Papua New Guinea’s Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution 2020

1. Forest and Land Use Change in Papua New Guinea 2000 – 2015. (2019). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution i Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii LIST OF TABLES iii LIST OF FIGURES iii GLOSSARY iv ACRONYM viii INTRODUCTION x

1. NATIONAL CONTEXT 1 Geography & Climate 1 Impacts & Vulnerability 2 Population 3 Sustainable Economic Development 3 Climate Change Policy, Institutions & Reporting History 4 Summary of Emissions & Removals for PNG 5

2. SUMMARY OF INFORMATION ON CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY & UNDERSTANDING 6 Reference Point 6 Implementation Period 6 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Institutional Arrangement & Planning Process 6 Development Methodology 8 Consideration of NDC being Fair & Ambitious 8 Summary of Contributions including Scope & Coverage 9

3. PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION 11 Energy Sector 11 Contributions 12 Non - GHG Quantitative Targets 12 Non - GHG Action Based Targets 12 Achieving Energy Industries Sub-Sector Targets 13 Potential Energy Measures 13 Land Use, Land-Use Change & Forestry Sub-Sector 14 Contributions 15 GHG - Absolute Target 16 GHG - Relative Target 16 Non GHG Quantitative Targets 16 Non – GHG – Actions Based Targets 16 Summary of Targets 17 Potential Policies & Measures 18

4. PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S ADAPTATION ACTIONS 19 Adaptation Planning 20 Adaptation Nine Priority Areas 21 Adaptation Actions 24 Adaptation Data Gaps 27 Four Development Sectors 29 ii Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Adaptation Targets 30 Implementation of Adaptation Targets 30

5. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 31 Information on Finance 31 Information on Technology 31 Information on Capacity Building 31 Gender & Youth 32 REFERENCE 34 Annex NDC Implementation Plan 39 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Climate Projections for Papua New Guinea 2 Table 2 LULUCF Area of Influence 17 Table 3 Summary of Supported & Unsupported Priority Area Adaptation Actions 24 Table 4 Adaptation Nine Priority Areas Data Gaps 27 Table 5 NAP Development Sectors Matrix for the Nine Key Adaptation Priority Areas 29 Table 6 Adaptation Targets 30 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Map of Papua New Guinea. Source CCDA 1 Figure 2 Time Series of PNG’s Total Emission & Removals 5 Figure 3 PNG’s NDC Institutional Arrangement 7 Figure 4 PNG NDC Preparations & Planning 7 Figure 5 PNG’s annual GHG emissions & removals between 2001 - 2015, the future emissions prediction under the business-as-usual scenario and the NDC target from the LULUCF sub-sector 16 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution iii Glossary Adaptation Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Afforestation Planting of new forests on lands that historically have not contained forests. Agriculture, Forestry and Other One of the four main anthropogenic greenhouse gas emitting Land Use (AFOLU) sectors according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines concerned with land. This integration recognizes that the processes underlying greenhouse gas emissions and removals, as well as the different forms of terrestrial carbon stocks, can occur across all types of land. It recognizes that land-use changes can involve all types of land Base Year Starting year of the inventory. Biomass fuels or biofuels A fuel produced from dry organic matter or combustible oils produced by plants. These fuels are considered renewable as long as the vegetation producing them is maintained or replanted, such as firewood, alcohol fermented from sugar, and combustible oils extracted from soy beans. Their use in place of fossil fuels cuts greenhouse gas emissions because the plants that are the fuel sources capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Capacity building In the context of climate change, the process of developing the technical skills and institutional capability in developing countries and economies in transition to enable them to address effectively the causes and results of climate change. Carbon dioxide equivalent A measure to compare different greenhouse gases based on their (CO2 eq) contribution to radiative forcing. The UNFCCC currently (2005) uses global warming potentials (GWPs) as factors to calculate carbon dioxide equivalent. Census Data collected by interrogation or count of an entire population. Coalition for Rainforest Nations A voluntary grouping of largely developing nations with rainforests which addresses issues surrounding environmental sustainability specific to tropical rainforests. Participation does not necessarily imply that countries adhere to any specific domestic policies or negotiating positions within the international context. At September 2011, the group included Argentina, Bangladesh, Belize, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chile, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d’Ivoire, DR Congo, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, El Salvador, Fiji, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Samoa, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Thailand, Uruguay, Uganda, Vanuatu and Vietnam. Countries participate on a voluntarily basis primarily through unified negotiating positions, workshops and collaborative programs. iv Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Country – specific data Data for either activities or emission that are based on research carried out on sites either in that country or otherwise representative of that country. Deforestation Is the conversion of forest land to any non-forest land. Primary deforestation is the conversion of primary forest. Secondary deforestation is the conversion of degraded forest. Forest degradation Is the conversion of primary forest to disturbed forest Energy Sector One of the four main anthropogenic greenhouse gas emitting sectors according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines concerned with the combustion of fossil fuels, fugitive emission and carbon. Green Climate Fund (GCF) At COP 16 in Cancun in 2010, Governments established a Green Climate Fund as an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the Convention under Article 11. The GCF will support projects, programs, policies and other activities in developing country Parties. The Fund will be governed by the GCF Board Greenhouse gases (GHGs) The atmospheric gases responsible for causing global warming and climate change. The major GHGs are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Less prevalent but very powerful greenhouse gases are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (IMOs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Intergovernmental Panel on Established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and Climate Change (IPCC) the UN Environment Program, the IPCC surveys world-wide scientific and technical literature and publishes assessment reports that are widely recognized as the most credible existing sources of information on climate change. The IPCC also works on methodologies and responds to specific requests from the Convention’s subsidiary bodies. The IPCC is independent of the Convention. Kyoto Protocol An international agreement standing on its own, and requiring separate ratification by governments, but linked to the UNFCCC. The Kyoto Protocol, among other things, sets binding targets for the reduction of greenhouse-gas emissions by industrialized countries. Land cover The type of vegetation, rock, water, etc. covering the earth’s surface. Land use The type of activity being carried out on a unit of land. Land use, land-use change, A greenhouse gas inventory sector that covers emissions and and forestry (LULUCF) removals of greenhouse gases resulting from direct human-induced land use, land-use change and forestry activities. Loss and damage At COP 16 in Cancun in 2010, Governments established a work program in order to consider approaches to address loss and damage associated with climate change impacts in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change as part of the Cancun Adaptation Framework. Mitigation In the context of climate change, a human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases. Examples include using fossil fuels more efficiently for industrial processes or electricity generation, switching to solar energy or wind power, improving the insulation of buildings, and expanding forests and other “sinks” to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution v Measurement, reporting and Measurable, reportable and verifiable. A process/concept that verification (MRV) potentially supports greater transparency in the climate change regime. National Adaptation Documents prepared by least developed countries (LDCs) identifying Programmes urgent and immediate needs for adapting to climate change. National Communication A document submitted in accordance with the Convention (and the Protocol) by which a Party informs other Parties of activities undertaken to address climate change. Most developed countries have now submitted their fifth national communications; most developing countries have completed their first national communication and are in the process of preparing their second. National Determined According to Article 4 paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement, each Contribution (NDC) Party shall prepare, communicate and maintain successive nationally determined contributions (NDCs) that it intends to achieve. Parties shall pursue domestic mitigation measures, with the aim of achieving the objectives of such contributions. Party A state (or regional economic integration organization such as the European Union) that agrees to be bound by a treaty and for which the treaty has entered into force. Population The population is the totality of items under consideration. In the case of a random variable, the probability distribution is considered to define the population of that variable. Removals Removal of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors from the atmosphere by sink. Sink Any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol, or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere. (UNFCCC Article 1.8) Notation in the final stages of reporting is negative (-) sign. Source Any process or activity which releases a greenhouse gas, an aerosol, or a precursor of a greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. (UNFCCC Article 1.9) Notation in the final stages of reporting is the positive (+) sign. Time series A time series is a series of values which are affected by random processes and which are observed at successive (usually equidistant) points in time. Trend The trend of a quantity measures its change over a time period, with a positive trend value indicating growth in the quantity, and a negative value indicating a decrease. It is defined as the ratio of the change in the quantity over the time period, divided by the initial value of the quantity, and is usually expressed either as a percentage or a fraction. IPCC Revised1996 Guideline for estimating emissions and (removals) of particular gases from the five (5) anthropogenic greenhouse gas sectors. Energy Sector, Industrial Processes Sector, Agricultures, Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry Sector and Waste Sector IPCC 2006 Guideline for estimating emissions and (removals) of particular gases from the four (4) anthropogenic greenhouse gas sectors. Energy Sector; Industrial Processes and Product Use Sector; Agricultures, Forestry and Other Land-Use; and Waste Sector. vi Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Verification Verification refers to the collection of activities and procedures that can be followed during the planning and development, or after completion of an inventory that can help to establish its reliability for the intended applications of that inventory Vulnerability The degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution vii Acronym ABM Australia Bureau of Meteorology AD Activity data AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AOSIS Alliance of the Small Island States BUR Biennial update report CCDA Climate Change and Development Authority CCDA NDC TWC Climate Change and Development Authority Nationally Determined Contribution Technical Working Committee CCMA Climate Change Management Act CfRN Coalition for Rainforest Nations CH4 Methane CHARM Comprehensive Hazards and Risk Management CO2 Carbon Dioxide COP Conference of Parties DNPM Department of National Planning and Monitoring EF Emission factor ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework FAO The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FRDP Pacific’s Framework for Resilient Development Plan FRL Forest Reference Level GCF Green Climate Fund GEF Global Environment Facility Gg Giga gram GHG Greenhouse gas GoPNG Government of Papua New Guinea ICCAI International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative INC Initial National Communication INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions. IOC International Ocean Commission IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial processes and product use viii Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution KRA Key Result Area LNG Liquefied Natural Gas LULUCF Land use, land-use change and forestry MTDP Medium-Term Development Plan MRV Measurement, reporting and verification N 2O Nitrous Oxide NAP National Adaptation Plan NC National Communication NCCDMP National Climate Compatible Development Management Policy NDA National Designated Authority NDC Nationally determined contribution NEC National Executive Council NRS National REDD+ Strategy 2017–2027 NSO National Statistical Office PNG Papua New Guinea REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and, Forest Degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable forest management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks RFIP REDD+ Finance and Investment Plan SIDS Small Island Developing States SNC Second National Communication STaRs Strategy for the Responsible Development for PNG STWC Sub-technical Working Committee UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution ix Introduction The Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the cornerstones that bind international obligations on climate change globally. The Paris Agreement specifically challenges Parties under Article 3 to take robust climate action, through what has become known as the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). Papua New Guinea (PNG) like all other Parties is required to communicate its ambitious targets and report on progression overtime on how PNG through national action is contributing towards achieving the long term temperature and adaptation goals set under Article 2 of the Paris Agreement. The NDC is an articulation of PNG’s mitigation and adaptation contributions. It sets out targets and identifies measures and actions to be pursued towards achieving these targets. It contains five (5) chapters which outline the following:  Chapter 1 (National Context) provides a general synopsis of PNG, setting out information on the country’s geography; climate; population; an overview on economic development; an assessment of the impacts and vulnerabilities; and an outline of key climate change policies, institutions, and regulatory frameworks.  Chapter 2 (Summary of Information on Clarity, Transparency and Understanding) establishes the reference point, period of implementation, methodology, scope and sector coverage, and a summary of targets.  Chapter 3 (Papua New Guinea’s Mitigation Contribution) focuses on mitigation targets and potential actions and measures to be taken in sectors identified: Energy Sectors and LULUCF sub-sector;  Chapter 4 (Papua New Guinea’s Adaptation Actions) covers adaptation planning, priorities, data gaps, and outlines the adaptation actions and targets; and:-  Chapter 5 (Means of Implementation) discusses matters pertaining to implementation. The chapter contains a needs assessment which covers general support, finances and capacity building. x Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution NATIONAL CONTEXT 1 GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE PNG is an island country in the South Pacific Region, located between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn. It shares the international land border with Indonesia to the west, and maritime borders with Australia to the south, the Solomon Islands to the east, and the Federated States of Micronesia to the north. It has a total land area of (46.13 million hectares), 97 percent2 of which is customarily owned by local indigenous people, while 3 percent is alienated land owned by the State. Figure 1 Map of Papua New Guinea. Source CCDA Owing to its geographical proximity to the northward moving Australian continental plate and the northwest moving Pacific plate, PNG is located in one of the most tectonically active areas in the world, also known as the ring of fire. The country is bestowed with remarkable diversity and extraordinary landscapes, terrestrial ecosystems, rich flora and fauna with accommodating climatic conditions. PNG’s climate is classified as an ‘Af climate’ according to Koppen –Geiger Classification with hot, humid tropical climate experienced all year round3. The country experiences two distinctive seasons: wet and dry - whereby the wet season occurs from December to March, and the dry season from June to September. PNG’s average monthly rainfall ranges between 250mm – 350mm, with average temperatures between 26 – 28 degrees Celsius. Humidity is relatively high in PNG, ranging between 70 - 90 percent4.

2. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report .(2019).

3. Australian Bureau of Meterology and CSIRO. (2011). Climate Change in the Pacific. Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 2. Country Reports

4. Australian Bureau of Meterology and CSIRO. (2011). Climate Change in the Pacific. Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 2. Country Reports Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 1 Impacts & Vulnerability PNG is ranked as the tenth most vulnerable country poverty as a result of lack of access to education in the world to the risk of climate change5. PNG’s and employment opportunities. The literacy rate for highlands region is susceptible to extreme weather young men is 67 percent, and for young women, such as heavy rainfall, which may increase the 79 percent8. Approximately 28.4 percent of young occurrence of landslides and inland flooding. The people (between the ages of 15-24) are not coastal regions, the islands and the low-lying atoll employed or otherwise participating in educational areas are mostly vulnerable to extreme weather or vocational training opportunities9. events, storm surge, sea-level rise, and coastal inundation. PNG’s climate is projected to change as shown in Table 1 below. According to the Commonwealth With more than 75 - 80 percent of the population Scientific and Industrial Research Organization living in rural areas6, the risk of exposure to natural (CSIRO), there is a high confidence level of different hazards is very high. PNG’s rural populations are climate variables increasing over the course of the mostly subsistence farmers that rely on subsistence 21st century. farming for their livelihoods, with limited capacity to protect themselves from climate-induced natural disasters. The rugged mountainous terrain as well as limited access to basic infrastructures such as roads and bridges has hindered rural communities to access health care, education and broader development opportunities. Women are particularly vulnerable due to the lack of access to land, income, credit and other resources. This lack of access impedes their ability to cope with climate stresses and disasters. About 60 percent of PNG’s population is under the age of 25 years7. Much of this group experience Table 1 Climate Projections for Papua New Guinea Climate variable Projection Confidence level Surface air temperature Projected to increase Very high confidence Sea surface temperature Projected to increase Very high confidence Annual mean rainfall Projected to increase High confidence Seasonal mean rainfall Projected to increase High confidence Intensity and frequency of days of extreme heat Projected to increase Very high confidence Intensity and frequency of days of extreme rainfall Projected to increase High confidence Incidence of drought Projected to decrease Moderate confidence Frequency of tropical cyclones Projected to decrease Moderate confidence Ocean acidification Projected to continue Very high confidence Mean sea-level rise Projected to increase Very high confidence These projections are expected to raise exposure levels and increased vulnerability to shifting climatic conditions and will impact the growing population and economic development.

