Blue Opportunities: The Norwegian Government's updated ocean strategy

1 Strategy Blue Opportunities The Norwegian Government's updated ocean strategy 2 Photo: Andreas Wolden, entry to the 2018 photography competition for seafarers. From the ice-class research vessel Kronprins Haakon. )URQW�SDJH��)URP�D�VXUYH\�R΍�WKH�/RIRWHQ�ΖVODQGV�LQ�������3KRWR��(PO\Q�'DYLHV�6Ζ17()� 3 Blue Opportunities The Norwegian Government's updated ocean strategy 4 3KRWR��*HWW\�ΖPDJHV 5 Contents Chapter 1 Future-oriented ocean industries Page 12 Preface Side 6 Future priorities Side 45 Chapter 4 Sound management and a predictable framework Page 28 Chapter 2 Education, skills and the labour market Page 20 Introduction Side 9 Further information Side 48 Chapter 5 Clean and healthy oceans Page 34 Chapter 3 Research, technology and innovation Page 24 Chapter 6 International cooperation and ocean diplomacy Page 38 6 Preface 1RUZHJLDQV�KDYH�DOZD\V�H[SORUHG�DQG�OLYHG�R΍�WKH�VHD�� Some of the country’s most innovative businesses, jobs and knowledge institutions trace their origins back to human settlements along the coast and ocean based activities. Norwegian waters contain rich oil and gas resources, which have played a key role in the development of the welfare state and form the basis of a world-class oil and gas industry. The oceans are also the basis for Norway’s seafood industry, one of the largest and most sustain able in the world, and for its large maritime industry. The long coastline and the skills and innovation capacity of the coastal population are the basis for job creation throughout the country. The importance of the blue economy to Norway goes back centuries. Close cooperation between the business sector, research and education, employees and author ities has played an important role in the historical GHYHORSPHQW�RI�1RUZD\�DV�DQ�RFHDQ�HFRQRP\��ΖQ�WKH� years to come, the growing world population will need more jobs and more food, medicines and energy. The 2UJDQLVDWLRQ�IRU�(FRQRPLF�&RRSHUDWLRQ�DQG�'HYHORS PHQW��2(&'��HVWLPDWHV�WKDW�WKH�RFHDQ�HFRQRP\�FRXOG� double its contribution to global value creation between 2010 and 2030. There are substantial opportunities for future growth and job creation in industries that operate in a global market, whether they are established ocean industries VXFK�DV�RLO�DQG�JDV��ȴVKHULHV��DTXDFXOWXUH�DQG�VKLSSLQJ�� other industries such as coastal tourism and space-re ODWHG�DFWLYLW\��RU�HPHUJLQJ�LQGXVWULHV�VXFK�DV�R΍VKRUH� wind power, seabed minerals and marine biotechnology. For the foreseeable future, the oceans will continue to be a vital basis for jobs, value creation and welfare throughout Norway, and they can also be part of the solution to the world's environmental and climate-re lated challenges. To ensure future production and harvest from the seas and oceans, we must safeguard them. The environmen tal state of Norwegian waters is generally good, but the oceans are under pressure because of pollution, marine litter, climate change, loss of biodiversity and overex ploitation of resources. A sound ocean policy and a sustainable ocean economy are vital for achieving the 81�6XVWDLQDEOH�'HYHORSPHQW�*RDOV��1RUZD\�KDV�D� knowledge-based, integrated and responsible ocean management, and promotes an international framework for sustainable ocean management. The speed of change and technological advances mean WKDW�FRQVWDQW�H΍RUWV�DUH�QHHGHG�WR�VWD\�DW�WKH�IRUHIURQW� RI�GHYHORSPHQWV��'LJLWDOLVDWLRQ��DXWRPDWLRQ�DQG�JOREDOL VDWLRQ�KDYH�D�VWURQJ�LQȵXHQFH�RQ�SHRSOHȇV�HYHU\GD\� work and on the skills that are needed along the coast and out at sea. Norway is prepared for restructuring and to make the most of the opportunities that arise. ΖW�LV�YLWDO�IRU�1RUZD\ȇV�SURVSHULW\�WKDW�WKH�RFHDQ�LQGXV tries are able to succeed and make use of opportunities in international markets. Norway is playing an active role in the development of international regulatory frameworks. A rule-based international trading system and Norwegian access to international markets are of crucial importance. Norway will continue to be a leading ocean nation. To achieve this, the Government will seek to maximise sustainable value creation and employment in the Norwegian ocean industries. A good, predictable frame work for the business sector encourages further devel opment of the strong knowledge and technology clusters along the coast, strengthens the long-term competitiveness of Norway’s ocean industries interna tionally and contributes to a better ocean environment. The ocean and the ocean industries are high on the political agenda both at home and abroad. The Govern ment has prepared a number of white papers, strategies and action plans to promote further development of the ocean industries and strengthen ocean management. ΖQ�������WKH�*RYHUQPHQW�SXEOLVKHG�LWV�RFHDQ�VWUDWHJ\� New growth, proud history and the white paper The place of the oceans in Norway’s foreign and development policy. Norway is a leading ocean nation. The history of Norway is a story about the oceans. 7 The Government’s ocean policy is ambitious and con stantly evolving. Since the ocean strategy was published LQ�������1RUZD\ȇV�RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV�KDYH�GHYHORSHG� further. The present document provides both a status report on Norway’s ocean policy and charts a course for the future. Together with the ocean management plans and other policy documents, this updated ocean strat egy continues Norway’s clear and integrated strategic focus on ocean issues. 7KLV�XSGDWHG�VWUDWHJ\�LGHQWLȴHV�WKUHH�SROLF\�DUHDV�WKDW� are becoming increasingly important. Climate change is one of the greatest threats of our time. Norway’s nationally determined contribution under the Paris Agreement is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions E\�DW�OHDVW������E\������FRPSDUHG�ZLWK�WKH������OHYHO�� 1RUZD\�LV�LQ�GLDORJXH�ZLWK�WKH�(8�RQ�MRLQW�IXOȴOPHQW�RI� WKH�HPLVVLRQ�WDUJHW�IRU�������ΖW�LV�DOVR�D�*RYHUQPHQW� target for Norway to be a low-emission society by 2050, E\�UHGXFLQJ�HPLVVLRQV�E\���Ȃ������7KH�IRFXV�RQ�JUHHQ� shipping is an important element of this work. Norway´s ocean policy also has a clear regional focus. National ocean policy is developed in cooperation between central government, regional and local author LWLHV��(PSOR\HUV�DQG�HPSOR\HHV�DOVR�SOD\�D�NH\�SDUW�LQ� WKH�H΍RUWV�WR�DFKLHYH�VXVWDLQDEOH�EOXH�JURZWK��7KH� Government will promote local value creation in order to reduce the vulnerability of regional business commu nities and strengthen the adaptability of the regions. The Government recognises that the ocean's resources are important for national value creation, and considers it important for exploitation of natural resources to have SRVLWLYH�ULSSOH�H΍HFWV�LQ�ORFDO�FRPPXQLWLHV��7KHVH�SRLQWV� ZLOO�EH�UHȵHFWHG�LQ�WKH�IRUWKFRPLQJ�ZKLWH�SDSHU�RQ� regional policy and in a new white paper on Arctic policy to be submitted in 2020. Technologies, working methods and the use of digital WRROV�DUH�GHYHORSLQJ�UDSLGO\�LQ�WKH�RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV��ΖW� is important to ensure that educational programmes are appropriately designed so that people have the right VNLOOV�WR�PDNH�XVH�RI�QHZ�RSSRUWXQLWLHV��'LJLWDO�FRQWHQW� in ocean-related study programmes will be strength HQHG��ΖW�ZLOO�DOVR�EH�LPSRUWDQW�WR�XVH�DQG�EXLOG�RQ� 1RUZHJLDQVȇ�KLVWRULFDO�DGYDQWDJHV�DV�ȴVKHUPHQ��VHDIDU ers, oil and gas workers, oceanographers, explorers and innovators as we move into a more digitalised world. Norway will continue to harvest its ocean resources. By building on its thriving coastal communities, accumu lated knowledge and experience and a capacity for green transformation to improve its competitive posi tion, Norway will be able to continue job creation and value creation and build a sustainable welfare society in the future. The story about Norway will continue to be a story about the oceans. Norway will continue to be a leading ocean nation. Ine Eriksen Søreide Minister of Foreign $΍DLUV Dag-Inge Ulstein 0LQLVWHU�RI�ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO� 'HYHORSPHQW Harald T. Nesvik Minister of Fisheries Iselin Nybø Minister of Research DQG�+LJKHU�(GXFDWLRQ Jon Georg Dale Minister of Transport Torbjørn Røe Isaksen Minister of Trade DQG�ΖQGXVWU\ Kjell Børge Freiberg Minister of Petroleum DQG�(QHUJ\ Monica Mæland 0LQLVWHU�RI�/RFDO�*RYHUQ ment and Modernisation Ola Elvestuen Minister of Climate DQG�(QYLURQPHQW 8 48 % 26 % 24 % 24 % 18 % 1 % 19 % 7 % 5 % 9 % 1 % 6 % 9 % 14 % 14 % 78 % 34 % 28 % 38 % 0% 100% 50% The ocean industries’ percentage of value creation in the business community per municipality in 2017 6RXUFH��0HQRQ�(FRQRPLFV����� 7KH�2FHDQ�ΖQGXVWULHV in the Norwegian (FRQRP\ 12.b���b billion Maritime ���bELOOLRQ 6HDIRRG ��bELOOLRQ 2YHUODS�PDULWLPH�VHDIRRG ���bELOOLRQ 2YHUODS�RLO�DQG�JDV�PDULWLPH ����bELOOLRQ 2LO�DQG�JDV ���bELOOLRQ 2YHUODS�VHDIRRG� RLO�DQG�JDV ���bELOOLRQ Total value creation in the ocean industries in 2017: 9 48 % 26 % 24 % 24 % 18 % 1 % 19 % 7 % 5 % 9 % 1 % 6 % 9 % 14 % 14 % 78 % 34 % 28 % 38 % 0% 100% 50% The ocean industries’ percentage of value creation in the business community per municipality in 2017 Norway is rich in natural resources and has always taken a long-term approach to resource management for the EHQHȴW�RI�VRFLHW\�DV�D�ZKROH��7KLV�KDV�SURYLGHG�D�EDVLV� for value creation in the ocean industries. These indus tries make up a substantial proportion of the Norwegian economy, and provide a living for many coastal commu nities. Norway’s position as a leading ocean economy is to a large extent due to its well-developed business clusters and local communities along the coastline, with skilled employees and thriving businesses. Their exper tise and the business clusters give Norway an important competitive edge globally. A future-oriented regional policy for Norway therefore also provides a sound basis for ocean policy. ΖQ�������WKH�81�*HQHUDO�$VVHPEO\�ODXQFKHG�WKH������ $JHQGD�IRU�6XVWDLQDEOH�'HYHORSPHQW��7KH�DJHQGD V���� 6XVWDLQDEOH�'HYHORSPHQW�*RDOV��6'*V��SURPRWHV�VRFLDO�� environmental and economic development. The 2030 $JHQGD�LV�WKH�ZRUOG V�URDGPDS�IRU�ȴJKWLQJ�SRYHUW\�DQG� KXQJHU��HQVXULQJ�VXɝFLHQW��VDIH�IRRG��SURPRWLQJ�GHFHQW� ZRUN�DQG�JHQGHU�HTXDOLW\��IRVWHULQJ�LQQRYDWLRQ��VDIH guarding biodiversity, providing access to clean energy, DQG�KDOWLQJ�FOLPDWH�FKDQJH��6'*����FDOOV�RQ�WKH�ZRUOG� to conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. Action WR�DFKLHYH�WKH�6'*V�LV�D�YLWDO�SDUW�RI�RFHDQ�UHODWHG� H΍RUWV�DW�LQWHUQDWLRQDO��QDWLRQDO�DQG�ORFDO�OHYHO��7KH���� JRDOV�DUH�LQWHUOLQNHG��UHȵHFWLQJ�WKH�FRPSOH[�QDWXUH�RI� the challenges facing the world and the need to act WRJHWKHU�WR�ȴQG�MRLQW�VROXWLRQV� ΖQWURGXFWLRQ The 2030 Agenda 10 Value creation Oil and gas 72 % Seafood/oil and gas <1 % Oil and gas/ maritime 10 % Maritime 8 % Maritime/seafood 1 % Seafood 9 % Oil and gas 43 % Seafood/oil and gas <1 % Oil and gas/ maritime 24 % Maritime 13 % Maritime/ seafood 3 % Seafood 17 % Employment 0% 100% 50% 48 % 26 % 24 % 24 % 18 % 1 % 19 % 7 % 5 % 9 % 1 % 6 % 9 % 14 % 14 % 78 % 34 % 28 % 38 % The Government’s ocean policy intends to unlock the potential for further sustainable job creation and value creation in the ocean industries, which already account for a large proportion of value creation and employment in the Norwegian economy. Norway’s research and education policy provides support for a sound ocean policy, and ‘seas and oceans’ is one of the long-term SULRULWLHV�RI�WKH�/RQJ�WHUP�SODQ�IRU�UHVHDUFK�DQG�KLJKHU� HGXFDWLRQ�����Ȃ������� $FFRUGLQJ�WR�FDOFXODWLRQV�E\�0HQRQ�(FRQRPLFV��WKH� RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV��RLO�DQG�JDV��VKLSSLQJ�DQG�VHDIRRG�� employ 206 000 people in Norway, or 11 % of all employ ment in the private sector. The ocean provides employ ment throughout the country, and especially along the FRDVW��ΖQ�������WRWDO�YDOXH�FUHDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�RFHDQ�LQGXV tries was NOK 680 billion. This means that the ocean industries account for more than 30 % of all value cre ation in the private sector.1 The oil and gas industry is Norway’s largest ocean industry, generating value creation of NOK 560 billion LQ�������7KH�PDULWLPH�LQGXVWU\�LV�WKH�VHFRQG�ODUJHVW�DW� NOK 130 billion, while value creation in the seafood LQGXVWU\�ZDV�12.����ELOOLRQ��7KH�ȴJXUH�RQ�SDJH���VKRZV� that the ocean industries overlap. Various businesses can be said to belong to more than one ocean industry. ��7KHVH�ȴJXUHV�RQO\�LQFOXGH�YDOXH�FUHDWLRQ�JHQHUDWHG�E\�1RUZH gian businesses. This means that certain transfers, for example WKH�FDVK�ȵRZ�IURP�WKH�6WDWHȇV�'LUHFW�)LQDQFLDO�ΖQWHUHVW��6')Ζ��LQ� the petroleum sector, are not included. This applies for example to the supplier industry, which SURYLGHV�VHUYLFHV�DQG�HTXLSPHQW�WR�YDULRXV�LQGXVWULHV�� while many companies in the maritime industry work closely with the oil and gas industry. Thus, about 55 % of value creation in the maritime industry overlaps with the oil and gas industry. There are major opportunities for blue growth. The 2(&'�HVWLPDWHV�WKDW�WKH�JOREDO�RFHDQ�HFRQRP\�ZLOO� double by 2030 from the 2010 level, while providing a total of 40 million jobs.2 The world population will be close to 10 billion by 2050, coupled with rising spending power.3 This will result in growing needs for food, energy, goods and services. Hence, there is potential for further growth in the Norwegian ocean industries. A 6Ζ17()�VWXG\�RQ�WKH�RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV� LQ�1RUWKHUQ� Norway indicates that there is a considerable potential IRU�JURZWK�LQ�ȴVKHULHV��DTXDFXOWXUH��WKH�PDULWLPH�LQGXV try, oil and gas, and emerging ocean industries. Climate change, loss of biodiversity, pollution, marine OLWWHU�DQG�WKH�VSUHDG�RI�PLFURSODVWLFV�DUH�D΍HFWLQJ�WKH� world’s oceans and threatening the marine environ ment. Climate change mitigation and adaptation are key challenges. Global warming will have impacts on biolog LFDO�SURGXFWLRQ��WKH�GLVWULEXWLRQ�RI�ȴVK�VWRFNV��HFRV\V tems and sea levels, and CO2 emissions contribute to RFHDQ�DFLGLȴFDWLRQ� ��2(&'���������The Ocean Economy in 2030 ��8QLWHG�1DWLRQV�3RSXODWLRQ�'LYLVLRQ������� 6RXUFH��0HQRQ�(FRQRPLFV������� 11 Value creation Oil and gas 72 % Seafood/oil and gas <1 % Oil and gas/ maritime 10 % Maritime 8 % Maritime/seafood 1 % Seafood 9 % Oil and gas 43 % Seafood/oil and gas <1 % Oil and gas/ maritime 24 % Maritime 13 % Maritime/ seafood 3 % Seafood 17 % Employment 0% 100% 50% 48 % 26 % 24 % 24 % 18 % 1 % 19 % 7 % 5 % 9 % 1 % 6 % 9 % 14 % 14 % 78 % 34 % 28 % 38 % ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO�FRRSHUDWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�FRXQWULHV��LQFOXGLQJ� Norway and its ocean neighbours, is therefore vital for managing ocean resources. Norway’s ocean industries are highly export-oriented and depend on market access, a competitive framework and smoothly func tioning international cooperation. 