a short period of time. 13 Another approach to distribution of the benefits over the whole rural sector is the programme concerned with the commodity developments. This programme aims at developing the rural sector through increasing productivity, increase value added and improve marketing of eighteen major commodities on which rural communities in the different parts of the country depend. (f) Formation of a committee for drafting the main report. This committee drafted the main report and identified the programmes and projects which formed the executive programme for Agricultural Revival in the country. It is considered an advanced consolidated version of the Green Mobilization document. In the final analysis, this programme is the national strategic plan for agricultural development. It is the reference for the correction and streamling of the programmes and plans of the ministries and corporations at the federal and state levels. It involves a system for monitoring and evaluation. 14 3. Diagnosis of the Existing Situation in the Agricultural Sector A diagnosis of the current situation in the agricultural sector is using SWOT analysis. This approach explores the weaknesses and strengths in the performance of the sector, opportunities for development and the threats involved. 33..11.. SSttrreennggtthhss::  Vast agricultural lands suitable for cultivation.  Huge livestock resource potential and a sizable reservoir of fish resources.  Water resources from rainfall, rivers and underground aquifers sufficient to meet the requirements of the livestock population, fishery resources and raising of different crops and increasing the areas under forests and pasture.  Generations of trained manpower capable of leading the process of agricultural development.  A strategic geographical location which facilitates the marketing of agricultural and livestock commodities in the regional and international markets.  Commitment and a political will for equitable and sustainable socio-economic development.  The adoption of the federal system of government encouraged the participation of local communities in national development programmes.  Improvement of infrastructure such as roads, communication technologies, electricity, silos, quarantines and abattoirs helps promote free market mechanism and sends signals to producers to increase products coming to the markets and increase productivity.  The distribution of agricultural faculties all over the country will provide trained manpower in all areas of specialization required by the programme. 33..22.. WWeeaakknneesssseess ((OOppppoorrttuunniittiieess ffoorr cchhaannggee))  Low levels of productivity to all factors of production  Producers are trapped in traditional systems of production resulting in underdevelopment and weak technical, managerial and financial capacities of the producers.  The existing infrastructure are not commensurate with the requirements of the agricultural development.  Inadequacy of the procedures which control the quality of products, and sanitary and phytosanitory measures which safeguard food safety.  Lack of strict measures to apply regional and international agreements on capacity building and enforcement of standards. 15 This jeopardizes the competitiveness of Sudanese products in local and international markets.  Out-dated systems of production in the agricultural sector due to absence of a holistic vision of agricultural development.  The preparation of agricultural plans lacked the scientific and operational approaches. For instance, projections of production and exports lacked precision and were often exaggerated.  Lack of application of the recommendation research finding.  Lack of coordination of policies between the various resource users.  Weak research and extension services and shortage of improved seeds.  Lack of capacity to produce agricultural inputs locally.  Weak linkages between stakeholders deprived local communities of the opportunity to participate in policy making and to reap the benefits of a balanced rural development.  Deep-rooted rivalries between professional and trade union organizations hampered the cooperation needed for optional use of agricultural resources. 33..33.. OOppppoorrttuunniittiieess::  The current economic stability, reflected in a single digit inflation rate and a stable exchange rate, provides a conducive climate for investment in the agricultural sector.  The realization of peace and security, following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA)will encourage settlement in the rural areas and avails resources for the development of the rural sector.  The increase in oil production and revenue provides an important source of financing rural infrastructure and agricultural inputs.  The production of oil and its by-products paves the way for the development of agro-chemical industries in the country, namely fertilizer and insecticides industries.  The change towards an open economy creates a conducive environment for going into partnership with the international community, especially sister and friendly countries and investors in general. These partnerships will help in the transfer of technology, training and access to niche markets for high value and organic products.  Public awareness of the fact that agriculture is the main source of rapid and balanced growth has increased dramatically.  Utilization of the share of the Sudan in the Nile waters efficiently and effectively. 16  Application of water harvesting technologies on a large geographical scale.  Utilization of forward and backward linkages between agriculture and industry.  The strategic location of Sudan in Africa and the Arab World and its proximity to Europe makes it a potential centre for agricultural trade. 33..44.. TThhrreeaattss::  The policies, institutions and procedures which control financing are not suitable for financing agricultural producers, especially smallholders, nor is it appropriate for financing infrastructure.  Climatic changes resulting in fluctuations of production and productivity.  85% of the animal resources depends on pastoral and transhumant systems of production, which render the provision of services and the transfer of technology needed for improvement difficult.  Trade barriers established by developed countries to protect their producers limit access to their markets.  The continuous deterioration of natural resources has a negative impact on the settlement of livestock producers and the development of the national herd. It is also associated with insecurity and tribal conflicts over resources. 33..55.. AAnnaallyyssiiss ooff tthhee PPoolliittiiccaall,, EEccoonnoommiicc,, SSoocciiaall aanndd TTeecchhnnoollooggiiccaall EEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt:: The most important national, regional and international factors affecting agricultural development are:  The political stability and security resulting from the implementation of the CPA has induced economic stability resulting in a higher rate of growth, low inflation rate and the creation of an environment conducive to a balanced and sustainable development based on agriculture.  The favourable geographical location of Sudan in Africa and the Arab World and its membership in the African, Arab and international organizations qualify it for an important role in regional food security  Agriculture is the main sector for the Sudanese economy and the main source of income and livelihood for 70% of the population.  The development of the agricultural sector ensures general peace, food security and settlement of people in the rural areas, and it is the easiest and most effective means for poverty reduction.  The phenomena of poverty, tribal conflicts and the claims of marginalization are evidences of the poor performance of the agricultural sector. 17 4. Preparation of the Strategy The strategy for agricultural development consists of the following components: 44..11.. TThhee VViissiioonn:: A comprehensive national socio-economic development led by a dynamic agricultural sector capable of rapid and sustainable growth and biased towards the weak and vulnerable sectors of the population. 44..22.. TThhee MMiissssiioonn:: The overall mission of the agricultural development strategy is to transform agriculture from a sector dominated by subsistence production to a modern sector responsive to market signals and with substantial contributions to poverty reduction, growth, foreign exchange earnings and sustainable management of natural resources. This mission will be fulfilled through:  Create the environment conducive to sustainable development of agricultural productivity and production through the implementation of conducive macro and sectoral policies which promote investment, develop infrastructure for water harvesting and irrigation storage capacities of the Nile waters, build feeder roads, establish livestock routes and provide marketing infrastructure.  Build the capacities of producers through reforming their institutions, increasing their productive and managerial capacities.  Resolve the land tenure issues which discourage optimal use of large areas in the irrigated and rain-fed sectors.  Improve the agricultural support services including the development of the agricultural research, technology transfer and extension services, agricultural education, establishment and upgrading of markets, strengthening of information and communication technologies, adoption of measures of risk aversion and expansion of agricultural insurance services.  Develop and modernization of agricultural systems with a view to increasing the efficiency of utilization of resources through increasing crop intensity, improving marketing efficiency, value addition through processing and introduction of new systems of livestock and fishery production, including irrigated farms and wildlife reserves.  Protect natural resources through the development of forests, pastures and range lands and re-establishment of the vegetative cover and the development of the Gum Arabic Belt and the combat of desertification. 18  Build the capacities of the industrial sector to manufacture agricultural inputs, satisfy agro-industries with their requirements of raw materials, connect the production processing – marketing chain and utilize the ideal capacities in the agro-industries.  Protect consumers and promote exports, by implementing the laws and procedures which ensure food safety and control of the quality of plant and livestock products whether processed locally or imported in accordance with the accredited international standards  Go into strategic partnerships with a view to realizing the economies of scale, benefiting from new technologies, and getting access to international markets and financial institutions. 44..33.. SSttrraatteeggiicc OObbjjeeccttiivveess  Promotion of exports of crops and livestock with a view to safeguarding against the risks of collapse of the whole economy as a result of the distortions emanating from over-dependence on oil revenues.  Increasing productivity and efficiency at the production and processing stages.  Realization of food security.  Reducing poverty to 50% by 2015, generation of job opportunities and increasing per capita income.  Achievement of balanced growth in all regions of the country with the view to encouraging settlement in the rural areas.  Development and protection of natural resources to ensure its renewal and sustainability. 19 5. Key Factors of Success The achievement of the agricultural revival will rest on the following nine successive factors:  Creation of an environment conducive to production.  Capacity building  Land use  Support services  Development and modernization of agricultural systems  Protection and development of the natural resources  Agricultural industrialization  Implementation of quality control and safety measures  Strategic partnerships 55..11.. CCoonndduucciivvee PPrroodduuccttiioonn EEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt A conducive environment for increasing production and productivity consists of concerted macro and sectoral policies, sustainable management of natural resources and establishment of adequate infrastructure. 5.1.1. Macro and sectoral policies These policies should aim to achieve the following objectives:  Adequacy, stability and sustainability of growth of the sector and the economy as a whole.  The important role of the financing sector in mobilizing resources to the agricultural sector.  Availability of domestic and international financial resources and expansion of agricultural insurance in terms of beneficiaries, geographical areas and farming systems.  Elimination of policies which have distortive effects on production and trade.  Equitable distribution of the benefits of agricultural revival between the states.  Achievement of food security and poverty reduction.  Sound and sustainable management of natural resources Matrices A through S present the policies which must be implemented so as to prepare the ground for the intended agricultural revival. 20 A. Economic and Financial Policies: Policy Lead Agencies Time Frame Starting Date  Macroeconomic stability MFNE, NBS Continuous  Allocate at least 20% of public expenditure for building and modernization of agricultural and livestock infrastructure and advancement of technological innovation. MFNE Annually March 2008  Approve and implement partnerships in integrated crop /livestock /processing projects with foreign investors. MFNE, MAF, MAR,MNI Continuous Jan. 2008  Provide local Gov. contribution to donor- funded agricultural revival projects  Upgrade capacity of national banks  Establish portfolios to finance agriculture MFNE Continuous Immediate  Prepare bankable projects for finance by foreign financial institutions MFNE and other related parties Continuous 2008  Seek finance from bilateral sources MIC and MFNE Continuous 2008  Political and diplomatic initiatives to ensure financial flows for the revival programme MIC and MFNE Continuous  Sustainable and encouraging investment policies Council of Ministers One month Immediate  Increase insurance coverage with emphasis on agricultural and livestock commodity exports  Allocate some resources from the Risk Management Fund to smallholders as a guarantee for finance of food security commodities MFNE, Insurance Companies, Risk Management Fund Continuous Feb. 2008  Allocate a certain percentage of ABS resources as marketing credit for smallholders MFNE, Producers' Union Continuous Feb. 2008  Build financial and administrative capacities of the Risk Management Fund and agricultural insurance companies MFNE, Risk M Fund Continuous Feb. 2008  Commitment not to impose any taxes on the agricultural sector (crops, livestock), and not to impose any levies unless against services MFNE, States, localities, corporations Continuous Continuous 21 Policy Lead Agency (ies) Time Frame Starting Date  Collection Zakat from smallholders at village centers to cover the debts of those who fail to repay  Direct Zakat Chamber to determine the quantity of Zakat to be paid by a producer in the rainfed sector on the basis of net returns  Direct the Zakat Chamber to collect zakat from exporters on the basis of the final annual accounts Zakat Chamber Continuous Immediately  Collect zakat on livestock in the field and avoid double collection on livestock on the move or those in transit between states. It is preferable to fix a specific period for collection of zakat in all states in the North. Zakat Chamber Continuous Immediately B. Financing Policies: (Refer to annexes on Institutional Bank Lending and Financing of Investment Project) Policy Lead Agency (ies) Time Frame Starting Date  Finance infrastructure from Government budget MFNE Continuous Immediately  Finance research, extension and technology transfer, early warning and pests control, diseases and epidemics at national level MFNE, private sector Continuous Immediately  Facilitate procedures to allow private sector participate in service provision MFNE, NBS  Finance agricultural operations  Increase agricultural credit allocated by ABS for smallholders by at least 100%  Adopt the village centre as an instrument to promote the "mobile credit"  Direct internal soft loans to the specialized banks  Give priority in finance to producers organized in production and marketing organizations.  Provide short-term finance to vegetable growers, medium-term to fruit growers and livestock owners and long-term finance for storage and refrigerated transport for horticultural, dairy and meet producers. 22 Policy Lead Agency (ies) Time Frame Starting Date  Scale up the establishment of commercial banks, portfolios guaranteed by NBS to finance the agricultural sector  NBS, specialized banks, Savings Bank to scale up micro-credit to finance agricultural production NBS Continuous Immediately  Earmark an increasing share of at least 20% from ABS sources to finance livestock and fisheries development projects NBS, MFNE Immediately  Provide medium-term finance for poultry production and long-term finance for dairy, meat and inputs for production and processing NBS Continuous Immediately C. Marketing Policies Mindful of the importance of marketing for the production process, the agricultural revival program embraces programmes for supporting marketing activities in line with the privileges granted by the WTO and the commitments of the Sudan towards regional and international organizations. The vision for the development of marketing of crops and livestock is based on the following strategies:  Expand and distribute wholesale markets, especially for horticultural crops on a wide scale and provide the necessary services to help it to operate efficiently.  Rehabilitate livestock markets and provide support services such as water, feeds and quality control.  Encourage establishment of producer organizations to facilitate marketing, including provision of finance for marketing operations.  The government is to arrange strategic partnerships between the local private sector and the foreign private sector for the production and processing of dairy products, meat, fish, fruits and vegetables. 23 C. Marketing Policies Policy Lead Agency (ies) Time Frame Starting Date  Give priority in finance and implementation for export-oriented projects so as to maintain traditional markets, access new markets and increase competitiveness, control food safety through SPS measures and adopt HACCP system and promote organic production for export Relevant ministries, private sector Continuous In progress  Implement an effective strategy and contacts, targeting specific markets for commodities with competitive advantage  Use commodity exchange. Build capacity of MFT to undertake this role effectively Continuous Immediately  Direct Sudanese diplomatic missions to consider promotion of Sudanese exports as one of their important tasks. MFA, Commodity Development Councils  Grant maximum incentives provided by the Investment Encouragement Act for investment in storage, refrigerated and dry transport, abattoirs, grading ad packaging. States, localities, relevant ministries and parastatals, private sector Continuous Jan. 2008  Protect producers and exporters from unfair competition using the privileges granted by the Agreement on Agriculture implemented by WTO. MAF, MAR, other relevant bodies Continuous Immediately D. Agricultural Investment Policies Policy Lead Agency (ies) Time Frame Starting Date  Implement a separate investment act for strategic partnerships in agricultural production and processing Ministry of Investment, MAF, MOAR, state ministries of agriculture continuous Jan. 2008  Benefit from Arab investment guarantee organizations to facilitate financing of agricultural development projects MFNE, Ministry of Investment, MIC continuous 24 E. Institutional Reform Issue Components Lead Agency (ies) Starting Date  Restructuring the ministries of the agric. Sector at the federal & state levels Agricultural policies and planning, research and technology transfer, international cooperation, capacity building Council of Ministers Immediately  Complete institutional reform in the Gezira Scheme Training water user associations, form producer organizations and train their members Council of Ministers, MFNE Continuous  Reform existing irrigation schemes and those under establishment Implement recommendations on institutional reform of the Rahad, New Halfa and Suki schemes made by a ministerial committee in 2007 MAF Continuous according to recommendation  Institutional reform of semi-mechanized rain-fed sector Preparation of a study by a consultant firm under the framework of JAM Evaluation and implementation of the results of the study MAF, MAR, MFNE, the states To be completed in 2008 D. Land Use Policies Policy Procedures Lead Agency (ies) Time Frame Starting Date  Land policies in peace agreement  Ratification of land commission law  Establishment of the Land Commission  Wide participation of communities in resolving land issues The Presidency Up to 2011 Immediately  Legalization of peoples' land rights and demarcation and registration of the lands belonging to each village  Completion of listing and registration of agricultural lands in the states around population settlements  Resolve conflict over land and determine present and future land rights The States 6 months Immediately  Facilitation of access to land by investors  Listing of lands remaining after determination of the property rights of villagers and village boundaries as no man's lands to be allocated to investors. The states 6 months April 2008  Land use plan  Multi-disciplinary team to study the lands and natural resources of Sudan MAF, Survey Dep., MAR and related parties 2 years Jan. 2008  Building institutional capacities to manage lands  Committees to survey existing institutions, identify roles and institutional gaps and recommend remedies Council of Ministers 3 months First quarter of 2008 25 G. Agricultural Legislations Policy Lead Agency (ies) Time Frame Starting Date  Commit providers of fertilizers, insecticides and agricultural machinery to following the standard operating procedures which protect environment, public health and food safety until the appropriate laws and regulations are ratified and applied.  