5. World Risk Report. (2016).

6. Papua New Guinea’s Voluntary National Review 2020- Progress of Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. (2020).

7. Papua New Guinea Young People. (2018).

8. Education for All 2000 – 2015: Achievements and Challenges. (2015)

9. International Labour Organization. Youth Labour Statistics. (2020). 2 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Population According to the PNG’s national population census structures and depend on subsistence farming, 2011, the country’s population has grown from 3.8 supplemented by cash cropping. Thirty nine percent million in 1990 to 7.3 million. The 2000 and 2011 of the overall population live in the Highlands region, censuses10 acknowledged that around 12 percent 26 percent in the Momase region, with the Southern of PNG’s population lives in urban areas while the and New Guinea Islands regions totalling 20 percent rest of the population lives in rural communities. and 15 percent of the population respectively. These rural communities maintain traditional village Sustainable Economic Development Sustainable economic development is a priority agenda for the Government of Papua New Guinea (GoPNG), and is reflected as a long-term goal in the PNG Vision 2050 (Vision 2050), for PNG to be a “Smart, Wise, Fair, Healthy and Happy Society”. To implement the Vision 2050, the PNG Development Strategic Plan 2010-2030 was developed and endorsed by the National Executive Council (NEC), which sets out key targets and more detailed strategies. This serves as the building block to achieving the requirements of the Vision 2050. To ensure that the priority pillars of the Vision 2050 are met, a 5-year plan called the Medium-Term Development Plan (MTDP) was developed with specific sector targets and indicators. PNG is a developing country and has a dual economy, consisting of both the formal and informal economy. The formal economy is made up of the large-scale extractive mining and petroleum sector, and the primary industries sector including; forestry, fishing, and commercial agriculture. It employs 15 percent of the total workforce. The informal economy on the other hand supports 85 percent of the population through subsistence agriculture11 and is dominated by women. Despite the abundance of natural resources and economic growth recorded since 2013, PNG’s economy faces numerous challenges. The rugged terrain and the high costs of infrastructure hamper the exploitation and development of natural resources, and consequently, the formal and informal economies which support it. The GoPNG, with the support of development partners and investors, aims to pursue economic activities to realize sustainable economic development.

10. National Population and Housing 2011. (2013).

11. Papua New Guinea, First Biennial Update Report. (2019). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 3 Climate Change Policy, Institutions & Reporting History Papua New Guinea is a signatory to the UNFCCC BUR1 contains the results achieved by PNG from since 13th June 1992 and has been engaged in reducing emissions from deforestation and forest international climate change negotiations. PNG degradation and enhancement of forest carbon ratified the UNFCCC on 16th March 1993. In 2015, stock (REDD+) initiatives in the AFOLU sector as a the Paris Agreement was adopted, and PNG ratified Technical Annex. The Third National Communication the agreement on 21st September 2016. In 2016, (Third NC) and BUR2 are planned to be submitted by PNG enacted the United Nations Paris Agreement 2021 which will provide an update of the Second NC Act 2016, which gives domestic effect to the Paris and BUR1. Further improvement will be needed to Agreement and provides a legal basis under which comply with the Enhanced Transparency Framework the NDC is administered in PNG, together with the (ETF) as per Decision 18/CMA. Climate Change Management Act, 2015. PNG submitted its NDC on 24th March 2016 in The Climate Change and Development Authority which its contributions and pledges were declared CCDA is the National Designated Authority that conditional and subject to relevant technical and coordinates all climate change-related matters in funding support made available by the developed PNG. CCDA is also the focal point to the UNFCCC. countries through relevant international funding As the coordinating agency, CCDA works in sources. It proposed that PNG’s main contributions collaboration with stakeholders, with the objective will come from the existing REDD+ initiatives under of providing a coordination mechanism at the the Agriculture Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) national and provincial level for research, analysis, sector, and a 100 percent renewable energy target and development of the policy and the legislative set for 2030 as well as promotion of energy efficiency framework to move towards a low carbon economy uses in all appliances from the energy sector. The and achieving climate-resilient development in the other important component of the contributions country. would be from climate-resilient development in the country and enhancing adaptation in the livelihood To comply with the reporting obligations under the of the rural population which amounts to 75 – 80 UNFCCC, PNG prepared and submitted its First and percent12 of the 8.25 million13 people in PNG. Second National Communication (NC) in 2002 and 2014, respectively. The report captures Papua PNG’s NDC in 2016 was prepared in line with the New Guinea’s Green House Gas emissions and national strategies and plans. The commitments removals including the country’s actions to mitigate were adduced from the National Climate and adapt to the effects of climate change. The Compatible Development Management Policy Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines were used for the (NCCDMP), under which PNG aspires to reduce its First NC and Second NC and the categories were emission to 50 percent by 2030 and to be carbon estimated using Tier 1 methods. The 2006 Good neutral by 2050. Practice Guidance was also used in the Second NC. Specific to the forest sector, PNG developed its PNG then submitted its First Biennial Update Report National REDD+ Strategy which was approved by (BUR1) to the UNFCCC in 2019. The BUR1 contains NEC in May 2017. The National REDD+ Strategy updated information of PNG’s GHG emissions and outlines the key action areas across the sectors. removals as well as mitigation actions and support These are addressed further within the section on received. The 2006 IPCC Guidelines was used LULUCF in the BUR1 GHG Inventory and most categories were estimated using Tier 1 method while certain PNG’s Forest Reference Level (FRL) was submitted categories in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land to the UNFCCC on 15th January 2017 which shows Use (AFOLU) and the Waste sector was estimated the historical annual emissions from the LULUCF sub- using the Tier 2 method. The time series reported in sector of 31,000 Gg CO2 eq per annum, and it the GHG Inventory for the BUR1 was 2000 to 2015, predicts an ongoing increase in the emissions levels which is an updated version of the Second NC. The in the sector. However, should there be any reduction

12. Papua New Guinea’s Voluntary National Review 2020- Progress of Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. (2020)

13. Papua New Guinea’s Voluntary National Review 2020- Progress of Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. (2020) 4 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution below this level; PNG will become eligible for result United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) based payments (RBP). All four design elements of and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the the Warsaw Framework (National REDD+ Strategy14, United Nations (FAO). This allowed PNG to prepare a National Forest Monitoring System, SIS and FREL/FRL submission for RBP to the Green Climate Fund (GCF) were developed with technical assistance of the and other donor agencies. Summary of Emissions and Removals for PNG According to the BUR1, the total net Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2015 amounted to 15,193 Gg CO2 eq compared to the emissions in 2000 which was -14,179 Gg CO2 eq. Therefore, PNG went from a net sink in 2000 to a net source in 2015. Below are emissions from each sector:  Energy Sector amounted to 11,806 Gg CO2 However, the sector has evolved into a eq in 2015 an increase of 5,532 Gg CO2 eq smaller sink over time due to the decrease when compared to 2000. in forest lands over time. The net emissions from the LULUCF sector amounted to 1,716  Industrial Process and Product Use amounted Gg CO2 eq in 2015 compared to - 21,636 to 35 Gg CO2 eq in 2015 an increase of 1.4 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 which is a total decrease Gg CO2 eq when compared to 2000. of removals amounting to 23,370 Gg CO2  Agriculture sector amounted to 796 Gg CO2 eq. eq in 2015, an increase of 114 Gg CO2 eq  Waste sector amounted to 873 Gg CO2 when compared with the year 2000. eq in 2015, an increase of 354 Gg CO2 eq  Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry when compared to 2000. (LULUCF) sector historically acted as a sink. Figure 2 Time Series of PNG’s Total Emission and Removals

14. Papua New Guinea, National REDD+ Strategy 2017-2027. (2017). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 5 SUMMARY OF INFORMATION ON CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY & UNDERSTANDING 2 Reference Point The current Enhanced NDC utilizes 2015 as the base year for all emission targets with information being based on PNG’s current Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report for Papua New Guinea of that year.15 The targeted GHG for this NDC is carbon dioxide (CO2). No reference point is provided for the Adaptation Targets due to the diverse adaptation interventions at different levels of development. Implementation Period The NDC Implementation Period is from 2020 to 2030. This is based on the accompanied decisions to the Paris Agreement adopted in 201516. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Institutional Arrangement & Planning Process The Climate Change and Development Authority is the National Designated Authority of Papua New Guinea that is responsible to implement the Paris Agreement and commitments under the UNFCCC, in close collaboration with line agencies. CCDA provided a coordination mechanism at the national level for the PNG Enhanced NDC through existing institutional frameworks and newly created to best support the successful revision of the NDC. The coordination by CCDA with Development Partners and Stakeholders is well outlined in Figure 3.

15. Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report. (2019).

16. Paragraph 23 of decision 1/CP.21 “Requests those Parties whose intended nationally determined contribution pursuant to decision 1/CP.20 contains a time frame up to 2025 to communicate by 2020 a new nationally determined contribution and to do so every five years thereafter pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Agreement.” 6 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Figure 3 PNG’s NDC Institutional Arrangement National Executive Council (NEC) Central Agencies Coordinating Committee Minister of Climate Change Climate Change and Development Authority Key Stakeholders Government, PNG National NDC Focal NDC Key Development NDC Partnership Pacific NDC Hub Private Sector and NGO’s Point Partners NDC Coordinator NDC A/Coordinator Adaption Sector Lead Mitigation Sector Lead Adaption Sub-technical Working Committee AFOLU Sector Lead Energy Sector Lead Key Stakeholders AFOLU Sub-technical Energy Sub-technical Working Committee Working Committee Key Stakeholders Key Stakeholders In planning for the revision of the enhanced NDC, CCDA has ensured the following necessary steps were taken to ensure better coordination through National Consultation and NDC Coordination through various steps outlined in Figure 4;  NDC Partnership Members  Key Submission Dates  PNG NDC Preparation  NDC Implementation  Engagement of NDC Activities in PNG Figure 4 PNG NDC Preparations and Planning NDC Partnership Engagement of NDC NDC Implementation Member Activities in PNG • 4 x CCDA NDC TWC Meeting • PNG becomes member of NDC • AFLOU Sector NDC 2019 2020 2021 • 6 x Development Partners Meeting Partnership implementation Activities • 3 x Lockdown Session • PNG Participated in the CAEP • Energy Sector NDC • One-on one meeting with key stakeholders Program under NDC Partnership implementation Acitivities • NDC Inception Workshop • CAEP program was accepted • Adaption Sector NDC • NDC Stakeholders Consultation Workshop and endorsed by NDC implementation Acitivities • NDC Validation Workshop Partnership • High Level Meeting • Fromation of CCDA NDC TWC • Validation meeting (27th Nov) 2019 2020 • Delegation of Chapter to CCDA • 3rd Dec - CACC Submission NDC TWC Members • 9th Dec - NEC Submission • CCDANDC TWC Meetings • 16th Dec - UNFCCC Submission  6 meetings • 21st Dec - High Level/NDC  Aug to Dec 2019 Launching PNG NDC Preparation Key Submission Dates Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 7 Development Methodology The NDC is consistent with the methodologies used in the preparation and development of the BUR1 using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. PNG adopted the baseline method in the determination of contributions and in compiling its NDC. Whilst there are existing laws, policies, measures, and initiatives that will guide actions going forward, effective implementation will require structural adjustments to the domestic regulatory framework, institutional measures, financing, and additional action (including projects). Hence, the NDC will be assessed against the identified baselines, as opposed to considering the contributions and targets as “business as usual”. Consideration of NDC being Fair and Ambitious PNG’s emissions account for a minimal percentage of global emissions. Despite this, PNG has made significant commitments to address the impacts of climate change, with the proposed targets considered to be very ambitious as assessed against PNG’s levels of development, its status as a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) and its emissions profile. The NDC is in line with PNG’s Vision 2050 as well as the Climate Compatible Development Management Policy accords. The policy outlines the government’s commitment, to be 50 percent carbon neutral by 2030, and be entirely carbon neutral by 2050. The NDC commits to ensuring gender-responsive and human rights-based approach in all related planning, programming, and implementation. This includes the participation of women, youth and vulnerable groups in consultations, planning and decision making in the sectors, as well as to ensure women and youth have opportunities to develop sustainable low-carbon livelihoods. 8 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Summary of contributions including scope and coverage Mitigation Papua New Guinea reported a net emission in 2015 of 15,193 Gg CO2 eq which is a significant increase from the -14,179 Gg CO2 eq reported for 200017. PNG, therefore, went from a net sink in 2000 to a net source in 2015. The increasing trend was due to the reduction of removals from the AFOLU sector which decreased from - 20,972 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 to 2,512 Gg CO2 eq in 2015, a decrease of 23,484 Gg CO2 eq18. The Energy sector also had an impact on this increasing trend where emissions increased from 6,274 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 to 11,806 Gg CO2 eq in 2015, an increase of 5,532 Gg CO2 eq19. Within the AFOLU sector, the LULUCF sub- sector was one of the biggest contributors to GHG emission in PNG accounting for net emission of -21,654 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 and 1,716 Gg CO2 eq in 2015.20 Within the Energy sector, the Energy industries sub-sector was the biggest contributor which accounted to 1,023 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 and 4,128 Gg CO2 eq in 201521. As such this Enhanced NDC Focuses on targets and actions within these two sectors specifically the LULUCF sub-sector and Energy Industries sub-sectors, while also noting opportunities for action within the transport sub-sector and a commitment to enhance ambition in the way that PNG collects and manages data within them and across all emitting sectors to allow for further refinement and enhancement of ambition within future updates. Key targets within these areas include:

17. Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report. (2019).

18. Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report. (2019).

19. Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report. (2019).

20. Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report. (2019).

21. Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report. (2019). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 9 Energy Sector LULUCF Sub-sector PNG is committing to a headline target of carbon By 2030, the annual emission from deforestation neutrality within the energy industries sub-sector. and forest degradation due to agriculture expansion and commercial logging will be reduced by 10,000 This will be achieved by: Gg CO2 eq comparing to 2015 level. This will result in the LULUCF sub-sector moving from a net GHG  Increasing levels of renewables in the source (1, 176 Gg CO2 eq) in 2015 to net GHG sink energy mix for on-grid connection – through (-8,284 Gg CO2 eq) by 2030 to mitigate emissions increasing the share of installed capacity from other sector of renewable energy from 30 percent in 2015 to 78 percent in 2030. The target of This will be achieved by a 25 percent reduction in 100 percent renewable energy by 2030 in both the area of annual deforestation and annual the previous NDC was revised due to the degradation against 2015 levels (equating to a influence of liquefied natural gas (LNG) into reduction of 8,300 ha of annual deforestation and the energy mix and existing agreements with 43,300ha of degradation) as well as an increase in Independent Power Producers that extend the areas of forest planted. beyond 2030.  Reducing energy demand - through ADAPTATION adoption and implementation of Minimum Energy Performance Standards and The enhanced NDC will focus on four (4) development Labelling (MEPSL) Regulations as well as sectors impacted by the nine (9) priority areas. The enhancing public awareness of energy use development sectors include agriculture, health, and means of reducing energy use. infrastructure, and transport which are in line with  Establishing a framework for fossil fuel the development of the PNG National Adaptation emission offsetting – PNG remains committed Plan. The adaptation targets are measured against to an energy transition but also recognizes beneficiaries for the agriculture and health sectors, that a full transition will take time given and the value and number of assets for the transport PNG’s complex geographies and dispersed and infrastructure sector and are summarized population as well as a growing economy. As below: such a framework for offsetting of emissions i) 100 percent of PNG’s population to benefit from fossil fuels will be introduced to support from introduced health measures to respond economic incentives for the transition while to malaria and other climate-sensitive also helping to finance domestic nature- diseases; based solutions in particularly reduced ii) 6 million people (70 percent of the emissions and enhanced removals from the population) benefit from improved early forest sector. warning information to respond to climate  Enhanced data collection – PNG will extremes; establish a framework for the enhanced data iii) 10 percent of the total population (0.8 collection on energy use and associated million beneficiaries (25 percent are women) emissions to support improved policy and have increased resilience of food and water regulation to manage emissions. security, health, and well-being in PNG; and iv) US$ 1.7 billion value of transport, building Also, PNG will continue to review appropriate options and utility infrastructure and assets is built and approaches to reduce emissions from the and or rehabilitated according to climate- transport sub-sector. resilient codes and standards. 10 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION 3 Energy Sector The energy sector is the largest net emitting sector towns and cities mainly rely on fossil fuel-run vehicles in Papua New Guinea, emitting approximately 87.7 for commuting. Availability of safe, affordable, percent of the total emissions (excluding LULUCF) energy-efficient transportation will increase access in 2015. The total emission from the energy sector to employment, markets, education, health, and in 2015 was 11,806 Gg CO2 eq, which was an other services. increase of 5,532 Gg CO2 eq (88.2 percent) from

200022. The GHG makeup of the emissions sees Other Sectors contributed 459Gg CO2 eq (4 percent) CO2 as 68 percent of the total sector emissions, of the sectoral emissions in 201526, especially from CH4 was 31 percent and N2O was 0.4 percent23. the residential and commercial buildings. PNG does This increase in emissions was a result of an increase not have much experience with energy efficiency in in economic activities in the country. To achieve the the residential and commercial building sub-sector; mitigation contributions in the energy sector, efforts hence the lack of energy efficiency measures will be directed towards the energy industries and to date or energy efficiency projects, which may transport sub-sectors that will build on existing policy generate a high return on investments. Thus, energy directives of the implementing agencies. efficiency in PNG presents the potential for win- win results, reducing greenhouse gas emissions Energy industries, manufacturing industries and while at the same time providing financial returns construction account for 5,596 (47 percent) Gg CO2 via reduced power bills and improving health and eq in 201524 and include emissions from on and off- economic opportunities for citizens. grid electricity generation and operation of the LNG plant. The on-grid generation that is managed by Remaining emissions from the energy sector in 2015 PNG Power Limited (a state-owned entity) and off- came from fugitive emissions of oil and natural gas grid generation is from the minerals and agricultural production which contributed 3,784 Gg CO2 eq (32 industries that produce their own electricity. percent)27. Irrespective of PNG’s efforts in reducing GHG emissions, PNG stands as a developing The lack of access to reliable and clean energy is country and the economy relies on oil and natural restricting economic development, affecting health, gas production. Hence future GHG emissions and constraining access to education, health are predicted to take place that potentially will and other services in rural areas. Development come with the development of oil and natural gas of renewable energy small to medium-sized production. enterprises (SME), such as small-scale solar power, can provide green livelihood alternatives to The GHG information presented above is reflective of subsistence agriculture. Access to electricity or quantitative data uncovered as a result of the BUR1 affordable renewable energies will improve the GHG inventory. Since PNG does not have a National livelihood of women and young people in particular Energy Balance table, the Asia Pacific Economic through decreased workloads, improved cooking, Cooperation (APEC) energy balance table was processing of food and Non-Timber Forest Products used to estimate emissions from the energy sector (NTFPs), increased safety and security from reliable in the BUR1. While some of the data used to develop lighting, engaging in home-based businesses and the APEC energy balance table were from actual educational activities in the evenings, and reducing sources in PNG, most of the information was based air pollution. on estimates. Due to these uncertainties, it was decided not to include quantified GHG targets The transport sub-sector contributed approximately for the energy sector in this NDC. The appropriate 2,007 Gg CO2 eq (17 percent) of the total sectoral technical and financial support will be necessary to emissions in 201525. This sub-sector is a growing source build the capacity of relevant agencies to manage of emissions, particularly with the expansion of urban and analyze data to enable the setting of GHG towns and cities, the population contained in these targets in PNG’s forthcoming NDCs.

22. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 25. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019).

23. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 26. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019).

24. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 27. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 11 Contributions PNG is committing to a headline target of carbon neutrality within the energy industries sub-sector. This will be achieved by: Non - GHG Quantitative Targets Performance Standards and Labelling (MEPSL) Regulations as well as enhancing public awareness As part of PNG’s energy transition, the country is of energy use and means of reducing energy targeting a transition in its energy mix in the energy use. In-depth work in the areas of building energy industries for the share of installed capacity of efficiencies such as evaluating the performance of renewables from 30 percent in 2015 to 78 percent installed air conditioning and refrigeration systems in 2030 for on-grid connection managed by PNG and developing recommendations to improve Power Limited. This target is conditional and based such systems as retrofits or in industrial energy- on the availability and timing of international support. efficiency audits and retrofits will require financial The National Electricity Roll-Out Plan and PNG Power and technical support. The draft MEPSL is intended Limited’s 15-year power development plan were to be fully implemented by 2030. Limited data on used to establish this target and will also be used to existing energy use and potential trends currently monitor the progress of this target. prohibits placing a quantified target on the impact of these actions. This target represents a decrease from PNG’s original target of 100 percent renewable by 2030. 2. Fossil fuel off-setting from the energy This revision is based on: industries sub-sector through nature-based solutions  Enhanced information on existing and planned projects and the time lag to PNG remains committed to an energy transition but operationalize larger generation projects. also recognizes that a full transition will take time  The expansion of PNG’s LNG sector and given PNG’s complex geographies and dispersed its increased role in electricity generation population as well as a growing economy. As such, a – which while allowing for removal of or framework for offsetting of emissions from fossil fuels avoidance of higher emission energy will be introduced to support economic incentives sources from the grid do not present a for the transition while also helping to finance renewable energy resource. domestic nature-based solutions in particular, reduced emissions and enhanced removals from Non - GHG Action Based Targets the forest sector.

1. Reducing electricity demand through 3. Enhanced data collection energy efficiency PNG will establish a framework for enhanced data Increased efficiency of energy use will play a key collection on energy use and associated emissions role in mitigating the growth in PNG’s demand to support improved policy and regulation to for energy linked to a growing economy and manage emissions. population. Central to this approach will be the adoption and implementation of Minimum Energy 12 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Achieving Energy Industries Sub-sector Targets The above targets are fully in line with existing 4) Energy-efficient government and national policy and strategy documents as well as private sector industry action plans. Key strategies linked to these Priority renewable energy projects for investment set targets and central to their achievement include: out in PNG’s Country Programme for Green Climate  National Energy Policy 2017 - 2027 Fund finance  The National Electrification Roll-Out Plan Several major programs are already being implemented that will contribute to achieving the  PNG Power 15 Year Power Development Plan targets, and they include:  The Medium-Term Development Plan III Key  PNG Electrification Programme Result Area 2: Goal 2.1  Pawarim Komuniti – PNG Off-grid  Papua New Guinea’s Sustainable Electrification Program Development Goal 13 Roadmap: The four key energy actions:  Town Electrification National Program (TEP) 1) Carbon neutral gas and minerals  Rural On-grid Electrification Program (ROGEP) sector The Climate Change (Management) Act 2015 is 2) Renewable-based rural electrification being reviewed to provide a stronger link between the energy sector and emissions reductions and 3) Resilient, reliable and efficient to create a framework for improving energy data electricity grids collection. Potential Energy Measures Papua New Guinea aims to further enhance its ambitions on taking action within the Energy sector. One of the areas is the transport subsector which aims to promote clean fuel technology regulations to set standards for the GHG emissions, and economic incentives for fuel-efficient vehicles. Actions from the transport subsector are contained in the National Transport Strategy, the Medium-Term Transport Plan II 2019-2022, National Energy Policy 2017-2027, and National Climate Compatible Development Management Policy but will need financial and technical support for them to be implemented by

2030. These measures include the following:  Reduce vehicle-miles through more compact development patterns;  Encourage the introduction of fuel-efficient transport equipment;  Encourage sustainable substitution of fossil fuels with biofuels;  Monitor vehicle fleet-weighted fuel and CO2 efficiency;  Eliminate high emission vehicles;  Establish low carbon fuel standards;  Encourage the introduction of hybrid and electric vehicles Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 13 Land Use, Land-Use Change & Forestry Sub-Sector The Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry is integral part of the NDC Implementation Plan (LULUCF) sub-sector is one of the biggest contributors identified areas within the AFOLU sector to mitigate to GHG emissions in PNG. Nevertheless, the sector GHG Emissions . The RFIP sets out the potential also has the highest potential for removal. The sector opportunities that scaling up actions in line with has evolved into a smaller sink over time due to a PNG’s National REDD Strategy (NRS) could deliver. decrease in forest lands. The net emissions from the These include emissions reductions of more than 60 LULUCF sector amounted to 1, 717 Gg CO2 eq in million tonnes of CO2e over the coming decade, 2015 compared to -21, 636 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 while also delivering significant economic, social which is a total decrease of removals amounting to and environmental co-benefits. This information 23,370 Gg CO2 eq28. is intended to help inform decision makers and potential investors of the potential to deliver tangible Most of the emissions in the sector occurred as a result returns from upfront investments in REDD+ in PNG. of deforestation and forest degradation. Almost all deforestation was due to land-use conversion from Progress in the sector is influenced by the following: forest land to cropland, in particular, subsistence (i) coordinated planning on how forest land agriculture (68.8 percent) and for oil palms plantation can be cleared and utilised in a sustainable development (24.4 percent). Logging was the manner; major driver of forest degradation, accounting for over 90 percent of the total degraded forest in PNG. (ii) development and implementation of Hence, the primary mitigation effort of the sector legislation to manage forest resources for its lies in reducing emission from deforestation and multiple values, and forest degradation due to commercial agriculture, (iii) effective support to rural development. subsistence agriculture and commercial logging. Landholders and communities are in need of access Sustainable forest management practice is to basic services and development opportunities. the cornerstone of the current forest policy in Many communities and landholders are faced with the management and utilization of the nation’s rapid transition into a global cash-based economy, forest resources. This is now being strengthened without the appropriate awareness, skills, and support by the approval of several national government for sustainable management of resources. Hence, policy instruments in 2020, including; the National they are indirectly increasing the deforestation and Reforestation and Afforestation Strategies, National degradation of the forest cover. Strategies on Domestic Processing of Forest Produce, Revised PNG Logging Code of Practice Achievement of proposed action areas in the 2nd Edition, and the PNG Timber Legality Standard. enhanced NDC will be critical in helping transform These policy instruments are crucial to facilitating the livelihoods of PNG’s rural communities, safeguard orderly management and development of the biodiversity and progress PNG towards establishing a forest resources, with the view of giving significant sustainable and climate smart economy capable of recognition to mitigate against climate change meeting the Sustainable Development Goals while effects. also helping to deliver sustainable deforestation free agricultural commodities to international markets. The REDD+ Finance and Investment Plan (RFIP) which

28. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 14 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Contributions Papua New Guinea reported the GHG emissions REDD+ activities such as enhancement of land use in the LULUCF sub-sector from 2000 to 2015 in the planning and monitoring, promoting climate-friendly country’s BUR1 in 201929. PNG’s emissions in LULUCF agriculture, strengthened monitoring of FCA permits, sub-sector have been increasing steadily during the enhancement of timber legality, and promoting reporting period due to increases in deforestation reforestation and ecosystem restoration. PNG will and forest degradation caused predominantly continue improving the monitoring capacity of by the expansion of agriculture and commercial LULUCF sub-sector by enhancing its National Forest logging. Actions noted within this NDC will transform Monitoring System for more accurate monitoring this upward trend into a downward trend over the of forest and land-use change, and assessment next 10 years (by 2030) as shown in Figure 4. of GHG emissions in LULUCF sub-sector. The NDC targets and the activities in the LULUCF sector are PNG will reduce the area of annual deforestation listed in Table 2. and annual degradation by 25 percent against 2015 levels (equating to a reduction of 8,300 ha or There were no emissions reduction targets set for the annual deforestation and 43,300ha of degradation), Agriculture sub-sector under the AFOLU sector due and increase the area of afforestation, reforestation, to unavailability of country-specific activity data and ecosystem restoration. It will reduce 10,000 Gg and insignificant emission results. However, there CO2 eq of the net emission from the LULUCF sub- is greater potential for livestock and agriculture sector by 2030. development in the country; as such it will be a potential sector that will attract mitigation actions in PNG is a High Forest cover Low Deforestation (HFLD) the future. country with 78 percent forest cover and average annual deforestation rate of 0.05 percent between The LULUCF GHG and Non-GHG targets are 2001 and 201530. Increase of deforestation and determined based on the sector’s primary forest degradation in recent years is largely owing mitigation efforts as well as capacity needs to to the rapid population growth (3.1 percent per address the sector’s monitoring capacity. There are annum) and fast-growing economy (6.7 percent options to improve monitoring and accounting to average annual constant GDP growth between better address sustainable management of forests 2009 and 2016)31. This trend is expected to continue and conservation of forest carbon stocks but current as well as the increasing trend of emissions in the data does not allow for this, which PNG would like to LULUCF sector as shown in Figure 45. PNG will improve on in the near future. shift to a downwards trend mainly by promoting