7KH������81�&RQYHQWLRQ�RQ�WKH�/DZ�RI�WKH�6HD�LV�WKH� international regulatory framework for the management and use of the oceans and marine resources. Under the Convention, coastal states have both a right to use the oceans and marine resources, and an obligation to protect the marine environment. The Convention gives each coastal state sovereign rights to exploit and man age all natural resources in an area extending 200 nautical miles from its baseline and on its continental shelf, and contains important provisions on cooperation, management and research. The basic principles for the Government’s ocean policy DUH�DV�IROORZV��L��WR�VWUHQJWKHQ�DQG�IXUWKHU�GHYHORS�WKH� /DZ�RI�WKH�6HD��LL��WR�SURPRWH�WKH�FRQVHUYDWLRQ�DQG� VXVWDLQDEOH�XVH�RI�PDULQH�HFRV\VWHPV��LLL��WR�FRQWULEXWH� WR�NQRZOHGJH�EDVHG�PDQDJHPHQW��LY��WR�VXSSRUW�WKH� LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ�RI�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�LQVWUXPHQWV��DQG�Y��WR� work towards an integrated approach to ocean man agement that will facilitate the development of a sus tainable ocean economy. This updated ocean strategy, Blue Opportunities, builds on the Government's ocean strategy4 and the white SDSHU�RQ�WKH�RFHDQV��ERWK�SXEOLVKHG�LQ������5 The business sector and other stakeholders have provided input, which will be followed up. The strategy focuses on six priority areas: Chapter 1 presents the Government´s policy for future-oriented ocean industries. Chapter 2 deals with education, skills and the labour market, because skills and recruitment are vital for the business sector, the public administration and knowledge institutions. Chapter 3 discusses research, technology and innovation, with a particular focus on industry-oriented research and technology development. Sustainable management of ocean resources based on sound management and a predictable framework is the topic of Chapter 4. Chapter 5 presents a policy for clean and healthy oceans. The goal is to safeguard marine biodiversity and keep the seas and oceans clean. Norway intends to maintain its central role in international ocean issues, and Chapter 6 deals with international cooperation and ocean diplomacy. 4 The Norwegian government's Ocean strategy, New growth, Proud History������� ��0HOG��6W����������Ȃ������The place of the oceans in Norway’s foreign and development policy 7KH�GHFN�RI�WKH�GULOOLQJ�SODWIRUP�IRU�WKH�-RKDQ�6YHUGUXS�ȴHOG�DW�WKH�$LEHO�VKLS\DUG�LQ�+DXJHVXQG��0D\�������3KRWR��0LQLVWU\�RI� 3HWUROHXP�DQG�(QHUJ\ 12 Future-oriented ocean industries 6XSSRUWLQJ�FRQWLQXHG�VXVWDLQDEOH�JURZWK�DQG�HPSOR\ PHQW�LQ�ERWK�HVWDEOLVKHG�DQG�LQ�HPHUJLQJ�RFHDQ�LQGXV WULHV�LV�DQ�LPSRUWDQW�HOHPHQW�RI�WKH�*RYHUQPHQWȇV� RFHDQ�SROLF\��7KH�RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV�PXVW�EH�FRQVLGHUHG� WRJHWKHU��ZLWK�DQ�HPSKDVLV�RQ�V\QHUJLHV�EHWZHHQ�WKH� LQGXVWULHV�DQG�WKH�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�WKDW�DULVH�IURP�WKHP�� 7KLV�DSSURDFK�PXVW�EH�VXSSRUWHG�E\�WKH�UHJXODWRU\� IUDPHZRUN�DQG�SROLF\�LQVWUXPHQWV��7KH�RFHDQ�EDVHG� EXVLQHVVHV�KDYH�SOD\HG�D�SDUW�LQ�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI� G\QDPLF�ORFDO�FRPPXQLWLHV�DORQJ�WKH�FRDVW��DQG�WKHVH� ZLOO�EH�LPSRUWDQW�LQ�HQVXULQJ�FRQWLQXHG�JURZWK� 13 Chapter 1 Future-oriented ocean industries The Government will facilitate growth and job creation in the ocean-based industries. Technology and knowledge transfer between industries Norway’s established and emerging ocean industries often operate in tough weather conditions, with strong winds, high waves and low temperatures, and have developed technology and solutions that can withstand such challenges. New advances and technological solutions support increased technology transfer and OHDUQLQJ�DFURVV�LQGXVWULHV��DQG�IDFLOLWDWH�PRUH�ȵH[LEOH� labour distribution. These changes may make the ocean industries more resilient and less vulnerable to market ȵXFWXDWLRQV��7KH�HPHUJLQJ�LQGXVWULHV�DUH�EXLOGLQJ�RQ� the skills and technology developed by the established industries, especially the petroleum supply industry. The green shift in the economy provides new opportunities for restructuring, innovation and growth. Oil and gas The oil and gas industry provides an important basis for welfare, job creation and the development of innovative technological solutions. The Government’s total net cash ȵRZ�IURP�WKH�LQGXVWU\�LV�HVWLPDWHG�DW�12.�����ELOOLRQ� LQ�������1RUZD\�KDV�D�FXWWLQJ�HGJH��ZRUOG�FODVV�RLO�DQG� gas industry with expertise and technology that are also being used in the other ocean industries. There are large remaining oil and gas resources on the Norwegian FRQWLQHQWDO�VKHOI��7KH�1RUZHJLDQ�3HWUROHXP�'LUHFWRUDWH� estimates that in 50 years of petroleum activities in Norway, about half of the total petroleum resources have been produced. Global energy consumption is expected to increase considerably in the future due to population growth and greater prosperity, especially in Asia. There have been strict controls on emissions to air and sea on the Norwegian continental shelf for many years, and emis sions from Norwegian petroleum activities are consid erably lower than the average for other countries because operators have had incentives to reduce emissions. Thus, the Norwegian continental shelf is in a good position to meet the growing demand for energy with proportionally lower emissions. 7KHUH�DUH�FXUUHQWO\����RLO�DQG�JDV�ȴHOGV�LQ�SURGXFWLRQ� on the Norwegian shelf, and the authorities approved nine new plans for development and operation in 2018. 7KH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�WKH�-RKDQ�6YHUGUXS�ȴHOG�LQ�WKH� North Sea is the largest industrial project in Norway in decades, involving investments of about NOK 140 billion. These investments together with revenues to the licen sees, the suppliers and the Government will have a major positive impact on Norwegian society. The oper DWRU�RI�WKH�ȴHOG��(TXLQRU��HVWLPDWHV�WKDW�HPSOR\PHQW� will total more than 150 000 person-years during the development phase from 2015 to 2025. The Johan &DVWEHUJ�ȴHOG�LQ�WKH�%DUHQWV�6HD�LV�DOVR�XQGHU�GHYHORS PHQW�DQG�ZLOO�LQYROYH�LQYHVWPHQWV�RI�12.����ELOOLRQ�DQG� HPSOR\PHQW�HVWLPDWHG�DW�DERXW��������SHUVRQ�\HDUV� GXULQJ�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�SKDVH��'XULQJ�WKH�SURGXFWLRQ� SKDVH��HPSOR\PHQW�RQ�WKH�ȴHOG�ZLOO�EH�HTXLYDOHQW�WR� MXVW�RYHU������SHUVRQ�\HDUV�LQ�D�QRUPDO�RSHUDWLQJ�\HDU�� A predictable framework is important for the petroleum industry. The Government will continue to facilitate SURȴWDEOH�SURGXFWLRQ�RI�RLO�DQG�JDV�E\�PDLQWDLQLQJ�D� predictable framework. This will include continuing the regular licensing rounds on the Norwegian continental shelf, in order to give the industry access to new explo ration areas. Shipping Norway has developed important knowledge and expertise during its long history as a maritime nation. Maritime transport is becoming increasingly energy HɝFLHQW��DQG�1RUZD\�LV�SOD\LQJ�D�OHDGLQJ�UROH�LQWHUQD tionally in making the shipping industry greener. The 14 1RUZHJLDQ�ȵHHW�LV�PRGHUQ�DQG�VSHFLDOLVHG�LQ�FDSLWDO�LQ WHQVLYH�VHJPHQWV�VXFK�DV�R΍VKRUH��FKHPLFDO�WDQNHUV� DQG�UR�UR��YHKLFOH�WUDQVSRUW���1RUZD\�LV�WKH�ZRUOGȇV�ȴIWK� ODUJHVW�PDULWLPH�QDWLRQ�PHDVXUHG�E\�ȵHHW�YDOXH��DQG� the world’s seventh largest measured by number of vessels.6 The industry is giving priority to developing, testing and implementing high-tech solutions. By 2021, WKHUH�ZLOO�EH�DERXW����HOHFWULF�RU�K\EULG�IHUULHV�LQ�VHUYLFH� along the coast.7 This is more than one third of the country’s car ferries. Alternative propulsion technology has also been developed for other vessel types, but deployment of new technology has not been as rapid in these segments as for ferries. The Government is to publish an action plan for green shipping with an ambi tion to reduce emissions from domestic shipping and ȴVKHULHV�E\�KDOI�E\�������DQG�ZLOO�SURPRWH�WKH�XVH�RI� low- and zero-emission solutions in all vessel categories. The action plan for green shipping presents the Govern ment's policy for cutting domestic greenhouse gas emissions, strengthening the Norwegian maritime industry and contribute to global technological devel opments needed for the world to achieve the targets of the Paris Agreement. Since 2015, the Green Shipping Programme has been working to raise awareness and build commitment to making the shipping industry greener. The studies and pilots in this public-private partnership are developing zero- and low-emission solutions that will make Norwe gian domestic shipping more climate and environmen tally friendly. The Government has allocated NOK �bPLOOLRQ�WR�WKH�SURJUDPPH�LQ������ ��81&7$'��������Review of Maritime Transport 2018 ��1RUZHJLDQ�3XEOLF�5RDGV�$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ������� Zero-emission vessel Future of the Fjords�FDUU\LQJ�WRXULVWV�LQWR�1¨Uº\IMRUGHQ��RQH�RI�WKUHH�1RUZHJLDQ�IMRUGV�RQ�WKH�81(6&2� :RUOG�+HULWDJH�/LVW��3KRWR��6YHUUH�+MºUQHYLN�YLVLWȵDP�FRP Norwegian technology companies are developing and providing many of the new solutions for maritime transport. Following the introduction of stricter environ PHQWDO�UHTXLUHPHQWV�IRU�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�VKLSSLQJ��WKH� export of Norwegian green solutions to the international market has become an even more attractive proposition. 7KH�ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO�0DULWLPH�2UJDQL]DWLRQ��Ζ02��KDV� adopted an ambition to cut emissions from international shipping in half by 2050. The global market for low- and zero-emission solutions will probably grow rapidly in the next decades. Norway is one of the few high-cost countries that still has a shipbuilding industry. Ships built in Norway are high-tech and advanced, and constitutes an important part of domestic shipyards' competitive advantage. The Government is seeking to make Norwegian shipyards DQG�HTXLSPHQW�VXSSOLHUV�PRUH�FRPSHWLWLYH��6LQFH������� WKH�1RUZHJLDQ�([SRUW�&UHGLW�*XDUDQWHH�$JHQF\��*Ζ(.�� has been able to provide buyer credit guarantees for export-related investments in Norway. Guarantees can be given for investment loans for example for produc WLRQ�IDFLOLWLHV��PDFKLQHU\�DQG�HTXLSPHQW��ΖQ�������D�QHZ� WKUHH�\HDU�ȴQDQFLQJ�VFKHPH�IRU�YHVVHOV�ZDV�HVWDEOLVKHG� LQ�*Ζ(.�DQG�([SRUW�&UHGLW�1RUZD\��ΖW�LV�QRZ�SRVVLEOH�WR� obtain loans and guarantees to purchase vessels from shipyards in Norway for use in Norway, for example ȴVKLQJ�YHVVHOV��IHUULHV��OLYH�ȴVK�FDUULHUV��KLJK�VSHHG� vessels and short sea vessels. The Government's focus on green shipping will promote further green growth and boost the competitiveness of the Norwegian maritime industry, and will facilitate an increase in exports of low- and zero-emission technology 15 in the maritime sector, for example by securing better market access through trade agreements with emerging markets. Seafood Norway is a an ocean economy with abundant living PDULQH�UHVRXUFHV��7KH�ODUJH�ȴVK�VWRFNV�LQ�1RUZHJLDQ� waters have provided Norway with food, jobs and LQFRPH�IRU�PDQ\�\HDUV��0RUH�UHFHQWO\��DTXDFXOWXUH�KDV� HPHUJHG�DV�D�VLJQLȴFDQW�LQGXVWU\��1RUZD\�LV�WKH�ZRUOGȇV� OHDGLQJ�SURGXFHU�RI�IDUPHG�VDOPRQ��ΖQ�������H[SRUWV�RI� 1RUZHJLDQ�VHDIRRG�UHDFKHG�12.����ELOOLRQ�8 The Gov ernment will facilitate further sustainable growth in the seafood industry. The Government has introduced a new system for DGMXVWLQJ�DTXDFXOWXUH�SURGXFWLRQ�FDSDFLW\�WKDW�ZLOO� facilitate predictable and environmentally sustainable JURZWK�RI�VDOPRQ�DQG�WURXW�IDUPLQJ��ΖQ�������D�ȴUVW� licensing round resulted in the allocation of 24 000 tonnes of new production capacity. The Government received approximately NOK 4 billion in licensing reve nue, 80 % of which was allocated to municipalities and FRXQWLHV�WKURXJK�WKH�DTXDFXOWXUH�IXQG��7KH�HQYLURQ mental impact of the industry will be assessed again in �����DQG�VXEVHTXHQWO\�HYHU\�VHFRQG�\HDU��ZLWK�WKH�DLP� RI�FDUU\LQJ�RXW�D�VXEVHTXHQW�URXQG�RI�FDSDFLW\�DGMXVW ments. There is also a potential for expansion beyond VDOPRQ�DQG�WURXW��ΖQ�������WKH�5HVHDUFK�&RXQFLO�RI� ��1RUZHJLDQ�6HDIRRG�&RXQFLO���������Norwegian seafood exports in 2018 Norway will review the opportunities and challenges involved in farming other marine species. 2΍VKRUH�DTXDFXOWXUH�DOORZV�ȴVK�IDUPLQJ�IXUWKHU�RXW�DW� sea. This is a new development for the seafood industry that could make it possible to increase salmon exports and exports of new technology and knowledge. The Government is revising elements of the existing legisla tion in order to provide the industry with a sound, predictable regulatory framework as it moves further R΍VKRUH��DQG�WR�HQVXUH�WKDW�RWKHU�FRQVLGHUDWLRQV�DUH� taken into account, including environmental concerns, ȴVK�KHDOWK�DQG�ȴVK�ZHOIDUH��RWKHU�RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV�DQG� worker safety. 7KH�*RYHUQPHQW�ZLOO�HQVXUH�WKDW�1RUZHJLDQ�ȴVK�VWRFNV� are managed sustainably and in accordance with the best DYDLODEOH�VFLHQWLȴF�NQRZOHGJH��1HZ�NQRZOHGJH�DERXW� VXVWDLQDEOH�ȴVKHULHV�SUHVHQWV�QHZ�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�IRU�WKH� LQGXVWU\��ΖQ�������WKH�*RYHUQPHQW�SHUPLWWHG�WKH�VWDUW�RI� D�QHZ�ȴVKHU\��WKH�FRPPHUFLDO�KDUYHVWLQJ�RI�WKH�FRSHSRG� Calanus finnmarchicus. Sustainable management of PDULQH�UHVRXUFHV�UHTXLUHV�VRXQG�QDWLRQDO�UHVRXUFH� PDQDJHPHQW�DQG�VWHSV�WR�FRPEDW�ȴVKHULHV�FULPH�� 1RUZD\�KDV�D�VLJQLȴFDQW�SURGXFWLRQ�LQGXVWU\�EDVHG�RQ� ȴVK��FUXVWDFHDQV�DQG�RWKHU�PDULQH�UHVRXUFHV�DV�UDZ� PDWHULDOV��$W�WKH�VDPH�WLPH��H[SRUWV�RI�ZKROH�ȴVK�KDYH� shown an upward trend, with further processing taking place outside Norway. A competitive seafood industry ZLOO�WR�D�ODUJHU�H[WHQW�EH�DEOH�WR�R΍HU�\HDU�URXQG��DWWUDF tive jobs. The Government will facilitate an increase in seafood processing in Norway and promote increased value creation from residual marine raw materials. Natural gas from the Norwegian Sea is transported by pipeline to the processing plant at Nyhamna in Møre og Romsdal FRXQW\��)URP�KHUH��WKH�JDV�LV�H[SRUWHG�WR�WKH�8.