Continue to improve the legal environment which supports and facilitates agricultural activities, especially the optimal geographical locations for plant and livestock species and products and control of bio-piracy of genetic resources.  Expedite streamlining national efforts to establish a framework for intellectual property rights according to international standards.  Prepare the laws required to implement the agreement on genetic resources of food and agriculture  Prepare laws commensurate with the Agreement on Biodiversity  Expedite updating and ratification of the agric. Laws which ensure the precise implementation of this law (see annex) The Council of Ministers, the Ministry of Justice and other related ministries 6 months immediately H. Agricultural Education Policies Policy Lead Agency (ies) Time Frame Starting from  Develop agricultural curricula for high education to meet the needs of the revival programme and integrate agricultural and veterinary sciences in the curricula of the comprehensive schools. Ministry of General Education, Ministry of High Education and Scientific Research June 2008  Encourage successful students to enroll in professional and technological agricultural specializations through upgrading their salary scales and fringe benefits and improving the system of promotion 26 I. Reduction of Production Cost Policies The cost of production of agricultural and livestock commodities in the Sudan is higher relative to other countries. This fact coupled with low productivity has weakened the competitiveness of the Sudanese commodities in the local and international markets. To overcome this problem, the Ministry of Finance and National Economy, in consultation with other concerned parties, decided to subsidize the prices of inputs as from 2007/2008 season. This policy replaces the policy of direct commodity price subsidy followed in the past. Consequently, the procurement prices of insecticides are subsidized by 25%. The prices of both gasoil and fertilizer are subsidized by 22%. Other subsidies include the provision of wheat seeds and rain-fed cotton seeds free of charge, supporting agricultural research and technology transfer and subsidizing the cost of finance of agricultural tractors and inputs by 50%. In addition, all agricultural inputs are exempted from custom duties, business profit tax and other levies. Government support to the livestock sector is focused on infrastructure and support services. To develop the livestock infrastructure, the government will construct hafirs and dams to provide drinking water, and provide production inputs and transfer of technologies. In addition, the government provides mobile clinics and vaccination and inspection campaigns and support livestock research. These policies are anticipated to increase productivity and reduce the cost of production and improve the competitiveness of Sudanese commodities in the internal and international markets. To ensure that producers receive inputs at the subsidized prices, the following actions will be taken:  Guarantee freedom of the private sector to import inputs  Government will arrange a strategic relationships with input producers, especially producers of fertilizer and insecticides  Reform the system of procurement of fertilizer and insecticides including financing policies and terms of competition in tenders. 27 J. Generation of Hydroelectric Power to Reduce Cost of Power Generation from Dams: Project Location Generation capacity Completion date Cost in million US$  Completion of Merewe Dam  Merewe, 350 km north of Khartoum 1250 MW, 10 power generating units Oct. 2009 375  Merewe Irrigation Project (one million feddans)  From the fourth cataract north Dongola 5 years to complete 2000  Heightening of Rosares Dam  Blue Nile 7 years to complete 500  Kenana and Rahad Extensions Projects (1.6 million fed.)  1142  Upper Atbara Dam  Seteit and Atbara River 20 – 30 MW 6 years 800  Upper Atabra Agricultural Project (500,000 fed.)  East Atbaara River and west Kassala 6 years 500  Kajabar Dam  70 km south Halfa 300 MW, 10 generating units 600  Dal Dam  Second cataract, Dal area 340 MW, 8 generating units 937  Sherik Dam  Sherik, Nile State 350 MW, 8 generating units  Dagash Dam  Southern boarder of Mograt Island 285 MW, 8 units  Mograt Dam  North Mograt Island 240 MW, 8 units 767  Sabaloka Dam  Sabaloka, 70 km north of Khartoum 120 MW, 8 units 451  Extension of Generating Station, Sennar  Sennar Dam 45 MW, 3 units 93  Kenana and Rahad Canals Inlets (after heightening Rosares Dam)  Rosares Dam at Kenana and Rahad Canals Inlets 339 MW, 8 units 1815  Fola Dam  38 km from Nimoli 720 MW, 8 units 1360*  Shokli Dam  40 km from Nimoli and 14 km lower Fola Dam 210 MW, 4 units 696*  Laki Dam  72 km from Nimoli and 24 km lower Shokli 210 MW, 4 units 696*  Baden Dam  138 km from Nimoli and 66 km lower Laki 400 MW, 4 units 1600*  Minor Dams  Rural dams at various locations 42.5 MW generated by 6 dams N.A. * Does not include the costs of resettlement of the population and transmission. 28 K. Research Policies Policy Lead Agency (ies) Time Frame Starting from  Set research priorities according to the agricultural revival programme.  Adopt participatory approach for planning and implementation of research involving beneficiaries and other stakeholders.  Permit introduction and adaptation of successful technologies on the basis of scientific criteria agreed upon until the procedures concerning Intellectual Property rights are put in place. High Council for Agricultural Revival Continuous immediately L. Technology Transfer and Extension Policies Policy Lead Agency (ies) Time Frame Starting from  Use the village as a centre for providing agricultural services and finance.  Earmark 15% of the posts approved annually for employing new agricultural graduates to those coming from the villages chosen as centers. MFNE, MAF, MAR and other related parties Complete the study on Dec. implementation in 3 years Jan. 2008  Use mechanical harvesting on a large scale ABS, MAF continuous continuous M. Trade and Agricultural Export Policies Policy Lead Agency (ies) Time Frame Starting from  Benefit from the regional partnership resources made available by WTO for East and South Africa and COMESA countries MFNE continuous Immediately  Cancellation of all levies collected by the states, districts, trade unions and parastatals on commodity exports and inputs.  Distinguish export promotion projects as strategic projects, with privileges granted by the Investment Encouragement Act. MFNE, The states continuous Jan. 2008  Expedite approval of the laws on competition, dumping and organization of foreign trade Export Promotion Agency continuous Jan. 2008 29 N. Empowering Women to Participate in Agricultural and Rural Development Policy Procedures Lead Agency (ies) Time Frame Starting from  Build capacity of women to organize producer and service organizations including small scale processing Generalize the successful experience of rural and bedwin women in the Gezira State to other states MAF, MAR, the states, Ministry of Social Welfare, Women & Children Continuous Feb. 2008  Access women to assets and agricultural services through short term low cost credit Affordable credit guarantees for women and access to subsidized inputs NBS, ABS and commercial banks Continuous Feb. 2008 O. Information and Informatics Policies Policy Lead Agency (ies) Time Frame Starting from  Continue development on information systems through collection, analysis and publication to support policy decisions. Agricultural Sector Ministries Continuous  Development of early warning systems on food security MAF, MAR, related institutions Continuous June 2008 P. Agricultural Cooperation Policies Policy Lead Agency (ies) Time Frame Starting from  Strengthen the role of agricultural cooperation as civil society organizations, and review current laws and by-laws to reflect this fact  Confine the role of the government to capacity building, awareness raising, regulation, research and technology transfer Council of Ministers in consultation with other parties One year First quarter of 2008 Q. Utilization of Idle Capacities in the Agricultural Sector Policy Components Lead Agency (ies) Time Frame  Cancel the leases of an reallocate idle investment projects Identification of idle projects in the rainfed semi-mechanized sector, cancellation of licenses and reallocation to new investors The states 2008 Identification of idle projects in the irrigated sector, cancellation of licenses and reallocation to new investors The states 2008 30 R. Agricultural Processing Policy Lead Agency (ies) Time Frame Starting from  Government financial and technical support to assist small scale household industries to add value MFNE, relevant states Immediately  Plan and establish industrial areas for leather industries States' Governments Immediately  Encourage use of composite flour based on results of the research undertaken by Shambat Food Research Centre MNI, MAF, Shambat Food Research Centre continuous Immediately S. Utilization of Idle Capacities in the Industrial Sector Policy Components Lead Agency (ies) Starting from  Preparation of an emergency programme to utilize idle capacities in the industrial sector  Seek strategic partnerships between the local and foreign private sectors.  Provide investment capital for the programme,  Provide operational capital for the programme.  Protect local industries from dumping. MFNE, MNI 4 years starting Jan. 2008  Form a high committee for utilization of the idle capacities in the industrial sector to oversee the programme Council of Ministers Immediately 5.1.2. Basic Infrastructure The infrastructure considered basic and necessary for a conducive environment for agricultural development include:  Construction of roads, electricity generation and development of communications.  Provision of public services including health care, education, safe water and low cost transportation in production areas.  Scaling up of water harvesting programmes by utilizing rainfall water to recharge underground water reservoirs, develop animal resources, improve pastures and restore range and forest cover.  Construction of water storage and irrigation infrastructure  Ensuring per capita water requirements and provision of irrigation for poverty reduction and food security activities in the rural areas and digging artesian wells along pastoral routes. 31  Intensifying the construction of agricultural roads in rain-fed agricultural areas to facilitate movement of products and inputs.  Establishment of more bridges across the main Nile and the Blue and White Niles to connect agricultural projects with urban centres and facilitate transport of inputs and products.  Activation and utilization of existing idle capacities based on economic and technical feasibility studies  Encouraging the private sector to invest on transport and marketing infrastructure.  Establishment of wholesale markets at the states for fruits, vegetables and livestock according to international standards and implementation of the laws and by-laws which organize and regulate its work, namely sanitary and phytosanitory measures, establishment of information systems and regulation of auctions. 5.2. Capacity Building Low efficiency of manpower is the most important factor contributing to the low agricultural productivity in the country, and it is a major challenge to agricultural revival. This problem is aggravated by the fact that agricultural institutions are deficient in technical and administrative capabilities. Therefore, the agricultural revival programme must focus on building individual and institutional capacities to achieve the following:  Qualitative change in the attitudes of the producers through training and rehabilitation, taking into account the relevant successful experiences, and implementing policies which result in increasing producer income, and thereby encourage producers to stay in and improve their enterprises. This requires implementing the following strategies: o Making finance conditional on the use of improved technologies. o Building the capacities of insurance companies to assist in vertical and horizontal expansion. o Availability of scientific and economic information to help improve the productive and marketing efficiency of producers.  Developing of the capacities of agricultural institutions as to be able to benefit from innovations in technology and management and lead the process of increasing production and productivity.  Updating existing legislation concerning agriculture, livestock and agro-processing and draft new ones aiming at protection and sustainable management of natural resources and supportive of the key factors of success of the agricultural revival. In this context, the follows laws should be ratified and implemented effectively: o Rural development, food security and poverty alleviation Act o Special Safeguard Act 32 o The law on subsidies and assistance to support livelihood in the agricultural sector.  Implement the procedures which aim at making use of the programmes initiated by WTO to help least developed countries benefit from the international trading system, especially access to international markets.  Complete institutional reforms of the irrigated agricultural parastatals taking into account the recommendations of the ministerial committees formed for this purpose and the experience of the Gezira Scheme.  Implement the recommendation of the study on institutional reform of the semi-mechanized rain-fed sector.  Review the organizational structures of the agricultural sector and related sectors to assist these sectors meet the challenges and requirements of the agricultural revival strategy. 55..33.. AAggrriiccuullttuurraall llaanndd uussee The existing procedures and practices which control land use are not conducive to agricultural development. On the contrary these procedures and practices have jeopardized agricultural investment, especially foreign investment. To rectify this situation the following actions should be taken:  Study the existing land laws in consultation with the representatives of rural communities and derive lessons from successful local and international experiences.  Implement land use policies including: o Ratify the Land Commission and law and establish the Land Commission o Complete the land use map for the country o Legalize of land rights of the people and demarcate agricultural lands for each village. o Take stock of the lands free of any titles for allocation to investors. 55..44.. SSuuppppoorrttiinngg SSeerrvviicceess The provision of supporting services, and the rehabilitation and development of the research systems and infrastructure, the training of scientists and building their capacities to cope with the rapid scientific developments at the local, regional and international levels, are key factors for agricultural development. To strengthen and upgrade these support services the following actions must be taken:  Introduce up-to-date equipment and technologies  Fill the shortages in trained scientists and ensure continuity and transfer of knowledge and experiences between generations in the scientific community. 33  Keep scientists abreast of new technologies  Enable research centers to prepare strategies for applied scientific research to serve the revival programme.  Link scientists working in government institutions with those working in educational and scientific research institutes.  Render the village the centre for dissemination of information and distribution of inputs, agricultural services, credit, training and extension through: o Implementation of research on farmers' fields o Strengthen the relationship between extensionists and agricultural researchers. o Train producers on the technological packages to improve agricultural and livestock production. o Adopt and use successful technologies to modernize farming systems and increase productivity. o Conduct educational programmes for sustainable development.  Establish markets equipped with up-to-date technologies to ensure quality control, implementation of sanitary and phytosanitory and food safety measures.  Build capacities in the area of information and communication technologies with a view to supporting the decision making process and disseminating information to producers, scientists and politicians. 55..55.. DDeevveellooppmmeenntt aanndd MMooddeerrnniizzaattiioonn ooff AAggrriiccuullttuurraall SSyysstteemmss Agricultural systems, including infrastructure, policies for resource management, technologies and husbandry practices remained stagnant for long and did not benefit from scientific breakthroughs in agricultural sciences. The revival programme seeks to make use of international technological innovations to improve and modernize these systems through:  Modernization of irrigation systems including the application of agricultural precision technologies.  Improvement of marketing and processing systems to increase the value added.  Adoption of agro-forestry systems for integrating crops and forestry production.  Developing and scaling up of production under protected houses.  Developing tissue culture technology for multiplication of seeds and seedlings of such crops as dates, banana and potatoes. 34 55..66.. PPrrootteeccttiioonn aanndd DDeevveellooppmmeenntt ooff NNaattuurraall RReessoouurrcceess Natural resources are the most valuable assets of the country. If used rationally, these assets could induce sustainable socio-economic development. To play this role, natural resources should be developed and protected with a view to meeting the needs of the present and future generations. This requires:  Development of forests, range and pastures and restoration of the vegetative cover.  Rational land use to maintain soil fertility, prevent soil erosion and combat desertification.  Development of the gum arabic belt.  Maintenance and use of biodiversity.  Management and protection of the environment from pollution.  Facilitating the use of natural gas as a substitute for wood on a large scale in the rural areas.  Promoting competition between the states in achieving high records of reafforestation and protection of the environment through the "Green State" initiative advocated by the National Forest Corporation. 55..77.. AAggrriiccuullttuurraall IInndduussttrriiaalliizzaattiioonn Agricultural industrialization adds value to agricultural commodities, increase revenues from agricultural enterprises and strengthens the forward and backward linkages between the agricultural and industrial sectors through the complementarily of production chains, specialization, product differentiation and quality control. To achieve a breakthrough in agricultural industrialization, the following actions must be taken:  Build the capacities of the agricultural sector through local processing and importation of basic agricultural inputs.  Improve the forward and backward linkages between the agricultural and industrial sectors with a special emphasis on agro- based and agricultural and livestock food industries which add the highest values to the gross domestic product, and on small scale rural industries.  Rehabilitate and modernize idle capacities in the agro-based industries with a view to achieving technical and economic efficiency. Special focus will be on food, weaving, textile, skin and hides and leather industries. 