29. Papua New Guinea’s first Biennial Update Report (2019)

30. PNG Forest Authority (2019) Forest and land use change in Papua New Guinea: 2000-2015

31. National Statistical Office | Papua New Guinea [Internet]. [cited 2020 Aug 30]. Available from: https://www.nso.gov.pg/index.php Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 15 Figure 5 PNG’s annual GHG emissions and removals between 2001 and 2015, the future emissions prediction under the business as usual scenario and the NDC target from the LULUCF sub-sector. GHG - Absolute Target Non-GHG Actions Based Targets  By 2030, annual net emission from  Enhanced land use planning deforestation and forest degradation due  Promoting climate-friendly agriculture to agriculture expansion and commercial logging is reduced by 10,000 Gg CO2 eq  Oil palm platform comparing to 2015 level.  Cacao platform GHG - Relative Target  Coffee platform  Enhancing community level  LULUCF will be converted from net GHG agriculture productivity source (1,716 Gg CO2 eq) in 2015 to net GHG sink (-8,284 Gg CO2 eq) by 2030 to  Certification system for climate- mitigate emissions from other sectors. friendly agriculture products  Enhancing value chain of climate- Non-GHG Quantitative Targets friendly agriculture products  Strengthened monitoring of FCA  The area of annual deforestation is reduced permits by 25 percent of 2015 level by 2030 (Equating to a reduction of 8,300 ha of  Enhancement of timber legality annual deforestation).  Promoting REDD+  The area of forest degradation is reduced by  Promoting downstream processing 25 percent of 2015 level by 2030 (Equating to a reduction of 43,300 ha of annual  Promoting the Painim Graun Planim Diwai degradation). initiative and planting 10 million trees initiative.  The area of planted forest and forest restoration is increased.  Setting up detailed strategic action plans based on scientific and socio- economic analysis 16 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Summary of Targets Overarching target in LULUCF sector: PNG will shift the upward trend of GHG emission in the AFOLU sector due to the increase of deforestation and forest degradation to a downward trend in the next 10 years (by 2030). Table 2 LULUCF Area of Influence GHG TARGETS NON-GHG TARGETS Absolute Relative Non-GHG quantitative Action-based targets targets By 2030, AFOLU will be The area of annual  Enhanced land use planning annual net converted deforestation is  Promoting climate-friendly agriculture emission from from net GHG reduced by 25% o Oil palm platform deforestation source (1,716 of 2015 level by o Cacao platform and forest Gg CO2 eq) 2030 (Equating o Coffee platform degradation in 2015 to net to a reduction of o Enhancing community level agriculture due to GHG sink (- 8, 8,300 ha of annual productivity agriculture 284 Gg CO2 deforestation). o Certification system for climate-friendly expansion and eq) by 2030 agriculture products commercial to mitigate  Enhancing value chain of climate- logging is emissions from friendly agriculture products reduced by other sectors.  Strengthened monitoring of FCA permits 10,000 Gg CO2 The area of forest  Enhancement of timber legality eq comparing degradation is  Promoting REDD+ to 2015 level. reduced by 25%  Promoting downstream processing of 2015 level by 2030 (Equating to a reduction of 43,300 ha of annual degradation). The area of planted  Promoting the Painim Graun Planim forest and forest Diwai initiative and planting 10 million restoration is trees initiative. increased. o Setting up detailed strategic action plans based on the scientific and socio- economic analysis. Activities/actions on improving NDC monitoring:  Completing National Forest Inventory for;  More accurate emission factor;  More accurate post-disturbance forest growth;  A better understanding of biodiversity.  Re-vitalizing Permanent Sample Plot for;  Understanding the rate of carbon sequestration of regrowth forest;  More accurate post-disturbance forest growth;  Understanding the carbon sequestration of the primary forest;  A better understanding of forest recovery for better forestry planning and policymaking.  Assessment of forest and land use prior to 2000 for;  More reliable estimation of GHG removal of forest degraded prior to 2000.  Understanding of longer historical trend of forest and land-use change in PNG.  Improving the monitoring of logging concession for;  More precise emission data from logging, which is the far most significant GHG emission source in PNG;  Enhancement of timber legality system by implementation of Near-Real-time Deforestation and Degradation Alerts Monitoring System for PNG at relevant government institutions and agencies Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 17 Potential Policies and Measures The Papua New Guinea National REDD+ Strategy (2017 - 2027), has identified priority areas and measures to achieve PNG’s emissions reduction targets, it will require action that cuts across government sectors and stakeholder groups, at every level (National, Provincial, Local and Ward), which will not halt economic and social development but ensure responsible and sustainable development and deliver long term benefits to the people of PNG. The policies and measure needed that will address the direct and underlying drivers of forest cover change32 will be based on the following outlined; a) Strengthening Land Use & Development Planning The main drivers of emissions are forest degradation and deforestation (forest land converted to other land use). As logging was the main driver for 90 percent of forest degradation between 2011- 2015, strategies on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and Enhancement of Carbon Stocks (REDD+) must be implemented effectively. b) Stronger Environmental Management, Protection & Enforcement – Degradation Potential The action area will be concentrated on the development and implementation of a system of developing land-use planning that is both consistent with and able to promote the concepts of StaRS while also supporting the strengthening of the development and land use planning frameworks. It is intended to secure the importance of communities and landholders as the custodians of their land, including directing resources to support strengthened forest management and protection by women and youth.33 c) Enforce Economic Productive & Sustainable Livelihoods There is a rapid increase in land clearing for commercial agriculture due to the demand for investment in rural areas. This is supported by government policies that promote agricultural expansion for increasing food security and expanding agricultural exports. However, this does not link with actions to support staple food production within family agriculture or clear guidance on the environmental and social standards. The NRS, therefore, targets actions to strengthen food security and develop a sustainable commercial agriculture sector to be able to respond to changing international standards.

32. Papua New Guinea National REDD+ Strategy (2017 – 2027). (2017).

33. Papua New Guinea National REDD+ Strategy (2017 – 2027). (2017). 18 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 4 PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S ADAPTATION ACTIONS Adaptation is a high priority due to the climate- The last recorded total net GHG emissions for PNG related hazards that already pose significant risks to were 15,193 Gg CO2 eq; tailored adaptation Papua New Guinea considered highly vulnerable to measures are necessary to adapt to this climate the effects of climate change.34 Addressing this high change influencing trend into the future. vulnerability to climate change involves a breadth of measures,35 to which adaptation is integral. PNG is one of the countries that mention loss and PNG’s Second NC describes the extremely exposed damage in terms of finances. According to a status of this island nation and its vulnerability to the report by the United Nations Office of Disaster, USD negative impacts of climate change. 23 million was lost due to the severity and intensity of disasters occurring between 2005 and 2014. In The country’s tropical climate is changing rapidly terms of adaptation, a 2013 report by the Asian and exposure to climate change-related hazards Development Bank revealed that the annual such as inland flooding, coastal flooding, inland adaptation cost ranged between 0.14 percent -1.52 frosts and droughts, coastal erosion and inundation, percent of the GDP. The economic cost to climate soil salinization, and coral reef degradation have change is projected to reach 15.2 percent of GDP resulted in a severe toll to both the people of PNG and by 2100. Observation from investments made in the national economy. Climate change is predicted climate change adaptation however has seen to exacerbate some of these event-driven hazards positive implications towards climate resilience. and introduce new hazards due to gradual shifts in climatic conditions – most prominently, an increase The PNG National Disaster Centre launched the in malaria penetration into the highlands changed National Disaster Risk Reduction Framework (NDRRF) agricultural yields and further damage to coral reefs. 2017-2030, in 2017, with the assistance of the These event-driven hazards in turn cause damage United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). to assets and infrastructures, destroy livelihoods, This framework comprises of four priority areas: endanger cultural and ecological treasures, and kill i) Understanding Disaster Risk; ii) Strengthening or injure people. Disaster Risk Governance to Manage Disaster Risk; iii) Investing in Disaster Risk Reduction for Resilience; The GoPNG, through the CCDA, has emphasized and iv) Enhancing Disaster Preparedness for Effective the significance of adaptation through its reporting Response and to “Build Back Better” in Recovery, on national projects and specific activities. CCDA Rehabilitation, and Reconstruction. also coordinates and monitors projects that support specific adaptation solutions that protect people The addition of adaptation into this Enhanced NDC against the risk of climate change. Adapting to the builds upon the initial NDC report by expanding on impacts of climate change is integral to PNG and, identified priority areas and including subsections on therefore, included in this NDC. Vulnerability and risk adaptation planning, defining adaptation targets exposure to climate change impacts exacerbate and providing an overview of the implementation human development challenges and social issues. process.

34. Options for Strengthening Climate Finance Coordination and Accessibility in Papua New Guinea.(2019)

35. Green Growth Potential Assessment. Papua New Guinea Country Report. (2019).

36. PNG GCF NAP Readiness Support Proposal. ( 2020) Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 19 Adaptation Planning Adaptation planning is guided by PNG’s international agreements, regional commitments, and strategic framework of national plans designed to meet the country’s climate change goals in the immediate to long-term. As a party to the UNFCCC, the Paris Agreement, and the Sendai Framework, PNG is ultimately committed to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, in particular, Goal 13 on Climate Action. PNG commenced adaptation planning with its Initial National Communication (INC) to the UNFCCC in 2000, followed by its Climate Compatible Development Strategy in 2010. Regionally, PNG’s goals are strategically positioned with the Pacific’s Framework for Resilient Development Plan (FRDP) confirmed through robust engagement with regional partners. The adoption of Climate Change Management Act 2015 and the Paris Agreement Implementation Act 2016 provide the foundational legislative framework to guide the adaptation activities of PNG.37 Additionally, the Vision 2050, the Development Strategic Plan (DSP), the Strategy for the Responsible Development for PNG (STaRs), and the National Climate Compatible Development Management Policy (NCCDMP) set a strong foundation for adaptation planning. PNG takes an inclusive and responsible and sustainable development approach to adaptation planning guided by the 21 principles for inclusive green growth outlined in STaRs. The strategic focus of the GoPNG to address climate change adaptation is outlined in the Medium Term Development Plan (MTDP III) 2018- 2022 Goal 7 Key Result Area (KRA) 7.2, which is to ‘adapt to the domestic impacts of climate change and contribute to global efforts to abate greenhouse gas emissions.’ The Government has identified twelve overarching adaptation strategies to help meet its strategic adaptation focus. One of the strategies is ‘to establish and strengthen national and sub-national climate change and development strategies’, which the Government aims to achieve through the development of the PNG National Adaptation Plan (NAP). The NAP aims to advance effective adaptation planning with an overall objective to strengthen institutional and technical capacities and integrate climate change adaptation into national and sub-national planning and budgeting processes.

37. Papua New Guinea and the Green Climate Fund. Country Programme.(2020) 20 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Adaptation Nine Priority Areas This subsection identifies PNG’s priority actions in the face of climate challenges while interlinking them with the country’s key policy and strategy documents, verified through robust stakeholder engagement and national validation workshops. Nine adaptation priority areas have been identified and prioritized in key national documents, including the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), the Climate Change Management Act of 2015, the National Communications, and the GCF Readiness Support for NAP Project for PNG, the CCDA Climate Change Corporate Plan, and the GCF PNG Country Programme. The nine adaptation priority areas influence key priority development sectors and the linkages between them are summarized below.

1. Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise This priority area is linked to the transport, infrastructure, agriculture, urban development, natural resources Coastal flooding and sea level rise continue to affect and environment, and water and sanitation sectors. the coastal regions of Papua New Guinea. The sea level surrounding PNG has risen by approximately 2. Inland flooding 7mm per year since 1993, which is higher than the global average of 2.8-3.6mm per year.38 Projections Driven by heavy irregular rainfalls, inland flooding anticipate a continued rise. Under a high emissions regularly affects valleys and wetlands in both scenario, the sea is expected to rise between 4cm the lowlands and the highlands. Most of PNG - 15cm by 2030.39 This will impact storm surges and experiences flooding during the monsoon season. flooding to coastal regions.40 Risk of flooding (both This impacts most rural livelihoods, which are highly coastal and inland flooding) is ranked amongst the reliant on agriculture.44 As referred to above under highest level of climate risks in PNG. Approximately Priority Area 1, the risk of flooding (both coastal and 1 percent of the country’s total landmass is inland flooding) is ranked amongst the highest level experiencing flooding.41 of climate risks in PNG. Approximately 18 percent of the country’s total landmass is experiencing Coastal flooding is anticipated to increase, flooding. In August 2017, flooding in the Morobe particularly in PNG’s northern areas.42 In rural coastal Province resulted in 150 homes being swept lowland areas, mangroves, estuaries and coral reefs away by floodwaters in a single day and 500 are impacted as a result of the heavy silt and debris people becoming displaced.45 46 The effects of deposited from flood events. Rising sea levels are inland flooding are amplified by steep inclines having an impact on agricultural crops grown on and deforestation. Inland flooding is projected to coral atolls, including swamp taro and coconut, increase in wetlands and valleys in highlands and where the freshwater lens is being intruded by lowland areas.47 48 saltwater resulting in a loss of production and an impact on livelihoods.43 This priority area is linked to the transport, infrastructure, agriculture, urban development, and water and sanitation sectors.

38. International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative. Pacific Climate Change Science Program. Current and Future Climate of Papua New Guinea. (2013).

39. International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative. Pacific Climate Change Science Program. Current and Future Climate of Papua New Guinea. (2013)

40. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020).

41. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020).

42. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020).

43. Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture in Papua New Guinea.(2018).

44. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020).

45. National Adaptation Plan process in focus: Lessons from Papua New Guinea.(2018).

46. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020).

47. UNFCCC PNG Second National Communication. (2014).

48. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 21

3. Food Insecurity change, include access to employment, access to education, access to health services, access to Variability in agricultural yields affects many of socio-cultural networks, access to financial services, PNG’s agricultural regions. The highland regions are access to telecommunications, and access to clean particularly sensitive to variability in agricultural yields water, sanitation and electricity.51 52 Key hotspots, as a result of a change in climatic conditions. Sweet where rates of climate change-induced migration potato, coffee and cocoa are examples of climate- are high, include urban areas, outer islands and sensitive crops. Subsistence farmers are affected the atolls, and coastal, delta and riverine communities, most and may need to look for alternative crops. and communities prone to drought.53 Both the Manam and the Carteret Islands in PNG have been This priority is linked to the agriculture sector. impacted by environmental degradation and climate change hazards, which has resulted in the

4. Cities & Climate Change displacement of communities from these islands.54 Resettlement of climate-induced migrants will be Papua New Guinea is experiencing an increase complicated by the requirement for access to land in rural to urban migration. Climate change and resources, including the provision of sustainable exacerbates existing urban development challenges livelihoods, housing, infrastructure and public and vulnerabilities, such as poor health, inadequate services such as education and healthcare.55 housing, and lack of access to infrastructure, basic services and social safety nets. Urban areas on the This priority area is linked to the transport, health, coast are under threat of storm surge and sea-level education, urban development, and water and rise, and, in PNG, cities are often located in hazard- sanitation sectors. prone areas in the coastal zone.49 50

6. Damage to Coral Reefs This priority area is linked to the transport, infrastructure, health, urban development, and As atmospheric CO2 concentrations continue to rise, water and sanitation sectors. oceans will warm and continue to acidify.56 Under all three emissions scenarios, ocean acidification

5. Climate-Induced Migration is projected to increase in the waters surrounding PNG.57 Data shows that ocean acidification Climate change affects patterns and rates of around PNG has slowly been increasing since the internal migration and urbanization within PNG, 18th century, impacting the growth of corals and particularly for communities residing in climate- organisms that require carbonate minerals to vulnerable areas and reliant on natural resources develop.58 This damage will impact the health and for livelihoods and well-being. Vulnerabilities faced viability of PNG’s marine ecosystems, including by rural communities, exacerbated by climate the coral reefs that provide ecosystem services to change, are a key driver for rural to urban migration communities.59 60 61 There are 15 coastal provinces in within PNG. The drivers for migration, which are PNG with a population of approximately 4.5 million often aggravated by the impacts of climate that rely on food, shelter and livelihoods sourced

49. Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment: Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. (2014).

50. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020).

51. Urban Life, Internal Migration and Development: The Need to Re-Address Internal Migration as a Positive Nexus for Growth and Development in PNG. (2016)

52. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020).

53. Climate Change and Migration Issues in the Pacific. United Nations. (2014).

54. Environmental Refugees? A tale of two resettlement projects in coastal Papua New Guinea.(2017).

55. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020).

56. PACCSAP Country Report. (2014).

57. International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative. Pacific Climate Change Science Program. Current and Future Climate of Papua New Guinea. (2013)

58. International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative. Pacific Climate Change Science Program. Current and Future Climate of Papua New Guinea. (2013).

59. PACCSAP Country Report. (2014).

60. International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative. Pacific Climate Change Science Program. Current and Future Climate of Papua New Guinea. (2014).

61. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2014). 22 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution from coral reefs.62 Not only do the reefs contribute 9. Landslides to livelihoods, but also protect the coastlines from storms and loss of land. Triggered by increased rainfall intensity and land- use changes in the mountainous rural areas of This priority area is linked to the transport, PNG, landslides frequently cause damage to vital infrastructure, fisheries, agriculture, natural resources infrastructure, homes and gardens, and upland and environment, and water and sanitation sectors. forests.66 PNG ranks 1st in global landslide hazard profiles, according to a World Bank Hotspot study.

7. Malaria and Vector-borne Diseases 67 In recent decades, landslides have caused considerable damage to road infrastructure and Malaria in PNG is one of the top five health priorities remote communities. Landslides have caused presently challenging the health sector63. Malaria significant damage along the Highlands Highway, severely affects daily life in PNG, with 1.7m people the sole lifeline for the highland communities and infected every year. About 60 percent of the export businesses. Increases in rainfall and inland population lives in high-risk malaria regions. Once a flooding as a result of climate change will increase disease found only in PNG’s low-lying coastal regions, the likelihood of landslide events. over the last 20 years climatic changes resulting in rising temperatures have worsened the effects of This priority area is linked to the transport, infrastructure, malaria with malaria vector mosquitoes carrying the health, natural resources and environment, water malaria parasite establishing itself in the highlands and sanitation sectors where it was not previously present.64 Migration of malaria to densely populated highland regions with Additional Priority Areas no immunity is a high risk to the community. Poor environmental health management, poor waste PNG has determined additional adaptation priority management and poor water and sanitation areas as part of the 2019-2020 regional and sectoral management provide an environment for increased consultations of the Green Climate Fund Readiness and optimal breeding conditions for malaria Support project’s identification of climate change parasites. and investment priorities for the PNG GCF Country Programme. The additional adaptation priorities This priority area is linked to the health, water and are not recognized under the current Climate sanitation sectors. Change Management Act 2015. The additional adaptation priority areas include Forestry and Land-

8. Water and Sanitation Use, Waste, Fisheries, Extractive industries, Biodiversity and Tourism/Cultural. These priority areas are linked PNG’s population is among those with the least to the agriculture, health, natural resources, and access to safe water supply in the world. The GoPNG’s environment sector. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Policy 2015- 2030 indicates that 89 percent of people in urban areas and 33 percent in rural areas have access to safe water, while 57 percent of urban dwellers and only 13 percent of the rural population have access to basic sanitation.65 Climate change impacts from coastal and inland flooding and landslides risk increasing cases of malaria and vector-borne diseases, as well as contaminating drinking water. This priority area is linked to the health, natural resources and environment, and water and sanitation sectors.

62. National Statistical Office, Port Moresby.(2014)

63. PNG Health Sector Strategic Priorities 2016 – 2021. (2017)

64. Reducing the risk of disasters and Climate Variability in the Pacific Islands: A PNG Country Assessment. ( 2014).

65. Papua New Guinea Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Policy 2015-2030. (2015).

66. Climate Change Knowledge Portal for Development Practitioners and Policy Makers.(2020).

67. Green Climate Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 23 Adaptation Actions Papua New Guinea’s adaptation actions comprise adaptation actions to address PNG’s above- tangible and intangible activities that aim to benefit described nine priority areas, both supported and targeted populations. These include smallholder unsupported, relative to the period 2021-2030. farmers, micro, small and medium-enterprises in Supported adaptation actions are those that have business, community-based organizations, clans, been resourced and implemented in PNG by various and villages, with particular focus on the most stakeholders and partners, at different levels, through vulnerable groups, including women, children, programs and projects. Unsupported actions young persons, the elderly, and people living with have yet to be programmed or implemented. disabilities, members of underprivileged or less Unsupported adaptation actions provide entry points advanced groups, or residents of less advanced to build upon and implement future adaptation areas.68 projects and programs, throughout PNG, at all levels of development intervention.69 This subsection provides information on the key Table 3 Summary of Supported and Unsupported Priority Area Adaptation Actions Adaptation actions Priority area Supported Unsupported

1. Coastal flooding and • Mangrove planting • Scaling-up and replication of sea-level rise • Coastal defence structures successful measures across • Coastal rehabilitation and coastlines country-wide relocation/resettlement • Climate-resilient physical • Climate risk and vulnerability planning standards and codes assessments across five • No policy on climate-resilient provinces (New Ireland, Oro, infrastructure. Madang, East Sepik and Morobe)

2. Inland flooding • Climate risk, hazard and • Scaling-up and replication vulnerability assessments country-wide • Community-based flood • Hazard mapping simulation exercises • Soil stabilization • Early Warning System • Climate-resilient planning integration physical planning standards and codes • Infrastructure and asset management plans

3. Food insecurity • Climate-Smart Agriculture • Scaling-up and replication Policy is socially inclusive of smallholder Climate Smart • Progress on food security is Agriculture infrastructure, underpinned by the National technology, training and Food Security Policy 2016-2027 information and knowledge management to enhance food safety, security, nutrition and build the resilience of vulnerable farmers and have access to grant funding70 • National Energy Policy 2018- • Action on low-emission transport

4. Cities and climate 2028, which underpins action options remain unsupported change. on PNG’s energy sector, • Connecting farmers to markets affecting cities in the face of in rural areas via climate- climate change impacts proofed infrastructure

68. National Constitution of Papua New Guinea. ( 1975)

69. UNDP Produce for Adaptation Planning/ NAP projects financed by the Green Climate Fund. (2020).

70. GCF PNG Country Programme. (2020). 24 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution • Project support has been • Measures to increase received to create a more infrastructure coastal defences, climate-resilient transport sector climate-resilient physical planning standards and codes • ‘Greening’ of urban development plans • Stormwater and drainage systems and waste management (sewerage, municipal, industrial) requires improvements (see ‘Water and sanitation’ • Indirect support for action on • Relocation, resettlement, climate-induced migration, gender social inclusion

5. Climate-induced the 2015 IOM report Assessing assessments require exploration migration the Evidence: Migration, • Awareness-raising of impacts of Environment and Climate climate change migration on Change in PNG71 provides an customary land evidence base for action • A range of strategies and activities are also required to prepare for relocation, including comprehensive consultations with the climate- induced migrants and their host communities;72 the NCCDMP states that supporting the relocation of people should be considered, including through local level government planning and construction of buildings and infrastructure73 • Mangrove planting • Establishment of marine • Coral rehabilitation protected areas

6. Damage to coral reefs. • Establishment of marine • Planting of seagrass protected areas (MPAs), locally • Replanting of coral managed marine areas coordination (LMMA) • Response measures for marine • Mangrove management disposal • Marine awareness • Protection and promotion of biodiversity conservation through ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) approaches. • Malaria is recognised as one of • Improve environmental health the top five 5 priority activities services.

7. Malaria and vector- for the Department of Health • Improve technology (i.e. bed borne diseases. • Action has been taken to nets). And distribution destroy and reduce malaria- • Improve research on vector breeding understanding impacts and • Environmental health responses management is under • Increased access to safe consideration drinking water and basic • Climate Change Health sanitation in rural areas leading Impact Policy is in draft to a decrease in malaria and other vector-borne diseases • Apply Healthy Islands concept

71. Assessing the Evidence: Migration, Environment and Climate Change in Papua New Guinea. (2015).

72. Assessing the Evidence: Migration, Environment and Climate Change in Papua New Guinea. Geneva, Switzerland. (2015).

73. GCF PNG Country Programme. (2020). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 25 • Improve the Health Sector’s ownership in managing malaria and vector-borne diseases • The WASH Policy recommends community health posts consisting of 30 facilities across PNG • The WASH Program Management Unit (PMU) has yet to drive implementation • Establishment of the Water, • Increased access to safe Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) drinking water and basic

8. Water and sanitation. Policy 2015-2030 sanitation in rural areas leading • Development partners are to a decrease in malaria and now actively implementing other vector-borne diseases the policy within provinces; • Improvements in technological the Department of National approaches Planning and Monitoring • Improvements in water (DNPM) oversees this activity, catchment which has commenced in • Desalination processes some provinces • Development of renewable energy initiatives to combat climate change-induced water insecurity74 • Activities implemented under the WASH Policy need replication across all communities • Identifying landslide risks using • Improvements to engineer technology (GIS, LiDAR, and designs

9. Landslides. others) • Implement geo-hazards • Advisory support to engineer- assessments design for road and • Improvements in stormwater infrastructure projects using drainage development partner climate- • Reforestation and soil resilient guidelines stabilization • Promote solid and chemical • Urban growth has placed waste management at the pressure on cities, in turn, Other - Waste national level placing stress on waste • Municipal waste management management services and planning urban sanitation services,75 • Special waste (plastic, wastewater management is e-wastes, bulky, mining, etc.) in its infancy in PNG and no management planning formal waste management • Household waste awareness systems exist76 • Community awareness and • Improving the waste sector’s education capacity through knowledge, training, research and response • Biodiversity is also affected through ineffective waste management protocols where investment is needed in industrial and wastewater management

74. GCF PNG Country Programme. (2020).

75. Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. (2014).

76. Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. (2014). 26 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Domestic budget constraints impede the projects to be climate-resilient. progress of implementation of unsupported adaptation initiatives. The external financial and Achieving PNG’s adaptation goals requires the technical support received by the GoPNG through successful and timely implementation of adaptation development partners to address climate change actions, monitoring and regulation. Collective adaptation plays an important role in the planning involvement of institutions creates the enabling and implementation of adaptation initiatives at all environment to develop and implement effective levels. As such, over the past few years, efforts have adaptation policies. The NDC Implementation Plan been made to strengthen institutional and technical provides guidance (see Annex 1). capacity to design and implement adaptation ADAPTATION DATA GAPS Data to inform climate change adaptation action is limited. Existing adaptation data and adaptation data gaps are listed against the nine priority areas in Table 4-2 below Table 4 Adaptation Nine Priority Areas Data Gaps Priority area Summary of Data Gaps Assessment

1. Coastal Weather, atmosphere, ocean current, and tsunami early warning data and flooding and information from 4,000 Argo floats from the International Ocean Commission sea-level rise (IOC) project in the Pacific and PNG waters have been available since 2000. Furthermore Australian-funded sea level and climate monitoring from 1991 to 2020, has aided in determining land movements and sea-level changes; and the Comprehensive Hazards and Risk Management (CHARM) Framework for PNG and the Pacific Island States has contributed to planning and management of sea-level rise since 1992. Data gaps exist however in the following ways: • Only four tide gauges exist in Milne Bay, Manus, Madang and Rabaul, scaling up and replication is required across all maritime provinces to improve data collection and determination • Where soft and hard defence structures have been implemented (i.e. Manus Province, East Cape Road in Milne Bay Province – there is not a collation of data that indicates the percentage of coastline prone to coastal flooding or shoreline erosion

2. Inland flooding • Lack of monitoring tools to identify hazard areas in the country for flooding in highlands, coastal regions and islands • Mapping and planning to mitigate flooding is needed using a blended approach of traditional knowledge and modern infrastructure tools and methods • Promote the use of drone GIS mapping, artificial intelligence (AI) and internet of things (IoT) technology to mitigate flooding, both inland and islands. • Insurance and private sector support required

3. Food insecurity • Further data on climate change and variability throughout the entire country to manage food supply is needed • Early warning and forecasting to all communities in the country is required. There is presently a lack of information on disaster impacts on agriculture and water etc. • Disaster risk management in agriculture (agriculture insurance, probing an indemnity insurance framework, weather index setup, linking with multi- hazard early warning systems, etc.) is needed. • Use of satellite forecasting requires further development and application to the planning and agriculture sectors Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 27 • Need for research to develop climate-adaptive crops/food supply in the islands and hinterland • Application of Sustainable Land Use Policy in the country is needed

4. Cities and • Lack of policies and application in the towns and cities in PNG. city profiling climate only completed for three cities (Port Moresby, Kokopo and Goroka) change • Monitoring and advice on ozone pollution, heat waves and bush fires in cities are needed. • Building codes introduced to mitigate climate change heat waves and cyclones is needed • Better water and waste drainage to be introduced • Greater awareness and development of information and communication strategy in cities on climate change and disaster and heatwaves etc. • Disasters and climate change policies need to be incorporated to support town development and planning in PNG

5. Climate- • Lack of analysis of data and information on induced migration as a result of induced climate change migration • Articulation of induced migration drivers other than climate change to inform policymaking

6. Damage to • LMMA only covering 159,259 hectares; this requires replication and scaling- coral reefs up • Lack of awareness on coral reef damage due to climate change versus traditional use of coral/lime budding/planting of corals in pristine water requires implementation; there are presently no programmes on budding/ planting corals in the country; there is an opportunity to introduce communities and schools to support this sector • Mining and waste sectors are causing damage to coral; regulation and awareness-raising need immediate attention

7. Malaria and Department of Health keeps records of incidences of malaria and vector-borne vector-borne diseases, however, monitoring of these diseases from the coast to the highlands diseases is an issue that needs consideration