�DQG�RWKHU�(XURSHDQ�FRXQWULHV��1RUZD\�LV�WKH�WKLUG�ODUJHVW�JDV�H[SRUWHU�LQ�WKH� ZRUOG��3KRWR��0LQLVWU\�RI�3HWUROHXP�DQG�(QHUJ\� 16 Tourism Tourism is a growth industry in many coastal commu nities and is based on the natural and cultural heritage of local communities. There are a number of ocean EDVHG�WRXULVP�DFWLYLWLHV��VXFK�DV�VDLOLQJ��GLYLQJ��ȴVKLQJ� and whale safaris. Norway is also an increasingly popu lar cruise ship destination. Growing numbers of tourists are putting greater pressure on the environment, resources and coastal communities. The Government therefore underlines the need for sustainable develop ment of Norwegian tourism, and has implemented new DQG�VWULFWHU�HQYLURQPHQWDO�UHTXLUHPHQWV�UHODWLQJ�WR� HPLVVLRQV�IURP�FUXLVH�WUDɝF�LQ�WKH�:HVW�1RUZHJLDQ� )MRUGV�:RUOG�+HULWDJH�6LWH�IURP���0DUFK������ Norwegian food traditions based on local produce from sea and land are also a resource in the development of Norwegian tourism. Close coordination between the food and tourism industries could improve revenues and profitability in both industries. Tourism can strengthen local communities and result in better ser vices for the local population and for a wider market. The Government will discuss whether the principal UHVSRQVLELOLW\�IRU�WKH�WRXULVP�LQLWLDWLYH�LQ�ΖQQRYDWLRQ� Norway should be transferred from central government to regional level. Carbon capture and storage Norway already has several decades experience of FDUERQ�FDSWXUH�DQG�VWRUDJH��&&6��XQGHU�WKH�VHDEHG�RQ� WKH�1RUZHJLDQ�FRQWLQHQWDO�VKHOI��$ERXW�����PLOOLRQ� tonnes per year of CO2 has been separated from gas SURGXFHG�RQ�WKH�6OHLSQHU�DQG�6QºKYLW�ȴHOGV�DQG�VWRUHG� XQGHU�WKH�VHDEHG��7KLV�LV�HTXLYDOHQW�WR��Ȃ����RI�1RU way’s total emissions. CCS can reduce emissions from industrial processes where there are currently no alternative technologies, and make it possible to reform QDWXUDO�JDV�WR�SURGXFH�HPLVVLRQ�IUHH�K\GURJHQ��([SHUL ence of CCS puts the Norwegian business and research communities in a good position to participate in further GHYHORSPHQWV��7KH�1RUZHJLDQ�3HWUROHXP�'LUHFWRUDWH� estimates that it is possible to store more than 80 billion tonnes of CO2 in reservoirs on the continental shelf. The Norwegian full-scale CCS demonstration project involves conceptual studies of CO2 capture from two industrial sources, the Norcem Breivik cement factory in Porsgrunn and Fortum Oslo Varme’s waste manage ment facility at Klemetsrud in Oslo. A conceptual study of CO2 storage on the Norwegian shelf is also being FDUULHG�RXW�E\�(TXLQRU�LQ�FROODERUDWLRQ�ZLWK�6KHOO�DQG� Total, with the aim of establishing a high-capacity stor age facility. According to current plans, an investment decision can be made in 2020. Successful implementa tion will make it possible to connect more emission sources to the storage facility, and reduce costs by using shared infrastructure and through technology transfer. The project may bring about substantial emission 'DQLVK�VHLQLQJ�IRU�FRG�QHDU�WKH�/RIRWHQ�ΖVODQGV��3KRWR��'LUHFWRUDWH�RI�)LVKHULHV� Kapittel 1 Bærekraftig blå vekst 17 reductions that will help to achieve global climate targets and result in new industrial development. The Govern PHQWȇV�DPELWLRQ�LV�WR�DFKLHYH�D�FRVW�H΍HFWLYH�VROXWLRQ� for full-scale CCS in Norway, provided that this also results in technology development internationally. Seabed minerals On the Norwegian continental shelf, there are deposits of metallic minerals that are important in the production of wind turbines, electric vehicles, solar panels, comput HUV��PRELOH�SKRQHV�DQG�RWKHU�HOHFWURQLF�HTXLSPHQW�� There is increasing international demand for several of WKHVH�PHWDOV��7KH�1RUZHJLDQ�3HWUROHXP�'LUHFWRUDWH�LV� in the process of mapping the resource potential for VHDEHG�PLQHUDOV�RQ�WKH�1RUZHJLDQ�FRQWLQHQWDO�VKHOI��ΖQ� WKH�ORQJ�WHUP��WKHUH�FRXOG�EH�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�IRU�SURȴWD ble production of these minerals. The new Seabed Minerals Act will ensure that exploration and production takes place in an environmentally sound and sustainable way. The Government will consider opening parts of the Norwegian continental shelf to commercial and sustain able production of seabed minerals. 2΍VKRUH�ZLQG�SRZHU� 2΍VKRUH�ZLQG�SRZHU�LV�D�UDSLGO\�JURZLQJ�VHFWRU�LQWHU QDWLRQDOO\��$W�SUHVHQW��QHDUO\�DOO�R΍VKRUH�ZLQG�LQVWDOOD tions use fixed-foundation turbines. However, Norwegian ocean industries have considerable maritime and petroleum-related expertise that could play a role LQ�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�ȵRDWLQJ�ZLQG�IDUPV��$�QXPEHU�RI� Norwegian companies are participating in international SURMHFWV�RQ�ERWK�ȴ[HG�IRXQGDWLRQ�DQG�ȵRDWLQJ�ZLQG� SRZHU�LQVWDOODWLRQV��7KH�LQGXVWU\�EHOLHYHV�WKDW�ȵRDWLQJ� LQVWDOODWLRQV�R΍HU�FRQVLGHUDEOH�RSSRUWXQLWLHV��VLQFH� R΍VKRUH�H[SHUWLVH�ZLOO�EH�D�FRPSHWLWLYH�DGYDQWDJH�ZKHQ� developing, installing and operating large wind turbines in deep waters. Cost trends will determine the extent to ZKLFK�R΍VKRUH�ZLQG�SRZHU�FDQ�FRPSHWH�ZLWK�ODQG� EDVHG�DOWHUQDWLYHV�LQ�1RUZD\��ΖQ�WKH�ORQJ�WHUP��R΍VKRUH� ZLQG�SRZHU�FRXOG�EHFRPH�SURȴWDEOH�LQ�WKH�1RUZHJLDQ� market, and the Government is therefore making prepa rations to open certain areas for licence applications for UHQHZDEOH�R΍VKRUH�HQHUJ\�SURGXFWLRQ�� Digitalisation The development of new technologies, digitalisation, autonomous technology and big data will play an impor tant role in various ways in the development of the RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV��*UHDWHU�XVH�RI�DUWLȴFLDO�LQWHOOLJHQFH� PD\�UHVXOW�LQ�D�KLJKHU�UHFRYHU\�UDWH�DQG�PRUH�HɝFLHQW� RSHUDWLRQ�RI�RLO�DQG�JDV�ȴHOGV��7KLV�ZRXOG�DOVR�PDNH�LW� possible to further develop the supplier industry, which uses a combination of industrial and digital skills. The development of digital solutions is also the key to LPSURYLQJ�HQHUJ\�HɝFLHQF\�LQ�PDULWLPH�RSHUDWLRQV�� including remote operation from land. Growing activity in Arctic areas will increase the need for satellite-based services. Satellites can be used in monitoring ocean areas, search and rescue operations and accident pre vention, and to provide information on marine litter and +\ZLQG�6FRWODQG�LV�WKH�ZRUOGȇV�ȴUVW�ȵRDWLQJ�ZLQG�IDUP��DQG�ZDV�GHYHORSHG�E\�(TXLQRU��7KH�WHFKQRORJ\�ZDV�GHYHORSHG�LQ� 1RUZD\�DQG�WHVWHG�R΍�WKH�LVODQG�RI�.DUPº\��7KHUH�DUH�SODQV�WR�WHVW�VHYHUDO�ȵRDWLQJ�ZLQG�WXUELQH�FRQFHSWV�GHYHORSHG�LQ�RWKHU� FRXQWULHV�DW�WKH�0DULQH�(QHUJ\�7HVW�&HQWUH��0(7&(175(��R΍�.DUPº\��7KHUH�LV�D�VWURQJ�LQGXVWULDO�FOXVWHU�DURXQG�WKH�0(7&(1 75(��DQG�WKH�1RUZHJLDQ�2΍VKRUH�:LQG�&OXVWHU�ZDV�LQFOXGHG�LQ�ΖQQRYDWLRQ�1RUZD\ȇV�$UHQD�SURJUDPPH�LQ�1RYHPEHU������� ΖOOXVWUDWLRQ��(TXLQRU� 18 SROOXWLRQ��6DWHOOLWHV�FDQ�IDFLOLWDWH�ȴVKHULHV��R΍VKRUH�DQG� maritime transport operations, in addition to commu QLFDWLRQV��PDSSLQJ�DQG�ZHDWKHU�UHSRUWV��ΖQ�������WKH� 6WRUWLQJ��1RUZHJLDQ�SDUOLDPHQW��JDYH�6SDFH�1RUZD\�$6� D�FRQGLWLRQDO�SOHGJH�RI�HTXLW\�WR�HQDEOH�WKH�FRPSDQ\� to establish a system for satellite communication in the High North, with the purpose of establishing stable broadband coverage throughout the Arctic. The project will not be initiated until it is clear that it will be com PHUFLDOO\�SURȴWDEOH� Export and market access The Norwegian ocean industries depend on access to international markets. Good trade agreements are a vital basis for this, and the Government gives high pri ority to concluding such agreements. The authorities promote the Norwegian business sector abroad through D�QXPEHU�RI�VFKHPHV��ΖQQRYDWLRQ�1RUZD\��*Ζ(.�DQG� ([SRUW�&UHGLW�1RUZD\�SURPRWH�H[SRUWV�DQG�LQWHUQDWLRQ alisation by providing funding and advisory services and SURȴOLQJ�IRU�1RUZHJLDQ�EXVLQHVVHV�DEURDG��7KH�DXWKRU ities cooperate with a number of industry organisations, including the Norwegian Seafood Council, which pro PRWHV�1RUZHJLDQ�VHDIRRG��1RUZHJLDQ�(QHUJ\�3DUWQHUV� �125:(3���ZKLFK�SURPRWHV�WKH�1RUZHJLDQ�HQHUJ\� LQGXVWULHV��DQG�1RUZHJLDQ�0DULWLPH�([SRUWHUV��ZKLFK� promotes maritime businesses abroad. The Foreign Service, through the missions abroad, promotes Norwegian commercial interests through networks, knowledge of local conditions, and by creating meeting places for the business community in various countries. Business organisations and government agencies cooperate through the informal network Team Norway WR�HQVXUH�WKDW�H΍RUWV�WR�SURPRWH�WKH�1RUZHJLDQ�EXVL ness sector abroad are well coordinated. The Govern ment has put promotion of the ocean industries high RQ�7HDP�1RUZD\ȇV�DJHQGD��$Q�LPSRUWDQW�SDUW�RI�ΖQQR vation Norway’s work is image-building for the ocean LQGXVWULHV��HVSHFLDOO\�LQ�WKH�ȴHOGV�RI�FOLPDWH�DQG�HQYL ronmental technology. This is done for example through the country branding initiative Brand Norway, which has ODXQFKHG�7KH�([SORUHU�DV�D�GLJLWDO�PDUNHWSODFH�VKRZ casing sustainable Norwegian solutions. An image-build ing project for the ocean industries, Branding the Blue, has also been initiated. The Seafood Council has been working purposefully to build the reputation of Norwe gian seafood in key markets. A new country of origin label, Seafood from Norway, has been developed. The aim is for consumers in other countries to associate 1RUZD\�ZLWK�KLJK�TXDOLW\�VHDIRRG�DQG�FKRRVH�1RUZH JLDQ�SURGXFWV��0HPEHU�FRPSDQLHV�RI�125:(3�LQ�WKH� oil and gas sector are seeing greater export opportuni WLHV�LQ�WKH�UHQHZDEOH�VHFWRU�DV�ZHOO��HVSHFLDOO\�LQ�R΍VKRUH� wind power. 6XJDU�NHOS�FXOWLYDWLRQ��3KRWR��6Ζ17()� 19 The 2030 Agenda Norway’s work for future-oriented ocean industries supports the 2030 Agenda, especially these Sustainable Development Goals: 1RUGODNV�KDV�EHHQ�JUDQWHG�IXQGLQJ�IURP�ΖQQRYDWLRQ�1RUZD\�WR�GHYHORS�+DYIDUP��D�QHZ�W\SH�RI�ȴVK�IDUP��7KH�FRPSDQ\�KDV� DOVR�EHHQ�JUDQWHG�GHYHORSPHQW�OLFHQFHV�IURP�WKH�0LQLVWU\�RI�7UDGH��ΖQGXVWU\�DQG�)LVKHULHV��7KLV�LQQRYDWLYH�ȴVK�IDUP�FDQ�EH� VLWHG�LQ�H[SRVHG�ZDWHUV��DQG�LV�GHVLJQHG�WR�ZLWKVWDQG�ZDYH�KHLJKWV�RI�XS�WR����PHWUHV��3KRWR��1RUGODNV�16.�6KLS�'HVLJQ� 20 (GXFDWLRQ�� skills and the labour market ΖQ�DOO��WKH�1RUZHJLDQ�RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV�HPSOR\�PRUH�WKDQ� ��������SHRSOH��6HFXUH�DQG�DWWUDFWLYH�MREV�DUH�LPSRUWDQW� WR�PDLQWDLQ�UHFUXLWPHQW�RI�D�KLJKO\�VNLOOHG�ZRUNIRUFH�� .QRZOHGJH��DQG�H[SHULHQFH�EDVHG�VNLOOV�LQ�WKH�1RUZH JLDQ�RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV�DUH�EHLQJ�PDLQWDLQHG�DQG�IXUWKHU� GHYHORSHG�ERWK�DORQJ�WKH�FRDVW�DQG�DW�VHD��7KH�XVH�RI� LQFUHDVLQJO\�DGYDQFHG�WHFKQRORJ\�LQ�WKH�HVWDEOLVKHG� RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV�DQG�WKH�HPHUJHQFH�RI�QHZ�RFHDQ� LQGXVWULHV�ZLOO�UHTXLUH�IXUWKHU�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�HGXFDWLRQ� DQG�VNLOOV��ΖQFUHDVLQJ�GLJLWDOLVDWLRQ�DQG�DXWRPDWLRQ� UHTXLUHV�D�ZRUNIRUFH�ZLWK�VNLOOV��NQRZOHGJH�DQG�DGDSW DELOLW\�WKDW�FDQ�IXUWKHU�WKH�FRPSHWLWLYHQHVV�RI�WKH� 1RUZHJLDQ�RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV�� 21 Responsible labour market The Government’s goal is for Norway to have a labour PDUNHW�ZKHUH�HPSOR\HHV�HQMR\�VHFXULW\�DQG�ȵH[LELOLW\�� responsible employment practices, and there is ZHOO�IXQFWLRQLQJ�DQG�H΍HFWLYH�WULSDUWLWH�FRRSHUDWLRQ��ΖI� Norway is to be a leading ocean economy, the safety and ZHOIDUH�RI�ZRUNHUV�PXVW�KDYH�SULRULW\��7KLV�UHTXLUHV� systems for inspection and enforcement of the legislation and good health, safety and working environment rou WLQHV��$Q�H΍HFWLYH�LQVSHFWLRQ�DQG�HQIRUFHPHQW�V\VWHP� is needed to expose any violations of workers’ rights. )LJKWLQJ�ZRUN�UHODWHG�FULPH�H΍HFWLYHO\�UHTXLUHV�D�FRRU GLQDWHG�UHVSRQVH��ΖQVSHFWLRQ�DQG�HQIRUFHPHQW�DFWLYLWLHV� will be more clearly targeted so that any work-related crime at sea can also be exposed. Gender equality The proportion of female employees is low in several ocean industries, making this an example of a gen der-segregated labour market. Men often dominate in company ownership and senior management. The Girls and Technology partnership is a nationwide scheme with WKH�DLP�RI�LQFUHDVLQJ�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�JLUOV�LQ�67(0��VFL HQFH��WHFKQRORJ\��HQJLQHHULQJ�DQG�PDWKHPDWLFV��GLVFL plines at all levels of the education system. This is of interest to all industries that are dealing with technolog ical change. The Government has increased its support for the scheme this year. Strengthening entrepreneur ship among women is a key element of efforts to LPSURYH�JHQGHU�HTXDOLW\�LQ�WKH�EXVLQHVV�VHFWLRQ��$Q� action plan for women entrepreneurs is being prepared, which will examine how policy instruments can be adjusted to promote female entrepreneurship. A skilled workforce as a competitive advantage 7KH�VNLOOV�DFTXLUHG�E\�VHDIDUHUV��ȴVKHUPHQ�DQG�RLO�DQG� gas workers over the years, in combination with research-based knowledge, have been vital in improving and optimising the design, construction and operation Chapter 2 Skills, education and employment The Government will work to ensure that adequate and relevant skills are available for both established and emerging ocean industries. RI�ȴVK�IDUPV��SHWUROHXP�LQVWDOODWLRQV�DQG�VKLSV��7KLV�KDV� given Norway a competitive advantage that will be maintained and strengthened in cooperation with employers' and employees' organisations and the business sector by means of an active policy to boost skills and employment in the ocean industries. The ocean industries make use of skilled workers in a QXPEHU�RI�GLVFLSOLQHV�ZLWK�TXDOLȴFDWLRQV�IURP�YDULRXV� parts of the education system. Upper secondary voca tional education programmes, at vocational college education and at higher education institutions are all important in ensuring that there is a supply of highly skilled workers for the ocean industries. As part of the IROORZ�XS�WR�WKH������RFHDQ�VWUDWHJ\��WKH�TXDOLW\�DQG� relevance of vocational college education has been improved in line with the recommendations of the white paper Skilled Workers for the Future from 2016. The Government will take steps to ensure that there is a good supply of specialists from the Upper secondary school system and vocational college education, and of engi neers, technologists, scientists, social scientists, lawyers, DQG�HFRQRPLVWV�IURP�WKH�KLJKHU�HGXFDWLRQ�V\VWHP��ΖW�LV� vital for the competitiveness of the Norwegian ocean industries that they have access to a diverse workforce with relevant skills in the future as well. At