55..88.. IImmpplleemmeennttaattiioonn ooff QQuuaalliittyy aanndd FFoooodd SSaaffeettyy SSttaannddaarrddss In spite of the increased awareness of the necessity to comply with food safety and quality standards and the implication of that for the flow of Sudanese products in regional and international markets, the food regulatory bodies are technically weak and inefficient. 35 The law for establishing and accreditation council is yet to be issued. This delays issuance of the certificates of compliance with food safety standards of locally produced and imported commodities, and jeopardizes customer welfare. To correct this situation, the following actions must be taken:  Expedite issuance of the accreditation law.  Link the focal point for the Codex Alementaruis in the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry with the Agricultural Research Corporation and the Livestock Research Corporation.  Establish the National Council on Codex Alementaruis in the MSSO.  Adopt the system: "Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP)" which ensures food safety at all points in the food chain from the stage of production to final intake by the consumer.  Develop and enforce legislations on food safety and coordinate between the regulatory bodies implementing these legislations.  Develop national laboratories and build the capacities of the associated technical staff to be able to conduct the necessary analyses and be accredited internationally as reference laboratories. 55..99.. IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall PPaarrttnneerrsshhiippss International partnerships are important instruments for implementing the projects and programmes of the agricultural revival. These partnerships are envisaged to realize all or part of the following objectives:  Provide or facilitate finance.  Enable the country to compete effectively in international markets.  Transfer new technologies and management systems.  Increase productivity and quantity and quality of production.  Increase efficiency and productivity of national producers  Realize self-sufficiency in strategic commodities on the basis of technical, economic and social feasibility. To achieve successful and effective partnerships, the followings are considered prerequisite:  Design a special programme under the leadership of the presidency to supervise the implementation of these partnerships including making contacts with the leaders of the targeted countries and chief executive officers of multi-national companies. 36 6. The Action Plan for Programmes and Projects (2008 – 2011) Table 1 shows the total cost of the action plan for the agricultural revival programme during the period 2008 – 2011. This cost includes the approved budget for 2008: whether approved through the public budgetary process or provided from resources availed specifically for the revival programme from the unallocated capital transfers earmarked for the northern states. The total cost of development programmes is estimated at 1.3 billion Sudanese Pound in 2008 (committed in the budget). The required appropriation for 2009 are estimated at 1.34 billion SP and will decline, gradually, to 1.1 billion and 1.0 billion SP in 2010 and 2011 respectively. The breakdown of the cost shows that investment on infrastructure ranks first claiming 39.4% of the development expenditure of the programme in 2008, followed by food security, poverty reduction and rural development, in the second place at 34.4%, development and protection of the environment at 9.8%, in the third place, supporting services in the fourth place at 7.5%, and marketing and export infrastructure in the fifth place at 6.6%. Capacity building, improvement and modernization of production systems and the commodity development councils account for 1.3% of the development budget. Programme Approved 8002 8002 8000 8000 Total %share of Programs (8002 ) Infrastructure 7.431 765 745 765 880820 .934%  Water harvesting 14535 145 155 95 02620 1539%  Irrigation & water Resources 65436 .75 455 475 002026 6135%  Agric. Roads & Bridges 15137 75 45 .5 80022 737% Capacity Building 435 7 . 6 0020 53.% Support services 1513. 175 95 75 00024 737% Information and informatics 1635 16 15 7 0220 136% Food security 46736 455 .55 675 000128 .434% Marketing and export 9536 155 55 65 44028 636% Development & Modernization of Agricultural Systems 637 15 5 6 4022 537% Protection and Development of Natural Resources 1..35 95 75 77 40222 935% Commodity Development Council 435 4 4 4 0620 53.% Total 042120 0404 0002 0000 020220 000% 37 66..11.. PPllaannnneedd EExxppeennddiittuurree oonn tthhee AAggrriiccuullttuurraall SSeeccttoorr DDuurriinngg 22000088 –– 22001111 Table 2 shows budget allocations for 2008, estimates of expenditures for subsequent years, seasonal subsidies for the agricultural sector, finance from the banking sector, the balance of unallocated appropriations, finance by donors and self finance. Although the figures are self- explanatory, the following observations provide a useful summary of the table:  The total cost of the programme in 2008 amounts to 2905.15 million SP, increasing gradually until it reaches 3422.74 million SP in 2011.  The total budgetary allocation including donor contribution amounts to 2365 million SP in 2008 and will increase gradually to a maximum of 2694 million SP in 2011.  Government financial contribution is estimated at 1279.4 million SP in 2008 and will decrease steadily to reach 764 million SP in 2011.  Donor contribution will increase gradually from 286 million SP in 2008 to 380 million SP in 2011. This includes grants and borrowing from regional and international financial institutions to finance projects.  Subsidies to the crop and livestock sectors will decline with the anticipated improvement in infrastructure and supporting services from 208 million SP in 2008 to 120 million SP in 2011.  Bank finance will increase by 25% annually from 800 million SP to 1560 million SP in the final year.  Finance from farmers' own resources is estimated at 540 million SP in 2008, and will increase gradually to a maximum of 719 million SP in 2011. However, self-financing could exceed this target due to the expected increases in productivity and improvement of the capacities of the producers to finance their agricultural operations.  Government contributions will decrease gradually from 44% in 2008 to 22.3% in the last year, while bank financing will increase from 27.5% to 45.6%, and donor financing will increase from 9.9% to 11.1%, and self-financing will increase from 18.6% to 21.0% during the same period. The decline in government contribution and the simultaneous increase in bank financing will take place because the expenditure on irrigation infrastructure will be completed. What will remain to be financed by the government are the maintenance costs, repayment of cost of finance, capital installments and cost of support services. The establishment of the risk management fund and the spread of agricultural insurance on a wide scale will provide the producer with enough guarantee to access credit from commercial banks. 38 Table 2 Approved Expenditures for 2008 and estimates for 2009 – 2011 (in million SP): Programme Approved 8002 8002 8000 8000 Total Programmes & Projects 1.7731 1.4. 1157 1514 020220 Agricultural Subsidies 65535 155 165 165 66535 Bank Finance 55535 1555 1675 1765 461535 Total Cost 6.6731 676. 6717 6694 1559731 Details of Finance 695731 .11735 .16534 .46637 1661.36 Government 167934 1655.7 91936 76..7 417135 Commercial Banks 55535 1555 1675 1765 461535 Foreign Contribution 65737 .143. .47.5 .553. 1.6631 Self Finance 74535 794 67.34 71537 675631 % Contribution by Source Government % 4435 .537 69.5 663. - Banks % 6737 .631 .937 4736 - Foreign % 9.9 1531 1539 1131 - Self Finance % 1536 1931 6536 6135 - Table 3 shows the components and objectives of the projects included in the programme which include water harvesting and irrigation projects, feeder roads, ferries, capacity building, support services and capacity building in information and communication technologies. It also shows food security, poverty reduction and rural development projects, marketing infrastructure and export promotion projects, and projects for development and modernization of agricultural and livestock systems, protection and development of natural resources, and operational expenditure for running the commodity development councils. 39 Table 3 Objectives and Components of the Agricultural Revival Programme Area of Intervention/ Project Objectives Components Cost in million SP Water Harvesting  Using rainfall and annual streams for supplementary irrigation.  Provision of drinking water for humans and animals.  Restoration of plant and tree cover.  Construction of 1000 dams at the rate of 250 per year and rehabilitation of 150 dams.  Construction of 5 thousand hafirs and rehabilitation of 1000 hafirs.  Installation of 750 filtres. 486 Irrigation Projects  Increasing irrigated areas and intensification  Increasing hydroelectric power  Heightening of Rosares Dam and construction of Setit Dam  Establishment of new irrigation projects, rehabilitation and electrification of existing projects 1484.6 Feeder roads, ferries and livestock routes  Linking production areas with markets; connecting west and east banks in Nile states to facilitate marketing products and inputs  Paving 2000 km of all weather roads 241.5 Capacity building  Building the capacity of the producers and their organizations to assume leadership role in agricultural production  Training of producers 14.0 Supporting services  Improving production and product quality for competition in domestic and international markets  Technology transfer centers, crop protection and animal health services; agric. and livestock extension services; agric. and livestock research, information and communication technologies 411.3 Capacity building of Information Institutions and Informatics  Availability of information to support decision making  Complete Agricultural census  Agricultural and livestock annual surveys 49 40 Area of Intervention/ Project Objectives Components Cost in million SP Food Security, poverty Reduction and rural Development  Improve standards of living and social welfare through reducing poverty, sustainable production and risk management  Programmes and projects in rural development areas 1417.2 Marketing and Export Infrastructure  Reduction of the cost of production and application of the quality standards to enhance competitiveness of production in local and international markets  Storage facilities, rehabilitation of markets, ginneries, abattoirs 330.2 Development and Modernization of Agricultural Systems  Increase productive efficiency of existing projects  Introduction of new improved technology  Irrigated and rain-fed intensive pilot farms (crops and livestock) 30.5 Development and Protection of Natural Resources  Rational use and sustainable development of natural resources  Preparation of land use maps, broadcasting of pasture seeds, rehabilitation of the gum arabic belt, reafforestation and control of desertification.. etc 348.8 Commodity Development Councils  Integration of the commodity production, marketing, export and consumption chain to improve the competitiveness of the Sudanese commodities  Establishment of development councils for commodities and commodity groups 16.0 Total 4819.1 66..22.. AApppprroovveedd PPrrooggrraammmmeess aanndd PPrroojjeeccttss ffoorr 22000088:: The following part of the document presents the action plan for the programmes and projects included in the 2008 government budget concerning agricultural sector ministries and corporations at the federal and state levels. In addition, the figures also show the financial allocations specified for the programmes and projects from the unallocated capital transfers to the northern states within the framework of the Agricultural Revival Programme. 41 The concerned authorities are obliged to prepare the programmes and projects for the years 2009 – 2011 in accordance with the financial allocation proposed for the revival programmes, and within the available resources. This will ensure that the annual action plans are operational and implementable. 6.2.1. Infrastructure Programmes 6.2.1.1. Water & Irrigation Projects These projects contribute to socio-economic development because it provide the basic services needed for the settlement of rural communities, including water harvesting from rainfall and dams for drinking and supplementary irrigation. Irrigation and water harvesting projects include heightening of Roseries Dam, rehabilitation of Khor Abu Habil, development of Idd El Fersan, Rehaid El Birdi, Umbayada and Abu Hamra agricultural projects. The total cost amounts to 148 million SP as can be seen in table 4. Table 4 : Water Harvesting Projects Name of Project Location Executing Body Approved 2008 Un- allocated Total Cost 2008 Dams and Reservoirs  States Private sector through Bank 30 90 120 Rehabilitation of Abu Habil North Kordofan 8 0 8 Idd El Fersan & Rehaid El Burdi South Darfur 10 0 10 Umbayada North Darfur 5 0 5 Abu Hamra North Darfur 5 0 5 Total  58 90 148 42 B. Irrigation Projects Table 5 presents 19 irrigation projects by location, executing agency and the allocated funds Table 5: Irrigation Projects Name of Project Location Executin g Agency Approved 2008 Un- allocated Total 2008 Lower Gates of Rosares Dam National MIWR 7.5 0 7.5 Underground Reservoir of Nubian Aquifer National MIWR 537 5 537 Rehabilitation of Rahad irrig. Infra. National MIWR 1935 5 1935 Rehabilitation of Supplementary Pumps in Khashm El Girba National MIWR 135 5 135 Using X-ray to develop water resources National MIWR 531 5 531 Rehabilitation of Rosares Upper Gates National MIWR 135 5 135 Heightening of Rosares Dam National MIWR 156 5 156 Rehabilitation of Gezira Infrastructure National MIWR .737 5 .737 Rehabilitation of Esuki Corporation National MIWR 6.36. 5 6.36. Rehabilitation of Irrigation Infra. In Irrigated Projects National MIWR 64317 5 64317 The Tenth Inspectorate in Rahad National MIWR 635 5 635 Rehabilitation of Irrigation Pumps Nile, White Nile, Sennar & Northern states MIWR 7 5 7 Completion of New Halfa Rehabilitation National MIWR 135 5 135 Rehabilitation/Regrou ping of White Nile Schemes White Nile State MIWR 65 5 65 Blue Nile Pump Schemes Projects Blue Nile State MIWR 15 5 15 43 Tokar Delta Rehabilitation Project Red Sea State MIWR 17 5 17 East Soba and Eseleit Project Khartoum State MIWR . 5 . West Soba and Gamuya Projects Khartoum State MIWR . 5 . Rehabilitation of Pumps and Irrigation Infra. in Hilalia Gezira State MIWR 15 5 15 Eastern Nile Basin Projects National MIWR 5375 5 5375 Total 820202 0 820202 6.2.1.2. Feeder roads, ferries and bridge: Feeder roads and bridges across rivers play an important role in linking production areas with inputs and product markets. Traditional and semi- mechanized rainfed sector states lack weather rural roads, white Nile states, lack bridges to link their west and east banks. A total of 101.5 million SP has been approved in 2008 budget: 98 million SP for rural roads and 3.5 million SP for bridges (table 6). Table 6: Cost of Rural Roads, Ferries and Barrages (million SP) The Project Component Executi ng Agency Approve d 2008 Non allocate d Total 2008 Rural roads Earth roads usable year-round identified by the states The states 5 95.. 95.. Ferries and Bridges Identified in the Green Mobilization Plan Nile State 5 .37 .37 Total 5 15137 15137 6.2.1.3. Livestock routes and pastoralist camps: Pastoralists migrate seasonally along recognized routes between rainy season grazing areas in the north (poor savannah and semi-desert sandy areas) and summer season areas in the south (rich savannah clay lands). This important migration necessitates opening livestock routes and temporary camping areas and the provision of services to pastoralists, including drinking water for pastoralists and their animals, education, health care, sanitary services and animal breeding for improving the herds. These routes and camps are vital for reducing conflicts over resources between farmers and pastoralists and will help encourage settlement of the nomads in the future. 44 Table 7: Livestock Routes and Camping Areas: The Project Component Executing Agency Approve d 2008 Non allocated Total 2008 Legalization and development of pastoralists routes Opening routes, wells, dams, hafirs, services The Presidency Ministry of Federal Government, the states, relevant ministries Using budgets for committees and development budgets in the states 6.2.2. Building the Capacities of Producers and their Institutions: The 2008 government budget includes 4 million SP allocated for a programme designed to introduce qualitative changes in farmers and pastoralists with the objective of preparing them for the leadership of the agricultural work. This programme consists of training activities and the preparation of the necessary laws and by-laws needed to support the desired change (see table 8). Table 8: Programmes for the Qualitative Change of the Producers: The Project Component Executing body (ies) Cost in million SP Approved Un- allocated Total Qualitative change of farmers, pastoralists and agro-processors  Drafting a law to replace farmers and pastoralist Act, 1992  Preparation of training programmes for capacity building  Implementation of approved budgets Farmers' and pastoralists' unions, other relevant bodies. MAF, MAR, MOIW, pastorals, MFNE 535 135 135 Training and capacity building in federal and state ministries in project preparation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, choice of crop mix, information and communication technologies, policy analysis and marketing  Availability of finance  Preparation of training modules   Implementation of the programme Agricultural sector ministries, Ministry of National Industry, state ministries 535 135 135 45 The Project Component Executing body (ies) Cost in million SP Approved Un- allocated Total Training of agricultural machinery users on mechanization of different operations.  Training modules  Availability of finance MAF, state ministries of agriculture 535 135 135 Encourage and support formation of qualitative producer organizations dealing with production and marketing  Awareness raising and capacity building  Implementation of pilot programmes MAF, MAR, state ministries, private sector 535 537 537 Ranking of farmers on the basis of productivity and targeting farmers with poor yield records for change to successful producers  Articulation of a package of incentives Management of pastoral sector ministries 535 534 534 Capacity building of agricultural managers Programme for development of innovative agricultural management implemented by universities.  Training and capacity building in agricultural management A committee from MAF, MAR, Ministry of Labour for follow up 535 531 531 Total 535 435 435 6.2.3. Support Services Projects: The total allocations approved for agricultural support services in 2008 budget amount to 101 million SP. These projects include the implementation of the "Village as a centre for dissemination of knowledge and distribution of agricultural services" Programme which targets 500 villages to begin with; continue the establishment of technology transfer centres; rehabilitation of the horticultural sub-sector, building of data and information basis, support of the infrastructure for crop protection, agricultural, livestock and agro-industrial research .. etc as can be seen in table 9. 46 Table 9: Support Services Projects: (million SP) Project/Programme Location Executing body (ies) Approve d Un- allocated Total The village as a centre for services and agricultural knowledge (500 villages in 2008) The states The states, relevant federal ministries 5 1535 1535 Technology transfer centers (crops) Rain-fed sector states MAF, the states ... 5 .35 Technology transfer centers (livestock) Rain-fed sector states MAF, the states 5 . .35 Rehabilitation of the horticultural sub-sector The states MAR, the states 637 5 637 Agricultural planning, economics and surveys National MAF, the states 135 5 135 Rehabilitation of the crop production infrastructure National MAF .37 5 .37 Agricultural Investment Development Centre National MAF 5364 5 5364 Provision of vaccines National MAR 637 5 637 Development of the National Fishery Centre National MAR 135 5 135 Control of epidemics National MAR 1531 5 1531 Control of poaching National MAR 135 5 135 Rehabilitation of quality control labs. National MAR 137 5 137 Veterinary clinics National MAR 635 5 635 National project for control of epidemic diseases and animal health National MAR, the states Using approved projects' budget in 2008 Starting 2009 Animal production training centres and artificial insemination National MAR 135 5 135 Rehabilitation of drug control lab. National MAR 131 5 131 Rehabilitation of fish pilot farms National MAR 135 5 135 47 Project/Programme Location Executing body (ies) Approve d Un- allocated Total Improvement of livestock breeds and control of genetic components and characteristics National MAR 636 5 636 Improvement of leather production National MAR 537 5 537 National project for improvement of animal health National MAR, the states 15 5 15 Vaccination of the national herd National MAR 65 5 65 Research priority setting studies based on needs of the revival programme National M\ST 5 635 635 Rehabilitation of agricultural research corporation centers National MST 635 537 637 Rehabilitation of livestock research corporation centers National MST 737 537 635 Central lab. National MST 637 5 637 Introduction of new production technologies National MAF, MAR, MST 5 135 135 Development of the industrial research infrastructure National MST 5 735 735 Total 12240 88 000240 6.2.4. Information and Informatics: Table 10 presents programmes and projects on information and informatics which are planned for implementation in 2008 budget. Most important of these programmes is the comprehensive agricultural census (crop and livestock sectors) which takes three years to complete, in addition to building capacities in data and information bases and preparation of studies and research. 