8. Water and • Lack of tools/technology in the country to enable advancements in sanitation exploring desalination options • Lack of uptake and application of new technology for water resources in the country • Information and communication strategy is needed country-wide due to water shortage due to El Nino and dry spells • There is a need to introduce large water reservoirs to all isolated provinces/ LLG • Supply of medication for water treatment is required country-wide • Application of traditional knowledge in the country requires broader uptake and implementation

9. Landslides The Geophysical Observatory of the Department of Mineral Policy and Geohazards Management (DMPGM) has seismographs located around the country which measure earthquakes continuously; the DMPGM also has linkages with the Rabaul Volcanological Observatory which monitors earth tremors leading to an eruption. Data gaps exist however in the following area: • While the earthquake and volcanic data exist, there is no linkage to the occurrence of landslides. GIS and Remote Sensing Tools could be used to ensure connectivity and linkages between landslides and rainfall patterns and intensity. 28 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution FOUR DEVELOPMENT SECTORS PNG conducted sector consultations to develop In advancing PNG’s National Adaptation Plan its NAP Readiness Support Proposal to the Green (NAP), climate change is being mainstreamed into Climate Fund (GCF) in 2017 and 2019 and identified regulatory and policy frameworks to address climate four key development sectors for the NAP to develop change adaptation and to increase awareness and implement. The four key development sectors amongst key stakeholders at the national and sub- are agriculture, health, transport and infrastructure. national levels.77 The NAP is being developed with During 2019 and 2020, PNG conducted regional a specific focus on the development sectors of and sector consultations to review and re-affirm agriculture, health, transport and infrastructure. The its national and sub-national priorities on climate NAP is due for completion in August 2021.78 change. The consultations agreed to prioritize the four key development sectors to address the nine adaptation priority areas (Table 4). The PNG Enhanced NDC 2020-2030 will report on PNG’s four priority development sectors for adaptation. Through the process of developing the NAP, PNG commits to strengthening institutional, technical, and financial capabilities and integration of climate change adaptation into planning and budgeting processes. Table 5 NAP Development Sectors Matrix for the Nine Key Adaptation Priority Areas Priority Priority Areas (*Additional priority areas identified in the 2019-2020 regional Development consultations, which are not recognized under the current Climate Change Sector Management Act.) Agriculture  Coastal flooding and sea-level rise  Landslides  Inland flooding  Forestry and land-use*  Food insecurity  Waste*  Damage to coral reefs  Fisheries*  Water and sanitation  Biodiversity* Health  Malaria and vector-borne diseases  Cities and climate change  Water and sanitation  Landslides  Food insecurity  Waste*  Climate-induced migration  Extractive industries*  Coastal flooding and sea-level rise  Biodiversity*  Inland flooding  Tourism/cultural* Transport  Damage to coral reefs  Cities and climate change  Climate-induced migration  Landslides  Inland flooding  Biodiversity* Infrastructure  Climate-induced migration  Landslides  Coastal flooding and sea-level rise  Waste*  Inland flooding  Extractive industries*  Cities and climate change  Biodiversity*

77. Advancing Papua New Guinea’s National Adaptation Plan. (2020).

78. Advancing Papua New Guinea’s National Adaptation Plan. (2020). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 29 ADAPTATION TARGETS PNG aims to broaden and sustain the scope of The approach for defining PNG’s adaptation targets its NDC to include adaptation in the current and was undertaken by conducting a series of surveys subsequent NDCs. This subsection establishes a and workshops which included sub-national and technical approach to defining PNG’s national sector vulnerability and adaptation assessments, adaptation targets. data collection, and multi-criteria analysis. The adaptation targets are measured against PNG recognizes that the more comprehensively beneficiaries for the agriculture and health sectors, the NDC’s are defined, the better the priorities can and the value and number of assets for the transport be integrated into development partner operations and infrastructure sector. The adaptation targets for and support programs. the four NAP development sector are provided in Table 6. Table 6 Adaptation Targets Priority Development Adaptation Target 2030 Sector per the NAP Agriculture 10% of the total population (0.8 million beneficiaries (25% are women)) have increased resilience with respect to food and water security, health and well- being in PNG. Health 100% of the population benefits from improved health measures to respond to malaria and other climate-sensitive diseases in PNG. Transport US$1.2b (PGK 4.2b) value of transport (air, sea, and land) infrastructure and assets built/rehabilitated according to climate-resilient codes and standards. Infrastructure 6 million people (70% of the population) benefit from improved early warning systems/information to respond to extreme climate events. US$172m (PGK 608m) value of building and utility infrastructure assets built/ rehabilitated according to climate-resilient codes and standards. IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION TARGETS Section 4 of the NDC Implementation Plan (Annex) mechanisms for coordination amongst Government outlines PNG’s Implementation Plan on adaptation). agencies and national stakeholders with activities to The Implementation Plan sets out the strategic generate the necessary investment and financing adaptation outcomes that will be achieved by strategy to implement the adaptation plans at all Government’s twelve overarching adaptation development intervention levels. strategies and objectives. The development of the NAP is one of the Government’s key objectives, which will ultimately direct the implementation and delivery of PNG’s adaptation actions. The NAP will have in place short-, medium- and long-term targets to achieve the outcomes of its key priority development sectors of agriculture, health, transport and infrastructure. The NAP will include a list of implementing measures and establish 30 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 5 Papua New Guinea is fully committed to taking action on climate change. The targets identified within the NDC are fully in line with existing policy documents and commitments. As such the GoPNG will take a central role within the implementation of proposed actions while also working to create a positive environment for private sector investment and partnerships with other parties to the convention. To commit to reducing GHG emission levels and to increase climate resilience, PNG will require the appropriate financial support, technology, capacity building, and a good means of coordination to drive the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contributions, as outlined in the implementation plan. PNG’s NDC Implementation Plan is a living document and will be updated annually. It is annexed to the NDC and lists key actions and activities, and the respective resource requirements for each to ensure successful implementation. INFORMATION ON FINANCE The projects and programs in the Implementation Plan outline the financial resources needed for implementation. Technology transfer and capacity development cannot take place without sufficient financial resources made available to meet the targets. As a Small Island Developing State that is vulnerable to the impact of climate change, it is important to find the right balance in building the country’s resilience, and implementing the necessary adaptation and mitigation measures, while supporting the day to day needs of the country. Implementing the proposed actions could deliver significant emissions reductions that could be monetised through results based payments under a range of mechanisms including the Green Climate Fund, bilateral, market or non-market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and PNG is looking forward to enforcement of the Article 6 on the ground. INFORMATION ON TECHNOLOGY A Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) must be resilient development are paramount. As a SIDS conducted (if not yet carried out), which will clearly these opportunities are not often readily accessible, set out the specific needs of the identified sectors . hence the need for external support. The need for innovation is crucial to ensure more A TNA for the NDC needs to be carried out with efficient and cleaner technologies. The availability relevant stakeholders at the national level. The TNA and transfer of technology that is environmentally ought to be gender-responsive and should consider sound and which support low carbon and climate- the local context. INFORMATION ON CAPACITY BUILDING As a SIDS, Papua New Guinea is faced with many challenges, including limitations on resources. PNG’s economic growth and development are centered on institutional capacity building. GoPNG welcomes the support from development partners in areas of research and sectoral actions outlined in this Implementation Plan annexed to the NDC. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 31 GENDER AND YOUTHS Women in Papua New Guinea tend to rank well below use rights, women rarely have ownership rights men in almost all measures of health, education, over productive resources. When customary land employment, access to economic resources, rights are negotiated, women tend not to have the and political voice. They make extensive use of right to claim a direct share of leases, royalties or forest resources for food, fuelwood, medicine and compensation payments82. The primary objectives handicrafts. Resource use is gendered in that in most of women’s access to forests are to meet household PNG societies women have use rights to cultivate needs for fuel, fodder, medicinal needs; however, the land, gather forest products and to fish for or once these needs are met, they become important collect marine and riverine resources. Regardless vehicles through which income-generating of whether they are members of matrilineal or opportunities and enterprises can be developed83. patrilineal societies, women cannot enforce rights to land and property nor claim income from cash Given the importance of sustainable development crops or land leases such as for mining, logging and of these resources, it will be important to work with infrastructure construction.79 Subsistence agriculture local communities, youth and women to implement in the informal economy supports 80 percent of the sustainable agricultural and agroforestry practices. PNG population, a sector dominated by women80 Potential approaches include promoting socially- (DPNM, 2020). Women are particularly vulnerable to inclusive climate-friendly agriculture; promoting climate change impacts due to reliance on natural women’s access to resources, information, and resources for their livelihoods and household well- climate-smart technologies; enhancing the role of being, lack of access to land, income, credit and women and youth in agricultural value chains; and other resources. promoting inclusive forest rehabilitation and timber management. Sixty percent of PNG’s population is under 25 years old, and they have limited education and employment opportunities. They are involved in environmental efforts at the local level, both through local Youth Councils that are linked to the National Youth Commission, as well as in non-governmental activities in conservation, tree planting, and other forms of environmental activism. It is important to ensure that youth have the resources and opportunities they need to develop low-carbon, environmentally sustainable businesses. They also need support in their environmental conservation activities such as tree planting and forest management. Eighty-five percent of the population use fuelwood on at least an occasional basis for domestic and commercial cooking, even in urban areas. Rural women in Papua Guinea experience energy poverty differently than men. With effects on workload and health, due to distance travelled to collect biomass, safety concerns when travelling long distances, reliance on food that requires short or no cooking time; and indoor air pollution.81 Women and youth play an important role in management and production in forest lands, although they are not landholders. While they have

79. CEDAW Shadow report on the status of Women in Papua New Guinea and the Autonomous Region of Bougainville. (2010)

80. Papua New Guinea Department of National Planning and Monitoring. (2020).

81. United Nations Industrial Development Organization and United Nations Women (2014).

82. Papua New Guinea Country Gender Assessment. (2012)

83. Country gender assessment of agriculture and the rural sector in Papua New Guinea. (2019) 32 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Subsistence agriculture in the informal economy supports 80 percent of the PNG population, a sector dominated by women84. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), more than 50 percent of the female labour force in Papua New Guinea is engaged in agriculture, and women comprise nearly 35 percent of the economically active population in the sector. Rural women play a prominent role in subsistence food production, agricultural value chains and rural livelihoods. They actively participate in livestock and poultry production and in fish farming and sell surplus produce to generate income for the household.85 Increasing rates of migration to urban centres by young people86, the movement of men to the logging and extraction industries for employment, and women’s consistent exclusion from employment in these sectors (FAO, 2019), mean that women will continue to make up at least half of agricultural producers in the country. Women are also responsible for family and child health, including water and sanitation management. Actions should also take into account the gender digital gap and differing access rates of youth and remote communities to information and early warning systems (see GSMA, 2020 and Mehrabi et al, 2020).

84. Papua New Guinea Voluntario National Review. (2020)

85. Country gender assessment of agriculture and the rural sector in Papua New Guinea. (2019)

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Retrieved from: https://unfccc.int/sites/ default/files/resource/APA1.6.Informal.1.Add_.1.pdf United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement. (2018). Additional Tool Under Item 4 of the Agenda.UNFCCC, 1-19. Retrieved from: https://unfccc.int/sites/ default/files/resource/APA1.6.Informal.1.%20Add.2.pdf United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (2020). Glossary of Climate Change acronyms and terms. Retrieved from: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-convention/glossary-of-climate- change-acronyms-and-terms United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (2015). Nationally Determined Contributions. Retrieved from: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement/ nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (2018). Pocket Guide to NDCs Under the UNFCCC. United Nations Fund Population. (2018). Papua New Guinea - Young People. Retrieved from: https://png. unfpa.org/en/topics/young-people-8. UN-HABITAT. (2014). Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment: Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. United Nations Industrial Development Organization and United Nations Women (2014). Sustainable Energy for All: The Gender Dimensions. Vienna: UNIDO. Retrieved from: https://www.unido.org/sites/default/ files/2014-02/GUIDANCENOTE_FINAL_WEB_s_0.pdf. United Nations University. (2016). World Risk Report. Retrieved from: http://weltrisikobericht.de/wp-content/ uploads/2016/08/WorldRiskReport2016.pdf. World Bank. (2020). Climate Change Knowledge Portal for Development Practitioners and Policy Makers. 36 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Acknowledgements The development and production of PNG’s NDC has been led by the Climate Change and Development Authority (CCDA) through its Measurement, Reporting and Verification and National Communications Division. This product is a result of extensive consultations with stakeholders from the relevant government agencies, civil society institutions and the private sector. Its development was made possible by the strong contributions of the members of Inter-agency Sub-Technical Technical Working Groups on AFOLU, Energy and Adaptation. Special thanks also go to a number of development partners including the NDC Partnership, UNDP’s Climate Promise, FAO, Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), UNEP, Regional Pacific NDC Hub composed of GIZ, SPC, SPREP and GGGI, German Development Corporation implemented by GIZ, UK Government, New Zealand Government, Government of Australia, USAID Climate Ready, and IRENA for invaluable support in the development of this product. It should be noted that the views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the supporting partners. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 37 PNG’s NDCs The Journey Annex to PNG’s Nationally Determined Contributions: Papua New Guinea NDC Implementation Plan 2021 - 2030 (A Living Document) Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 39 INTRODUCTION This Implementation Plan outlines the mitigation • listing of the lead and supporting government actions/activities that will be undertaken to achieve agencies; the emission reduction targets in the AFOLU and • timeframes, including the start/end dates for Energy Sectors, and the priority measures for each of the activities; and Adaptation that have been listed in PNG’s NDC. The targets, as provided in the NDC, are summarized • the budget estimates for each activity, and below: sources of funding, including potential sources of funding. • AFOLU: PNG aims to reduce an estimated emission of 10,000 GgCO2eq by 2030 from The Climate Change & Development Authority deforestation and forest degradation due (CCDA) as the mandated authority responsible for to commercial agriculture expansion and coordination of climate change initiatives of the commercial logging. Government, and acting as the focal point to the UNFCCC, will collaborate with key stakeholders to • Energy: PNG will work towards a carbon neutral ensure fulfillment of the implementation plan. energy industries sub-sector by 2030 • Adaptation: to identify and implement The implementation plan will be supported adaptation actions aimed at reducing with an Intra-Governmental Memorandum of vulnerability and building climate resilience Understanding on the Implementation of PNG’s across different parts of the country. Nationally Determined Contribution (MOU) that will, among other things, formalize the commitment In determining the necessary actions to be taken, of the implementing agencies and establish a the Sub-Technical Working Groups (STWG’s) identified platform for dialogue. Further activities identified existing national policies, strategies and plans, and include a review of the existing and legislative and developed the measures to ensure alignment regulatory framework to support the mitigation and with these existing efforts. A detailed narration is adaptation targets. contained in the NDC. In order to monitor implementation of the activities listed in the Implementation Schedules, the OVERVIEW OF THE mechanism for monitoring will be based on the MRV IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Framework. The Implementation Plan obligates the implementing agencies to furnish regular reports; and a final evaluation report due in 2024. The Implementation Plan seeks to address the five key modules: Mitigation; Adaptation; Governance; Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV); PLANNING PROCESS and finance. These are set out in Implementation Schedules below. Elements of the Finance module This Implementation Plan was developed in tandem have been incorporated into each of the other four with the NDC, using the following process: modules.