the same time, traditional subjects such as navigation, geology, and UHODWHG�ȴHOGV�ZLOO�FRQWLQXH�WR�EH�RI�NH\�LPSRUWDQFH�IRU� utilisation of ocean resources in the future. Digital skills New technological and digital solutions are creating a need for new skills, such as formalised operational expertise. Technological advances also provide more RSSRUWXQLWLHV�IRU�LQQRYDWLYH�VROXWLRQV��(QDEOLQJ�WHFK nologies and digitalisation have great potential in all of the ocean industries. Automated drilling solutions for R΍VKRUH�ZHOOV��DXWRQRPRXV�YHVVHOV��DXWRPDWHG�IHHGLQJ� stations and the increasing automation of processes are making production in the ocean industries safer, more HɝFLHQW�DQG�PRUH�FOLPDWH�DQG�HQYLURQPHQWDOO\�IULHQGO\�� ([SHUWLVH�LQ�DXWRQRPRXV�V\VWHPV��URERWLFV��WKH�ΖQWHUQHW� 22 RI�7KLQJV��ELJ�GDWD�DQG�DUWLȴFLDO�LQWHOOLJHQFH�ZLOO�EHFRPH� increasingly important for the international competitive ness of these industries, and could provide further synergies across the ocean industries. Since 2016, the Government has allocated funding for more than 1500 QHZ�SODFHV�IRU�VWXGHQWV�LQ�Ζ&7�SURJUDPPHV�DW�XQLYHUVL ties and university colleges in order to secure the business community increased access to skilled profes VLRQDOV��ΖQ�OLQH�ZLWK�WKH�/RQJ�WHUP�SODQ�IRU�UHVHDUFK�DQG� KLJKHU�HGXFDWLRQ�����Ȃ������WKH�*RYHUQPHQW�ZLOO�DOVR� lay the foundation for increased digitalisation and use of new technology. Universities and university colleges must take a strategic approach to digitalisation and prepare goals and binding measures for digitalisation in education and research in order to ensure that stu GHQWV�DFTXLUH�WKH�UHOHYDQW�DQG�QHFHVVDU\�GLJLWDO�VNLOOV�� The Government will also strengthen digital skills in the ocean industries through a targeted digitalisation initi ative in ocean-related study programmes. Interaction and collaboration To ensure continued sustainable growth and employ ment in the ocean industries, both the industries and the public administration must have enough employees with the right kinds of skills. This will make it possible to make even better use of the resources in the oceans and on the continental shelf, and to maintain clean and productive seas for future generations. Closer coordi nation between national and regional authorities, the business sector and educational institutions will be important in ensuring that business and industry can ȴQG�HQRXJK�HPSOR\HHV�ZLWK�WKH�ULJKW�NLQGV�RI�VNLOOV��7KH� Government will strengthen the responsibility of the counties for providing relevant educational programmes adapted to local and regional needs. A white paper on the responsibilities of the new administrative regions expands the role of the counties in implementing the skills policy, extending their responsibilities beyond the ownership and operation of secondary schools and vocational technical colleges. The Government wishes students to obtain useful and relevant skills and knowledge so that they are well SUHSDUHG�IRU�WKH�ODERXU�PDUNHW�RI�WKH�IXWXUH��ΖQ�D� forthcoming white paper on labour market relevance, the Government will assess how to strengthen cooper ation on higher education between universities, univer sity colleges and employers. The ambition is to improve WKH�TXDOLW\�DQG�ODERXU�PDUNHW�UHOHYDQFH�RI�HGXFDWLRQDO� programmes through closer cooperation on identifying the skills needed by society and students’ learn LQJb�RXWFRPHV� Lifelong learning Continuous transformation of the ocean industries increases the need for continuous skills development LQ�WKH�ODERXU�PDUNHW��ΖW�LV�WKHUHIRUH�LPSRUWDQW�WR�HQDEOH� the education system to meet the needs for post TXDOLI\LQJ�DQG�FRQWLQXLQJ�HGXFDWLRQ�LQ�RUGHU�WR�KHOS� maintain the competitiveness of the ocean industries. ΖQ�������WKH�*RYHUQPHQW�ZLOO�SUHVHQW�D�ZKLWH�SDSHU� to the Norwegian Parliament on the competence reform Ȋ/LIH�ORQJ�OHDUQLQJȋ��ΖQ�WKH�ZKLWH�SDSHU��WKH�*RYHUQPHQW� will evaluate measures that could contribute with UHOHYDQW�DQG�ȵH[LEOH�R΍HUV�RI�FRQWLQXLQJ�HGXFDWLRQ� for increased skills in the labour market. ([SHULHQFH�EDVHG�VNLOOV�DUH�FUXFLDO�LQ�WKH�1RUZHJLDQ�RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV�Ȃ�LQ�WKH�PDULWLPH�VHFWRU��ȴVKHULHV�DQG�DTXDFXOWXUH��WKH� SHWUROHXP�LQGXVWU\�DQG�HPHUJLQJ�LQGXVWULHV��3KRWR��9LJGLV�$VNMHP��0DULWLP�/RJJ 23 Dynamic local communities (QVXULQJ�DQ�DGHTXDWH�VXSSO\�RI�WKH�ULJKW�NLQGV�RI�ODERXU� is particularly challenging in North Norway, where much of the future growth in the ocean industries is expected to take place and the population is declining. As part of the follow-up to its Arctic strategy, the Government ODXQFKHG�WKH�SURJUDPPH�1��LQ������WRJHWKHU�ZLWK�WKH� three northernmost counties and the Sámediggi (Sami SDUOLDPHQW���7KLV�LV�D�VXSSOLHU�GHYHORSPHQW�SURJUDPPH� that is bringing together funding instruments for exper tise, research and innovation to strengthen supplier FOXVWHUV�DQG�QHWZRUNV�LQ�1RUWK�1RUZD\��ΖQ�RUGHU�WR�EH� dynamic, local communities have to be attractive to potential employees. Although the Government sets the overall framework for social development, local develop ments depend mainly on what local stakeholders, municipalities and counties are able to change and develop. Collaboration between municipalities, educa tional institutions, the business community, the voluntary sectors and the counties is a vital basis for making use of the potential for development. Regional policy is there fore an important part of an ocean policy for the future. The Government has initiated a reform of local and UHJLRQDO�JRYHUQPHQW�WR�WDNH�HIIHFW�LQ�������ΖQ�WKLV� connection, the counties are being given more respon sibility for providing relevant educational programmes adapted to local and regional needs. Through close contact with the business sector and the municipalities, the counties will be able to identify each region’s needs for labour, for example in the ocean industries. This will make it easier for the counties to adjust capacity in GL΍HUHQW�VWXG\�SURJUDPPHV�LQ�XSSHU�VHFRQGDU\�VFKRROV� and vocational technical colleges in line with the needs in the ocean industries. 7KH�2΍VKRUH�6LPXODWRU�&HQWUH�LQ��OHVXQG�SHUIRUPV�YLUWXDO�RSHUDWLRQV�LQ�UHDO�WLPH��6LPXODWLRQ�LV�XVHG�LQ�WUDLQLQJ�DQG�LV�DOVR�DQ� important tool for procedures, planning, and prototyping. Simulation saves time and money, reduces risk and plays a key role LQ�LQQRYDWLRQ��3KRWR��2΍VKRUH�6LPXODWRU�&HQWUH� The 2030 Agenda Norway’s work on education, skills and the labour market supports the 2030 Agenda, especially these Sustainable Development Goals: 24 Research, technology and innovation 5HVHDUFK��NQRZOHGJH�DQG�WHFKQRORJLFDO�GHYHORS PHQW�DUH�YLWDO�LQ�UHDOLVLQJ�WKH�SRWHQWLDO�IRU�VXVWDLQ DEOH�MRE�DQG�YDOXH�FUHDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV�� %RRVWLQJ�UHVHDUFK�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW�UHVXOWV�LQ� YDOXH�FUHDWLRQ�DQG�JURZWK�WKURXJK�WKH�GHYHORS PHQW�RI�QHZ�JRRGV�DQG�VHUYLFHV��SURGXFWLRQ� PHWKRGV�DQG�VROXWLRQV��ZKLOH�SURSHU�VWHZDUGVKLS� RI� UHVRXUFHV� LV�PDLQWDLQHG�� ΖQ� DGGLWLRQ�� WKH� H[FKDQJH�RI�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�WHFKQRORJ\�DFURVV� VHFWRUV�RSHQV�XS�QHZ�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�LQ�1RUZHJLDQ� RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV�� 25 The long-term plan for research and higher education ΖQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\�FKDOOHQJHV�LQ�WKH�LQWHUIDFH�EHWZHHQ� WHFKQRORJ\��VRFLDO�VFLHQFHV�DQG�QDWXUDO�VFLHQFHV�UHTXLUH� the continued development of knowledge, technology and methodology. Areas where there are both oppor tunities and challenges include making maritime WUDQVSRUW�DQG�HQHUJ\�SURGXFWLRQ�PRUH�HɝFLHQW�DQG� HQYLURQPHQWDOO\�IULHQGO\��GHYHORSLQJ�DTXDFXOWXUH�WHFK nology for more exposed locations, and developing satellite technology for maritime surveillance. The UHVHDUFK�H΍RUW�LQ�WKH�RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV�UDQJHV�IURP�EDVLF� research where knowledge in itself is the goal, to pub lic-sector- and industry-oriented research designed to ȴQG�DQVZHUV�WR�VSHFLȴF�FKDOOHQJHV�DQG�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�� 7KH�/RQJ�WHUP�SODQ�IRU�UHVHDUFK�DQG�KLJKHU�HGXFDWLRQ� ����Ȃ�����LV�WKH�*RYHUQPHQWȇV�LQVWUXPHQW�IRU�GHWHU mining long-term priorities in this area. One of these is ‘seas and oceans’, where sound management, clean and productive seas and oceans, healthy and safe seafood and sustainable industrial development are key topics, in line with the Government’s overall ocean policy. Research and innovation The oceans have been given high priority in the national budgets under this Government, which is pursuing an DFWLYH�UHVHDUFK�DQG�LQQRYDWLRQ�SROLF\�WKDW�EHQHȴWV�WKH� ocean industries. These industries have received substan tial funding from grant schemes under the Research &RXQFLO�RI�1RUZD\��ΖQQRYDWLRQ�1RUZD\�DQG�LQ�WKH�IRUP�RI� tax deductions under the SkatteFUNN tax incentive VFKHPH��ΖQ�������WKH�RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV�UHFHLYHG�QHDUO\�12.� 4.2 billion through these funding instruments. This was an LQFUHDVH�RI�12.�����ELOOLRQ�IURP�������ΖQ�������ΖQQRYDWLRQ� Norway allocated NOK 523 million in funding from its environmental technology scheme. More than half of this funding went to projects in the ocean industries. The Government has initiated an overall review of the industry-oriented funding instruments, which will con sider the whole range of these instruments. The purpose is to improve and simplify the current grant schemes to make them more user-friendly, and so that public investments yield the highest possible value creation DQG�DV�PDQ\�SURȴWDEOH�MREV�DV�SRVVLEOH� Green shipping (QRYD�JUDQWV�IXQGLQJ�IRU�LQYHVWPHQWV�LQ�FOLPDWH�DQG� HQHUJ\�SURMHFWV�LQ�DOO�VHFWRUV��6LQFH�������(QRYD�KDV� allocated about NOK 1.5 billion to green shipping. A large proportion of the funding has been for the devel RSPHQW�RI�YHVVHOV�XVLQJ�EDWWHU\�WHFKQRORJ\��ΖQ�WKH�VDPH� SHULRG��(QRYD�KDV�DOVR�SURYLGHG�DURXQG�12.�����PLOOLRQ� towards the development of shore power in Norwegian ports following competitive calls for proposals. 7KH�3Ζ/27�(�VFKHPH�LQYROYHV�FROODERUDWLRQ�EHWZHHQ� ΖQQRYDWLRQ�1RUZD\��WKH�5HVHDUFK�&RXQFLO�RI�1RUZD\�DQG� (129$��ΖWV�DLP�LV�WR�VSHHG�XS�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�DQG� GHSOR\PHQW�RI�QRYHO�SURGXFWV�DQG�VHUYLFHV�LQ�WKH�ȴHOG�RI� environment-friendly energy technology so that emissions are reduced both in Norway and internationally. Four projects on zero-emission solutions for various types of YHVVHOV�UHFHLYHG�3Ζ/27�(�IXQGLQJ�LQ�������7KH�SURMHFWV�DUH� ambitious and ground-breaking, and will play an important part in advancing solutions for maritime low- and zero-emission transport. The petroleum industry – lower �HPLVVLRQV�DQG�HɝFLHQW�XVH�RI�UHVRXUFHV ΖPSURYLQJ�UHFRYHU\�UDWHV�IRU�RLO�DQG�JDV�RQ�WKH�1RUZH gian continental shelf will substantially increase revenues WR�WKH�1RUZHJLDQ�VWDWH��5 '�WR�LPSURYH�UHFRYHU\�IURP� ȴHOGV�WKDW�DUH�LQ�SURGXFWLRQ�LV�WKHUHIRUH�D�SULRULW\�DUHD�� ΖW�LV�D�*RYHUQPHQW�WDUJHW�IRU�1RUZD\�WR�EH�D�ORZ�HPLVVLRQ� Chapter 3 Research, technology and innovation The Government will support research and technology development that result in sustainable job and value creation in the ocean industries. 26 society by 2050. One step towards this target was the HVWDEOLVKPHQW�RI�WKH�/RZ(PLVVLRQ�5HVHDUFK�&HQWUH�� which will develop technology for the Norwegian conti QHQWDO�VKHOI��ΖW�ZLOO�EH�KRVWHG�E\�6Ζ17()�LQ�7URQGKHLP�� The centre is expected to attract larger numbers of good DSSOLFDWLRQV�IRU�UHVHDUFK�SURJUDPPHV�VXFK�DV�'HPR� 2000 and Petromaks 2. Wind power 2΍VKRUH�ZLQG�LV�RQH�RI�VL[�SULRULW\�DUHDV�LQ�WKH�QDWLRQDO� strategy for research, development, demonstration and commercialisation of new, climate-friendly energy WHFKQRORJ\��(QHUJL����1RUZD\ȇV�UHVHDUFK�DQG�LQQRYDWLRQ� system supports initiatives at all stages of the innovation FKDLQ�WR�GHYHORS�QHZ�HQHUJ\�WHFKQRORJLHV�VXFK�DV�R΍ shore wind technologies. The Research Council of Norway runs the large-scale energy research pro JUDPPH�(1(5*Ζ;��ZKLFK�VWDUWHG�LQ�������7KH�SUR gramme will help to achieve key energy and industry policy objectives, and is an important instrument in the LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ�RI�WKH�(QHUJL���VWUDWHJ\��7KH�(1(5*Ζ;� SURJUDPPH�LQFOXGHV�D�QXPEHU�RI�R΍VKRUH�ZLQG�SURMHFWV� LQFOXGLQJ�WHFKQRORJ\�GHYHORSPHQW�IRU�ERWK�ȵRDWLQJ�DQG� ȴ[HG�R΍VKRUH�ZLQG�LQVWDOODWLRQV� Ocean Pilot There is growing international competition to lead the way in technology development, and it is therefore vital to implement and commercialise new technology, solutions and services. Pilot projects, demonstration SURMHFWV�DQG�XSVFDOLQJ�UHTXLUH�ORQJ�WHUP�IXQGLQJ��ΖQ� 2018, the Government established a dedicated grant scheme for pilot and demonstration projects for the PDULQH�DQG�PDULWLPH�VHFWRUV�XQGHU�ΖQQRYDWLRQ�1RUZD\�� The scheme is intended to reduce risk for private stake holders wishing to realise and commercialise new ocean technology. Test facilities and catapults Through the funding agency Siva, the Government supported the establishment of three national catapult centres for the ocean industries in 2018. The catapult centres are intended to make prototype development and testing, simulation and visualisation easier for FRPSDQLHV��VR�WKDW�LGHDV�DUH�GHYHORSHG�PRUH�TXLFNO\�� EHWWHU�DQG�DW�ORZHU�ULVN��7KH�WKUHH�FDWDSXOW�FHQWUHV�R΍HU� WHVWLQJ�IDFLOLWLHV��HTXLSPHQW��H[SHUWLVH�DQG�QHWZRUNV�IRU� businesses and research communities in the following three areas: digitalisation, virtual reality and prototyping; green energy, energy systems and energy technology; and environmental and material technology. /DERUDWRU\�FDSDFLW\�LV�QHHGHG�IRU�WKH�RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV� and for research on the marine environment. A concept proposal has been put forward for renewal of the ocean laboratories at the Norwegian University of Science and 7HFKQRORJ\��1718��DQG�6Ζ17()�2FHDQ��FDOOHG�2FHDQ� 6SDFH�/DERUDWRULHV��([WHUQDO�TXDOLW\�DVVXUDQFH�RI�WKH� project has been carried out, and the investment costs are estimated at NOK 6.1 billion. The project is now in the pre-study phase, and it will later be decided whether to move on to the pre-project phase. The laboratories will play a part in increasing value creation and making better use of synergies between the ocean industries. 