48 Table 10: Programmes and Projects on Information and Informatics Project/Program me Location Executing body (ies) Approve d Un- alloca ted Total Agricultural census All states MAF, MAR, the states, districts nations bureau of statistic 5 1535 1535 Strategic information and studies base National including all northern states MFNE, Council of Ministers, MAR, MAF .35 5 .35 Planning and field economic surveys All states MAF 135 5 135 Research on Blue Nile State Blue Nile State Blue Nile State 635 5 635 Household expenditure, consumption and livelihood studies All states Central bureau of statistics, MFNE, MAR, Ministry of Social Affairs 5 5 To be referred to the studies and technical assistance unit, MFNE Total   620 0020 0620 6.2.5. Food Security and Poverty Reduction Projects: Table 11 shows programmes and projects on food security, poverty reduction and rural development. The cost of these projects approved in 2008 amounts to 467 million SP. These projects cover all parts of the country. Implementation is expected to bring about improvements in the living conditions of the people and their stay in the productive sector, through increasing productivity and reduction of the costs of production. 49 Table 11: Programmes and Projects on Food Security, Poverty Reduction and Rural Development (million SP): Project/Programme Location Executing body (ies) Approve d Un- allocated Total National Wheat Programme Northern, Nile and White Nile states MAF 6793.5 5 6793.5 National Rice Project White Nile State MAF 135 5 135 Special Programme for Food Security Khartoum, North Kordofan and White Nile MAF .37 5 .37 Integrated Information System for Supporting Decision Making in Food Security Federal and State Government MAF, the states and other concerned bodies 1137 5 1137 Risk management and Agricultural Insurance National National Fund for Risk Management 735 5 735 Regeneration of Systems of Livelihood in Gash Kassala State Kassala State 1.37 5 1.37 Blue Nile Development Project Blue Nile State Blue Nile State .35 5 .35 Development of Irrigated Agriculture (Rahad, Taiba ElKemir, ElHurga) Gezira, Gedarif 1535 5 15 Provision of improved seeds to farmers free of charge Rain-fed sector states MAF, concerned states 67 5 67 Drought amelioration and food security North Kordofan North Kordofan State 16 5 16 Drought amelioration and food security North Darfur North Darfur State 437 5 437 Drought amelioration and food security Greater Darfur Greater Darfur 45 5 45 50 Project/Programme Location Executing body (ies) Approve d Un- allocated Total North Kordofan Rural Development North Kordofan North Kordofan State 636 5 636 South Kordofan Rural Development South Kordofan South Kordofan State 731 5 731 Khor klbob Red Sea State Red Sea State 5317 5 5317 Jebal Marra Rural Development Project West and South Darfur West and South Darfur states 5 5 5 Rural Development in Gedarif State Gedarif State Gedarif State 5 5 5 Um Agag Agricultural Project South Darfur South Darfur 7 5 7 Food Security in Red Sea State Red Sea State Red Sea State 1536 5 1536 Rural Development in Nuba Lake Northern State Northern State 635 5 6 Rehabilitation of Basic Infrastructure Southern Sudan Government of Southern Sudan 15 5 15 Improvement of Farmers' Income Rain-fed Sector states Rain-fed Sector states 14 5 14 Totals 061284 0 061284 6.2.6. Agricultural Marketing and Export Promotion Infrastructure: acknowledging the importance of agricultural marketing and export promotion infrastructure in improving incomes of producers through providing easy access to markets, 90 million SP have been allocated in 2008 for rehabilitation and development of marketing infrastructure for crops and livestock (table 12). 51 Table 12: Programmes and Projects for Agricultural Marketing and Export Promotion (million SP): Project/Programm e Location Executing body (ies) Approv ed Un- allocated Total Rehabilitation of ginneries National Parastatals 17 5 17 Rabak Silo National National Strategic Reserve Authority 65 5 65 Establishment and Rehabilitation of Quarantines and Slaughter Houses National MAR 1. 5 1.35 Improvement of Production And Marketing of Livestock in Rain-fed Areas National, with emphasis on Sennar, Blue Nile, White Nile and North Kordofan states MAR in collaboration with states 736 5 736 Survey and control of diseases hampering exports National MAR 735 5 735 Rehabilitation of Inspection and Vaccination Centers National MAR, states 5 5 5 Establishment of wholescale fruits and vegetables markets with all related services States MAR, states 5 537 537 Establishment of wholescale livestock markets States MAR, states 5 537 537 Strategic Belt for Livestock Exports National MAR, states 5 1. 1. Total 1628 00 202. 6.2.7. Development and Modernization of Agricultural Systems: Development and modernization programmes and projects for agricultural systems consist of programmes for settlement of the nomads, introduction of new agricultural enterprises and technologies in Gezira Scheme, preparation of new modalities of irrigated and rain-fed ranches, adoption of zero tillage technology and aquaculture. The total budgetary allocations for 2008 amounts to 6.5 million SP (table 13). 52 The main objective behind water harvesting and irrigated and rain-fed ranches is to create an environment conducive to the settlement of pastoralists and provide the necessary services beside water, range and pastures. Studies would be undertaken to determine the livestock carrying capacity at each site with a view to ensuring the sustainable management of the resources. Table 13: Programmes and Projects for the Development and Modernization of Agricultural and Livestock Systems: Project/Programme Components Executing body (ies) Approved Un- allocated Total Improvement and modernization of agricultural systems in Gezira Scheme Pilot farms in three locations in the Gezira Scheme Gezira Scheme 5 .37 * .37 Irrigated Pilot Pasture Farm Permanent irrigation, production of fodder, Genetic improvement of livestock MAR, private sector 5 537 Evaluation, Studies 537 Rain-fed Pilot Pasture Farm Supplementary irrigation, fodder production MAR, states 5 537 Evaluation, Studies 537 Zero Tillage Technology in mechanized rainfed sector Planters, Harvesters, inputs, others Private sector, relevant ministries, banks 5 5 5 Agro-forestry Piloting - National Forestry Corporation 135 5 135 Fish culture and water living organisms Infrastructure, finance Private sector in collaboration with MAR 135 5 135 Total 820 022 622 6.2.8. Development and Protection of Natural Resources: Important programmes for the development and protection of natural resources have been included in 2008 budget. These projects include the preparation of land use maps, the desert control programme, pasture seeds broadcasting, the reafforestation programme, and natural resources management. The total cost of these programmes amount to 134 million SP as shown in table 14. 53 Table 14: Programmes and Projects on Protection and Development of Natural Resources: Project/Programme Location Executing body (ies) Approve d Un- allocated Total Preparation of land use maps National MAF, the states 135 5 135 Desertification control programme National MAF, the states 5 735 735 National seeds broadcasting Rain-fed sector states MAF, the states 135 5 135 Natural resources management in West Sudan Greater Kordofan, Greater Darfur Greater Kordofan, Greater Darfur states 1735 5 1735 Butana integrated rural development Gedarif, Kassala, Nile, Gezira, Khartoum states MAF, MAR, relevant states 75 5 75 Rehabilitation of the Gum Arabic Belt Gum Arabic producing states MAF, the states 45 5 45 The Green March Project 7 5 7 National Forests Corporation projects National National Forests Corporation 135 5 135 Afforestation of 5% of the area of the irrigated projects National National Forests Corporation, parastatals, states 5 435 435 Afforestation of 10% of the area of the rain-fed projects National National Forests Corporation, , states 5 4 435 National Afforestation Programme National National Forests Corporation, , states 5 735 735 Green State Project National MAF, states Awareness campaign on importance of development of natural resources National, states National Forests Corporation, relevant authorities 5 5 5 National plan for environmental management National Ministry of Environment, international organizations Total 00422 80 04422 54 7. Key Agricultural Revival Projects 77..11.. SSttrraatteeggiicc PPaarrttnneerrsshhiippss:: These projects intended to keep up with international developments in production, processing and trade. The implementation of these projects requires the identification of studies to be undertaken through international partnerships between the local and international private sector based on:  Specification of local components and comparative advantage of local production to be presented to selective potential partners.  identify the needs for and the specifications of the commodities required by the selected partners. Table 15: Strategic Partnerships projects: Field of Partnership Partner preference/ Comparative Advantage Location Advantages Objectives Outcome Large scale production Wheat production Northern, Nile, Gezira states Suitable soils, adequate water, political will for self- sufficiency, favourable climate, technology available To produce three million tons  Self-sufficiency  Surplus for exports  Improve producers' incomes. Production, marketing and processing Cotton production Gezira and irrigated projects, Nuba Mountains, semi- mechanized rainfed lands Quantities and quality as required by the partner Lint for partner's market. Oil for the local market.  Increase in production.  Increase farmers' income by 30%. Production and Marketing Rice Production White Nile, Gezira, Southern Sudan (Aweil) Quantities and quality as required by the partner Local market. Export market  Improve farmers' incomes.  Self-sufficiency Surplus for export Production, Marketing and Processing Sugar and sugar by- products Existing White Nile projects and Upper Nile projects 350 thousand feddans available International markets. Local market. Sugar-based feeds  Revitalization of existing projects.  Increase farmers' incomes 55 Bio-energy Field of Partnership Partner preference/ Comparative Advantage Location Advantages Objectives Outcome Production, processing and Marketing Green and dry fodder, fattening of livestock and sheep, vegetables & concentrates Halfa Agricultural Corporation 300-400 thousand feddans Local market. Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states and other international markets.  Increase farmers' incomes and export earnings Production, processing and Marketing Dates Expansion in area under dates in the northern eastern and central regions Conducive ecological conditions from the north to altitude 13 (Sennar). Accumulated experience. Markets. Planting 4 million high quality introduced date varieties. Raise awareness about dates as a source of food security in Red Sea, Kordofan and Darfur.  Satisfy local market needs for high quality dates.  Target international markets. Developing production and post- harvest handling and Marketing Export of banana Sennar, kassala, Blue Nile states Conducive climate. High productivity and quality Proximity to Arab Region  Increasing producers' incomes and export earnings Production, Marketing and processing Sheep Rahad and Gezira Schemes, North Kordofan 30 thousand feddans irrigated farms. 100 thousand feddans rain- fed ranches Saudi Arabia, Gulf states, Egypt, East Asian countries  Increasing producers' incomes and export earnings Production, Marketing and processing Satisfaction of export markets according to standards North Gedarif, North Kordofan states Rain-fed ranches in 100 thousand feddans Saudi Arabia, Gulf states, Egypt, East Asian countries  Increasing export earnings Production, Marketing and processing Availability of Fish Nubian and Merwe Dam Lakes Capacity of one thousand tons annually Local markets  Increasing incomes of fisher folks.  Self-sufficiency Production, Marketing and processing Fish culture farms in 750 feddans Red Sea State 30000 tons lobster 40000 tons tuna International markets US$ 400 million export proceeds 56 65000 tons fish feeds 77..22.. OOtthheerr KKeeyy PPrroojjeecctt:: The following projects present investment opportunities where the country enjoys a comparative advantage in the production of certain goods or services which have fast growing international markets:  Privatization of veterinary services: this project aims at the privatization of diagnostic and treatment veterinary services, control of epidemic diseases, provision of simple equipment, transfer of technology, veterinary drugs and veterinary extension. The ultimate objective is to increase the productive efficiency and improve marketing performance. The preparations for the project will start during 2008 through a project entitled "support of livestock production and experimental marketing" in the traditional rain-fed area. The project will start as a pilot stage in North Kordofan State and, after evaluation, will be scaled up to include Blue Nile and Sinnar states. In the medium and long terms the project will cover the other states.  Projects meant to develop animal production systems as irrigated and rain-fed farms.  Projects for the development of the poultry industry.  Fish culture projects in fresh and marine waters.  Projects on cereals (wheat, sorghum, maize, rice, for food security and biofuel production.  Production of biofuel (ethanol) from sorghum, starting with sweet sorghum.  Production and processing of milk and its derivatives.  Production of a variety of fruits and vegetables in Jabel Marra, Western Darfur.  Meat production and processing.  Organic food production and processing for export.  Accreditation, registration and promotion of exports of commodities produced free of chemicals, such as sesame, groundnuts, karkade and traditional water melon.  Sugar beets for production of sugar for local and international markets and for biofuel production.  Large scale farms using zero tillage technology in the rain-fed sector.  Local production of agricultural inputs including seeds, fertilizer, insecticides, vaccines and veterinary drugs, agricultural and livestock machinery and equipment. 57  Skins and hides processing and leather industries.  Promotion of the exports of fruits and vegetables such as bananas, mangoes and grape fruits.  Agricultural services companies for provision of agricultural inputs and new appropriate technologies.  Cut flowers for export.  Green pasture development. The scale of production and the markets targeted, the location of the projects and the factors of success are shown in table 16. Table 16: Other Key Projects: Area Targeted scale of production Production areas Advantages Targeted markets Rain-fed ranches for sheep 1.2 million heads West Kordofan (100 thousand fed. In Gubeish). Gedarif (600 thousand fed.) Good breeds Plenty of natural pastures Saud Arabia and other Arab states. Local market Poultry industry (broilers, egg laying, mothers) 40 million broilers. 1 billion eggs Khartoum, Gezira, White Nile, Red Sea Availability of inputs ie feeds, electricity Local market Neighbouring countries Production of cereals and oil seeds 10 billion tons: 6 billion oil seeds, 4 billion cereals Gedarif, Blue Nile, Sennar, White Nile, Upper Nile, Southern Jordofan Extensive good lands. Favourable climatic conditions International market Local market Fish culture (1200 farms in 6000 fed.) 15000 tons Fresh water in Khartoum and White Nile states Suitable fish species Local market Export Production of ethanol from sorghum Rainfed areas in all relevant states Successful sorghum production in all states. Potential for increase of area and yields. Learning from international experience. International market Local market 58 Area Targeted scale of production Production areas Advantages Targeted markets Dairy Industry 10000 tons per day Khartoum, Gezira, White Nile Availability of feeds, markets and infrastructure Local market Organic production of fruits and vegetables 10000 ton vegetables 10000 ton fruits Khartoum, Gezira, Kassala, Sennar, Nile, Northern states Availability of water and land. Infrastructure European markets Sugar beets 50000 ton Gezira, Nile states Availability of water and land. Infrastructure European markets Zero Tillage technology 1 million feddans Gedarif, Blue Nile Availability of land and water. Successful experience. Export Local market Hides and skins industry 1 million pieces per month Khartoum and South Darfur states Raw hides and skins Export Local market The implementation of these projects requires the following:  Preparation of technical and economic feasibility studies.  Guarantee of financing and profit incentives.  Allocation of land free of any restrictions or objections.  Cooperation between the government and the private sector to seek foreign partners. 59 8. Agricultural Commodities Development Council 88..11.. JJuussttiiffiiccaattiioonnss ffoorr tthhee eessttaabblliisshhmmeenntt ooff tthhee ccoouunncciill:: Many countries have used agricultural commodities councils to promote their economic and social development. This approach is particularly appropriate for commodity-dependent countries like the Sudan because it facilitates the integration of all the activities in the commodity chain by coordinating between all the stakeholders involved in production, marketing, export and consumption of that commodity. The focus will be made on certain commodities chosen on the basis of the comparative advantage enjoyed by the Sudan in the production of these commodities, the magnitude of the local and international demand and the competitiveness in local and international markets. The commodities chosen are characterized by the ability to induce regional and national economic and social development. The programmes for the development of commodities consists of establishing a development council for each commodity or group of related commodities, implementing a package of incentives for the producers, development of research programmes and improvement of marketing. The advantages of this approach are the following:  The development of some commodities induces socio-economic development in wide geographical areas.  Efficient use of financial and technological resources  A forum for all the stakeholders in the commodity chain promotes cooperation, integration and help in reaching a common understanding of strategies and requirements for development.  This approach ensures sustainable of production of the commodity because it strengths all the components of the commodity chain: research, production, marketing, processing, export.  It has a direct effect on poverty reduction and therefore it can easily get government and donor finance.  It is a quick and easily monitorable way of achieving the objective of development.  The commodity focus helps in achieving quality standards and training of producers. The following commodities will be focused on:  Sorghum: it is widely spread across the country and in all farming systems, especially in the central and western parts of the country. It plays a crucial role in food security. 60  Millet: grown mainly in Kordofan and Darfur states where it constitutes the main food crop.  Gum Arabic and forestry products: while gum Arabic prevails in different areas in the central and western parts of the country, it is concentrated in the so-called Gum Arabic Belt where five million people depend on it as a means of livelihood.  Wheat: produced mainly in the Northern State, Nile State and the Gezira Scheme.  Cotton and other fiber crops: cotton is produced mainly in the irrigated schemes with good potentials for expansion in rainfed areas in the Nuba Mountains, Gedarif and the Blue Nile.  