Water Supply and Sanitation Policy

I.= .I· I I .I I I I I I. I: . I I I I I I • I ' Government of Zamfara State i . 't ' r . I I { ' I ·\ ~ ' ' ' ' ' ·,, I l<f ,'ti,. \l'lifi I I ,• ., , ,, , I ,, .., ! , ·' - ' I Water Supply and Sanitation Policy January 2014 I I I I I I I Table of Contents List of Abbreviations/ Acronyms: .................................................................................. 4 PREFACE ............................................................................................................................ 7 Policy Guidelines ........................................................................................................... 16 a. Communities: ......... ~ ............................... • .................................................................. 16 Sector Reforms .................................................................................... : ........................... 17 2.1 National Policy and Legal Framework ............................................................... 21 2.2 National Policy Cost sharing arrangement ...................................................... 23 3.1 WATER SUPPLY SITUATION IN ZAMFARA STATE ................................................. 25 3.1 GEOGRAPHY: ........................................................................................................ 25 . 3.2 HYDROG EOLOGY ........................... ......... ............... ...... ...... ... ............... .............. 25 4.0 THE NEED FOR THE POLICY: .................................................................................. 26 5.0 CORE PRINCIPLES AND VALUES ........................................................................... 29 6.0 POLICY TH RUST....................................................................................................... 30 7 .0 POLICY GOAL........................................................................................................... 31 7 .1 Policy Objectives .................................................................................................... 32 7.2 Policy targets for Water Supply and Sanitation ............................................... 33 7 .3 Policy Guidelines .................................................................................................. 34 8.0 KEY COMPONENT OF THE POLICY: ....................................................................... 36 8.1 Water Supply ........................................................................................................... 36 8.1.1 Urban and small Town Water Supply ............................................................. 36 8.1.2 Rural Water Supply .......................................................................................... 40 8. l.2a Tech nology ....................................................................................................... 41 8.1.2b Community Management ................... ~ .......................................................... 42 8.2 Operation and Maintenance .............................................................................. 43 l L I ■ II Ill ii II • II I I I I ·~ - • I • • • ' II I 8.3 Financial Mechanisms .................................................. ~ ...................................... 43 8.4 Mechanisms for Delivery .................................................................................... 44 9.0 SANITATION ............................................................................................................ 45 .. . 9.1 Technology ......................................................................................................... 46 9.2 Households and Individual Responsibilities ....................................... ~···············47 9.3 Community-based Approach .............................................................................. 47 9.4 Prioritization of most Vulnerable Communities ............................................... 48 10.0 HEALTH AND HYGIENE PROMOTION ................................................................... 48 10.1 Water supply and sanitation in schools/public places ...... : ........................... 50 11.0 SECTOR REFORM .................................................................................................... SO 11.1 Sector Coordination ............................................................................................ 50 11.2 Separation of Functions ............... , ...................................................................... 51 11.3 Sector Regulation ................................................................................................ 51 11.4 Sector Accountability .......................................................................................... 52 11.5 Cost Recovery ...................................................................................................... 52 11.6 Gender Consideration ........................................................................................ 54 11. 7 Pro-poor Consideration .......................................................... ~··························· 54 11.8 Water Supply and Sanitation Integration ........................................................ 54 11.9 Environmental and Health Concerns ................................................................ 55 11.10 Sector-wide Approach to Planning ................................................................. 55 11.11 Policy Review .................................................................................................... 55 12.0 INSTUTUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................ .56 12.1 Key Players ........................................................................................................... 56 12.2 Roles and Responsibilities of Key Players ........................................................ 57 12.3 Ministry of Water Resources ......................................................................... 5 7 ■ • 12.4 The Zamfara State Water Board .................................................................... 