7KH�1RUWK�6HD�KDV�ULFK�PDULQH�UHVRXUFHV�DQG�WHFKQRORJLFDOO\�DGYDQFHG�LQGXVWULHV��DQG�LV�LPSRUWDQW�IRU�(XURSHȇV�EOXH�HFRQ RP\��7KH�ΖQWHUUHJ�SURMHFW�3(5Ζ6&23(�LV�EXLOGLQJ�LQQRYDWLRQ�SDUWQHUVKLSV�IRU�VXVWDLQDEOH�EXVLQHVV�GHYHORSPHQW�LQ�QHZ�EOXH� PDUNHWV��7KH�SURMHFW�LV�KHDGHG�E\�WKH�6RXWK�1RUZD\�(XURSHDQ�2ɝFH��ΖOOXVWUDWLRQ��8OVWHLQ�'HVLJQ�DQG�6ROXWLRQV�� 0DS�b�1RUGUHJLR� 27 7KH�2FHDQ�6SDFH�/DERUDWRULHV�FDQ�EH�XVHG�IRU�WHDFKLQJ�� basic research, applied research, innovation and testing. Norwegian ocean industries are at the forefront in areas such as digitalisation and autonomous solutions, and test beds for autonomous vessels have been established in the Trondheimsfjorden, Storfjorden and Oslofjorden. Research cooperation with the EU and the UN Decade of Ocean Science ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO�UHVHDUFK�FRRSHUDWLRQ�SURYLGHV�DFFHVV�WR� new knowledge, technology, networks, markets, and LQIUDVWUXFWXUH��3DUWLFLSDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�(8�)UDPHZRUN�3UR JUDPPH�IRU�5HVHDUFK�DQG�ΖQQRYDWLRQ��+RUL]RQ�������LV� the largest single initiative by the Norwegian authorities in international cooperation on research and innovation. The oceans are likely to be given more weight in the next IUDPHZRUN�SURJUDPPH��+RUL]RQ�(XURSH��WKDQ�KDV�EHHQ� WKH�FDVH�LQ�+RUL]RQ�������ΖW�LV�LPSRUWDQW�IRU�1RUZHJLDQ� ocean interests and research groups to use the oppor WXQLWLHV�R΍HUHG�E\�WKH�81�'HFDGH�RI�2FHDQ�6FLHQFH�IRU� 6XVWDLQDEOH�'HYHORSPHQW������Ȃ�������7KLV�LV�LQWHQGHG� to generate knowledge that can be used in achieving the 6XVWDLQDEOH�'HYHORSPHQW�*RDOV��7KH�QHZ�NQRZOHGJH� that is developed will also benefit Norway and the Norwegian ocean industries. At the same time, as an ocean economy with broad expertise, Norway has a responsibility to contribute to improving our knowledge of the world’s oceans. Norway’s work on research, technology and innovation supports the 2030 Agenda, especially these Sustainable Development Goals: The 2030 Agenda Animals in the Southern Ocean depend on the krill. This small, shrimp-like species plays such a vital role that the ecosystem is often called ‘krill-centred’. Here, students and researchers on the research vessel Kronprins Haakon are busy sorting, measur LQJ�DQG�ZHLJKLQJ�NULOO�IURP�WKH�ODWHVW�KDXO��3KRWR��2GD�/LQQHD�%UHNNH�ΖGHQ�ΖQVWLWXWH�RI�0DULQH�5HVHDUFK� 28 Sound management and a predictable framework 1RUZD\�ZLOO�PDLQWDLQ�LWV�SRVLWLRQ�DV�D�ZRUOG�OHDGHU�LQ�VRXQG� RFHDQ�PDQDJHPHQW��DQG�ZLOO�SURPRWH�YDOXH�FUHDWLRQ�IURP� WKH�RFHDQ��7KLV�UHTXLUHV�HFRV\VWHP�EDVHG�PDQDJHPHQW�ZLWK� D�VRXQG�VFLHQWLȴF�EDVLV�IRU�SODQV�DQG�GHFLVLRQV��VXSSRUW�IRU� UHVHDUFK�DQG�WHFKQRORJ\�GHYHORSPHQW��DQG�D�SUHGLFWDEOH� IUDPHZRUN��'LIIHUHQW� LQGXVWULHV�PXVW�EH� FRQVLGHUHG� WRJHWKHU��FRPPHUFLDO�DFWLYLWLHV�PXVW�EH�H΍HFWLYHO\�UHJXODWHG�� DQG�WKH�UHJXODWRU\�IUDPHZRUN�PXVW�EH�HQIRUFHG��2YHU�WLPH�� FOLPDWH�FKDQJH�LV�KDYLQJ�DQ�LPSDFW�RQ�WKH�PDULQH�HQYLURQ PHQW�DQG�WKH�UHVRXUFH�EDVH��*UHDWHU�NQRZOHGJH�DERXW�WKH� FXUUHQW�DQG�IXWXUH�FOLPDWH�LV�QHHGHG�WR�WDNH�DFWLRQ�DQG� DGDSW�WKH�PDQDJHPHQW�UHJLPH�WR�FKDQJH��ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO� FRRSHUDWLRQ�LV�DOVR�DQ�HVVHQWLDO�EDVLV�IRU�VRXQG��VXVWDLQDEOH� 1RUZHJLDQ�RFHDQ�PDQDJHPHQW� 29 Chapter 4 Good management and predictable framework conditions Norway will have a knowledge-based, integrated and responsible ocean management regime. Integrated ocean management and DbIUDPHZRUN�IRU�RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV A sound management regime is created over time. Norway has modern, well-developed management systems for the ocean-based industries. Norway has a long tradition of ensuring that the most important ocean industries can develop side by side and that the envi ronmental values of in the seas and oceans are main tained. The ocean industries are governed by sectoral legislation, and resources are managed by relevant authorities using a long-term approach. Since the ocean VWUDWHJ\�ZDV�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�������WKH�H[LVWLQJ�OHJLVODWLRQ� and framework have been further developed, and new legislation has been adopted. A comparative analysis of the regulatory framework for ocean industries has been undertaken, which can be used in future regulatory work for both existing and emerging ocean industries. The government will establish an integrated framework for ocean-based industries, including area based measures for petroleum activities in the ocean man agement plans. Norway’s integrated ocean management plans are a tool both for facilitating value creation and food security and for maintaining the environmental values of Norway’s sea areas. They clarify the overall framework and prior ities for the management of Norway's sea areas, increase predictability and facilitate coexistence between ocean industries that are based on the use of these sea areas and their natural resources. Activities in each management plan area are regulated on the EDVLV�RI�H[LVWLQJ�OHJLVODWLRQ�JRYHUQLQJ�GL΍HUHQW�VHFWRUV�� The management plans ensure a balance between dif ferent interests, and that all uses of the ocean are considered together and coordinated. The Government will continue the current system of regularly updating DQG�UHYLVLQJ�WKH�PDQDJHPHQW�SODQV��ΖQ�������WKH�*RY ernment will present a white paper on revision of the PDQDJHPHQW�SODQ�IRU�WKH�%DUHQWV�6HDȂ/RIRWHQ�DUHD�DQG� updating of the plans for the Norwegian Sea and the North Sea and Skagerrak. Local planning and management Coastal waters are important in the further development of Norway as an ocean economy. The development of ocean industries depends on sound knowledge of the resource base, local planning and management, infra structure, and well-functioning local communities along the coast. The counties and municipalities play an important role as local planning and environmental authorities. They prepare plans under the Planning and Building Act, which must strike a balance between FRQVHUYDWLRQ�DQG�VXVWDLQDEOH�XVH�RI�GL΍HUHQW�DUHDV�DQG� facilitate business development. The Government is giving priority to further development of the legislation, advisory work, building expertise and assisting counties and municipalities to maintain sound, up-to-date plans. The Government has published a circular on the legal basis for planning and resource utilisation in coastal waters, and guidelines for planning in the coastal zone are under preparation. Oil and gas The oil and gas industry plays a key role in the Norwegian economy, and it will continue to make a major contribu WLRQ�WR�ȴQDQFLQJ�WKH�1RUZHJLDQ�ZHOIDUH�VRFLHW\��7KH� Government will maintain a stable long-term petroleum policy. The exploration policy is an important element of Norway's long-term resource management. New, SURȴWDEOH�GLVFRYHULHV�WKDW�VHFXUH�UHYHQXH��YDOXH�FUHD tion and employment are important in maintaining 1RUZD\ȇV�ZHOIDUH�VRFLHW\��ΖQ�������WKH�6WRUWLQJ��1RUZH JLDQ�SDUOLDPHQW��GLVFXVVHG�WKH�SODQ�IRU�GHYHORSPHQW� DQG�RSHUDWLRQ�RI�WKH�-RKDQ�&DVWEHUJ�RLO�ȴHOG�DQG�WKH� updated status of oil and gas activities on the Norwegian shelf. The Storting determined that Norwegian petro leum policy remains unchanged. Seabed minerals The Storting has adopted a new Seabed Mineral Act , ZKLFK�HQWHUV�LQWR�IRUFH�RQ���-XO\�������7KH�*RYHUQPHQW� will manage seabed minerals in line with the new Act, and will consider opening parts of the Norwegian con tinental shelf for commercial and sustainable extraction of seabed minerals. 30 Fisheries 7KH�TXRWD�V\VWHP�IRU�WKH�1RUZHJLDQ�ILVKHULHV�KDV� developed through constant adaptation and initiatives to respond to changes in stocks, the industry and soci HW\��7KH�FXUUHQW�TXRWD�V\VWHP�LV�ERWK�FRPSOH[�DQG� GHEDWHG��DQG�D�PRUH�HɝFLHQW��ȵH[LEOH�DQG�PRGHUQ� system is needed. The Government therefore appointed D�FRPPLWWHH�WR�UHYLHZ�WKH�TXRWD�V\VWHP��ZKLFK�SUH sented its recommendations in 2016. The Government is following up the review, and will submit a white paper RQ�WKH�TXRWD�V\VWHP��7KLV�ZLOO�SUHVHQW�WKH�*RYHUQPHQWȇV� SURSRVDO�IRU�D�IRUZDUG�ORRNLQJ�TXRWD�V\VWHP�IRU�1RU ZHJLDQ�ȴVKHULHV�� 6XVWDLQDEOH�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�WKH�ȴVKHULHV�UHTXLUHV�FRP SOLDQFH�ZLWK�TXRWDV�DQG�RWKHU�UHJXODWRU\�PHDVXUHV�� There is also growing market demand for reliable docu mentation that seafood is sustainably harvested. The Government wishes to improve control of the harvesting RI�ȴVK�VWRFNV��DQG�LQ�-XQH������DSSRLQWHG�D�FRPPLWWHH� WR�JLYH�DGYLFH�RQ�WKH�VWUXFWXUH�RI�D�ȴVKHULHV�FRQWURO� system for the future. The committee’s mandate includes giving advice on technology that can be used to provide reliable data on harvesting and presenting proposals for amendments to the legislation and organisation of inspection and control resources. The committee is to VXEPLW�LWV�UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV�E\�'HFHPEHU������ Knowledge-based management Sound management of Norway’s sea areas must be knowledge-based, and public-sector-oriented research LV�XVHG�WR�HQVXUH�DQ�DGHTXDWH�NQRZOHGJH�EDVH��)RU� example, a number of mapping and knowledge gener ation programmes have been established, many of which have been in progress for a long time. Since 2005, WKH�0$5($12�SURJUDPPH�KDV�PDSSHG�PRUH�WKDQ���� % of the seabed in the Norwegian economic zone. 0$5($12�PDSV�GHSWK�DQG�WRSRJUDSK\��VHGLPHQW� composition, habitats and pollutants. The programme is important as a basis for integrated, ecosystem-based management of Norwegian seas and oceans. Selected areas along the coast are also being mapped in cooperation between government agencies, municipalities and counties to improve the knowledge base for spatial planning and resource management in coastal waters. $V�SDUW�RI�LWV�ORQJ�WHUP�GDWD�DFTXLVLWLRQ�LQ�QRUWKHUQ� ZDWHUV��WKH�1RUZHJLDQ�3HWUROHXP�'LUHFWRUDWH�ZLOO�FRQGXFW� a seismic survey in the northern Barents Sea during the VXPPHU�RI�������7KLV�ZLOO�SURYLGH�LPSRUWDQW�LQIRUPDWLRQ� on the geology of the area and a better resource estimate. 7KH�3HWUROHXP�'LUHFWRUDWH�KDV�DOVR�VWDUWHG�WR�PDS�WKH� resource potential for seabed minerals on the Norwegian continental shelf, including a survey of the deep-water areas of the Norwegian Sea in summer 2018. 7KH�1DQVHQ�/HJDF\�LV�D�UHVHDUFK�SURMHFW�WR�LPSURYH� VFLHQWLȴF�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�FOLPDWH�FKDQJH�DQG�PDULQH� ecosystems in the central and northern parts of the Barents Sea. Ten Norwegian universities and research institutes are cooperating in the project. The ice-class research vessel Kronprins Haakon has been operative since 2018, and has completed several 7KH�9DUG�/DQJVWHQ�VKLS\DUG�LQ�0ºUH�RJ�5RPVGDO�LV�WR�EXLOG�WKUHH�QHZ�&RDVW�*XDUG�YHVVHOV��OHQJWK�����PHWUHV�DQG�EHDP���� PHWUHV���ZKLFK�ZLOO�FDUU\�XS�WR�����SHRSOH��ΖOOXVWUDWLRQ��9DUG� 31 Kapittel 1 Bærekraftig blå vekst surveys. A new building for the Fram Centre in Tromsø was opened in 2018. The Government is reviewing the SRVVLELOLW\�RI�FR�ORFDWLQJ�WKH�ΖQVWLWXWH�RI�0DULQH�5HVHDUFK� DQG�WKH�1RUZHJLDQ�'LUHFWRUDWH�RI�)LVKHULHV�LQ�D�QHZ� building in Bergen. This could provide opportunities for knowledge exchange between important knowledge and research communities and for building expertise. To build up knowledge of the blue economy in Arctic areas, the Centre for the Ocean and the Arctic was established in Tromsø in 2018. Maritime transport The sea is a vital transport route. Maritime transport accounts for 80 % of all freight transport to and from 1RUZD\��8VLQJ�WKH�VHD�LQ�WKLV�ZD\�UHTXLUHV�JRRG��HɝFLHQW� maritime infrastructure and services to enable vessels to sail safely. The continued development of navigation infrastructure, maritime safety services, fairways and new FRPPXQLFDWLRQ�VROXWLRQV��Ζ76��LV�WKHUHIRUH�LPSRUWDQW�� 'LJLWDOLVDWLRQ�R΍HUV�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�IRU�LPSURYLQJ�PDULWLPH� safety, streamlining the port network, and optimising the RFHDQ�EDVHG�ORJLVWLFV�FKDLQV��'LJLWDOLVDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�PDUL time sector, including the development of autonomous vessels, may also result in new demands on maritime LQIUDVWUXFWXUH��VHUYLFHV�DQG�WKH�UHJXODWRU\�IUDPHZRUN��ΖW� is therefore important for the authorities to follow devel opments closely. Work on a white paper on the National 7UDQVSRUW�3ODQ�IRU�����Ȃ�����LV�LQ�SURJUHVV��DQG�LW�ZLOO� be submitted in 2021. The Government has submitted a proposal for a new Act on ports and navigable waters that is intended to improve conditions for maritime transport, achieve transport and industrial policy goals and address environmental con cerns. Competition to use sea areas has become more intense in recent years, and there are many user interests in the coastal zone. The legislation is therefore intended to take a broader approach rather than focusing largely RQ�PDULWLPH�WUDQVSRUW�DQG�SRUWV��ΖQ�FRQMXQFWLRQ�ZLWK� other legislation such as the Planning and Building Act, it is intended to safeguard a wider range of business interests and other user interests, and to take into account climate and environmental considerations. Maritime safety The Government is striving for a high degree of safety for life, health, environment and material assets nation ally and internationally. Among other things, the tech nological development provides opportunities for safer, FOHDQHU�DQG�PRUH�HɝFLHQW�RSHUDWLRQ�RI�YHVVHOV��DQG� presupposes high competence in the Maritime Admini stration and other authorities and in the maritime industry. New technology could also contribute to more HɝFLHQW�VXSHU�YLVLRQ��IRU�H[DPSOH�E\�XVLQJ�GURQHV��7KH� 6KLS�6DIHW\�DQG�6HFXULW\�$FW�DQG�WKH�6KLS�/DERXU�$FW�� with associated regulations, are key legislation for the FRQWLQXLQJ�H΍RUWV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�PDULWLPH�VDIHW\�� %HIRUH�WKH�VXPPHU�RI�������WKH�*RYHUQPHQW�ZLOO�VXEPLW� a white paper concerning maritime safety for both commercial and recreational vessels. 'URQH�LPDJHV�IURP�1\NLUNH�SLHU��%HUJHQ�VKRZLQJ�WKH�UHVHDUFK�YHVVHOV�G.O. Sars and Kristine Bonnevie. 3KRWR��/DUV�'RNV¨WHU��6FUHHQ�6WRU\���ΖQVWLWXWH�RI�0DULQH�5HVHDUFK 32 Search and rescue and emergency preparedness 9DOXH�FUHDWLRQ�IURP�WKH�RFHDQ�UHTXLUHV�VHDUFK�DQG� UHVFXH��6$5��VHUYLFHV�WKDW�FDQ�SURYLGH�DVVLVWDQFH�LQ� emergencies. The Norwegian SAR service is responsible for large areas in the Skagerrak, the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea, the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean. The SAR service is dimensioned for Norway’s distinctive geography, climate, maritime resources, and govern ment administration. 