Oilseeds: the most important oilseeds are sesame, groundnuts and sunflower. It is produced in central and western Sudan.  Watermelon and karkade: produced in Kordofan and Darfur.  Fruits and vegetables: vegetables (tomatoes, onion, potatoes) and tropical fruits (pineapple, papaya, coffee, tea, cassava .. etc) and fruits including mangoes, bananas, date palms, citruses. Fruits and vegetables grow in different parts of the country and are labour- intensive crops.  Pulses and spices (broad beans, lentils, lubia, garlic, etc).  Green fodders.  Medicinal and aromatic plants and cut flowers.  Sugar crops (sugar cane and sugar belt).  Livestock (cattle, sheep, goats, camels): livestock products are high value commodities produced by large groups of producers in all parts of the country, especially the western and eastern parts.  Milk.  Poultry  Fish  Wildlife  Other promising commodities (soya beans, kinola). 88..22.. CCoonnssttiittuuttiioonn ooff tthhee CCoommmmooddiittyy CCoouunncciillss:: A commodity council will be established for each commodity or a group of related commodities consisting of:  A chairman with long and rich experience in the issues of the commodity in question.  Members representing the different stages of the commodity chain: researchers, producers, processors, service providers.  A rapporteur and secretariat for each council. 61 The chairman and members of the council lend their services on a part- time basis. The rapporteurs and secretariat are full-time employees. The terms of reference and by-laws governing these councils will be issued in due course after consultation with the chairmen of the councils. In the constitutions of the councils, special consideration will be given to food security crops, export crops and the geographical dimension (coverage). 88..33.. TTeerrmmss ooff RReeffeerreennccee ooff tthhee CCoouunncciillss:: The TOR of the councils may be summarized as follows:  Analysis of the status quo of each commodity or groups of related commodities with respect to production, consumption, domestic and foreign trade.  Identification of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges using the SWOT method.  Exploring the opportunities for expansion and growth to meet domestic and international demand.  Recommending a package of incentives and policy reforms to support commodity development projects which fulfill any of the following objectives: o Increase productive efficiency. o Emphasize rational use of natural resources to achieve sustainability. o Increase fair competition and eliminate monopoly o Strengthen agricultural support services including applied research, micro-credit for smallholders and enforcement of a quality control system. o Increase the share of the Sudan in the markets of traditional trading partners and access new markets. o Develop commodities which promote interdependence and unity between the different parts of the country, such as cereals, oilseeds, sugar, tea, coffee and tropical fruits. o Promote partnerships between national and international private sectors. 88..44.. GGeenneerraall GGuuiiddee LLiinneess ffoorr tthhee CCoonndduucctt ooff tthhee CCoouunncciillss:: Table 17 presents salient areas of advice to be considered by the councils when they draft their specific terms of reference. 62 Table 17: Guide Lines for Development of Agric. Commodities Councils: Commodity (ies) Guide Lines 1. Oil crops (sesame, groundnuts, sunflower, soya bean, kenola)  Utilization of idle capacities in local oil factories  Targeting potential markets, especially Arab Gulf states.  Overcoming the problem of harvesting especially the shattering of sesame seeds e.g. introduce mechanical harvesting.  Reducing Aflatoxin in groundnuts to the acceptable levels  Regain membership of Sudan in the Groundnut Council and other relevant fora.  Availing of high yielding and disease resistant sesame varieties and breeding non-shattering varieties.  Expansion of sunflower production in the rainfed areas.  Introduction of kenola, palm oil, and soya beans. 2. Livestock and Red Meat  Conservation of the genetic stock of local livestock breeds.  Rational hybridization to increase production and productivity in meat and milk.  Development of production through irrigated farms.  Promoting the meat industry in the country  Promoting partnerships with foreign private sector with a view to developing the meat and dairy industries.  Developing the feed industry. 3. Wheat  Realizing self-sufficiency and building a reserve sufficient to meet consumption needs for two years.  Encourage large scale investment projects.  Expansion of rainfed wheat production in Jabel Marra  Intensifying research to produce high yielding and high quality varieties  Identify constraints and problems of composite flower and propose feasible solutions. 4.Milk and Milk Products  Develop production through the introduction of high yielding breeds and the preparation of a proprogramme for the substitution of the milk imports.  Increase the production of milk, taking into consideration milk hygiene and consumer safety.  Establishment of milk collection centers.  Awareness campaign emphasizing the observation of health standards in milk consumption.  Encourage state-of-the-art integrated milk and milk products industries.  Develop methods of collection, distribution and storage of milk making use of the SSMO proposal for developing the milk sector. 5. Vegetables (onion, tomatoes, cucurbits, egg plant, leaves, etc)  Increase productivity and stability of production on the basis of comparative advantage.  Develop export-oriented production.  Give due consideration to organic production.  Enforce food safety and quality standards.  Complete horticultural export village in Khartoum and establish other in relevant states.  Make use of international and regional exhibitions to increase exports and access new markets based on a well articulated strategy.  Exempt custom duties on inputs, packing materials, refrigerated transport and storage.  Establish HACCP system to guarantee food safety.  Diversify production by introducing new types of vegetables. 63 Commodity (ies) Guide Lines 6. Fruits (date palm, mangoes, banana, grape fruit, orange, lemon, guava, etc)  Develop varieties of high yield and quality  Use state-of-the-art method of multiplication such as tissue culture.  Ensure availability of fruits all-year-round  Increase productivity and maintain sustainability based on comparative advantage  Improve means of pest and disease control for serious pests such as the green scale insect.  Promote export-oriented production.  Promote organic production and increase the number of crops benefiting from this type of farming  Emphasize processing (concentrates, juices, etc) and enforce safety and quality standards. 7. Cotton and other fiber crops  Expand rainfed cotton production southward at a rate of 250 thousands annually, reaching a million feddan by 2011.  Utilization of the areas suitable for long staple cotton in the irrigated sector.  Liberalization of finance and marketing of cotton.  Extensive use of mechanization.  Apply Integrated Pest Management approach (IPM).  Prepare a programme for optimal use of idle capacities in the cotton industry.  Facilitate engagement in strategic partnerships in the production and marketing of cotton (particularly with China which imports US$ 20 billion worth of cotton annually). 8. Cereals (sorghum, millet, maize, rice)  Emphasize sorghum production in the rainfed sector and reduce irrigated area under sorghum.  Evaluate comprehensively zero or conservation tillage in mechanized rain-fed sector and expand the adoption of this approach based on this evaluation.  Support a programme for collection of germplasm of sorghum and millet and improve and multiply improved sorghum and millet seeds.  Develop production and productivity of maize in the rainfed sector.  Build national and local (state) strategic grain reserve to stabilize food prices.  Implement rice production programme in flood areas in the White Nile and the south. 9. Sugar Crops (sugar cane, sugar beet)  Increase productivity in existing schemes.  Expand and develop the sugar industry taking into account technical, economic and social feasibility.  Increase area under sugar cane in the White Nile State.  Increase area in Blue Nile and the southern part of the Gezira Scheme after heightening of Rosares Dam.  Introoduce sugar beet as an industrial crop in the existing suitable schemes and new schemes in the Nile and Northern states.  Integrate the sugar production chain, by establishing projects which utilize sugar by-products to produce bio-energy, feeds and food products. 10. Gum Arabic and forestry products  Implement liberalization of gum arabic marketing policy.  Rehabilitate Gum Arabic Belt.  Elimination of all taxes and levies which distort gum marketing.  Encourage processing of gum arabic (not just treatment or crushing and granulation) and change gradually away from export of raw gum with a view to adding value. 64 Commodity (ies) Guide Lines 11. Watermelon seeds and karkade  Purify genetic stock of these crops.  Articulate a package of policies to develop these crops.  Implement IPM programme.  Use of karkade and watermelon oils as substitutes for traditional vegetable oils. 12. Pulses (Broad beans, lentils, lubia, etc)  Study local and international demand and competitiveness.  Promote and open new markets. 13. Feeds  Produce varieties in demand in the international markets.  Use state-of-the-art technologies to prepare the product for export. 14. Coffee, tea, tropical fruits  Rehabilitate coffee and tea farms and develop tropical fruit production and processing and marketing. 15. Medical, aromatic plants and cut flowers  Develop production and find access to foreign markets.  Develop processing. 16. Chicken  Encourage state-of-the-art in poultry industry through partnership with multi-lateral companies.  Overcome constraints of energy and feeds.  Produce mothers locally. 17. Fish and aquatic species  Introduce aquaculture in fresh and marine water.  Develop pearls and shells in the Red Sea. 18. Processing of skins and hides  Develop the leather industry.  Stop export of raw materials  Establish special industrial areas. 19. wildlife and natural habitat  Develop natural habitat in a sustainable way through coordination between concerned bodies.  Promote exports of wildlife products  Promote tourism. Local Processing of agricultural inputs  Support and encourage local manufacturing of agricultural inputs including agricultural equipment and machinery, pumps and irrigation machines, spare parts, fertilizer (organic and chemical), pesticides, transport vehicles, packing materials, protected houses, fishing equipment, dairy equipment, forestry equipment, etc.  Survey and studies in these fields.  Propose policies which encourage national and foreign private sectors to invest in these fields. The annual budget for the conduct of the activities of these councils is estimated at 4 million SP including the rent of the building, the allocations for the secretary general and his staff, the cost of office equipment and furniture, logistics, consultancies, studies and production of reports. 65 Table 18: Annual Capital and Current Budget Estimates for the Commodity Development Councils: Budget Item Cost in million SP Explanation Approved in 2008 in million SP Rent of offices 0.360 At Suitable central location (for 20 Councils) 0.360 Secretary general and staff 0.650 Entitlement of Secretary General and staff 0.650 Consultancy 0.400 0.400 Equipment 0.100 Computers & accessories and other equipments 0.100 Logistics 0.750 Vehicles 0.750 Studies & reports and special assignments 1.200 Visits to countries to benefit from their experiences, and Market studies 1.200 Services 0.600 Water, electricity, communication .. etc 0.600 Total 4.060 4.060 66 9. Empowerment of the Role of the Private Sector in Agricultural Revival The achievement of the agricultural revival necessitates a rapid transformation of the agricultural sector from a traditional sector characterized by low productivity and production into a modern, dynamic, commercial sector responding effectively to local and global changes. This transformation requires specification and distribution of roles between the government and the private sector. The role of the government will be confined to the creation of a conducive environment through the provision of incentives for investment in the agricultural sector and the removal of obstacles limiting its effective participation. This programme depends on releasing the capacities of private sector and the society as a whole for effective contribution in implementation. However, this will not happen unless the existing problems hampering the private sector are overcome. These problems are:  Weak administrative capacities and shortage of skilled labour.  Low contribution of the private sector in financing of the projects targeting the local and international markets.  Lack of awareness of the private sector of the ways and requirements of modern marketing of agricultural commodities and dependence on traditional markets.  Weak capacities of the private sector to monitor the rapid development of regional and international markets and its demand for agricultural commodities in terms of quantity, quality and timing. In order to empower the private sector to play an effective role, the following actions must be taken:  Remove administrative and financial restrictions obstructing intra- state and export trade.  Ensure free, equitable and transparent competition in government procurements and contracts.  Resolve land ownership, land use problems and conflicts over land as quickly as possible.  Avail basic information on the lands available for investment including the privileges and the conditions of land lease  Review existing laws and regulations which discourage private investment. 67  Offer the private sector incentives to invest in research and development, either alone or in cooperation with government institutions and encourage acquiring improved technologies and adoption of innovative initiatives by deducting the cost incurred in introducing these technologies from the taxes paid by the investor.  Strengthen relations and coordination between the private sector and the commercial offices in the Sudanese embassies with a view to providing the private sector with information and promoting agricultural investment.  Strengthen relations with foreign entities concerned with agriculture in the Sudan (bilateral relations and regional and international organizations).  Strengthening institutional linkages between farmers and investors to encourage partnerships.  Privatize government-owned production enterprises and prevent government from competing with the private sector in the areas of production and agricultural finance . The implementation of the development programmes and projects avails opportunities to build the capacities of the business sector and enable the private sector to engage strongly in:  Investment in different types of agricultural activities according to the signals of this programme (incentives, facilities offered by the government, development priorities).  Building strategic partnership with the foreign private sector in the designated investment areas under the auspices and support of the government.  Participation of the private sector in agricultural research programmes with a view to producing improved technologies that will meet demand in local and international markets. 68 10. Transformation of the Role of Producer Associations The historical developments in the agricultural sector and the management systems which prevailed in this sector for a long time has led to the domination of the trade union behaviour which emphasizes extracting maximum benefits (including subsides) to members de- emphasizing upgrading their skills and raising their productivity. This programme focuses on the transformation of the producers' associations to ones with a strong interest in the development of farming as a profession. This will be achieved through the programmes and policies which emphasize the leading role of farmers and livestock owners in agricultural production. The programmes will build the capacities of these rural groups with a view to enabling them to acquire and use new technologies and respond positively to economic opportunities. Such transformation will be reflected in:  The ability of the producers to bear the responsibility of taking important decisions and balancing between their rights and obligations.  Rehabilitation of the producer by building his capacities to deal with economic and technical issues.  Encouragement and assistance of producers to organize themselves into production and marketing co-operatives or commodity- oriented producer associations so as to qualify for group lending and facilitate access to inputs.  Well organized and responsible producer organizations will build credibility vis-à-vis service providers and promotes successful mutual relations.  The transformation of producer organizations necessitates drafting a new law which gives farmers and pastoralists the responsibility to take the decisions which affect their welfare and accept the consequences of these decisions. To speed up this transformation, the government should provide incentives and implement laws and regulations which induce the desired change. 69 11. Agricultural Management Recent evaluation studies have identified the weakness and failure of agricultural management as a key factor behind the low performance of the agricultural sector. The significance of the role of the agricultural management stems from the fact that these managements undertake the crucial decisions which affect the performance of the schemes. The producers have a limited role in the decision-making process and their needs and priorities are often not taken into account. There are many reasons behind the weakness of management including:  Most of those in leadership positions lack the necessary training and experience in management and are not exposed to new styles and approaches in management.  Lack of support facilities and training programmes to upgrade the capacities of the supporting staff.  Low financial incentives create an atmosphere of depression and dampen the spirit of competition and innovation.  The continuation of the age-old systems and methods of production does not present any necessity or need for management reform. To overcome these problems a programme for the rehabilitation of agricultural management has been approved under the programmes for building the capacities of producers and institutions. 12. Creation of a Think Tank The implementation of the agricultural Revival Programme requires making use of the rare and distinguished national expertise in agriculture (crops and livestock) and the associated industries to assist in the design and evaluation of the programmes and activities. To fulfill this the following actions will be taken:  Assess the needs of experts in different fields.  Identify and classify distinguished experts by profession and specialization.  Involve those experts in project design and evaluation of impacts of projects and policies.  Establishment of a distinguished training center for capacity building of employees of federal and state institutions, farmers and private sector, making use of national experts as trainers.  Training abroad of outstanding manpower in research centers, universities and government institutions through training abroad with a view to keeping abreast of technological innovations and development. 70 13. Information, Communication and Awareness Raising  Establishment of a parallel programme using various means of information and communication to raise awareness of the Public about the objectives and pillars of agricultural development. This programme will provide information and assist in convincing all stakeholders to interact with the Revival Programme.  The communication programme will underscore the Revival Programme as the only way to achieve a sustainable economic development, reduce poverty, develop the rural sector and generate employment.  The programme should be projected not only as a government programme but as an opportunity for triggering an "Alliance for Development" which will unify and rally all national political forces behind it and enlist the support of the international community. 14. The Role of International Cooperation in Supporting the Programme The major objectives of this programme consisting of poverty reduction, food security, protection and sustainable management of natural resources and the development of the rural areas, qualify for the support of international community in fulfillment of the Millennium Development Goals, the World Food Summit, and are in line with the commitments of the Sudan to the New Partnership for Agricultural Development (NEPAD) launched by the African Union. Therefore, wide scale and effective contacts and negotiations should be made to establish strategic relations with interested friendly countries, international organizations and donor countries to contribute effectively to the finance of this programme. The success of these contacts will depend on the following:  Working out a joint programme of work to be prepared by all stakeholders.  