1. Identifying team leads within CCDA, who The Implementation Schedules are designed to were responsible for the gathering of data clearly outline the activities, and their respective through the Technical Working Groups in the operational elements to guide implementation. two mitigation reporting sectors (AFOLU and The Implementation Schedules set out the following Energy), and adaptation; information, as they relate to the specific reported sector targets: 2. Review and analysis of the data;

3. Determination of mitigation and adaptation • the activity/action that will be introduced, or targets in the NDC; enhanced, relative to the established target;

4. Identification of action items and activities that • the indicators that will be used to track progress will be implemented towards the achievement during implementation, and for monitoring of the respective targets; and and evaluation;

5. Validation workshop with key stakeholders. 40 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution MITIGATION The Enhanced NDC covers two (2) of the five emitting sectors , as identified in PNG’s most recent GHG Inventory: AFOLU & Energy . Taken together, the two sectors contributed to a total net of 13,522 Gg CO2-e of the total net emissions of the 2015 net of 15,192 Gg CO2-eq. AFOLU Implementation Schedule 2.0. Mitigation Actions/Activities – AFOLU AFOLU Sector Target: PNG aims to reduce an estimated emission of 10,000 GgCO2eq by 2030 from deforestation and forest degradation due to commercial agriculture expansion and com- mercial logging. Overall Objective: From the net GHG source from 2015 levels to net GHG sink by 2030 Action or Activity Indicator Status Lead Supporting Time Frame Budget (USD) Funding Source Other Support Implementing Agencies (Existing/Potential) Agencies Sustainable Land-Use and - Policy and regulatory - The Department of DLPP, CCDA DLPP, DAL, 2017-2027 1,132,000 Existing: 1. Technical Support Development Planning framework for sustainable land use Lands and Physical PNGFA, UNDP 2. Capacity Building and development planning are Planning (DLPP) DNPM, CCDA Potential Funding Support developed and implemented across have taken steps Source: concerned sectors. to develop a draft Development Sustainable Land Partners Use Policy (SLUP) that is currently under consultation and further development. A national central information system The DLPP is developing a DLPP, CCDA DLPP, DAL, 2017-2027 3,076,000 Potential Funding 1. Technical Support to store all data relating to land use in National Land Use Infor- PNGFA, Source: 2. Capacity Building PNG is developed. A prototype to be mation System Porotype. DNPM, CCDA Development Support in place before 2025. Once fully developed, it Partners will store all data relating to land use in PNG. HCV and HCS methodol- DLPP, CCDA DLPP, DAL, 2017-2027 1,500,000 Potential Funding 1. Technical Support HCV and HCS methodology are ogy tested using PNG PNGFA, Source: 2. Capacity Building adopted for more sustainable, agri- data. A national scale DNPM, CCDA Development Support cultural practices by agri-businesses map has been devel- Partners in PNG oped identifying all areas in PNG with high HCV and HCS value. Enhancing value chain of A tracking system (e.g. a mobile This initiative has been DAL CCDA 2021-2027 150,000 Potential Funding 1. Technical Support climate friendly agriculture app) for tracking production line from discussed by relevant Source: 2. Capacity Building products farmers’ level to manufacturers is government agencies Development Support established. but is yet to be fully im- Partners plemented Strengthening monitoring PNG REDD+ and National Forest Existing web portal does PNGFA CCDA, DAL 2021-2024 280,000 Potential Funding 1. Technical Support of FCA Monitoring Web-Portal is updated with not have data and Source: 2. Capacity Building latest FCA data. information on FCA. It Development Support only disseminate informa- Partners tion Logging concession Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 41 boundaries, Forest Base Map 2012, NFI pre-as- sessment (Collect Earth) and PSP. Promoting downstream Export of round logs in the country is Necessary policy frame- PNGFA CCDA 2021-2027 2,000,000 Potential Funding 1. Technical Support processing of logs in the reduced by more than 50% in 2025 work and legislation in Source: 2. Capacity Building country. through proper enforcement by place but slow enforce- Development Support PNGFA. ment. Partners Enhanced application of Near-Real-time Deforestation and PNGFA, CCDA DAL, DLPP, 2021-2024 355,000 Potential funding 1. Technical Support timber legality standards Degradation Alerts Monitoring System CEPA source: GCF 2. Capacity Building and permitting processes for PNG is established at all relevant RBP and other Support – strengthened monitoring government institutions and agen- development of timber concessions cies by 2025 to enhance the PNG of partners timber legality system. Prepare strategic action First draft action plan in place no PNGFA has already PNGFA CCDA, CEPA 2021-2027 420,000 Potential Funding 1. Technical Support plan based on detailed more than 3 years after the submis- established 60,000 ha of Source: 2. Capacity Building studies to scale up the sion of PNG’s Enhanced NDC. planted forest under the Development Support Painim Graun Planim initiative. Partners Diwai initiative Development and En- Agro forestry activities are implement- Necessary policy frame- PNGFA, DAL CCDA, CEPA, 2021-2027 1,000,000 Potential Funding 1. Technical Support couraging agro-forestry ed at community level throughout work for agro-forestry in DLPP Source: 2. Capacity Building initiatives in line with the PNG by 2026. place. Development Support National Reforestation Partners Strategy and the National Agriculture Development Plan (NADP) Enhanced monitoring and System for generating LULUCF activ- Land use and land use PNGFA, CCDA 2021 – 2024 567,000 Potential Funding Technical assistance reporting on regenera- ity data on land use and land use change assessment for Source: required to build ca- tion by conducting Forest change under REDD+ MRV is up- the period 2016-2019 Development pacity of PNGFA and and land use change graded with new capacity accurately was conducted by partners CCDA officers. assessment prior to 2000 measure forest regeneration before PNGFA in 2020. to enable more realis- and after 2000. tic calculations of the biomass gain of the forest degrade before 2020 and to determine long term historical forest and land use change trend. Complete National Forest Country specific Emission Factors for Certain component of PNGFA CCDA 2020 – 2024 4,133,000 Potential funding Inventory to Improving the all forest types in PNG are available the current NFI is ongoing source: GCF country specific Emission before the submission of PNG’s first such as data analysis. RBP and other Factor (EF) and to en- BTR to UNFCCC. However, funding is development able space borne forest required to complete the partners carbon estimation and remaining NFI sampling monitoring. plots in the country for full determination of country specific data. 42 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Conduct PSP data and PSP data and growth model are Several PSP plots have PNGFA, CCDA PNG University 2020 – 2028 570, 800 Potential funding 1. Technical Support growth model update updated by 2023 already been established of Technology source: GCF, 2. Capacity Building to enable estimation of in the country by Forest GEF and other Support post-disturbance CO2 se- Research Institute development questration of the forests, partners calculation of annual loss/ gain and creation of Post disturbance forest carbon recovery model. Improve forest conces- All forest concessions areas in PNG PNG’s Near-Real-time PNGFA, CCDA CEPA, DLPP, 2021-2028 1,900,000 Potential funding 1. Technical Support sion monitoring to allow are registered in the PNG’s Near-Real- Deforestation and Deg- DAL, UPNG, source: GCF 2. Capacity Building more accurate emission time Deforestation and Degradation radation Alerts Monitoring RBP and other Support estimation from the log- Alerts Monitoring System for receiving System prototype devel- development ging operation (75% of activity alerts by 2023. oped. Certain conces- partners emission in LULUCF) and to sion areas in PNG were contribute timber legality registered and subscribed verification system (TLVS). to for activity alerts on a monthly basis as a trial. Enhance ambition in - PNG has technical capacity Ongoing PNGFA Government 2019-2023 Potential: 1. Technical Support PNG’s 2025 NDC by for blue carbon estimation and CCDA of Australia; Development 2. Capacity Building including blue carbon reporting, and policy making CSIRO; UPNG Partners Support ecosystems in the GHG - Mangrove mapping inventory and UNFCCC - Carbon stock modelling and reporting, including: reporting - Identify pathways to - Mangroves incorporated in GHG incorporating blue inventory and BUR carbon by build upon existing AFOLU and REDD+ capabilities - considering how to reflect mangroves and seagrasses in climate policies; - data collection, mapping and modelling Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 43 Implementation Schedule 2.0. Mitigation Actions/Activities – Energy Sector Energy Sector Target Electricity supply from the Energy Sector aims to increase the share of installed capacity of renewable energy from 30% in 2015 to 78% by 2030. Overall Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability Non-GHG Targets Action or Activity Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous Lead Supporting Time Frame Budget (USD) Funding Source Other Support references Implementing Agencies (Existing/Potential) Agencies Southern Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Alotau Solar PV + ESS 1.5 This is a project that is going to be devel- PNG Power Limited CCDA, 2022-2023 8,100,000 Development 1. Capacity Building oped and implemented in accordance to (PPL) Department of Partners 2. Technology PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans Energy (DPE) Transfer

3. Research & Gumini Hydro 1.5 This is a project that is going to be devel- PNG Power Limited CCDA, 2022-2026 15,000,000 Development Innovation oped and implemented in accordance to (PPL) Department of Partners PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans Energy (DPE 1. Capacity Building 2. Technology Transfer

3. Research & Innovation Kerema Solar PV + ESS 0.5 This is a project that is going to be devel- PPL CCDA, DPE 2021-2022 2,700,000 Development 1. Capacity Building oped and implemented in accordance to Partners 2. Technology PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans Transfer

3. Research & Innovation Murua Hydro 3 This is a project that is going to be devel- PPL CCDA, DPE 2025-2027 24, 000,000 Development 1. Capacity Building oped and implemented in accordance to Partners 2. Technology PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans Transfer

3. Research & Innovation Daru Solar PV + ESS 0.5 This is a project that is going to be devel- PPL CCDA, DPE 2021-2022 2,700,000 Development 1. Capacity Building oped and implemented in accordance to Partners 2. Technology PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans Transfer

3. Research & Innovation New Guinea Islands Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Arawa Bovo Hydro 1.5 This is a project that is going to be devel- PPL CCDA, DPE 2022-2025 12,000,000 Development 1. Capacity Building oped and implemented in accordance to Partners 2. Technology PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans Transfer

3. Research & Innovation 44 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Buka Ramazon Hydro 0.6 This is a project that is going to be devel- PPL CCDA, DPE 2022-2026 24,000,000 Under ADB 1. Capacity Building oped and implemented in accordance to considerations for 2. Technology PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans possible funding Transfer in trench 3 under 3. Research & Town Electrification Innovation Investment Program Lombrum Solar PV + ESS 1 This is a project that is going to be devel- PPL CCDA, DPE 2021-2024 5,400,000 Development 1. Capacity Building oped and implemented in accordance to Partners 2. Technology PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans Transfer

3. Research & Innovation Lawes Hydro 2 This is a project that is going to be devel- PPL CCDA,DPE 2025-2028 16,000,000 Development 1. Capacity Building oped and implemented in accordance to Partners 2. Technology PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans Transfer

3. Research & Innovation Kavieng Solar PV +ESS 2 This is a project that is going to be devel- PPL CCDA, DPE 2021-2022 10,800,000 Development 1. Capacity Building oped and implemented in accordance to Partners 2. Technology PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans Transfer

3. Research & Innovation Kimadan Hydro 1.5 This is a project that is going to be devel- PPL CCDA,DPE 2023-2026 12,000,000 Development 1. Capacity Building oped and implemented in accordance to Partners 2. Technology PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans Transfer

3. Research & Innovation Namatanai Sohun Hydro 250kW This is a project that is going to be devel- New Ireland Provin- PPL 2021-2022 2,400,000 Development 1. Capacity Building oped and implemented in accordance cial Government Partners 2. Technology to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans, Transfer hence refurbishment is required to further up- 3. Research & grade or downgrade depending on head, Innovation water flow and latest technology improve- ments for turbines Kimbe- Bialla Lower Lake Hargy Hydro 2 This is a project that is going to be devel- PPL CCDA, DPE 2022-2025 16,000,000 Development 1. Capacity Building oped and implemented in accordance to Partners 2. Technology PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans Transfer

3. Research & Innovation Ru Creek 2 Hydro 2.5 This is a project that is going to be devel- PPL CCDA,DPE 2023-2025 20,000,000 Development 1. Capacity Building oped and implemented in accordance to Partners 2. Technology PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans Transfer

3. Research & Innovation Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 45 MOMASE Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Finschaffen Solar PV + ESS 0.3 This is a project that is going to be devel- PPL CCDA, DPE 2021-2022 1,620,000 Development 1. Capacity Building oped and implemented in accordance to Partners 2. Technology PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans Transfer

3. Research & Butaweng Hydro 0.2 This is a project that is going to be devel- PPL CCDA, DPE 2023-2026 1,600,000 Development Innovation oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to Partners PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans 1. Capacity Building

2. Technology Transfer

3. Research & Innovation Aitape Solar PV + ESS Proposed This is a project that is going to be devel- PPL CCDA, DPE 2021-2022 1, 350,000 Development 1. Capacity Building Capacity oped and implemented in accordance to Partners 2. Technology PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans Transfer 0.25 3. Research & Innovation Vanimo Daundo Hydro 1.5 This is a project that is going to be devel- PPL CCDA, DPE 2022-2025 12,000,000 Development 1. Capacity Build-ing oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to Partners 2. Technology PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans Transfer

3. Research & In- novation Wewak – Mprik Sausia Solar PV + ESS 10 This is a project that is going to be devel- PPL CCDA, DPE 2021-2024 54,000,000 Development 1. Capacity Build-ing oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to Partners 2. Technology PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans Transfer

3. Research & In- novation Damar/Mabam Hydro 3 This is a project that is going to be devel- PPL CCDA, DPE 2025-2028 10,500,000 Development 1. Capacity Build-ing oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to Partners 2. Technology PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans Transfer

3. Research & In- novation Highlands Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Tari - Dauli Mini Hydro 0.4 This is a project that is going to be devel- PPL, Hela Provincial CCDA, DPE 2021-2025 3,200,000 Development 1. Capacity Building oped and implemented in accordance to Government Partners 2. Technology PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans Transfer