0DULWLPH�WUDɝF�KDV�LQFUHDVHG�FRQVLGHUDEO\�LQ�UHFHQW� years, and this is expected to continue. Melting sea ice and warmer oceans have led to more activity in northern ZDWHUV��7KH�ȴVKLQJ�ȵHHW�LV�RSHUDWLQJ�IXUWKHU�QRUWK�� FUXLVH�WUDɝF�LQ�SRODU�DUHDV�LV�LQFUHDVLQJ��DQG�QHZ�VKLS ping routes are being considered as the ice melts. The higher level of activity resulting from the expansion of commercial activities and ship-based tourism is increas ing the risk of accidents. The Government is monitoring developments and evaluating emergency preparedness capabilities continuously in the light of activities in the region and changes in the level of risk. ΖQ�UHFHQW�\HDUV��6$5�SUHSDUHGQHVV�KDV�EHHQ�FRQVLGHUD EO\�VWUHQJWKHQHG�LQ�6YDOEDUG��DQG�/RQJ\HDUE\HQ�LV�QRZ� a SAR hub for the area. The Governor of Svalbard has two new SAR helicopters, and the sailing season for the vessel Polarsyssel has been extended to nine months. Overall SAR capacity in the Arctic will be further strength ened by the procurement of 16 new rescue helicopters with a much larger range, higher speed and better ability to operate in bad weather than the current Sea King machines. This will be one of Norway’s largest investments in civil protection and preparedness in recent years. The Government is also assessing the need for other steps to improve SAR helicopter capacity in Troms and adjacent sea areas, where it is currently DbORQJ�ZD\�WR�RWKHU�ORQJ�UDQJH�6$5�UHVRXUFHV�� The Coast Guard maintains a continuous presence in sea areas where Norway has jurisdiction, and plays a NH\�UROH�LQ�6$5�SUHSDUHGQHVV�DW�VHD��)URP�������SDUW�RI� the operational responsibility for the state tugboat preparedness has been transferred to the Coast Guard, and two new Coast Guard vessels will therefore be put into service from January 2020. A further three Coast Guard vessels are under construction and will be phased in from 2022 to 2024. They will replace the current Nordkapp-class vessels. The Coast Guard also exercises Norwegian sovereignty and authority and provides support for civil society, and is an important government agency both in coastal areas and in Norway’s large Arctic sea areas. The Coast Guard plays an important role in connection with marine UHVRXUFH�FRQWURO��LQFOXGLQJ�HQVXULQJ�WKDW�ȴVK�VWRFNV�DUH� harvested sustainably in the long term. The Coast Guard ZRUNV�FORVHO\�ZLWK�WKH�ȴVKHU\�DXWKRULWLHV�� ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO�FRRSHUDWLRQ�VWUHQJWKHQV�HPHUJHQF\� preparedness in Norway’s sea areas. Norway and Russia have a bilateral agreement on SAR cooperation in the Barents Sea, and Norway is a party to the Arctic Council The ARCSAR network will develop new technology and plans and strengthen cooperation to deal with security and safety WKUHDWV�LQ�WKH�$UFWLF��7KH�(8�+RUL]RQ������SURJUDPPH�KDV�DOORFDWHG�12.����PLOOLRQ�WR�LWV�HVWDEOLVKPHQW��7KH�QHWZRUN�LV� coordinated by the Joint Rescue and Coordination Centre North Norway, and partners include a number of countries, SAR operators, universities and businesses. Photo: Joint Rescue and Coordination Centre North Norway 33 Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Mari WLPH�6HDUFK�DQG�5HVFXH�LQ�WKH�$UFWLF��ΖQ�DGGLWLRQ��WKHUH� is a bilateral agreement between Norway and Russia on PXWXDO�QRWLȴFDWLRQ��H[HUFLVHV�DQG�DVVLVWDQFH�LQ�WKH� event of oil spills in the Barents Sea, and the Arctic Council Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pol lution Preparedness and Response in the Arctic. Regional reform The Government’s aim is to distribute power and build society from below. The sustainable use of natural UHVRXUFHV�PXVW�DOVR�KDYH�SRVLWLYH�H΍HFWV�IRU�ORFDO�FRP PXQLWLHV��7KH�UHJLRQDO�UHIRUP�ZLOO�EH�LQ�H΍HFW�IURP������� and will give the county authorities more responsibility for regional industrial and skills policy. These are impor tant instruments for encouraging the creation of more jobs, economic growth and balanced population devel opment in rural areas, in line with the goals of the Gov ernment’s rural and regional policy. Because of the regional reform, and to ensure a close dialogue between the regional and national levels, the Government will establish a forum for systematic dia logue on ocean issues between the Government, the FRXQWLHV��WKH�6£PHGLJJL��6DPL�SDUOLDPHQW��DQG�UHSUHVHQW atives of coastal municipalities. Others will be invited to take part when appropriate. The dialogue will provide a basis for greater trust and cooperation between national, regional and local administrative bodies. This will also improve understanding of various approaches to blue growth. The purpose of the forum will be to facilitate dialogue, and it will not be a decision-making body. The The 2030 Agenda Norway’s work on sound management and a predictable framework supports the 2030 Agenda, especially these Sustainable Development Goals: 7KH�$Ζ6�VDWHOOLWHV�UHFHLYH�SRVLWLRQ�GDWD�IURP�YHVVHOV��$XWRPDWLF�ΖGHQWLȴFDWLRQ�6\VWHP��$Ζ6��VLJQDOV���DQG�WKH\�DUH�RI�JUHDW� LPSRUWDQFH�IRU�JRYHUQDQFH�RI�1RUZHJLDQ�ZDWHUV�DQG�IRU�VDIHW\�DQG�VHFXULW\�DW�VHD��$Ζ66DW���ZDV�ODXQFKHG�LQ������DQG� $Ζ66DW���LQ�������1RUVDW���DQG�1RUVDW����ZKLFK�ZHUH�ODXQFKHG�LQ�������DOVR�KDYH�$Ζ6�UHFHLYHUV��3KRWR��1RUZHJLDQ�6SDFH� &HQWUH��1RUZHJLDQ�'HIHQFH�5HVHDUFK�(VWDEOLVKPHQW�1$6$� members of the forum will decide on topics for dis cussion together, based on the priority areas of this strategy that have implications for spatial planning, value creation, employment and skills in coastal communities. 34 Clean and healthy oceans &OHDQ�DQG�KHDOWK\�RFHDQV�DUH�DQ�HVVHQWLDO�EDVLV�IRU�D� VXVWDLQDEOH�RFHDQ�HFRQRP\��)XWXUH�YDOXH�FUHDWLRQ� GHSHQGV�RQ�JRRG�HQYLURQPHQWDO�VWDWXV�DQG�RQ�VSHFLHV� DQG�KDELWDW�GLYHUVLW\�LQ�WKH�VHDV�DQG�RFHDQV��1RUZD\ V� RFHDQ�SROLF\�LV�LQWHQGHG�WR�PDLQWDLQ�WKH�YDOXH�RI� 1RUZD\ V�PDULQH�DQG�FRDVWDO�HQYLURQPHQW��VDIHJXDUG� WKH�RFHDQV�DV�D�VRXUFH�RI�IRRG�DQG�IDFLOLWDWH�VXVWDLQ DEOH�XVH�RI�RFHDQ�UHVRXUFHV�� 35 Chapter 5 Clean and rich oceans Norway will play a leading role in ensuring that the oceans are clean and healthy in the future. Human activity both at sea and on land is putting pres VXUH�RQ�PDULQH�HFRV\VWHPV��ΖW�LV�YLWDO�WR�GHYHORS�DQ� overall understanding of the cumulative environmental H΍HFWV�RI�DOO�WKH�GL΍HUHQW�DFWLYLWLHV��7KH�VWDWH�RI�WKH� environment in Norwegian sea areas is generally good, although there are higher concentrations of hazardous substances and marine litter in the North Sea and Skag errak than in other areas. Global problems are also D΍HFWLQJ�1RUZHJLDQ�ZDWHUV��7KH�PRVW�VHULRXV�HQYLURQ mental problems are climate change, the loss of marine ELRGLYHUVLW\��SROOXWLRQ�DQG�PDULQH�OLWWHU��ΖI�1RUZD\�LV�WR� continue to rely on the oceans in future, it will be essen tial to have a good knowledge base and a sound marine management regime, to address the challenges we are facing and to ensure that economic activity is sustainable. Climate change and ‘blue forests’ The oceans play a vital role in the climate system as a carbon pool and heat store, but at the same time marine ecosystems are being strongly affected by climate FKDQJH�DQG�RFHDQ�DFLGLȴFDWLRQ��$V�WKH�VHDV�EHFRPH� warmer and more acidic, living conditions in the marine environment will be altered, and this may also have serious impacts for people who rely on ocean resources. Climate change will have particularly serious impacts in northern waters as temperatures and pH levels change. ΖQ�DGGLWLRQ��WKH�VHD�LFH�LV�PHOWLQJ�DQG�UXQ�R΍�IURP� Arctic rivers is increasing. Climate change adaptation and mitigation measures must go hand in hand to prevent climate change from having serious conse TXHQFHV�� At the same time, marine ecosystems can play a key role LQ�WKH�ȴJKW�DJDLQVW�FOLPDWH�FKDQJH�DQG�LQ�DGDSWDWLRQ�WR� climate change. ‘Blue forests’ such as kelp forests, eel grass beds and mangroves have a substantial carbon storage capacity and can protect the coastline against HURVLRQ��VWRUPV��DQG�ȵRRGLQJ��%OXH�IRUHVWV�DUH�DOVR� important for marine productivity and biodiversity. The Norwegian Government will seek to protect blue vege tation and blue forests in order to maintain carbon storage and safeguard marine biodiversity. Biodiversity High biodiversity is the basis for ecosystem productivity from which people harvest, and for the adaptability of ecosystems. Norway will play a part in developing a new post-2020 global framework for biodiversity governance XQGHU� WKH�&RQYHQWLRQ�RQ�%LRORJLFDO�'LYHUVLW\�� 7R� strengthen the protection of marine biodiversity, the Government will present a plan for marine protected areas with the aim of protecting a representative selec tion of Norway’s coastal and marine areas. Pollution Norway has a strict regulatory regime to prevent pollu tion and litter, but in many cases, marine litter and pollutants in Norwegian waters originate from other SDUWV�RI�WKH�ZRUOG��5HVROYLQJ�WKHVH�SUREOHPV�UHTXLUHV� international cooperation. ΖQ�������WKH�1RUZHJLDQ�&HQWUH�IRU�2LO�6SLOO�3UHSDUHGQHVV� DQG�0DULQH�(QYLURQPHQW�ZDV�HVWDEOLVKHG�LQ�6YROY¨U�� This is intended to be an internationally leading centre of expertise on cleaner seas. One of its tasks will be to identify possible synergies between work on marine litter and on oil spill preparedness relating to technol ogy, methods and organisation. Work on marine litter will focus mainly on clean-up and prevention, especially of litter from sea-based sources. /RFDO�SROOXWLRQ�KDV�EHHQ�D�SUREOHP�LQ�PDQ\�1RUZHJLDQ� ports. A national action plan has been prepared for contaminated sediments and is being implemented. 5HPHGLDWLRQ�SURMHFWV�LQ�3XGGHIMRUGHQ��%HUJHQ��DQG� Sandnesfjorden were completed in 2018. Funding has been allocated for a remediation project for Horten port. 36 The national preparedness and response system for acute pollution is designed to prevent and limit environ mental damage in the event of spills. The Norwegian Coastal Administration is the national authority respon sible for dealing with acute pollution incidents, or the risk of acute pollution, and for maintaining governmen tal preparedness and response capability for acute pollution by keeping personnel on stand-by and main WDLQLQJ�HTXLSPHQW�GHSRWV��7KH�*RYHUQPHQW�ZLOO�FRQ tinue to maintain an effective preparedness and response system for acute pollution in order to prevent and limit environmental damage. Plastic litter 7KH�*RYHUQPHQW�KDV�VWHSSHG�XS�H΍RUWV�WR�SUHYHQW�DQG� UHGXFH�PDULQH�SODVWLF�OLWWHU��ΖQ�������D�VWUDWHJ\�IRU� plastics was presented as part of a white paper on waste policy and the circular economy. A grant scheme for projects to prevent and clean-up marine litter has been established, including more support for voluntary beach clean-up campaigns. A refund scheme for end-of-life leisure craft has been implemented, and a number of other measures to limit marine litter and the spread of microplastics are being considered. Steps are being taken to reduce the unnecessary use of disposable plastic items, including the introduction of bans on some of these items. 7KH�1RUZHJLDQ�'LUHFWRUDWH�RI�)LVKHULHV�LV�FRQWLQXLQJ�LWV� DQQXDO�UHWULHYDO�SURJUDPPH�IRU�ORVW�ȴVKLQJ�JHDU��ΖQ�WKH� SLORW�SURMHFW�)LVKLQJ�IRU�/LWWHU��SDUWLFLSDWLQJ�YHVVHOV�FDQ� GHOLYHU�PDULQH�OLWWHU�FDXJKW�LQ�WKHLU�ȴVKLQJ�JHDU�LQ�SRUW� free of charge. Work is under way to develop a perma QHQW�VFKHPH�IRU�GLVSRVLQJ�RI�ZDVWH�FDXJKW�LQ�ȴVKLQJ� JHDU��$�SURGXFHU�UHVSRQVLELOLW\�VFKHPH�IRU�ȴVKHULHV�DQG� DTXDFXOWXUH�HTXLSPHQW�LV�EHLQJ�SODQQHG��$Q�DSS�KDV� EHHQ�ODXQFKHG�IRU�UHFUHDWLRQDO�ȴVKHULHV��WR�HQDEOH� SHRSOH�WR�UHSRUW�ORVW�ȴVKLQJ�JHDU��$V�D�UHVXOW��PDQ\� GLYLQJ�FOXEV�KDYH�KHOSHG�WR�FOHDU�XS�WUDSV�DQG�SRWV��ΖQ� 2018, local diving clubs recovered 1883 traps and pots. The ocean as a food source A clean and healthy marine environment is an essential EDVLV�IRU�DGHTXDWH�VXSSOLHV�RI�QXWULWLRXV��VDIH�IRRG�� Good monitoring data and overall knowledge are vital IRU�EHQHȴW�DQG�ULVN�DVVHVVPHQWV��DQG�IRU�GRFXPHQWLQJ� that the food we harvest is safe and healthy. An inte grated approach is essential to maintain the role of the RFHDQV�DV�D�IRRG�VRXUFH�IRU�WKH�IXWXUH��7KLV�UHTXLUHV� cooperation between all the sectors and stakeholders WKDW�DUH�UHVSRQVLEOH�IRU�GL΍HUHQW�HOHPHQWV�RI�IRRG� safety in the food value chain. 5HG�NLQJ�FUDEV�EHLQJ�UHOHDVHG�IURP�WUDSV�DQG�SRWV�UHWULHYHG�IURP�WKH�VHDEHG�GXULQJ�RQH�RI�WKH�'LUHFWRUDWH�RI�)LVKHULHVȇ� DQQXDO�UHWULHYDO�SURJUDPPHV��6LQFH�WKH�SURJUDPPH�EHJDQ�LQ��������������QHWV���������WUDSV�DQG�SRWV�DQG�FRQVLGHUDEOH� TXDQWLWLHV�RI�RWKHU�ȴVKLQJ�JHDU�KDYH�EHHQ�UHFRYHUHG�IURP�WKH�VHDEHG��7KLV�UHGXFHV�WKH�ULVN�RI�JKRVW�ȴVKLQJ�DQG�WKH�VSUHDG�RI� PLFURSODVWLFV��3KRWR��'LUHFWRUDWH�RI�)LVKHULHV� 37 Norway’s work on clean and healthy oceans supports the 2030 Agenda, especially these Sustainable Development Goals: The 2030 Agenda 6HD�DQHPRQHV��EU\R]RDQV�DQG�ȴOLJUHH�ZRUPV�RQ�WKH�VHDEHG��3KRWR��0DUHDQR�ΖQVWLWXWH�RI�0DULQH�5HVHDUFK� 7KH�ΖQWHUUHJ�SURMHFW�&LUFXODU�2FHDQ�GHPRQVWUDWHG�WKDW� waste such as dumped nets and ropes can be used as DbUHVRXUFH��7KH�1RUZHJLDQ�8QLYHUVLW\�RI�6FLHQFH�DQG� 7HFKQRORJ\��1718��WRRN�SDUW��DORQJ�ZLWK�UHVHDUFK�LQVWLWXWHV� LQ�ΖUHODQG��6FRWODQG��(QJODQG��DQG�*UHHQODQG��7KH�SURMHFW� ran for three years from 2015. Photo: Circular Ocean. 