Instruct diplomats and Sudanese embassies to take this programme as a high priority in their agenda.  Mobilize and motivate the national private sector to interact with their international counterparts to establish strategic partnerships in production, processing and marketing of agricultural production.  Close coordination with the commodity development councils.  The Ministry of Finance and National Economy should be responsible for leading this effort. This may necessitate establishing a special focal point within the Ministry of Finance and National Economy with an experienced staff and headed by a highly qualified person. The focal point will coordinate with other related institutions. 71 Table 19 presents projects funded by donors and those with secure sources of finance. The total cost of these projects amounts to US$ 275 million out of which 51.5 million are budgeted for 2008, US$ 85 million for 2009, US$ 62 million for 2010 and US$ 36 million for 2011. Table 19: Projects with Secured Foreign Financing (2008 – 2011) Project Location Objectives Cost in US$ million 8002 8002 8000 8000 Rural development, rural roads (European Development Fund: Box No 10) War-affected states Construction of rural roads, for access to markets to facilitate marketing of agricultural and livestock products 66 67 67 67 Integrated food security information system for policy support National Building an integrated food security information base in all states 4 4 . 5 Recovery of Productive Capacities in Sudan SPCRP Nile, Red Sea, South Kordofan, Blue Nile states Building manpower and institutional capacities and farmers' institutions 6 6 7 7 Livestock Survey (LESP) National Control of CSPP and other livestock diseases to declare Sudan disease-free 637 137 137 137 Recovery of Productive capacities Crop and pasture project for improvement of livelihood in South Kordofan South Kordofan Establishment of water points along livestock routes 1 637 137 137 72 Project Location Objectives Cost in US$ million 8002 8002 8000 8000 Recovery of Productive capacities: improvement of livelihood and promotion of integrated rural development in Blue Nile State Blue Nile State Development of fisheries, providing livestock routes with water, assisting women artisans and improving rural marketing 1 637 137 137 Rehabilitation of Tokar Delta Scheme Red Sea Training of farmers, control of meskit tree, improve irrigation system, support users associations, build capacities in agriculture 1 6,7 1,7 1,7 Develop livestock marketing systems National Develop of livestock systems 7 15 7 5 Development of gum arabic Gum Arabic Belt Development of Gum Arabic Belt and support of gum producers 1 . . 5 Development of agricultural extension services National Development of agricultural extension services 5 65 17 5 Total 2022 2220 6820 4620 73 15. The Threats  Failure to translate the existing strong commitment declared by the government towards achievement of the Agricultural Revival into appropriate policies and to provide the necessary funds and technical assistance adequately and timely.  Failure to obtain the financial resources needed to implement the different components and activities of the programme, and the delay in establishing the necessary contacts to avail adequate resources from local and foreign sources.  Inadequate implementation of policies (Risk management fund and insurance) which reduce risk and uncertainties as a result of variability of production from one season to the other, especially in traditional and the semi-mechanized rain-fed sectors.  Continuation of low performance in civil service institutions due to lack of incentives and failure to implement the capacity building programme.  Failure to restructure and reform institutions in the agricultural sector, introduce and implement land use reforms, reform production relations and implement appropriate modalities of integration between crops and livestock. 74 16. Mechanism for Supervision, Monitoring and Evaluation The successful implementation of this comprehensive programme requires:  Assignment of the responsibility of supervision over the programme to, His Excellency, the Vise President of the Republic to ensure the continuation of support at the highest political level.  Formation of the high Council for Agricultural Revival chaired by the Vice President and consisting of the ministers of the economic sector, representatives of farmers and pastoralists and governors of the states. The terms of reference of this council are:  To avail resources and approve plans and policies to build the capacities of the public and private sectors.  To form and monitor the performance of commodity development councils.  Review the Agricultural Revival strategy periodically and introduce any required modifications.  Send teams for follow up and evaluation and feedback.  Formation of a general secretariat answerable to the Vice President to assist him in supervision, monitoring and evaluation. The secretariat will be charged with the following duties:  Works as a management information system serving the Vice President to enable him to:  Identify the strategic issues which affect the implementation of the programme.  Support the technical, professional, administrative and executive capacities of the programme, especially the commodity development councils.  Monitor efficiency and effectiveness of resource utilization to realize the objectives.  Work as a reservoir of supporting information services and a management information base for the council.  Provide information on the performance of the revival programmes for those interested.  Continuous feedback to the vice President and the council about developments in the implementation of the programme.  Implement the monitoring and evaluation system approved by the council. 75 1166..11.. SSttrruuccttuurree ooff tthhee OOrrggaanniizzaattiioonn ffoorr SSuuppeerrvviissiioonn aanndd MMoonniittoorriinngg ooff tthhee PPrrooggrraammmmee For the proper implementation of the Revival Programme, the general secretariat should make sure that the concerned institutions at the federal and state levels have prepared the projects documents adequately indicating the technical, economic and social feasibility of the projects and their environmental impacts. It is also equally important to ensure that all stakeholders have participated at the various stages of the project cycle. At the state level each state will form an organizational structure, under the governor, similar in its composition to the federal structure in addition to the concerned institutions and the directors of the projects. 1166..22.. GGuuiiddeelliinneess ffoorr MMoonniittoorriinngg aanndd EEvvaalluuaattiioonn:: To be qualified for finance, the projects should be prepared according to the following formats:  The objective of the programme or project. This includes the quantitative targets and indicators of performance and must achieve at least one of the objectives of the Agricultural Revival. Vice President Supervision and Monitoring High Council for Agricultural Revival General Secretariat for Revival Agric. Commodity Councils Projects & Programmes Finance 76  A baseline survey showing the situation before the implementation of the project.  Components of the project.  Target beneficiaries  The required inputs  Outputs of the projects  Duration of the project  Milestones during the implementation period  The institutions responsible for implementation and the director for each project.  Other government institutions involved in the implementation of the project, their exact roles and arrangements for coordination.  The expected risks and the stand-by plans for dealing with them.  The cost of the project and details of finance to be elaborated following the annual budget formats designed by Ministry of Finance.  The project document should include a component for capacity building to ensure sustainability.  The number of national labour force employed by the project. Labour-intensive projects are highly encouraged.  The implementation of the project will follow the directives and regulations to be issued by the High Council, including:  Advertisement of the project in the media institutions with wide coverage to guarantee competition, transparency and promotion.  No funds will be released to any implementation body unless a complete feasibility study is submitted showing the stages of implementation and the cost of each stage.  No funds will be released to finance a later stage unless a certificate of implementation of the preceding stage is submitted to the Council endorsed by a consultant body appointed by the Council.  Periodic quarterly reports and biannual and annual evaluation should be submitted to the Vice President and the Council for each project/programme.  The general secretariat will undertake a final evaluation for each project. The evaluation should indicate clearly the impacts and results against target, and the opportunities for sustaining these impacts. 77 17. Expected Outputs This part of the document shows the expected outcomes of the programmes. These outcomes are based on certain assumptions and implementation arrangements and will not be realized unless the following policy actions are taken:  Building of the capacities of manpower and institutions and the commitment to use technologies and inputs specified in the programme.  Implementation of the infrastructure and all the inputs and outputs as planned and on time.  Close monitoring of project implementation to control project results and take corrective measures immediately if need be.  Involve beneficiaries at all stages of project cycle because the satisfaction of the beneficiaries is the most important indication of success.  Using technologies which are acceptable to the producers and the society.  Avoid hasty decisions on the results of the programme in the early stages. For instance, it takes two years before the positive effects of rural routes are felt.  The project effects could be influenced by factors which can not be kept under control such as rainfall, floods … etc. 1177..11.. AAggrriiccuullttuurraall PPrroodduuccttiioonn:: It is expected that the Agricultural Revival Programme will bring about many economic and social effects by 2011. Most important of these effects is the stability of the producers in the rural areas, achievement of food security and poverty reduction and protection and sustainable use of natural resources. To achieve the expected outputs in the agricultural side emphasis will be made on the following strategies and actions:  Increase output per unit area and improve the quality of raw and processed products to improve the competitiveness of our commodities in the local and international markets.  The programme depends on six factors to realize agricultural development: improved infrastructure, capacity building and human resources development, supporting services, improved agricultural management systems, supervision, monitoring & evaluation and recovery of the productive capacities of the existing projects. 78  Based on these strategies and action the productivity of sorghum in the irrigated sector will increase from 1.5 tons per feddan to 2.5 tons per feddan by 2011 . In the semi-mechanized and traditional rainfed sector, productivity of sorghum will increase from 0.3 ton per feddan to 0.55 tons per feddan. The productivity of wheat will increase from 1.1 ton to 1.6 tons per feddan by 2011.  In the case of sesame, the productivity will increase from 127 kg in the traditional rainfed sector and 132 kg in the semi-mechanized rainfed sector to 225 kg and 209 kg, respectively. The productivity of other crops will also increase significantly as can be seen in the annexes to this document.  The areas under sorghum and millet will not change as the emphasis will be on increase in yields per unit area. The areas under sesame and groundnuts will increase up to their historical levels.  The production and yield of rainfed cotton will increased due to the strong international demand for short staple cotton. Also areas under promising crops such as sunflower, maize and melon seeds will be increased.  The area under wheat will reach 1.6 million feddans in the last year of the programme mainly in the Nile and Northern states, Gezira and other irrigated projects. The rising wheat prices in the international markets have provided a good incentive for farmers to grow wheat.  The areas under forests and pastures will increase to 1.5 million feddans in the irrigated sector and 6.5 million feddans in the rainfed sector. 1177..22.. AAnniimmaall PPrroodduuccttiioonn:: The programme is expected to increase the national herd to 142.8 million heads and the improvement of the quality of livestock products by virtue of the expansion of irrigated and rainfed farms and ranches, increased production of forage crops and feeds and the intensification of the veterinary health care. Consequently the expected outcomes of the programme are:  The production of red meat will increase from 1.8 million ton in 2008 to 2.8 million ton in 2011, a 65% increase.  The quantity of milk will increase from 7.7 million tons in 2008 to 11.6 million tons in 2011, a 59% increase.  The production of broilers and eggs will increase from 36 and 35 thousand tons in 2008 to 99 and 96 thousand tons in 2011, respectively.  The production of fish meat will increase from 77 thousand tons to 195 thousand tons. The quantity of skins and hides produced will increase from 46.7 million pieces to 66 million pieces in 2011. 79 1177..33.. GGeenneerraall IInnddiiccaattoorrss::  The programme will reduce the rapid rate of migration from rural to urban sectors, generate employment opportunities in the agricultural sector and the agro-based industries as well as the services related to the agricultural sector.  The programme will establish the foundation for a balanced development in all parts of the country through its emphasis on the development of the traditional sector and the implementation of the water harvesting programme which will have a wide spread effect.  The sustainable use of natural resources will reduce conflicts over them and strengthen social peace.  The country will continue to realize self-sufficiency in sorghum, millet, fruits, vegetables, oil seeds and meat, and will realize self- sufficiency in wheat, rice, chicken meat, eggs, fish and milk.  Enough raw materials will be produced to satisfy local industries and utilize the idle capacities in the agro-industrial sector.  The implementation of the infrastructure programmes will open valuable opportunities for the private sector to expand and build its capacities. 1177..44.. IImmppoorrtt SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn  The programme will achieve self-sufficiency in wheat at the end of the period. The value of wheat produced is estimated at US$ 1.15 billion. The wheat import bill is expected to decrease from US$ 603 million in 2008 to a surplus of US$ 36 million in 2011, to be used as an emergency reserve.  The deficit in sugar will decrease from US$ 86 million in 2008 to US$ 51 in 2011 in spite of the expected increase in the population and the change in consumption patterns in favour of the sugar-based products due to increase in urbanization and per capita income. Efforts to increase self-sufficiency in sugar will continue through the key investment projects which will be presented to investors.  The programme will contribute to self-sufficiency in chicken meat and eggs, fish, milk and milk products. 1177..55.. EExxppoorrtt PPrroommoottiioonn::  The country is expected to realize a minimum surplus of 2.4 million tons of sorghum annually. Considering the rapid increase in the prices of cereals in the world market and the increase in demand for sorghum as a feed in Saudi Arabia and other countries, the prospects for sorghum exports look bright.  The exports of sesame are expected to increase from US$ 174 million to US$ 360 million in 2011. The exports of watermelon seeds and Karkade are expected to reach US$ 52 million annually. 80 Exports of groundnuts are expected to reach US$ 615 million. The exports of fodder, fruits, vegetables and gum arabic are also expected to increase.  The increase in the demand for cotton and the rising price trends will motivate producers to boost cotton production. The expected results will be US$ 884 million as export proceeds.  All in all, the total value of agricultural exports is estimated to reach US$ 4.5 billion in 2011 as shown in the annexes.  The value of livestock exports are expected to increase to US$ 635 million in 2011 compared to US$ 274 in 2008 (this does not include boarder trade).  The value of exports of cattle, sheep, goats and camels will increase from US$ 11.8 million, US$ 141.3 million, US$ 5.2 million and US$ 33.6 million in 2008 to US$ 129 million, US$ 276.4 million, US$ 12.8 million and US$ 48.5 million in 2011, respectively.  The export value of fish, tauna and shrimp will increase from US$ 4 million, US$ 10 million and US$ 30 million in 2008 to US$ 10 million, US$ 30 million and US$ 60 million in 2011.  The value of exports of hides and skins will increase from US$ 38.9 million in 2008 to US$ 68.4 million in 2011. 81 18. Conclusion The strict and serious implementation of the Agricultural Revival Programme will induce a sustainable growth in agricultural and industrial production. Consequently this will be translated into an increase in national income and agricultural exports. Other related sectors such as trade, transport and communication will also flourish. The programme is also expected to have a positive impact on employment generation, poverty reduction and improvement of the quality of life in the rural sector. For all these results and impacts, this programme constitutes a comprehensive approach for agricultural development which deserves a strong political support and the allocation of the required resources. It is imperative that a sustainable increase in production and productivity in the agricultural and industrial sectors will not take place unless the values of hard work, appreciation of the value of time and supremacy of the public interest is inculcated into the public. The revival of these values requires emphasis on building the capacities of manpower through awareness raising, education and training. 82 Annex (1) Tables Annexed to the Report Table 1: Relative Effects of the Components of the Programmes and Projects in the Irrigated Sector (%): 00/8000 02/8000 02/8002 01/8002 Factors/ Year 20 15 10 5 Improvement in Infrastructure 20 15 10 5 building Producers' Capacities 50 30 20 10 Support Services 20 15 10 5 Improvement of Management Systems .5 .5 65 15 Improvement in Capacities of Existing Schemes 20 15 10 5 Monitoring and Evaluation 160 120 80 40 Total Table (2): Relative Effects of the Components of the Programmes and Projects in the Mechanized Rainfed Sector (%): 00/8000 02/8000 02/8002 01/8002 Factors/ Year 20 15 10 5 Improvement in Infrastructure 20 15 10 5 building Producers' Capacities 50 30 20 10 Support Services 20 15 10 5 Improvement of Management Systems 20 15 10 5 Monitoring and Evaluation 130 90 60 30 Total Impact Table (3): Relative Effects of the Components of the Programmes and Projects in the Mechanized Rainfed Sector (%): 00/8000 02/8000 02/8002 01/8002 Factors/ Year 20 15 10 5 Improvement in Infrastructure 20 15 10 5 building Producers' Capacities 50 30 20 10 Support Services 90 60 40 20 Total Impact 83 Table (4): Productivity Projections for the Main Crops in the Irrigated Sector 2008 - 2011 Productivity Projections (kg/ feddan) Current Productivity Crop 10/2011 09/2010 08/2009 07/2008 67.4 6579 1654 1.15 976 Sorghum 1655 1.55 1655 1159 1567 Wheat .165 6645 6165 1655 1575 Rice .165 6645 6165 1655 1655 Corn .4.6 6954 6.76 1545 1555 Groundnuts 965 575 777 655 675 Cotton 6166 1797 1469 1146 676 Sunflower 5.5 5.2 5.0 4.7 437 Sugar cane* 26.0 21.7 18.1 15.1 1636 Fodder* 11.2 10.2 8.5 7.8 739 Vegetables* 15.1 12.6 10.5 8.8 73. Fruits * Productivity in tons per feddan 1 Feddan = 0.42 ha Table (5): Productivity Projections for the Main Crops in the Sem- mechanized Sector 2008 – 2011: Productivity Projections (kg/ feddan) Current Productivity Crop 10/2011 09/2010 08/2009 07/2008 776 465 .57 .14 6.4 Sorghum .97 .67 677 664 165 Millet 794 677 776 445 665 Corn 667 156 177 167 95 Sesame 667 615 155 1.7 165 Cotton 565 711 795 456 .75 Sunflower 666 747 461 .74 665 Guar Table (6): Productivity Projections for the Main Crops in the Traditional rainfed Sector 2008 – 2011: Productivity Projections (kg/ feddan) Current Productivity Crop 10/2011 09/2010 08/2009 07/2008 775 455 465 .65 695 Sorghum 675 615 15. 