58 • 12.6 Rural and Water Sanitation Agency (RUWASSA) .......................................... 60 • 12.7 Roles and Responsibilities of Related MDAs ................................................. 61 12.7a Regulation and Coordination Department .................................................. 61 • 12. 7b LGA WASH Department............................................................................... 62 • 12.8 Roles and Responsibilities of Other Partners ................................................ 63 12.8a Department Support Partners ......................................................................... 64 • 12.8b Communities ...................................................................................................... 64 • 12.8c Private Sector ................................................................................................... 65 12.8d NG Os ................................................................................................................. 66 • 13 KEY REFORM STRATEGIES ......................................................................................... 67 • 13.1 Human Resources Development ....................................................................... 67 • • 13.2 Research and Development............................................................................. 68 • 13.3 Strategic Planning and Implementation .......................................................... 68 13.4 Legislative Implications ...................................................................................... 69 • 13.5 Monitoring and Evaluation ................................................................................. 70 ~ • 14.0 Climate Change ..................................................................................................... 71 14.1 CONCLU,$1ON .................................................................................................... ~ .... 72 • • I I I I • • ■ I I I I I I I I I I I ~ II • • • • • .; • • List ~f Abbreviation/Acronyms CLTS: CSO: CSS: DFID: ECO: EDF: EIA: EPA: EU: FGN: Fig.: FMAWR: FPIU: GIS: GPS: HC: IMS: IWRM: ZARDA: ZSWB: LEEDS: COMMUNITY led total sanitation Civil Society Organosation Community Support Stragegy Departnent of International Development (UK. Gov. Development European Commission Delegation European Development Fund Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Protection Agency European Union Federal Government of Nigeria Figure Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources Federal Programmme Implementation Unit Geographical Information System Global Positioning System House Connection Information Management System Integrated Water Resources Managem~nt Zamfara Agricultural and Rural Development Agency Zamfara State Water Board (Urban and Water Supply) Local Economic Empowerment and Development 4 ■ I II I • • I I I I I I ; I I I I I I~ I~ I I List of abbreviations/acronyms LGA: MDGs: MoU: MWR: M&E: MTSS: NDHS: NGO: NPC: O&M: PPP: RBDA: RUWASSA: SEEDS: SMWR: STOWA: SWB: UfW: UNICEF: VIP: Strategy Local Government Area Millennium Development Goals Memorandum of Understanding Ministry of Water Resources Monitoring and Evaluation Medium Term Sector Strategies National Economic Empowerment And Development strategy Non Governmental Organization National Planning Commission Operation And Maintenance Public Private Partnership River Basin Development Authority Rural Water Supply And Sanitation Agency States Economic Empowerment A Development Strategy State Ministry Of Water Resources Small Town Water Supply And Sanitation State Water Board (Urban Water Supply) Unaccounted-For-Water United Nations Children's Fund Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine 5 ■ I u s t o f a b b re v ia t io n s la c ro n y m s I WASH: WCA: I WHO: I WS&S: WTP: I I I I I I I I I I I I I; I I water sanitation and hygiene water consumer association world health organization water supply and sanitation sector reform programme water treatment plant 6 I I I I I I I • I I I • • • I I I • . ; - • Water is life and a fundamental human right. Provision of' good quality and sufficient water for domestic and industrial uses is essential to healthy living and sustainable socio-economic development. Similarly, access to adequate sanitation facilities and hygiene education are indispensable to the provision of good health and dignified life. Available statistics in the state show that 48. 7% of households in the state have access to improved source of drinking water through developed surface water, boreholes and protected wells, while 45.2% of households have access to good means of sanitary disposal, (Natio nal Demographic and Health Survey, 2008). Also, available hea1th statistics indicate that a large percentage of Zamfara State population, particularly women and children suffer routinely from water borne diseases . The Zamfara State Government in line with its economic and social agenda which is pro-poor and gender responsive is poised to address the problems of Water supply and sanitation, with Millennium Development Goals (MDG's) viz:- • To halve by the year 2020 the number of people who are unable to access or afford safe drinking water; • To halve the proportion of people who do have access to basic sanitation by 2020 7 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I; I I • To manage the exploitation of water resources in a sustainable •• manner; This and other challenges in the sector inform the review pf the state water supply policy. The goals set in this policy are intended to acknowledge the fact that water is an essential human right and being a conscious people- •• oriented government, the realization of this basic need of life has become a priority. Previous attempts by the past Governments to improve the provision of potable water supply and adequate sanitation have been piecemeal and lacked co-ordination and focus. The new policy guidelines are therefore developed to correct the anomalies for the effective socio-economic development of the state. The document has therefore