38 ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO� cooperation and ocean diplomacy &RPSOLDQFH�ZLWK�DQG�IXUWKHU�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�WKH�/DZ� RI�WKH�6HD�DQG�RWKHU�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�DJUHHPHQWV�DUH�D� SULRULW\�IRU�WKH�*RYHUQPHQW��1RUZD\�ZLOO�FRQWLQXH�WR� EH�D�UHOLDEOH�SDUWQHU�LQ�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�RFHDQ�FRRSHUD WLRQ�DQG�DQ�DWWUDFWLYH�WUDGLQJ�SDUWQHU��(QVXULQJ�FOHDQ� DQG�KHDOWK\�RFHDQV�DQG�VRXQG�PDULQH�PDQDJHPHQW� DUH�DOVR�LPSRUWDQW�LQ�1RUZHJLDQ�GHYHORSPHQW�SROLF\� 39 Norway is working internationally to promote under standing of the links between a healthy marine environ ment; integrated, ecosystem-based management; sustainable use and value creation. Key elements of Norway’s ocean policy are promoting, developing and GHIHQGLQJ�WKH�/DZ�RI�WKH�6HD��SURPRWLQJ�FRQVHUYDWLRQ� and sustainable use of marine ecosystems; contributing to knowledge-based management; supporting the implementation of international ocean-related instru ments; and advocating an integrated approach to marine management that will underpin a sustainable ocean economy. These elements will play a part in DFKLHYLQJ�WKH�81�6XVWDLQDEOH�'HYHORSPHQW�*RDOV�� Norway is pursuing an active international ocean policy founded on principles of good governance, and gives weight to cooperation on ocean-related issues through regional and international organisations and through bilateral cooperation. The High-level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy Norway has assumed international leadership in the H΍RUWV�WR�UHVROYH�WKH�FKDOOHQJHV�UHODWLQJ�WR�PDQDJHPHQW� of the world’s oceans and release the potential of the ocean economy through the establishment of the High OHYHO�3DQHO�IRU�D�6XVWDLQDEOH�2FHDQ�(FRQRP\��ΖWV�SXU pose is to create international awareness of the economic importance of the oceans, and of the need to promote sustainable use of marine resources and maintain a healthy marine environment as a basis for value creation. The High-level Panel consists of 14 heads of state and government and is chaired by Prime Min LVWHU�(UQD�6ROEHUJ��ΖW�ZLOO�SUHVHQW�LWV�UHSRUW�DQG�UHFRP mendations for action to the UN Ocean Conference in /LVERQ�LQ�-XQH�������7KH�SDQHO�ZLOO�FRRSHUDWH�ZLWK�WKH� scientific community, the business sector and civil society to develop innovative, future-oriented proposals for a sustainable ocean economy that will also safeguard clean and healthy oceans. The Our Ocean Conference Norway is hosting the Our Ocean Conference in October ������JDWKHULQJ�OHDGHUV�RI�FRXQWULHV��WKH�EXVLQHVV� FRPPXQLW\��WKH�VFLHQWLȴF�FRPPXQLW\�DQG�FLYLO�VRFLHW\�� Norway will announce its own commitments at the conference, and mobilise to get other countries, organ isations and businesses to do the same. A central theme of the conference is that knowledge-based, integrated ocean management is a key to secure preservation as well as use of the ocean. Work within the United Nations Action to promote sound ocean management through UN bodies is important for Norway. At the UN General Assembly, and particularly through the annual resolu tions on oceans and the law of the sea and on sustain able fisheries, Norway advocates an integrated, VXVWDLQDEOH�RFHDQV�SROLF\��ΖPSRUWDQW�81�IRUXPV�IRU�WKH� RFHDQV�LQFOXGH�WKH�ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO�0DULWLPH�2UJDQL]DWLRQ� �Ζ02���WKH�)RRG�DQG�$JULFXOWXUH�2UJDQL]DWLRQ��)$2���WKH� 81�(QYLURQPHQW�3URJUDPPH��81(3���WKH�ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO� 6HDEHG�$XWKRULW\��Ζ6$���WKH�81�(GXFDWLRQDO��6FLHQWLȴF� DQG�&XOWXUDO�2UJDQL]DWLRQ��81(6&2���DQG�WKH�81�&RP PLWWHH�RI�([SHUWV�RQ�*OREDO�*HRVSDWLDO�ΖQIRUPDWLRQ� 0DQDJHPHQW��81�**Ζ0���7KH�QH[W�PDMRU�81�RFHDQ� conference will take place in 2020, and Norway will play an active part in reviewing and ensuring progress WRZDUGV�LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ�RI�6'*����RQ�OLIH�EHORZ�ZDWHU�� Many of the challenges that must be dealt with are local or regional, and Norway is taking an active role in a &KDSWHU���ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO�FRRSHUDWLRQ�DQG�RFHDQ�GLSORPDF\ Norway will be an active advocate for clean and healthy oceans and knowledge-based, sustainable management of ocean resources. 40 QXPEHU�RI�UHJLRQDO�ȴVKHULHV�PDQDJHPHQW��UHVHDUFK�� environmental and navigation organisations. ΖQ�������WKH�81�*HQHUDO�$VVHPEO\�GHFLGHG�WR�HVWDEOLVK� a negotiating conference to develop a new legally bind LQJ�DJUHHPHQW�XQGHU�WKH�81�&RQYHQWLRQ�RQ�WKH�/DZ�RI� WKH�6HD��ΖW�LV�WR�GUDIW�DQ�DJUHHPHQW�RQ�WKH�FRQVHUYDWLRQ� and sustainable use of marine genetic resources, area based management measures, impact assessments and FDSDFLW\�EXLOGLQJ��ΖQ�1RUZD\ȇV�YLHZ��LW�LV�LPSRUWDQW�WR� take into account existing agreements and sectoral rules in addition to the importance of an integrated manage ment regime. The work on the agreement, which is one element of Norway’s ocean policy, is given high priority DQG�D΍HFWV�D�ZLGH�UDQJH�RI�1RUZHJLDQ�RFHDQ�LQWHUHVWV�� (QYLURQPHQWDO�DQG�FOLPDWH�FKDQJH�LV�D�VHULRXV�JOREDO� SUREOHP��ΖW�LV�H[SHFWHG�WKDW�WKH�UHSRUW�RI�WKH�ΖQWHUJRY ernmental Panel on Climate Change on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate, which is to be pre VHQWHG�LQ�6HSWHPEHU�������ZLOO�UDLVH�DZDUHQHVV�RI�WKH� UROH�DQG�LPSRUWDQFH�RI�WKH�RFHDQV�LQ�H΍RUWV�WR�UHGXFH� greenhouse gas emissions. Norway will therefore seek to integrate considerations relating to climate change, sea level rise and ocean acidification into relevant international institutions and processes. The contribution of the business sector to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals ΖW�LV�YLWDO�WR�HQVXUH�WKDW�WKH�EXVLQHVV�VHFWRU�LV�LQYROYHG�LQ� solving ocean-related challenges. Norway is therefore supporting the Action Platform for Sustainable Ocean %XVLQHVV��DQ�LQLWLDWLYH�RI�WKH�81�*OREDO�&RPSDFW��ΖWV�PDLQ� goal is to develop principles and guidelines for how EXVLQHVVHV�FDQ�KHOS�ZLWK�SURJUHVV�WRZDUGV�WKH����6XV WDLQDEOH�'HYHORSPHQW�*RDOV�DQG�DSSO\�WKH����SULQFLSOHV� RI�WKH�81�*OREDO�&RPSDFW�VSHFLȴFDOO\�ZLWK�UHIHUHQFH�WR� WKH�RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV��ΖQ�RUGHU�WR�DFKLHYH�WKLV��WKUHH�ZRUN� streams have been established: mapping ocean govern ance and regulation, identifying opportunities for sus tainable growth, and establishing basic principles for sustainable economic activity in the oceans. 7KH�1RUZHJLDQ�ΖQYHVWPHQW�)XQG�IRU�'HYHORSLQJ�&RXQ WULHV��1RUIXQG��LV�WKH�NH\�IXQGLQJ�LQVWUXPHQW�RI�WKH� Norwegian aid sector for promoting business develop ment and job creation in the private sector in developing FRXQWULHV��1RUIXQG�PDNHV�SURȴWDEOH��VXVWDLQDEOH�GLUHFW� LQYHVWPHQWV��DQG�R΍HUV�ULVN�FDSLWDO�DQG�ORDQV�WR�VPDOO� and medium-sized enterprises, thus encouraging job creation and development in the renewable energy, ȴQDQFH��IRRG�SURGXFWLRQ�DQG�DJULFXOWXUDO�VHFWRUV��7KH� Government will strengthen its dialogue with the Norwe gian business sector on opportunities for investment in ocean industries in developing countries as a means of contributing to value and job creation. Safety and security at sea Safe and secure navigation at sea is vital for Norway as DQ�LPSRUWDQW�PDULWLPH�QDWLRQ��DQG�JOREDO�WUDGH�ȵRZV� GHSHQG�RQ�VWDELOLW\�DQG�SUHGLFWDELOLW\��ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO� cooperation is needed to ensure compliance with international law, including navigational rights. Norway Marine plastic litter is a global problem with local impacts. The Norwegian Coastal Administration and the Norwegian Centre IRU�2LO�6SLOO�3UHSDUHGQHVV�DQG�0DULQH�(QYLURQPHQW�DUH�H[SORULQJ�WKH�SRVVLELOLWLHV�RI�FRRSHUDWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�YROXQWHHUV�DQG� SURIHVVLRQDOV��IRU�H[DPSOH�LQ�WKH�&LUFXODU�&OHDQXS�SURMHFW��+HUH�WKH�Ȇ3ODVWLF�3LUDWHVȇ�DUH�DW�ZRUN�RQ�/HSVº\D�LVODQG��0ºUH�RJ� Romsdal. Photo: Norwegian Coastal Administration. 41 .DSLWWHO���ΖQWHUQDVMRQDOW�VDPDUEHLG�RJ�KDYGLSORPDWL is a party to ReCAAP, a government-to-government agreement on combating piracy and armed robbery DJDLQVW�VKLSV�LQ�$VLD��ΖW�DOVR�GRHV�D�FRQVLGHUDEOH�DPRXQW� RI�ZRUN�LQ�ERWK�(DVW�DQG�:HVW�$IULFD��ΖQ�(DVW�$IULFD�� Norway focuses on ensuring the prosecution of pirates, while in West Africa, it assists coastal states with their H΍RUWV�WR�GHDO�ZLWK�WKH�SUREOHPV�RI�SLUDF\�DQG�DUPHG� robbery against ships. Sharing knowledge on clean and healthy oceans Norwegian experience and practices as regards man agement of resources, the environment and ocean industries are of interest to other countries. Norway supports a number of aid projects on improving the ocean environment, sustainable management of marine resources and ocean-related activities. These projects IRUP�SDUW�RI�LQLWLDWLYHV�VXFK�DV�WKH�2LO�IRU�'HYHORSPHQW� DQG�)LVK�IRU�'HYHORSPHQW�SURJUDPPHV��7KH�*RYHUQ PHQW�ZLOO�GHYHORS�DQ�2FHDQ�IRU�'HYHORSPHQW�SUR gramme, which could become an important tool for promoting knowledge-based, integrated marine man agement in developing countries. Marine litter Norway is seeking to raise awareness of marine litter and JDLQ�VXSSRUW�IRU�H΍RUWV�WR�GHDO�ZLWK�LW��7KH�SUREOHPV�DULVH� to a large extent because of a lack of systems for waste management on land, but there are also ocean-based sources of marine litter. Norway’s initiative in the UN (QYLURQPHQW�$VVHPEO\�ZDV�SDUWLFXODUO\�LPSRUWDQW��DQG� has resulted in a resolution to eliminate discharges of plastic waste to the oceans. Norway is advocating a new global framework to reduce marine litter. Norway has DOVR�ZRQ�VXSSRUW�IRU�LQWHQVLI\LQJ�H΍RUWV�WR�GHDO�ZLWK� marine litter under existing agreements and organisa tions, for example the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and WKH�ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO�0DULWLPH�2UJDQL]DWLRQ��Ζ02���1RUZD\� will intensify its efforts to win international backing concerning the need for a global agreement on the pre vention of marine litter. The Government has launched a development programme to combat marine litter, and KDV�DOORFDWHG�12.�����ELOOLRQ�IRU�WKH�SHULRG�����Ȃ����� to assist developing countries in preventing and manag ing marine litter and microplastics. The Government is DOVR�GHYHORSLQJ�D�VWUDWHJ\�WR�LQWHQVLI\�H΍RUWV�WR�GHDO�ZLWK� environmental crime both nationally and internationally. Food from the ocean The Norwegian Government is working to strengthen the role of seafood in improving food safety and nutri tion, both nationally and globally. Norway has cut ting-edge knowledge and expertise in sustainable production of safe, healthy seafood, and on the links EHWZHHQ�VHDIRRG�DQG�KHDOWK��$W�WKH�UHTXHVW�RI�WKH�:RUOG� +HDOWK�2UJDQL]DWLRQ��:+2��DQG�)$2��1RUZD\�KDV�HVWDE lished a global action network called Sustainable Food IURP�WKH�2FHDQV�DQG�ΖQODQG�:DWHUV�IRU�)RRG�6HFXULW\� DQG�1XWULWLRQ�DV�SDUW�RI�WKH�81�'HFDGH�RI�$FWLRQ�RQ� 1XWULWLRQ������Ȃ������� The reduction of food waste makes economic sense, makes more food available and reduces pressure on the environment. On Norway’s initiative and with /D\LQJ�DQG�KDXOLQJ�LQ�RLO�ERRPV�R΍�'DU�HV�6DODDP��7KH�1RUZHJLDQ�&RDVWDO�$GPLQLVWUDWLRQȇV�'HSDUWPHQW�IRU�(PHUJHQF\� 5HVSRQVH�LV�UXQQLQJ�WKH�H[HUFLVH��3KRWR��.HQ�2SSUDQQ�1RUDG� 42 1RUZHJLDQ�ȴQDQFLQJ��)$2�KDV�GHYHORSHG�DQ�RQOLQH� JXLGH�WR�UHGXFLQJ�IRRG�ZDVWH�LQ�WKH�YDOXH�FKDLQ�IRU�ȴVK�� ZKLFK�ZLOO�EH�ODXQFKHG�LQ������� 2YHUȴVKLQJ�DQG�LOOHJDO�ȴVKLQJ 2YHUȴVKLQJ�RI�LPSRUWDQW�ȴVK�VWRFNV�LV�D�PDMRU�SUREOHP� worldwide. For many years, Norway has been heavily engaged in international cooperation to promote sus WDLQDEOH�ȴVKHULHV�PDQDJHPHQW�DQG�VDWLVIDFWRU\�LQVSHF WLRQ�DQG�HQIRUFHPHQW�UHJLPHV��8S�WR������RI�WKH�ȴVK� resources Norway harvests are from stocks shared with other countries. Norway concludes annual agreements with other countries on the management of these resources. The agreements are intended to ensure that harvesting of the stocks is sustainable. The agreements DUH�WKHUHIRUH�EDVHG�RQ�LQGHSHQGHQW�VFLHQWLȴF�DGYLFH�RQ� TXRWDV�DQG�PDQDJHPHQW�PHDVXUHV�� ΖOOHJDO��XQUHJXODWHG�DQG�XQUHSRUWHG�ȴVKLQJ��Ζ88�ȴVKLQJ�� is a widespread global problem. Norway played an active SDUW�LQ�WKH�H΍RUWV�WR�SXW�LQ�SODFH�D�OHJDOO\�ELQGLQJ�DJUHH ment on port state measures to prevent, deter and HOLPLQDWH�LOOHJDO��XQUHSRUWHG�DQG�XQUHJXODWHG�ȴVKLQJ� Fisheries crime ΖW�LV�HVWLPDWHG�WKDW�DV�PXFK�DV������RI�WKH�JOREDO�VHD food harvest is from illegal catches. This problem is closely linked to various other forms of crime such as HFRQRPLF�FULPH��KXPDQ�WUDɝFNLQJ��FXVWRPV�DQG�WD[� evasion and money laundering, and to the problems associated with tax havens. There is a ‘blue shadow economy’ that is undermining a sustainable and fair blue HFRQRP\��1RUZD\�LV�WDNLQJ�WKH�OHDG�LQ�WKH�JOREDO�H΍RUWV� to address organised fisheries crime and the blue VKDGRZ�HFRQRP\��ΖQ�������1RUZD\�WRRN�WKH�LQLWLDWLYH� for an international ministerial declaration on transna WLRQDO�RUJDQLVHG�FULPH�LQ�WKH�JOREDO�ȴVKLQJ�LQGXVWU\�� which provides a basis for partnerships on this issue with a number of countries, most of them developing countries. With the ‘Blue Justice’ initiative, the Govern PHQW�LV�VHHNLQJ�WR�DGGUHVV�WKH�VSHFLȴF�QHHGV�RI�GHYHO RSLQJ�FRXQWULHV�LQ�DGGUHVVLQJ�ȴVKHULHV�FULPH��)LVKHULHV� crime is a widespread and complex problem, and developing countries in particular are losing substantial UHVRXUFHV�DQG�SRWHQWLDO�UHYHQXHV��ΖQ�DGGLWLRQ�WR�WKH�ORVV� RI�WD[�DQG�H[SRUW�UHYHQXHV��ȴVKHULHV�FULPH�DOVR�KDV� negative impacts on food safety and the living conditions of coastal populations. Norway is providing developing countries with assistance in this area. International trade The Norwegian ocean industries are highly export-ori HQWHG��DQG�GHSHQG�RQ�RSHQ�DQG�H΍HFWLYH�LQWHUQDWLRQDO� markets to ensure value creation and jobs in Norway. An open global trade regime is an essential basis for the demand for Norwegian goods and services. As high lighted in the Strategy for Export and Internationalisation, the Government’s priorities include supporting ongoing and new processes to develop the multilateral trade UHJLPH�XQGHU�WKH�:RUOG�7UDGH�2UJDQL]DWLRQ��:72��DQG� negotiating free trade agreements with priority coun WULHV��7KLV�DSSURDFK�UHȵHFWV�GHYHORSPHQWV�LQ�WUDGH� patterns, and reduces customs barriers and other bar riers to trade. ΖQ�FHUWDLQ�DUHDV��VDWHOOLWHV�DUH�WKH�RQO\�SRVVLEOH�FRPPXQLFDWLRQV�LQIUDVWUXFWXUH�DW�VHD��7KH\�DUH�SDUWLFXODUO\�LPSRUWDQW�IRU� QDYLJDWLRQ�DQG�VHDUFK�DQG�UHVFXH�RSHUDWLRQV��8QGHU�WKH�81�&RPPLWWHH�RQ�WKH�3HDFHIXO�8VHV�RI�2XWHU�6SDFH��&23826��� 1RUZD\�KDV�SURSRVHG�WKH�LQFOXVLRQ�RI�WZR�RFHDQ�UHODWHG�JRDOV�LQ�WKH�6SDFH�����DJHQGD��D��WR�SURPRWH�DQG�VWUHQJWKHQ�WKH� XVH�RI�RXWHU�VSDFH�IRU�D�VXVWDLQDEOH�RFHDQ�HFRQRP\��E��WR�SURPRWH�DQG�VWUHQJWKHQ�WKH�XVH�RI�RXWHU�VSDFH�WR�LPSURYH�DFFHVV� to data and broadband globally, with a particular focus on developing countries and areas with poorly developed onshore infrastructure. Photo: UN COPUOS. 43 World Expo 2020 1RUZD\�ZLOO�EH�SDUWLFLSDWLQJ�LQ�([SR������LQ�'XEDL�LQ� WKH�8QLWHG�$UDE�(PLUDWHV��7KH�PDLQ�IRFXV�IRU�1RUZD\ȇV� participation will be the oceans. One important goal is to strengthen the international competitiveness of the Norwegian ocean industries. Another aim is to strengthen Norway’s commercial relations with coun WULHV�LQ�WKH�0LGGOH�(DVW��$IULFD�DQG�$VLD��ZKLFK�DUH� important markets for the Norwegian ocean industries. 