175 176 Millet 1547 555 775 665 755 Wheat 766 445 .57 ..5 645 Corn 659 176 174 1.6 80 Sesame 764 477 416 .74 646 Groundnuts 655 155 175 167 115 Cotton 76 44 38.5 .. 17 Watermelon seeds 157 55 77 66 .7 Karkade 84 Table (7): Areas Projections for the Main Crops in the Irrigated Sector 2008 – 2011: Areas Projections (000 feddan) Current Area (000 fed.) Crop 10/2011 09/2010 08/2009 07/2008 1555 1555 1555 1555 1666 Sorghum 1655 1655 1155 775 675 Wheat 155 79 75 .7 17 Rice .55 675 655 175 49 Corn .75 .15 675 6.5 250 Groundnuts 775 755 655 174 655 Cotton 165 115 155 95 66 Sunflower 455 .67 677 177 177 Sugar cane* 455 65. 65. 155 655 Fodder* 75. 6.9 755 765 455 Vegetables* 415 .7. ..9 .55 655 Fruits 6044 2222 0102 4608 4601 Total Table (8): Area Projections for the Main Crops in the Semi- mechanized Sector 2008 – 2011: Area Projections (000 feddan) Current Area (000 fed.) Crop 10/2011 09/2010 08/2009 07/2008 11175 11175 11175 11755 11647 Sorghum 455 455 455 455 6.5 Millet .6 .6 65 64 7 Corn .655 .155 .555 6955 1761 Sesame 755 .75 675 77 47 Cotton 1555 775 755 675 55 Sunflower 75 45 .5 65 9 Guar 06446 02288 02422 02020 04121 Total 85 Table (9): Area Projections for the Main Crops in the Traditional Rainfed Sector 2008 – 2011: Area Projections (000 feddan) Current Area (000 fed.) Crop 10/2011 09/2010 08/2009 07/2008 7755 7755 7755 7755 7979 Sorghum 5555 5555 5555 5555 15555 Millet 77 65 47 .5 15 Wheat 765 476 .54 .16 14 Corn .555 6955 6555 6755 1677 Sesame 4655 .755 6555 6155 1676 Groundnuts 655 175 175 17 45 Cotton .555 6655 6655 1555 1655 Watermelon seeds 1655 1555 555 655 755 Karkade 81104 86066 80612 84022 84016 Total Table (10): Area Projections for the Main Crops in Sudan 2008 – 2011: Area Projections (000 feddan) Current Area (000 fed.) Crop 10/2011 09/2010 08/2009 07/2008 65555 65555 65555 65555 65455 Sorghum 5417 5417 5417 5417 5417 Millet 1615 1167 1545 555 655 Wheat 564 7.5 716 456 75 Corn 155 79 75 .7 17 Rice 6.55 6577 7574 76.5 4575 Sesame 4775 .515 .575 6..5 1556 Groundnuts 1475 1655 1555 645 657 Cotton 1165 565 655 .45 161 Sunflower .555 6655 6655 1555 1655 Watermelon seeds 1655 1555 555 655 755 Karkade 75 45 .5 65 9 Guar 455 .65 .65 655 655 Fodders 75. 6.9 755 765 455 Vegetables 415 .7. ..9 .55 655 Fruit 455 .67 677 177 177 Sugar cane 20018 01600 02014 00221 42400 Total 86 Table (11): Production Projections for the Main Crops in the Irrigated Sector 2008 – 2011: Production Projections (000 ton) Current Production Crop 10/2011 09/2010 08/2009 07/2008 6.56 19.7 175. 16.1 1655 Sorghum 15 17 16 15 6 Millet 6765 1765 1.65 574 665 Wheat 955 665 456 6.7 76 Corn 69. 196 115 75 6. Rice 177 97 66 69 * Sesame 1169 546 65. 455 676 Groundnuts 695 797 467 156 220 Cotton 795 795 414 665 4. Sunflower 1555 955 555 77. 775 Sugar cane 9776 7.4. 7444 .974 6755 Fodders 7456 6166 46.4 .030 6655 Vegetables 7565 4415 ..47 6745 6555 Fruit 44084 82842 02800 04202 00242 Total * Table (12): Production Projections for the Main Crops in the Semi- mechanized Sector 2008 – 2011: Production Projections (000 tons) Current Production Crop 10/2011 09/2010 08/2009 07/2008 7117 46.6 .765 6555 1868 Sorghum 166 157 55 76 82 Millet 6. 17 16 9 . Corn 776 461 .77 697 133 Sesame 116 7. 47 5 10 Cotton 655 467 6.9 97 .5 Sunflower 66 15 11 6 6 Guar 6666 2444 0448 4412 2128 Total 87 Table (13): Production Projections for the Main Crops in the Traditional Rainfed Sector 2008 – 2011: Production Projections (000 tons) Current Production Crop 10/2011 09/2010 08/2009 07/2008 .649 67.6 6.94 6576 19.5 Sorghum 1765 1677 111. 965 755 Millet 65 45 66 17 6 Wheat 615 176 116 75 11 Corn 477 .55 .65 671 159 Sesame 1555 1664 557 767 696 Groundnuts 45 67 66 6 14 Cotton 119 57 64 47 66 Watermelon seeds 96 67 47 .5 64 Karkade 1210 6042 0222 0002 4006 Total Table (14): Production Projections for the Main Crops in Sudan 2008 – 2011: Production Projections (000 tons) Current Production Crop 10/2011 09/2010 08/2009 07/2008 15746 595. 77.7 6171 4995 Sorghum 1664 1.97 161. 1546 796 Millet 6765 1765 1.65 1159 675 Wheat 161. 759 7.5 .64 75 Corn 69. 196 115 75 6. Rice 1665 944 771 797 646 Sesame 6969 6115 1455 967 764 Groundnuts 546 697 7.6 116 644 Cotton 1456 1517 67. .67 7. Sunflower 1555 955 555 77. 775 Sugarcane 9776 7.4. 7444 .974 6765 fodders 7456 6166 46.4 .571 65.6 Vegetables 7565 4415 ..47 6745 6544 Fruits 119 57 64 47 66 Watermelon seeds 96 67 47 .5 64 Karkade 66 15 11 6 6 Guar .7 .5 67 65 17 Gum Arabic 01842 46600 82246 88008 02222 Total 88 Table (15): Quantities Available for Export 2008 – 2011: Projections (000 tons) Current Situation Crop 10/2011 09/2010 08/2009 07/2008 Sorghum 15746 595. 77.7 6171 4995 Production 4674 4571 .565 .679 .755 Consumption 6496 4576 .677 6496 1495 Available for Export Millet 1664 1.97 161. 1546 796 Production 576 515 757 777 765 Consumption 516 779 466 657 65 Available for Export Wheat 6765 1765 1.65 1155 675 Production 6455 6.75 6641 61.5 6555 Consumption 55 (795) 961) ) (15.5) (1..5) Available for Export Corn 161. 759 7.5 .64 75 Production 164 1.7 114 97 79 Consumption 1549 676 416 669 (9) Available for Export Rice 69. 196 115 75 6. Production 164 5. 77 65 66 Consumption 169 11. 4. (15) (.9) Available for Export Sesame 1665 944 771 797 646 Production 677 719 464 .67 64. Consumption 77. 467 .47 665 Available for Export Groundnuts 6969 6615 1455 967 764 Production 6575 1477 1546 677 .56 Consumption 579 6.. 446 695 175 Available for Export Cotton 546 697 7.6 116 644 Production 149 116 79 46 44 Consumption 69. 779 477 75 655 Available for Export 89 Projections (000 tons) Current Situation Crop 10/2011 09/2010 08/2009 07/2008 Sunflower 1456 1517 67. .67 7. Production 1545 716 477 677 164 Consumption 446 .57 196 115 (71) Available for Export Fodders 9776 7.4. 7444 .974 6765 Production 5795 6659 4955 .777 6476 Consumption 975 7.4 744 .97 65 Available for Export Vegetables 7456 6166 46.4 .571 65.6 Production 6666 771. 4171 .454 6.96 Consumption 745 61. 46. .57 4.6 Available for Export Fruits 7565 4415 ..47 6745 6544 Production 76.5 .976 .515 669. 1769 Consumption 756 446 ..7 677 .17 Available for Export Watermelon seeds 119 57 64 47 66 Production .6 66 19 1. 6 Consumption 5. 6 47 .6 65 Available for Export Karkade 96 67 47 .5 64 Production 67 47 .. 61 16 Consumption 69 65 19 9 16 Available for Export Guar 66 15 11 6 6 Production 66 15 11 6 6 Consumption 5 5 5 5 5 Available for Export Sugar 1555 955 555 77. 775 Production 1151 1147 1114 1551 1575 Consumption (151) (647 ) (.14 ) (.55) (.55) Available for Export Gum Arabic 45 .4 65 6. 19 Production 7 4 . . 6 Consumption .7 .5 67 65 17 Available for Export * Figures between brackets are negative values. 90 Table (16): Quantities and estimated Value for of Imports 2008 – 2011 for Sugar and Wheat: Projections (000 tons) Current situation Crop 10/2011 09/2010 08/2009 07/2008 Sugar 1555 955 555 77. 775 Production (000 ton) 1151 1147 1114 1551 1575 Consumption (000 ton) (151) (647 ) (.14 ) (.55) (.55) Surplus/deficit (000 ton) 655 676 664 616 615 Value of local production (million US$) 71 69 55 56 54 Value of imported quantity (million US$) Wheat 6765 1765 1.65 795 675 Production (000 ton) 6455 6.75 6641 61.5 6555 Consumption (000 ton) 55 (795) (961) (1.45) (1..5) Surplus/deficit (000 ton) 1176 756 794 .77 .51 Value of local production (million US$) .6 .79 414 65. 799 Value of imported quantity (million US$) Wheat consumption increased by 6.5% annually. Values between bracket are negative Table (17): Details of Production and Value of Cotton 2008 – 2011: Item 8002/8001 8002/8002 8000/8002 8000/8000 irrigated Area (000 feddan) 12 400 400 400 Productivity ( /fed.) 4 7 737 6 Production (000 ) 408 0200 0620 0200 Price (in dollars) 95 95 97 95 Revenue (million dollar) 82 042 00222 068 irrigated Area (000 feddan) 26 400 000 020 Productivity ( /fed.) 436 6 637 7 Production (000 ) 000 0200 8600 4020 Price (in dollars) 75 75 75 75 Revenue (million dollar) 40 086 028 88022 Rainfed Area (000 feddan) 10 000 200 100 Productivity ( /fed.) . 4 437 7 Production (000 ) 888 0600 8820 4200 Price (in dollars) 67 67 67 67 Revenue (million dollar) 00 000 006282 88122 Total Area (000 feddan) 802 0000 0800 0020 Production (000 ) 212 0200 6200 2020 Consumption (0000 000 000 600 100 Available 212 0200 2200 1120 Revenue (million dollar) 62 441 008 220 Revenue of (million dollar) 00 022 844 404 Total Revenue (million dollar) 002 242 616 220 91 Table (18): Quantities and Value of Commodities Available for Export 2008 – 2011: Projections Current Situation Crop 10/2011 09/2010 08/2009 07/2008 Sorghum 6496 4576 .677 6496 Available for Export (000 ton) 655 655 655 655 Price (in dollars) 0822 210 142 022 Value (in million dollar) Sesame 77. 467 .47 665 166 Available for Export (000 ton) 675 675 675 675 675 Price (in dollars) 460 816 882 010 155 Value (in million dollar) Groundnuts 579 6.. 446 695 Available for Export (000 ton) 755 755 755 755 Price (in dollars) 602 004 408 804 Value (in million dollar) Cotton 220 616 242 002 Value (in million dollar) Karkade 69 65 19 9 Available for Export (000 ton) 1555 1555 1555 1555 Price (in dollars) 82 80 02 2 Value (in million dollar) Watermelon Seeds 5. 61 47 .6 Available for Export (000 ton) 677 677 677 677 Price (in dollars) 84 01 08 2 Value (in million dollar) Fodders 975 7.4 744 .97 Available for Export (000 ton) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Price (in dollars) 081 22 10 28 Value (in million dollar) Vegetables 745 61. 46. .57 Available for Export (000 ton) 755 755 755 755 Price (in dollars) 202 082 480 810 Value (in million dollar) Fruits 756 446 ..7 677 Available for Export (000 ton) 1555 1555 1555 1555 Price (in dollars) 228 008 442 822 Value (in million dollar) Gum Arabic .7 .5 67 65 17 Available for Export (000 ton) 6755 6755 6755 6755 6755 Price (in dollars) 2122 1220 6822 20 08.. Value (in million dollar) 028422 4004 860222 0601 Total 92 Indicators of Livestock and Fishery: Table (19): Livestock 2008 – 2011: 00/8000 02/8000 02/8002 01/8002 Item 46465 46167 41741 41677 Cattle 76.56 71557 71567 75671 Sheep 4.664 4.475 4.676 469.5 Goats 4476 4475 4475 46.5 Camel 008202 000208 000440 042028 Total Table (20): Targets of Animal Production 2008 – 2011: م8000 م8000 م8002 م8002 Current Situation Item 6777 6696 1996 1517 1767 Meat 116.1 969. 5469 766. 7695 Milk 99 66 47 .6 .5 Chicken meat 96 64 46 .7 .5 Egg 197 1.5 96 77 75 Fish 67997 74996 49996 46767 44755 Hides&skin (piece) Table (21): Indicators of Livestock and Fishery Revenue 2008 – 2011: (according to circulating prices of exported livestock commodities) Current Situation Item Export Projections 8002 8002 8000 8000 Live Cattle Number (thousand heads) .36 7 15 65 45 Revenue (million dollar) 135 639 63. 1637 673. Slaughtered Cattle Number (thousand heads) 1365 7 17 .5 65 Revenue (million dollar) 5.8 22.5 67.5 135 270 Live Sheep Number (thousand heads) 1755 6555 6.55 6765 .616 Revenue (million dollar) 165 220 253 303.6 353.3 Slaughtered Sheep Number (thousand heads) 637 4 5 16 65 Revenue (million dollar) 14.9 22 44 66 110 93 Current Situation Item Export Projections 8002 8002 8000 8000 Live Goats Number (thousand heads) 95 155 167 175 655 Revenue (million dollar) 4.5 5 6.3 7.5 10 Slaughtered Goats Number (thousand heads) 536 537 1 137 6 Revenue (million dollar) 0.9 2.3 4.5 6.8 9 Live Camel Number (thousand heads) 1.5 155 655 667 675 Revenue (million dollar) 10.4 14.4 16 18 20 Slaughtered Camel Number (thousand heads) 535. 531 537 1 6 Revenue (million dollar) 0.12 0.4 2 4 8 Fish Number (thousand heads) 6 4 6 5 15 Revenue (million dollar) 6 12 18 24 30 Tuna (000 tons) - 65 67 .5 45 Revenue (million dollar) Shrimp (000 ton) - 17 65 67 .5 Revenue (million dollar) 225 300 375 450 Hides and Skins Cattle Raw (000 ton) 14 17 11 14 5 Revenue (million dollar) 22.4 27.2 17.6 22.4 - Semi- tanned (000 ton) 9 17 .6 46 76 Revenue (million dollar) 20.7 39.1 73.6 96.6 128.8 Sheep Semi- tanned (000 dozen) 646 .47 4.1 777 777 Revenue (million dollar) 13.3 19 23.7 31.6 31.6 Goats Semi- tanned (000 dozen) 646 .47 4.1 777 777 Revenue (million dollar) 6.8 9.7 12.1 16.1 16.1 Total Revenue 272.6 651.5 882.1 1164.3 1522.1 94 Table (22): Indicators of Livestock and Fishery Revenue 2008 – 2011: (according to prices of the Ministry of Foreign Trade) Item Current situation Export Projections 8002 8002 8000 8000 Live Cattle Number (thousand heads) .36 7 15 65 45 Revenue (million dollar) 139 . 6 16 64 Slaughtered Cattle Number (thousand heads) 1365 7 17 .5 65 Revenue (million dollar) 636 535 663. 7637 157 Live Sheep Number (thousand heads) 1755 6555 6.55 6765 .616 Revenue (million dollar) 95 126.7 145.7 174.8 203.4 Slaughtered Sheep Number (thousand heads) 637 4 5 16 65 Revenue (million dollar) 939 1436 6936 4.35 7. Live Goats Number (thousand heads) 95 155 167 175 655 Revenue (million dollar) .36 4 7 6 5 Slaughtered Goats Number (thousand heads) 536 537 1 137 6 Revenue (million dollar) 537 136 637 .37 435 Live Camel Number (thousand heads) 1.5 155 655 667 675 Revenue (million dollar) 6.34 .634 .6 4537 47 Slaughtered Camel Number (thousand heads) 535. 531 537 1 6 Revenue (million dollar) 5357 536 539 135 .37 Fish Fish (000 ton) 6 4 6 5 15 Revenue (million dollar) 6 4 6 5 15 Tuna (000 ton) - 65 67 .5 45 Revenue (million dollar) - 10 18.8 22.5 30 Shrimp (000 ton) - 17 65 67 .5 Revenue (million dollar) - 30 40 50 60 Hides and Skins Cattle Raw (000 ton) 14 17 11 14 5 Revenue (million dollar) 935 16 737 15 5 Semi- tanned (000 ton) 9 17 .6 46 76 Revenue (million dollar) 737 1437 27.2 35.7 47.6 Sheep Semi-tanned (000 dozen) 646 .47 4.1 777 777 Revenue (million dollar) 5.3 736 937 1637 1637 Goats Semi- (000 dozen) 646 .47 4.1 777 777 Revenue (million dollar) .34 435 6 8.1 8.1 Total Revenue 164.75 273.8 366.8 482.1 635 95 Remark: There is decrease in revenue by 40% because of the difference of price between indicators of Ministry of Foreign Trade and real sale prices. This percentage will increase to 58% during the implementation of ARP if these indicators do not convoy the real export prices and the international circulating prices for those commodities. Table (23): Prices of Exported Livestock and Fishery Commodities: Item Circulate Price Foreign Trade Price Remarks Cattle Live (head) 1955 1555 Average weight of live head of cattle 300 kg Slaughtered (ton) 4755 1775 Sheep Live (head) 115 1955 Average weight of live head of sheep 35 kg Slaughtered (ton) 7755 .675 Goats Live (head) 75 45 Average weight of live head of goat 17 kg Slaughtered (ton) 4755 6475 Camel Live (head) 555 155 - Slaughtered (ton) 4555 1775 Hides and skin Cattle Raw (ton) 1655 755 Average number of cattle skin per ton is 110 piece Semi-tanned (ton) 6.55 575 Semi-tanned Sheep (dozen) 77 66 Semi-tanned goats (dozen) 65 14 Fish Fresh Fish (ton) .555 1555 Red Sea Fish Shrimp (000 ton) 17555 6555 Tuna (000 ton) 1755 775 96 Annex (2) Matrix on Bank Financing Objectives Policies Procedures Implementing Agency (ies) Starting Date Increasing the volume of finance allocated to the agricultural sector from national and foreign sources for the implementation of the sectoral activities Increasing the resources of the Agricultural Bank portfolio from non- traditional sources Re-structuring the Agricultural Bank and increasing its capital from joint portfolios: government finance (Ministry of Finance and National Economy and National Bank of Sudan), foreign resources, future contracts, commodity credits contracted by the Ministry of Finance and National Economy. Ministry of Finance and National Economy, National Bank of Sudan, Agricultural Bank January 2008 Transformation of Livestock Bank to a development bank Re-structuring and increasing the share of Ministry of Finance and National Economy in the Livestock Bank to 51% as a first stage to contribute to the livestock development programmes n addition to allocation of resources from commodity credits contracted by the Ministry of Finance and National Economy Ministry of Finance and National Economy, National Bank of Sudan and other sources During 2008 Strengthening of the Industrial Development Bank Increasing the share of the Bank of Sudan in the capital of the Industrial Development Bank to 51% and the share of the Ministry of Finance and National Economy to 49% to contribute to the development of the agro-processing industries in addition to allocation of resources from commodity contracted by the Ministry of Finance and National Economy. Ministry of Finance and National Economy, National Bank of Sudan and other sources During 2008 Financing Formation of portfolios for agricultural finance National Bank of Sudan, Continuous 97 Mechanisms individual finance specialized commercial banks, micro-finance unit, National Agency for Insurance and Development of Exports Micro credit targeting smallholders and small scale agro- processing industries Commit banks to set aside 12% of its finance portfolios to the micro-credit sector, allocate funds from the National Bank of Sudan and the Ministry of Finance and National Economy to micro-credit annually; funds allocated by the World Bank for micro-credit; issuing micro- credit finance policies annually; issuing National Bank circulars periodically; innovative non- traditional guarantees to enable beneficiaries to access finance; capacity building of micro- finance providers and beneficiaries; linking repayment of the loan to the beginning of the production stage; reducing the cost of finance to 5% to be borne by the Ministry of Finance and National Economy. Ministry of Finance and National Economy, Micro-credit Unit; National Bank of Sudan; Bank of Sudan, commercial banks; World Bank Continuous Reduction of the Cost of Finance Cot of finance Reducing the cost of finance to the agricultural sector at large, livestock and horticultural production, agricultural machinery and wheat production at 7%, 5% and 3% respectively. Ministry of Finance and National Economy, National Bank of Sudan, Union of Banks, Bank of Sudan, specialized banks During 2008- 2009 Medium and long term finance for horticultural and Allow a grace provide ranging between 18 months and 5 years depending on the nature of the project; repayment to be linked to the start of production, accept easy guarantees for giving Banking Sector During 2008 98 livestock production credit. Linking finance to increase in productivity Linking finance to agricultural policies Determine financial requirements through the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the management of the agricultural corporations so as to provide needed finance at the right time. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, banking sector, management of corporations. During March 2008 for summer season and July 2008 for winter season Provision of services Finance of infrastructure for the agric. sector roads, wells, slaughterhouses, electricity … etc) and veterinary and agricultural services Ministries of: Finance, Agriculture, Animal Resources, Energy and Mining, Industrial Development Bank and Livestock Bank Continuous Agro-industries Finance industries which process agricultural and livestock products and manufacture inputs Banking institutions and Industrial Development Bank March 2008 Study the establishment of a commodity exchange in Khartoum Stock Exchange Financing of the agricultural commodities exchange in Khartoum Stock Exchange Ministry of Finance and National Economy, Ministry of Foreign Trade, National Bank of Sudan, Union of Business Men, Union of Banks, Khartoum Stock Exchange, Management of the Strategic Food Reserves During 2008 Extending the coverage of the management of agricultural risks Expanding the coverage of agric. insurance Support of Agric. Risks Management Fund Insurance against drought and pests and death of livestock Insurance and re- insurance companies National Agency for Insurance and Development of Exports March 2008 99 Awareness raising of available finance and its modalities for farmers, pastoralists and artisans related to agricultural activities Issue simple leaflets, using audio-visual aids, establish specialized units in branches of banks in the states Branches of the National Bank of Sudan, the banking system, microcredit unit, farmers' and pastoralists' unions March 2008 Continuous Linking financing to adoption of new technology Establishment of specialized monitoring units to ensure use of improved technologies Issue a circular committing banks to finance improved technologies and agric. insurance National Bank of Sudan and banking institutions Continuous 100 Announcing encouraging financial policies timely Financial policies Issue financial policy circular and subsequent circular conducive to agric. growth and development National Bank of Sudan and specialized banks Continuous Facilitating access of farmers to bank financing Guarantees Accept non-traditional guarantees against finance including movable assets, establishment of financing guarantee institutions, group guarantees, agric. insurance, Zakat, local leaders, savings guarantees Banking institutions Micro-credit unit During March 2008 Developing financing modalities Invent new modalities of financing suitable to agricultural and livestock production activities Ministry of Finance and National Economy, National Bank of Sudan, National Authority for Enforcing Shariaa Law, Sudan company for Financial Services March 2008 Facilitating farmers' access to financing at their locations Expand network through non-traditional cost- effective means through opening outlets other than the existing ones and establishing small fixed and mobile branches, making use of new technologies and mobile banking Banking institutions 2008 Increasing the efficiency of financial institutions to contribute to increase production and productivity Promotion of agricultural and livestock exports Reactivate the National Agency for Export Promotion through increasing its capital and looking into the possibility of changing it to a public company to perform its functions of promotion, insurance and financing of the non-oil exports Ministry of Foreign Trade and other concerned ministries March 2008 101 Matrix of the Investment projects Specify agricultural investment priorities and efficiency of resource use Preparation of investment maps for land use in the states and direction of investment to areas who received least development and investment and have a comparative advantage, prepare technically and economically feasible projects Ministry of Investment, Ministry of Finance and National Economy, and related ministries in states March 2008 Financing infrastructure for agricultural investment Encourage foreign partners and national private sector to invest in agricultural infrastructure Ministry of Investment, related Ministries March 2008 Encourage supporting logistic services Grant special privileges to logistics such as refrigeration, storage, transport , packing …etc Ministry of Investment, Ministry of Finance and National Economy March 2008 Taking care of foreign partnerships Facilitate administrative procedures, identify investment projects which lead agricultural development, grant extra incentives for strategic agricultural projects Ministry of Investment, Ministry of Finance and National Economy March 2008 102 Annex (3) Time Table for Implementation 1. Time Table for Implementation of Policies during 2008: Project Name Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. First: Conducive Production Environment Economic and Financial Policies Allocate at least 20% of public expenditure for agricultural and livestock infrastructure Approve and implement partnerships in integrated crop /livestock /processing projects with foreign investors. Provide local Gov. contribution to donor- funded agricultural revival projects Upgrade capacity of national banks Establish portfolios to finance agriculture Prepare bankable projects for finance by foreign financial institutions Seek finance from bilateral sources Political and diplomatic initiatives to ensure financial flows for the revival programme Sustainable and encouraging investment policies Increase insurance coverage with emphasis on agricultural and livestock commodity exports 103 Allocate a certain percentage of ABS resources as marketing credit for smallholders Commitment not to impose any taxes on agricultural and not to impose any levies unless against services Project Name Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.  Collection Zakat from smallholders at village centers to cover the debts of those who fail to repay  Direct Zakat Chamber to determine the quantity of Zakat to be paid by a producer in the rainfed sector on the basis of net returns Direct the Zakat Chamber to collect zakat from exporters on the basis of the final annual accounts Collect zakat of livestock in production areas at the same time in all states Financial Policies  Finance infrastructure from Government budget  Finance support services at national level  Facilitate procedures to allow private sector participate in service provision  Finance agricultural operations  Increase agricultural credit allocated by ABS for smallholders by at least 100%  Adopt the village centre as an instrument to promote the "mobile credit"  Direct internal soft loans to the Agric. bank 104  Give priority in finance to producers organized in production and marketing organizations.  Provide short, medium and long term finance to horticultural products and livestock producers.  Scale up minimum finance for agric. production  Livestock Bank to developing bank by raising Gov. share to 51% of capital value of the bank 105 Project Name Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Marketing Policies Give priority in finance and implementation for export- oriented projects control food safety through SPS measures and adopt HACCP system promote organic production for export Implement an effective strategy and contacts, targeting specific markets for commodities with competitive advantage Direct Sudanese diplomatic missions to consider promotion of Sudanese exports as one of their important tasks. Grant maximum incentives provided by the Investment Encouragement Act for investment in storage, refrigerated and dry transport, abattoirs, grading ad packaging. Protect producers and exporters from unfair competition using the privileges granted by the Agreement on Agriculture implemented by WTO. Agric. Investment Policies Implement a separate investment act for strategic partnerships in agricultural production and processing Benefit from Arab investment guarantee organizations to facilitate financing of agricultural development projects Institutional Reform 106 Restructuring the ministries of the agric. Sector at the federal & state levels Complete institutional reform in the Gezira Scheme 107 Project Name Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Reform existing irrigation schemes and those under establishment Institutional reform of semi-mechanized rain-fed sector Agricultural Legislations Commit providers of fertilizers, insecticides and agricultural machinery to following the standard operating procedures which protect environment, public health and food safety Allow exporting of successful agricultural technologies Continue to improve the legal environment which supports and facilitates agricultural activities Expedite streamlining national efforts to establish a framework for intellectual property rights according to international standards. Expedite updating and ratification of the agric. Laws which ensure the precise implementation of this law Agricultural Education Develop agricultural curricula for high education to meet the needs of the revival programme integrate agricultural and veterinary sciences in the curricula of the comprehensive schools Encourage successful students to enroll in professional and technological agricultural specializations through 108 upgrading their salary scales 109 Project Name Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Reduction of Production Cost Policies Research Policies Set research priorities according to the agricultural revival programme. Adopt participatory approach for planning and implementation of research involving beneficiaries and other stakeholders. Permit introduction and adaptation of successful technologies on the basis of scientific criteria agreed upon until the procedures concerning Intellectual Property rights are put in place. Technology Transfer and Extension Policies Use the village as a centre for providing agricultural services and finance Earmark 15% of the posts approved annually for employing new agricultural graduates to those coming from the villages chosen as centers. Use mechanical harvesting on a large scale Trade and Agricultural Export Policies Benefit from the regional partnership resources made available by WTO for East and South Africa and COMESA countries Cancellation of all levies collected by the states, districts, trade unions and parastatals on commodity exports and inputs. 110 Distinguish export promotion projects as strategic projects, with privileges granted by the Investment Encouragement Act. Project Name Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Expedite approval of the laws on competition, dumping and organization of foreign trade Empowering Women to Participate in Agricultural and Rural Development Access women to assets and agricultural services through short term low cost credit Build capacity of women to organize producer and service organizations including small scale processing Information and Informatics Policies Continue development on information systems through collection, analysis and publication to support policy decisions. Development of early warning systems on food security Agricultural Cooperation Policies Strengthen the role of agricultural cooperation as civil society organizations, and review current laws and by- laws to reflect this fact Confine the role of the government to capacity building, awareness raising, regulation, research Utilization of Idle Capacities in the Agricultural Sector Cancel the leases of an reallocate idle investment projects 111 Project Name Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Agricultural Processing  Government financial and technical support to assist small scale household industries to add value  Plan and establish industrial areas for leather industries  Encourage use of composite flour based on results of the research Utilization of Idle Capacities in the Industrial Sector Preparation of an emergency programme to utilize idle capacities in the industrial sector Generation of Hydroelectric Power to Reduce Cost of Power Generation from Dams 112 2. Time Table for Implementation of Programmes and Projects During 2008: Project Name Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Second: Programmes and Projects Water Harvest Projects Dams and Reservoirs Rehabilitation of Khur Abo Habel Development of Idd El Fersan & Rehaid El Burdi Umbayada Abu Hamra Irrigation Projects Lower Gates of Roseries Dam Underground Reservoir of Nubian Aquifer Rehabilitation of Rahad irrigation Infra. Rehabilitation of Supplementary Funds in Khashm El Girba Using X-ray to develop water resources Rehabilitation of Roseries Upper Gates Heightening of Roseries Dam Rehabilitation of Gezira Infrastructure 113 Project Name Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Rehabilitation of Esuki Corporation Rehabilitation of Irrigation Infra. in Irrigated Projects The Tenth Inspectorate in Rahad Rehabilitation of Irrigation Pumps Completion of New Halfa Rehabilitation Rehabilitation/Regrouping of White Nile Schemes Blue Nile Pump Schemes Projects Tokar Delta Rehabilitation Project East Soba and Esilat Project West Soba and Gamuya Projects Rehabilitation of Pumps and Irrigation Infra. in Hilalia Eastern Nile Basin Projects Rural Roads, Ferries and Barrages Rural roads Ferries and Bridges 114 Project Name Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Qualitative change of Producers Qualitative change of farmers, pastoralists and agro- processors Training and capacity building in federal and state Training of agricultural machinery users on mechanization of different operations. Qualitative change of farmers, pastoralists and agro- processors Motivation of producers development of agricultural management Support Services The village as a centre for services and agricultural knowledge (500 villages in 2008) Technology transfer centers (crops) Technology transfer centers (livestock) Rehabilitation of the horticultural sub-sector Agricultural planning, economics and surveys Rehabilitation of the crop production infrastructure Agricultural Investment Development Centre 115 Provision of vaccines Development of the National Fishery Centre 116 117 Project Name Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Control of epidemics Control of poaching Rehabilitation of quality control labs. Veterinary clinics Information and Informatics Agricultural census Strategic information and studies base Planning and field economic surveys Research on Blue Nile State Household expenditure, consumption and livelihood studies Food Security, Poverty Reduction and Rural Development National Wheat Programme National Rice Project Special Programme for Food Security Integrated Information System for Supporting Decision Making in Food Security Risk management and Agricultural Insurance 118 Project Name Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Regeneration of Systems of Livelihood in Gash Blue Nile Development Project Development of Irrigated Agriculture (Rahad, Taiba ElKemir, ElHurga) Provision of improved seeds to farmers free of charge Drought amelioration and food security Drought amelioration and food security North Kordofan Rural Development South Kordofan Rural Development Khor klbob Jebal Marra Rural Development Project Rural Development in Gedarif State Um Agag Agricultural Project Food Security in Red Sea State Rural Development in Nuba Lake Rehabilitation of Basic Infrastructure Improvement of Farmers' Income 119 Project Name Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Agricultural Marketing and Export Promotion Rehabilitation of ginneries Rabak Silo Establishment and Rehabilitation of Quarantines and Slaughter Houses Improvement of Production And Marketing of Livestock in Rain-fed Areas Survey and control of diseases hampering exports Rehabilitation of Inspection and Vaccination Centers Establishment of wholescale fruits and vegetables markets with all related services Establishment of wholescale livestock markets Strategic Belt for Livestock Exports Development and Modernization of Agricultural Systems Improvement and modernization of agricultural systems in Gezira Scheme Models Irrigated Pilot Pasture Farm Rain-fed Pilot Pasture Farm Zero Tillage Technology in mechanized rainfed sector 120 Agro-forestry Piloting Fish culture and water living organisms Project Name Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Development and Protection of Natural Resources Preparation of land use maps  Desertification control programme National seeds broadcasting Natural resources management in West Sudan Butana integrated rural development Rehabilitation of the Gum Arabic Belt The Green March Project National Forests Corporation projects Afforestation of 5% of the area of the irrigated projects Commodity Councils Strategic Partnership Other Key Projects 121 Annex 4 Legislations and Laws Specific to the Executive Programme for Agricultural Revival FFiirrssttllyy:: PPrrooppoossaallss ffoorr IInniittiiaattiioonn aanndd MMooddiiffiiccaattiioonn ooff tthhee LLaawwss ooff tthhee MMiinniissttrryy ooff AAggrriiccuullttuurree aanndd FFoorreessttrryy:: A. Proposed Laws: 1. Proposed Law on Fertilizer and Insecticides for 2003. 2. Proposed Law on Seeds, 2003. 3. Proposed Law on Rural Development, Food Security and Poverty Reduction, 2005. 4. Proposed Law on Special Safeguard, 2005. 5. Proposed Law on Application of Agreement on Genetic Resources of Food and Agriculture. 6. Proposed Law on Agreement on Biodiversity. 7. Proposed Law on Food Safety. 8. Proposed Law on Bio-safety. 9. Proposed Law on Testing of Tractors, Equipment and Agricultural Pesticides, 2003. 10. Proposed Law on National Forests and Renewable Natural Resources. 11. Proposed Law on Jabel Marra Authority for Rural Development, 2008. 12. Proposed Law on Agricultural Quarantine, 2004. 13. Proposed Law on Agricultural Insurance, 2005. B. Modification of Laws: 1. Crop Protect Act 2. Pesticides and National Pest Control, 1994. 3. Plant Diseases Act, 1960. 4. Water Hyacinth Control Act, 1960. 5. Date Palm Seedlings Confiscation Act, 1947. 6. Cotton Act, 1926 7. Locust Eradication Act, 1907. 8. Agricultural Pests Control Act, 1919. 9. Agricultural Co-operatives Act. 10. Farmers' and Pastoralists' Act, 1992. 122 SSeeccoonnddllyy:: PPrrooppoossaallss ffoorr IInniittiiaattiioonn aanndd MMooddiiffiiccaattiioonn ooff tthhee LLaawwss ooff tthhee MMiinniissttrryy ooff AAnniimmaall aanndd FFiisshheerryy RReessoouurrcceess:: A. Proposed Laws: 1. Proposed Law on Livestock Genetic Resources. 2. Proposed Law on Production of Meat and Meat Products. 3. Law on Dairy and Dairy Products. 4. Law on Forages and Feeds from Animal and Plant By-products. 5. Law on Fish and Aquatic Organisms. 6. Law on Protection of Water Catching Areas. 7. Law on Organization of Livestock Markets. 8. Law on Development of Livestock and Fish Exports. 9. Law on Strategic Belt of Livestock Export, 2008. B. Modification of Laws: 1. Law on contagious Livestock Diseases, 2001. 2. Laws on Veterinary Quarantines for Lives Animals and Meat, 2004. 3. Law on Disease-Free Zone, 1973. 4. Law on Cattle Route and Veterinary Surveillance Points, 1974. 5. Law on Meat Health and Inspection, 1974. 6. Law on Sudanese Hides and Skins, 1954. TThhiirrddllyy:: LLaanndd LLaawwss:: 1. Proposed Law on Land Commission. 2. Modification of Civil Transaction Act, 1984. 3. Modification of the Law on Settlement and Registration of Lands, 1925. FFoouurrtthhllyy:: OOtthheerr LLaawwss:: 1. Law on Organization and Development of Industry, 2004. 2. Proposed Law on the Support Granted to Revitalize the Industry. 3. Law on Organization of International Trade. 4. Law on Competition and Dumping 5. Law on Accreditation Council 6. Law on Scientific Research 7. Modification of the Law on the Protection of the Environment, 2001. 123 Annex 5 Participants in the Preparation of the Programme Document TThhee HHiigghh CCoommmmiitttteeee:: Under the chairmanship of His Excellency First Vice President. Members included the ministers of the economic sector of the Council of Ministers, researchers, producers, farmers' and pastoralists' trade unions, processors, service providers, investors and civil society organizations. CCoommmmiitttteeee ooff RRaappppoorrtteeuurrss:: 1. Prof. Ahmed Ali Genif (Chairman) 2. Prof. Bakri Musa Ali 3. Dr. Abdel Latif Igeimi 4. Dr. Abdel Razig El Bashir Mohamed DDrraaffttiinngg ooff tthhee EExxeeccuuttiivvee PPrrooggrraammmmee DDooccuummeenntt:: 1. Prof. Ahmed Ali Genif 2. Prof. Bakri Musa Ali 3. Dr. Yassin Abdeen 4. Dr. Abdel Latif Igeimi 5. Dr. Abdel Razig El Bashir Mohamed 6. Dr. Ali Abdel Razig Lutfi 7. Fafiz Ata El Mannan TTrraannssllaattiioonn:: Dr. Abdel Razig El Bashir Mohamed WWoorrdd PPrroocceessssiinngg:: Rihab Yassin F. Nimir 124 1. Introduction 2. The Methodology for the Preparation of the Executive Programme for the Development of the Agricultural Sector 3. Diagnosis of the Existing Situation in the Agricultural Sector 3.1. Strengths: 3.2. Weaknesses (Opportunities for change) 3.3. Opportunities: 3.4. Threats: 3.5. Analysis of the Political, Economic, Social and Technological Environment: 4. Preparation of the Strategy 4.1. The Vision: 4.2. The Mission: 4.3. Strategic Objectives 5. Key Factors of Success 5.1. Conducive Production Environment 5.1.1. Macro and sectoral policies 5.1.2. Basic Infrastructure 5.3. Agricultural land use 5.4. Supporting Services 5.5. Development and Modernization of Agricultural Systems 5.6. Protection and Development of Natural Resources 5.7. Agricultural Industrialization 5.8. Implementation of Quality and Food Safety Standards 5.9. International Partnerships 6. The Action Plan for Programmes and Projects (2008 – 2011) 6.1. Planned Expenditure on the Agricultural Sector During 2008 – 2011 6.2. Approved Programmes and Projects for 2008: 6.2.1. Infrastructure Programmes 6.2.2. Building the Capacities of Producers and their Institutions: 6.2.3. Support Services Projects: 6.2.4. Information and Informatics: 6.2.5. Food Security and Poverty Reduction Projects: 6.2.6. Agricultural Marketing and Export Promotion Infrastructure: 6.2.7. Development and Modernization of Agricultural Systems: 6.2.8. Development and Protection of Natural Resources: 7. Key Agricultural Revival Projects 7.1. Strategic Partnerships: 7.2. Other Key Project: 8. Agricultural Commodities Development Council 8.1. Justifications for the establishment of the council: 8.2. Constitution of the Commodity Councils: 8.3. Terms of Reference of the Councils: 8.4. General Guide Lines for the Conduct of the Councils: 9. Empowerment of the Role of the Private Sector in Agricultural Revival 10. Transformation of the Role of Producer Associations 11. Agricultural Management 12. Creation of a Think Tank 13. Information, Communication and Awareness Raising 14. The Role of International Cooperation in Supporting the Programme 15. The Threats 16. Mechanism for Supervision, Monitoring and Evaluation 16.1. Structure of the Organization for Supervision and Monitoring of the Programme 16.2. Guidelines for Monitoring and Evaluation: 17. Expected Outputs 17.1. Agricultural Production: 17.2. Animal Production: 17.3. General Indicators: 17.4. Import Substitution 17.5. Export Promotion: 18. Conclusion