3. Research & Innovation 46 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Transport Sector Objective: The E-mobility Policy will enable the development and implementation of green transport in PNG Green Transport National E- On-going DoT CCDA, DHERTS 2021-2030 Budget will be Development 1. Capacity Building Mobility Policy determined Partners 2. Technology - E-Mobility Policy for Developed as per scope Transfer PNG and Endorsed of support 3. Research and determined Innovation by Climate Technology Center and Network (CTCN) Policy and Regulation Objective: To enable the implementation of renewable energy targets National Renewable A National On-going National Energy PPL, DMPGHM, 2021-2030 Need scop- Development 1. Capacity Building Energy Policy Renewable Authority CCDA, DNPM ing to verify Partners 2. Technology Energy Policy budget Transfer Developed & Endorsed Policy and Regulation Objective: To enable the regulation of energy efficient appliances Minimum Energy Perform- MEPSL Regula- On-going National Energy CCDA, NISIT, 2021-2022 Need scop- Development 1. Capacity Building ance Standards and La- tion Devel- Authority ing to verify Partners 2. Technology belling Regulation (MEPSL) oped and budget Transfer En-dorsed Policy and Regulation Objective: Map out existing renewable energy projects in PNG for on-grid connections to determine whether the 78% by 2030 target is reached Renewable Energy Mapping To be Developed This is an activity to DPE 2021-2025 Need scop- Development 1. Capacity Building Projects Mapping Report Com- be implemented ing to verify Partners 2. Technology pleted with through the Mitiga- budg-et Transfer en-dorsed tion Roadmap recom-men- under the Energy da-tions Sector Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 47 ADAPTATION The NDC Implementation Plan focuses on the four (4) National Adaptation Plan (NAP) priority development sectors that are influenced by the 9 adaptation priority areas. These development sec- tors are Agriculture, Health, Infrastructure and Transport. The adaptation targets are measured against beneficiaries for the agriculture and health sectors, and the value and number of assets for transport and infrastructure sector. Implementation Schedule 3.0. Adaptation Actions/Activities Priority Sector: Agriculture Quantifiable Targets: By 2030, 10% of the total population (0.8 million beneficiaries (25% are women)) have increased resilience of food and water security, health and well-being in PNG Action or Activity Indicator Status (ongoing/new Lead Supporting Time Frame Budget (USD) Funding Source Other Support proposal), and previous Implementing Agencies (Existing/Potential) references Agencies Application of Sustain- By 2025, at least 20% of total ben- Green Cli-mate Fund Department of Accredited Dec 2022 – 10 Existing: NDA supported able Agri-culture Practices eficiaries of 163,000 have increased (GCF) Sim-plified Ap- Agri-culture and Enti-ty (AE): Nov 2027 GCF, GGGI, and Require international (ASAP) for Smallholder capacity to apply climate-resilient proval Pro-cess Con-cept Live-stock (DAL) Global Green oth-er Development support Farmers in the Southern farming practices Note Growth Part-ners, GoPNG Region (Western, Central Institute Potential: and Milne Bay Province) (GGGI) Development Part- ners Climate Resilient Agricul- By 2025, at least 63,000 beneficiaries GCF Simpli-fied Ap-proval DAL AE: Food and Jun 2022 – 12 Existing: NDA supported ture for Farmers and Ag- (20% are women) have improved ca- Pro-cess Con-cept Note Agriculture May 2029 GCF, FAO, and ricultural SMEs in Vulner- pacity to implement cli-mate resilient Or-ganization Other Development Require technical and able Re-gions of Papua agricultural practices (FAO) Part-ners, GoPNG partnership support New Guinea Potential: Development Part- ners PNG Agriculture Commer- By 2025, at least 50% of direct ben- Project ap-proved 2020 DAL World Bank April 2020 – 40 World Bank Support committed cializa-tion and Diversi- eficiaries have applied commercial December fication Project, World and diversification planning in their 2025 Bank, $40m (PGK136m), agriculture business tar-geted beneficiar-ies: 20000 STREIT, EU 85m Euros, By 2025, at least 20% of beneficiaries Ongoing DAL FAO, UNDP, Ongoing - 340 European Union Support committed target beneficiaries: (20% are women) have increased UNCDF, UN 2025 250,000+ (25% are capacity to conduct agricul-ture Women, women) (July 2020, Issue business DNPM, NFA, No. 3) Cocoa Board, Spice Board, Provincial gov-ernments in the Momase region. 48 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Priority Sector: Health Quantifiable Target: By 2030, 100% of the population benefit from introduced health measures to respond to malaria and other climate-sensitive diseases in PNG. Action or Activity Indicator Status (ongoing/new Lead Supporting Timeframe/ Budget (USD) Funding Source Other Support proposal), and previous Implementing Agencies End Date (Existing/Potential) references Agencies Improve vector control By 2025, at least 95% of PNGs house- Ongoing NDOH PNG Institute Ongoing - Existing: Require resource measures, with a priority holds with at least one LLIN of Medical GoPNG, WHO, The support (financial, of all households having Proportion of children <5years sleep- Re-search Global Fund technical) and access to a long-lasting ing under in-secticide treated nets (%) (IMR), Potential: capacity support insecticidal net (LLIN). Provincial Other Development Health Partners Authori-ty (PHA) Maximize access to Proportion of children <5 years with Ongoing NDOH IMR, PHA, Ongoing - Existing: Require resource prompt quality diagnosis fever received treatment with antima- WHO GoPNG, WHO, The support (financial, and appropriate treat- larial drugs (%) Global Fund technical) and ment for malaria. Potential: capacity support Other Development Partners Maintain high coverage - By 2025, at least 85% of Ongoing NDOH IMR, PHA, Ongoing - Existing: Require resource of LLINs and in-crease the [peo-ple/children<5/pregnant WHO GoPNG, WHO, The support (financial, utiliza-tion of appropri- women] who slept under an Global Fund technical) and ate malaria pre-vention LLIN the previous night Potential: capacity support measures. Other Development - By 2025, at least 80% of districts Partners have access to af-fordable WHOPES approved LLINs through retailer outlets. Strengthen ma-laria By 2025, 90% of District Activity Imple- Ongoing NDOH IMR, PHA, Ongoing - Existing: Require resource program management at mentation Plans (DAIP) with Malaria WHO - GoPNG, WHO, The support (financial, all levels with district level Control Act and funding allocated Global Fund technical) and as priority. capacity support Potential: Other Development Partners Strengthen ma-laria ad- - By 2025, at least 80% of moth- Ongoing NDOH IMR, PHA, Ongoing Existing: Require resource vocacy, communication, ers and caregivers in home WHO GoPNG, WHO, The support (financial, and social mobi-lization. managed malaria (HMM) and Global Fund technical) and Integrated Community-based Potential: Other De- capacity support Case Management (iCCM) vil- velopment Partners lages aware of diagnostic and treatment ser-vices available from trained volun-teers. - Percentage of eligi-ble villages with HMM/iCCM ser-vices Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 49 Priority Sector: Transport Quantifiable Target: By 2030, US$1.2b (PGK 4.2b) value of transport infrastructure and assets built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes and standards. Action or Activity Indicator Status (ongoing/new Lead Supporting Timeframe/ Budget (USD) Funding Source Other Support proposal), and previous Implementing Agencies End Date (Existing/Potential) references Agencies Quantifiable Target for Air Transport: By 2030, US$90m (PGK 320m) value of 16 airports rehabilitated to international and climate resilient standards. Design and/or manage - Number of airports rehabilitated Ongoing NAC DNPM 2021-2030 90 Existing Require technical the re-habilitation of air- to in-ternational and climate GoPNG advisory and funding ports to inter-national and resilient standards. NAC support cli-mate resilient stand- - Number of laws, policies, Potential: ards in partnership with strategies, plans or regulations Development Part- development partners addressing climate change ners (mitigation or adaptation) of- ficially proposed, adopted, or imple-mented. Quantifiable Target for Sea Transport: By 2030, US$85m (PGK 302m) value of 4 wharves rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes. Design and/or manage- GoPNG design and imple-ment at Ongoing PNG Ports Au- DNPM 2021-2030 85 Existing Require capacity ment of the 4 wharves in least 2 wharves. thority GoPNG and funding resource partnership with develop- PNG PA support ment partners ADB BRCC Potential: Development Part- ners Incorporate cli-mate Number of laws, policies, strategies, Ongoing PNG Ports Au- ADB BRCC, 2021-2030 - Existing Require human change adaptation goals plans or regula-tions addressing thority DNPM, UNDP GoPNG capacity and into National Ports policies climate change (mitigation or adap- PNG PA resource support for and support policy imple- tation) officially proposed, adopted, Development Part- implementation mentation or implemented. ners Potential: Development Part- ners Quantifiable Target for Land Transport (Green Transport): By 2030, US$20m (PGK 6m) value of low-emissions public transport services and infrastructure in urban centers in PNG PNG green energy trans- - Draft Green Transport Action Project idea: Country Department of DoW, CCDA, TBC 20 GCF Requires Accredited port project. Plan Programme pipeline Transport (DoT) CEPA, DNPM En-tity support Objectives: Green Trans- - Feasibility studies conducted port Action Plan linked to for electrified bus rapid transit AE: tbc Medium Term Transport systems in urban centers and Plan III, Electrified bus climate-resilient supporting rapid transit systems in infrastructure (such as flood urban centers and cli- proofing of bus stops) mate-resilient supporting infrastructure, Implemen- tation of pilot projects in Port Moresby and Lae 50 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Quantifiable Target for Land Transport (National roads): By 2030, US$907m (PGK 3.2b) value of 2,838 km of national roads built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes. National roads built to - Kilometers of na-tional roads Ongoing Department DNPM, ADB, 2021-2030 907 Existing Require human climate resilient codes built / rehabilitated to climate of Works and WB GoPNG capaci-ty, technology and standards resilient codes Imple-mentation PNG PA and re-source support - Number of climate resilient (DoW) ADB for appli-cation, codes and standards policy UNDP monitoring of climate addressing climate change Potential: resilient codes and proposed, adopted and ap- Other Development standards plied to national road projects Partners - Number of nation-al road projects adopting climate resilient codes and standards in man-agement Quantifiable Target for Land Transport (Bridges and culverts): By 2030, US$104m (PGK 370m) value of 2,171 bridges and culverts built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes. Bridges and cul-verts built - Number of bridges and culverts Ongoing Department DNPM, ADB, 2021-2030 104 Existing Require human to cli-mate resilient codes built / rehabilitated to climate of Works and WB GoPNG capacity, technology and stand-ards resilient codes Imple-mentation ADB and resource support - Number of climate resilient (DoW) Potential: for application, codes and standards policy Other Development monitoring of climate addressing climate change Partners resilient codes and proposed, adopted and ap- standards plied to bridge and culvert projects - Number of culvert and bridge projects adopting climate resilient codes and standards in man-agement Quantifiable Target 1: By 2030, US$172m (PGK 608m) value of building and utility infrastructure assets built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes and standards. Quantifiable Target 2: By 2030, 6 million people (70% of population) benefit from improved Multi-hazard early warning information to respond to climate extremes. Infrastructure: Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems Quantifiable Target 1: By 2030, US$48.9m (PGK 173m) value of multi-hazard early warning system assets built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes. Quantifiable Target 2: By 2030, 6 million people (70% of population) benefit from improved multi hazard early warning information to respond to climate extremes. Enhancing Adap-tation - Number of benefi-ciaries in SAP Con-cept Note National FAO 2023- 2027 10 Existing: Require development and Resili-ence Through High-lands, riverine and coastal (2020) Weather Service GCF SAP, FAO, Go- partner support Impact-Based Forecast- communi-ties benefiting from (NWS) PNG ing and End-to-End Early multi hazard early warning infor- Warning (EARTH) mation. Potential: - Multi hazard early warning sys- Other Development tem as-sets built / rehabili-tated Partners according to climate resilient codes (USD, mil-lion) Quantifiable Target for Land Transport (Bridges and culverts): By 2030, US$104m (PGK 370m) value of 2,171 bridges and culverts built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes. Rehabilitate and refurbish - Climate change in-corporated Ongoing NDOH PHA, WHO 2020-2030 123 Existing: Require resource priority health infrastruc- into Na-tional Health Ser-vice GoPNG, WHO, The support (financial, tures identified to meet Standards Global Fund technical) and the Nation-al Health - Number of Com-munity Health capacity support Service Standards Posts constructed to meet Potential: climate re-silient standards and Other Development are fully oper-ational Partners - Number of Climate Health pro- grams introduced at Ward level Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 51 GOVERNANCE & MRV The governance and MRV actions and activities will Technical Working Committee; be pursued to develop the necessary regulatory and legal infrastructure to support the NDC CCDA implementation, and to build institutional capacity, to among other things, enhance MRV capabilities. - communicates and coordinates actions to The Climate Change and Development Authority achieve outcomes and activities outlined in (CCDA) is mandated under the Climate Change the implementation plan (Management) Act 2015 with the responsibility to contribute toward global efforts in mitigating - Ensures relevant MRV data needs are greenhouse gas emissions, through low carbon conveyed with the appropriate government development that fosters economic growth and agencies social welfare for the people’s wellbeing and - Review and amend the Implementation Plan prosperity. The agency is the National Designated as deemed necessary Authority that coordinates all climate change related matters in PNG as well as the focal point to Government Ministerial Committee; the UNFCCC. CCDA works in collaboration with line agencies with an objective to provide a coordination - Provide high level policy guidance mechanism at the national level. - Highlight, approve updates on the roadmap Figure 1. Institutional Arrangement National Executive Council (NEC) Central Agencies Coordinating Committee Minister of Climate Change Climate Change and Development Authority Key Stakeholders Government, PNG National NDC Focal NDC Key Development NDC Partnership Pacific NDC Hub Private Sector and NGO’s Point Partners NDC Coordinator NDCA / Coordinator Adaption Sector Lead Mitigation Sector Lead Adaption Sub-technical Working Committee AFOLU Sector Lead Energy Sector Lead Key Stakeholders AFOLU Sub-technical Energy Sub-technical Working Committee Working Committee Key Stakeholders Key Stakeholders The Implementation Plan Roadmap the will be developed by March 2021 will detail the Implementation Schedule of each activity in this Implementation Plan. 52 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Monitoring and evaluation Implementation will be monitored and evaluated based on the MRV framework. The table below describes the specific intervals of the reporting periods, and the institutions required to reporting. Action Timing Responsible agencies Status update for each activity Biennially Implementing government agencies and supporting development partners Progress report Bi-annual CCDA, implementing agencies, and stakeholders. Annual report By December 2021, CCDA, implementing agencies, December 2022 and and stakeholders. December 2023. Interim Evaluation Report January 2024 CCDA, implementing agencies, and stakeholders. Final evaluation Report January 2030 CCDA, implementing agencies, and stakeholders A biennial update report shall be submitted by implementing government agencies and/or development partners supporting the implementation of these actions. These are submitted to CCDA, who will then be responsible to compile these status updates into a bi-annual progress report to be shared with stakeholders and an annual report submitted to Cabinet Ministers. At the end of the implementation period for the NDC Implementation Plan 2021-2030, a final evaluation report should be prepared by CCDA. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 53