1RUZHJLDQ�SDUWLFLSDWLRQ�LQ�([SR������LV�D�MRLQW�YHQWXUH� between the Government and the business sector. Regional involvement in international work The Government is supporting the counties’ involvement LQ�(XURSHDQ�FRRSHUDWLRQ��ΖQWHUQDWLRQDO�FRRSHUDWLRQ� provides a framework for the implementation of regional development actions. From 2020, Norway’s regional reform will result in new, larger counties that will provide D�EHWWHU�EDVLV�IRU�GRLQJ�WKLV��ΖW�LV�LPSRUWDQW�IRU�WKH�FRXQW\� authorities to maintain their knowledge about the oppor WXQLWLHV�SURYLGHG�E\�SDUWLFLSDWLRQ�LQ�(8�SURJUDPPHV�LQ� time ahead. These include opportunities to strengthen research and innovation under the Horizon 2020 pro JUDPPH�DQG�WR�WDNH�SDUW�LQ�LQLWLDWLYHV�VXFK�DV�-3Ζ�2FHDQ�� ΖQWHUUHJ�(XURSH�LV�UHOHYDQW�WR�1RUZHJLDQ�JURXSV�LQYROYHG� LQ�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV��ZKLOH�WKH�(UDV mus+ programme provides education opportunities and ZRUN�PRELOLW\�EHWZHHQ�FRXQWULHV�LQ�(XURSH� The research vessel Dr. Fridtjof Nansen�LV�D�NH\�DVVHW�RI�WKH�($)�1DQVHQ�3URJUDPPH��ZKLFK�LV�LPSOHPHQWHG�E\�)$2�DQG�IXQGHG� E\�1RUZD\��7KH�ΖQVWLWXWH�RI�0DULQH�5HVHDUFK�LV�UHVSRQVLEOH�IRU�RSHUDWLQJ�WKH�YHVVHO��DQG�VXSSOLHV�WKH�SURJUDPPH�ZLWK� VFLHQWLȴF�VHUYLFHV��7KH�1RUZHJLDQ�$JHQF\�IRU�'HYHORSPHQW�&RRSHUDWLRQ��1RUDG��RZQV�WKH�UHVHDUFK�YHVVHO��3KRWR��.MDUWDQ� 0¨VWDG�ΖQVWLWXWH�RI�0DULQH�5HVHDUFK�� The 2030 Agenda Norway’s work on international cooperation and ocean diplomacy supports the 2030 Agenda, especially these Sustainable Development Goals: 44 The ice-class research vessel Kronprins Haakon in the )UDP�6WUDLW�LQ�������3KRWR��$OLFLD�+DPHU�1RUZHJLDQ�3RODU�ΖQVWLWXWH� 45 Future priorities The oceans are a high priority for the Government, and ocean policy is constantly evolving. The Government is continuing to follow up the measures presented in the ocean strategy New growth, proud history and the white paper The place of the oceans in Norway’s foreign and development policy��ERWK�IURP������� ΖQ�����Ȃ������WKH�*RYHUQPHQW�ZLOO�SUHVHQW�ZKLWH�SDSHUV� RQ�WKH�TXRWD�V\VWHP�IRU�WKH�ȴVKHULHV��RQ�UHYLVLRQ�RI�WKH� PDQDJHPHQW�SODQ�IRU�WKH�%DUHQWV�6HDȂ/RIRWHQ�DUHD�DQG� updating the management plans for the Norwegian Sea DQG�WKH�1RUWK�6HDȂ6NDJHUUDN��RQ�VSDFH�SROLF\��RQ�$UFWLF� policy and on maritime policy. The Government has already achieved a great deal, and will give special priority to three areas in its future ocean policy: skills and digitalisation, climate change and green shipping, and value creation along the entire coastline. Technologies, working methods and the use of digital WRROV�DUH�GHYHORSLQJ�UDSLGO\�LQ�WKH�RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV��ΖW� is important to ensure that educational programmes are appropriately designed so that people have the right skills to make use of the opportunities provided by technological advances. The Government’s target is for Norway to be a low-emis sion society by 2050. The green shipping initiative will be strengthened as a means of making progress towards WKH�*RYHUQPHQW V�FOLPDWH�WDUJHWV��7KH�QHZ�/RZ(PLVVLRQ� Research Centre, which will develop technology for the Norwegian continental shelf, is also in operation IURPb����� 1RUZD\ȇV�UHJLRQDO�UHIRUP�ZLOO�WDNH�H΍HFW�IURP������� National and regional strategies for business develop ment must be coordinated so that a sound, integrated national ocean policy can be developed. 1RUZHJLDQ�3ULPH�0LQLVWHU�(UQD�6ROEHUJ�DGGUHVVLQJ�WKH�81�*HQHUDO�$VVHPEO\�LQ�1HZ�<RUN�LQ�6HSWHPEHU������� 3KRWR��81�3KRWR�&LD�3DN� 46 The Government will: • Promote the development of technology for the carbon capture, transport and storage in reser voirs on the continental shelf, with the ambition of DFKLHYLQJ�D�FRVW�H΍HFWLYH�VROXWLRQ�IRU�IXOO�VFDOH�&&6� in Norway, provided that this also results in tech nology development internationally. • Present an action plan for green shipping including the ambition of halving emissions from domestic VKLSSLQJ�DQG�ȴVKLQJ�YHVVHOV�E\�������ZKLFK�ZLOO� involve promoting the use of zero- and low-emis sion solutions in all vessel categories. • 7DNH�VWHSV�WR�HQVXUH�WKH�DYDLODELOLW\�RI�DGHTXDWH� and relevant skills, which are vital for sound man agement, restructuring and sustainable growth in the ocean industries, including strengthening digital skills. • Continue to promote equality and decent work ing conditions��DQG�VWUHQJWKHQ�H΍RUWV�DJDLQVW� work-related crime and undeclared employment. • Promote a closer dialogue between the regional and national levels by establishing a forum for dialogue on ocean issues between the Govern ment, the counties, the Sámediggi and represent atives of the coastal municipalities. Others will be invited to take part when appropriate. • Provide a framework for dynamic local commu nities in all parts of the country. When the regional UHIRUP�WDNHV�H΍HFW��WKH�FRXQWLHV�ZLOO�KDYH�PRUH� responsibility for regional industrial and skills pol icy. The sustainable use of marine resources must DOVR�KDYH�SRVLWLYH�H΍HFWV�IRU�ORFDO�FRPPXQLWLHV� • (VWDEOLVK�DQ�integrated framework for ocean based industries, including area based measures for petroleum activities in the integrated ocean management plans. • Maintain predictable frameworks for the estab OLVKHG�RFHDQ�LQGXVWULHV�Ȃ�RLO�DQG�JDV��VKLSSLQJ�DQG� WKH�VHDIRRG�LQGXVWU\�Ȃ�DQG�SURYLGH�D�JRRG�EDVLV�IRU� emerging, sustainable ocean industries by devel RSLQJ�D�JRRG�OHJDO�DQG�RWKHU�IUDPHZRUN�IRU�R΍ VKRUH�DTXDFXOWXUH��VHDEHG�PLQHUDOV�DQG�R΍VKRUH� wind power. • Open one or two areas for licence applications for UHQHZDEOH�R΍VKRUH�HQHUJ\ production and adopt UHJXODWLRQV�XQGHU�WKH�2΍VKRUH�(QHUJ\�$FW�� • Manage seabed minerals in line with the new Seabed Minerals Act, and consider opening parts of the Norwegian shelf for commercial and sustain able extraction of seabed minerals. • 'HYHORS�D�OHJDO�IUDPHZRUN�IRU�R΍VKRUH�DTXDFXO ture that will facilitate further growth in the DTXDFXOWXUH�VHFWRU� • Follow up on the review of industry-oriented funding instruments, aiming to improve and simplify current schemes in order to promote value FUHDWLRQ�DQG�SURȴWDEOH�MREV� • Continue to focus on developing knowledge of the oceans, sound management, clean and productive oceans, healthy and safe seafood and sustainable industrial development in line with the priorities of the long-term plan for research and higher educa tion, and to ensure Norwegian participation in the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable 'HYHORSPHQW�DQG�LQ�RFHDQ�UHODWHG�DFWLYLWLHV�LQ�WKH� QHZ�(8�IUDPHZRUN�SURJUDPPH�IRU�UHVHDUFK�DQG� innovation. • Continue to support the development of research infrastructure and test facilities for the ocean LQGXVWULHV��WKLV�LQFOXGHV�WKH�2FHDQ�6SDFH�/DERUD tories project. 47 • Further develop the Norwegian Centre for Oil Spill Preparedness and Marine Environment, among other things by exploring the possible establishment of test and exercise facilities for testing oil spill response technology. • Promote innovation by supporting research and technology development across the ocean industries, and continue to focus on digitalisation and autonomous operation in the ocean industries. • Promote sustainability and blue economy as a key area of Norway’s Arctic policy. • Contribute to international developments in sustain able ocean management through active participa tion in UN ocean processes, through the High-level 3DQHO�IRU�D�6XVWDLQDEOH�2FHDQ�(FRQRP\��DV�RUJDQLVHU� RI�WKH�2XU�2FHDQ�&RQIHUHQFH�������WKURXJK�RFHDQ� dialogues with selected countries, and by continuing to promote measures designed to achieve the UN 6XVWDLQDEOH�'HYHORSPHQW�*RDOV�E\������ • Secure market access through trade agreements and support the promotion of Norwegian ocean LQGXVWULHV�DEURDG��IRU�H[DPSOH�WKURXJK�ΖQQRYDWLRQ� Norway’s the branding project for the ocean indus tries, ’Branding the Blue’ and the digital marketplace Ȇ7KH�([SORUHUȇ��DQG�E\�XVLQJ�WKH�RFHDQV�DV�WKH�WKHPH� IRU�WKH�1RUZHJLDQ�SDYLOLRQ�DW�([SR������'XEDL� • &RQWLQXH�H΍RUWV�WR�combat marine litter and microplastics nationally and internationally, for example by following up the initiative for an inter national agreement, through cooperation with individual countries, and through the Norwegian aid system. • Continue Norwegian development cooperation in support of sustainable management and value creation in ocean-based industries through the SURJUDPPHV�2FHDQ� IRU�'HYHORSPHQW��2LO� IRU� 'HYHORSPHQW�DQG�)LVK�IRU�'HYHORSPHQW • Strengthen its dialogue with the Norwegian busi ness sector on opportunities for investment in ocean industries in developing countries and thus contribute to value and job creation. • Seek to protect blue vegetation and blue forests WKURXJK�H΍RUWV�QDWLRQDOO\�DQG�LQWHUQDWLRQDOO\�LQ� order to maintain carbon storage and safeguard marine biodiversity. • Prepare a strategy to intensify H΍RUWV�WR�GHDO�ZLWK� environmental crime both nationally and inter nationally. • ΖQWHQVLI\�H΍RUWV�WR�SUHYHQW�DQG�H[SRVH�ȴVKHULHV� crime in Norway and internationally. One channel for international work will be the ‘Blue Justice’ initi DWLYH�WR�DVVLVW�GHYHORSLQJ�FRXQWULHV�FRPEDW�ȴVKHU ies crime. • Highlight the importance of the oceans as a IRRGbVRXUFH in national and international work, for example by following up the Global Action Network Sustainable Food from the Oceans and ΖQODQG�:DWHUV�IRU�)RRG�6HFXULW\�DQG�1XWULWLRQ�DV� SDUW�RI�WKH�81�'HFDGH�RI�$FWLRQ�RQ�1XWULWLRQ� �����Ȃ�������:RUN�ZLOO�LQFOXGH�VXSSRUW�IRU�PHDV ures and initiatives to improve utilisation of resources and reduce food waste and the further development of good monitoring systems for documenting healthy and safe seafood. 48 The Government's pages on ocean-related matters KWWSV���ZZZ�UHJMHULQJHQ�QR�HQ�WRSLFV� KDYHW�LG�������� High-level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy KWWS���RFHDQSDQHO�RUJ Barentswatch collects, develops and shares information about Norwegian coastal and ocean areas. KWWSV���ZZZ�EDUHQWVZDWFK�QR�HQ� Integrated Marine Management Plans information on Norway’s ecosystem-based marine management plans KWWSV���WHPD�PLOMRGLUHNWRUDWHW�QR�QR� +DYIRUXP�)RUVLGH�(QJOLVK� MAREANO maps depth and topography, sediment composition, habitats and pollutants on the seabed in Norwegian waters KWWS���ZZZ�PDUHDQR�QR�HQ Norwegian Petroleum Fact about the Norwegian oil and gas industry KWWSV���ZZZ�QRUVNSHWUROHXP�QR�HQ� Innovation Norway is Norway’s main instrument for innova tion, and promotes the Norwegian busi ness sector abroad and Norway as a tourist destination. KWWSV���ZZZ�LQQRYDVMRQQRUJH�QR�HQ� VWDUW�SDJH� Norwegian Centres of Expertise are mature clusters with a national position LQ�WKH�1RUZHJLDQ�ΖQQRYDWLRQ�&OXVWHUV� programme. KWWS���ZZZ�QFHFOXVWHUV�QR�DERXW�QFH� Research Council of Norway SURPRWHV�KLJK�TXDOLW\�UHVHDUFK�DQG� innovation to build up knowledge for DbVXVWDLQDEOH�IXWXUH� KWWSV���ZZZ�IRUVNQLQJVUDGHW�QR�HQ� Enova provides funding for projects to bring about Norway’s transition to a low-emission society. KWWSV���ZZZ�HQRYD�QR�DERXW�HQRYD� Siva ΖV�D�JRYHUQPHQW�IXQGLQJ�LQVWUXPHQW�WKDW� invests in property and facilitates the development of businesses and knowledge communities throughout the country. KWWSV���VLYD�QR�"ODQJ HQ Norwegian Seafood Council UHVSRQVLEOH�IRU�PDUNHWLQJ�LQLWLDWLYHV�IRU�ȴVK� DQG�ȴVK�SURGXFWV�DEURDG�DQG�DW�KRPH KWWSV���HQ�VHDIRRG�QR Norwegian Maritime Authority the regulatory authority for Norwegian registered vessels and for foreign vessels calling at Norwegian ports. KWWSV���ZZZ�VGLU�QR�HQ� Directorate of Fisheries the advisory and executive body for the ȴVKHULHV�DQG�DTXDFXOWXUH�DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ�� KWWSV���ZZZ�ȴVNHULGLU�QR�(QJOLVK Further information 49 Norwegian Petroleum Directorate the advisory and executive body for the petroleum administration. KWWSV���ZZZ�QSG�QR�HQ� Norwegian Coastal Administration the advisory and executive body for the ports and navigable waters administration. KWWSV���ZZZ�N\VWYHUNHW�QR�HQ Norwegian Environment Agency a directorate under the Ministry of Climate and (QYLURQPHQW��ΖWV�PDLQ�UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV�DUH� reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, nature management and pollution prevention. KWWSV���WHPD�PLOMRGLUHNWRUDWHW�QR�HQ� Norwegian Energy Partners promotes the interests of Norwegian energy companies in international markets. KWWSV���ZZZ�QRUZHS�FRP Petroleum Safety Authority Norway the supervisory body for safety, emergency preparedness, and working environment in the petroleum industry. KWWSV���ZZZ�SWLO�QR�HQ�"ODQJ QRB12 Norwegian Food Safety Authority the Government supervisory agency for plant, ȴVK�DQG�DQLPDO�KHDOWK��DQG�IRRG�VDIHW\� KWWSV���ZZZ�PDWWLOV\QHW�QR�ODQJXDJH�HQJOLVK� Norwegian Veterinary Institute national centre of expertise in biosecurity in ȴVK�DQG�ODQG�DQLPDOV�� KWWSV���ZZZ�YHWLQVW�QR�HQ Institute of Marine Research one of the largest marine research institutes LQ�(XURSH� KWWSV���ZZZ�KL�QR�HQ Norwegian Polar Institute’s activities focus on environmental management needs in the polar regions. KWWSV���ZZZ�QSRODU�QR�HQ� 1RȴPD UHVHDUFK�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW�IRU�WKH�DTXDFXOWXUH�� ȴVKHULHV�DQG�IRRG�LQGXVWULHV KWWSV���QRȴPD�QR�HQ� Norwegian Seafood Research Fund UHVHDUFK�IXQGLQJ�IRU�WKH�ȴVKHULHV�DQG� DTXDFXOWXUH�LQGXVWULHV KWWSV���ZZZ�IKI�QR�IKI�DERXW�IKI�HQJOLVK� Centre for the Ocean and the Arctic is to strengthen the knowledge of the blue economy in the North. KWWSV���RFHDQDUFWLF�RUJ Norwegian Centre for Oil Spill Preparedness and Marine Environment is a nationally and internationally leading centre of expertise on oil spill preparedness and response and marine plastic litter. KWWSV���ZZZ�PDULQWPLOMR�QR�IURQWSDJH�QRUZH gian-centre-for-oil-spill-preparedness-and-ma ULQH�HQYLURQPHQW� The Norwegian Export Credit Guarantee Agency D�JRYHUQPHQW�ȴQDQFLDO�HQWHUSULVH�WKDW�SURYLGHV� long-term guarantees and helps Norwegian companies in all sectors to secure funding and export contracts. KWWSV���ZZZ�JLHN�QR�IURQWSDJH� The Fram Centre High North Research Centre for Climate and WKH�(QYLURQPHQW� KWWSV���ZZZ�IUDPFHQWUH�FRP 50 Published by: Norwegian Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries Additional copies may be ordered from: Norwegian Government Security and Service Organisation www.publikasjoner.dep.no Telephone: + 47 22 24 00 00 Publications are also available on: www.government.no Publication number: W-0026 E Design: Anagram Design Print: Norwegian Government Security and Service Organisation 10/2019 - Impression 250 Revised 10/2019