put in place modalities designed to involve all the stakeholders in the realization of . adequate, potable and sustainable water supply. Delivery on this commitment will be a tough challenge that requires the combined efforts of all key stakeholders at all levels. However, I am hopeful that with the arrangement put in place in this document which has defined commitments and responsibilities, the implementation of the policy shall by no means achieve the required goals and thereby improve the lives of our people. On behalf of the Ministry of Water Resources, I wish to acknowledge the •· contribution of key partners including EU- WSSSRP, Water Aid Nigeria, UNICEF, NGOs and other stakeholders both within and outside Zamfara 8 ■ • I I I I I I I I I ,. ... I I I I I I I I I I State that have made inputs through meetings, Workshops, advocacies, interviews and visits in the realization of this very important document. In conclusion, I am optimistic that the stage is set to meeting the challenges of Water and Sanitation in Zamfara State, in this millennium and beyond. Eng ( ,/Hon. Commissioner Ministry of Water Resources 9 ■ II • I • • • I I I I I • • I I I I 1~ • I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Zamfara State is one of thirty-six states that constitute Federal Republic of Nigeria. It has total population of 3,278,873 Million (2006 census) and it is situated in north-western part of the Country between Latitude 12°N to 10°N and Longitudes 6°E to 15°E with the total area of 39,762 km2 (15,352sq mi). To the north Zamfara share a unique International border with Niger Republic, to the south by Katsina State and to the West by Sokoto and Niger State. Existing water supply situation Available statistics according to NDHS (2008), indicate that 48.7% of the state population has access to safe water while 45.2% have access to sanitation. Health statistics also indicate that nearly half of Zamfara people, particularly women and children, suffer from water related diseases. The situation continues to pose a serious challenge to the State Government. Need of the Policy To ensure the attainment of government's commitment to the provision of portable water, the Ministry of water Resources was established and charge with the responsibility of guaranteeing effective management of water resources in the state. The 10 - I .. .. I ~ I I I I I I I formulation of a water supply is part of the process of ensuring that the Ministry has a tool for providing the expected leadership in the sector. The policy will therefore provide coherent approach to addressing the problems identified in the sector which includes: I. Lack of clearly defined water supply policy direction II. Weak institutional framework for the delivery of service Ill. Limited mandate for Local Government Water Environment and sanitation units. IV. Poor maintenance culture for existing facilities V. High cost of operation and maintenance of facilities VI. Inadequate manpower VII. Ineffective coordination of the activities of various Agencies VIII. Limited allocation of financial resources I IX. Limited private sector participation I = • The policy will also help to put in perspective the way targets should I I be pursued and implemented over time Core Principles and Values The provisions of water supply service are to be implemented within the framework of internationally and nationally agreed principles and values. These are based on the following: I. Water is a finite and vulnerable resources, thus requiring an integrated approach to its management. 11 ----- --· ., ---·- --- - . .' I : I - II "' • • I I I I I I I r I I I I II. Water is both a social and economic good, and therefore require the adoption of efficient utilization mechanisms as well as ensuring that it is equitably distributed . Ill. Water development and management should be based on the participatory approach involving users, planners, and policy makers at all levels. IV. Women play a central role in the provision, management and safeguarding of water, which should be reflected in effective participation at all levels. V. Attention shquld be placed on policy development, institutional reform, capacity building, and creation of an enabling legal environment. VI. Water resources should be managed at the lower appropriate levels. VII. CSOs, CBOs and other NGOs should be empowered to paly key roles in promoting transparency, accountability, rule of law, efficiency and other ingredients necessary for good water governance in service delivery in the state. In adopting these as the core values of the policy framework, the government of Zamfara State is expressing its commitment to promoting integrated water supply and sanitation service delivery that is people centered, as ensuring that existing water resources are used with a view that they will continue to serve the needs of the future generation. 12 I J. - ' I I I I I I I I I Q • ... I I I I I I I~~ Policy Thrust The key focus is to use water supply and sanitation provision as a tools for improving health and wealth, particularly for women and children, thereby leading to poverty reduction. In consonance with this, the policy is based on an integrated approach that requires a mix of strategies such as the provision of physical facilities, sustained hygiene education, community empowerment for effective participation and the active involvement of private sector and NGOs in service delivery. The thrust of this policy therefore is based on the understanding that access to safe water supply and adequate sanitation, at least at the minimum level of service is seen as a right to all citizens of Zamfara State. Policy Obiective The objectives set for the achievement of this policy are: I. To increase the level of water supply and sanitation services II. To increase access to water and sanitation service Ill. To reduce the incidence of water related diseases in order to improve the quality of life and reduce poverty especially among women and children. 13 .. ... "'- b. Level of Service • Rural water supply represents settlement with population of less than 5,000 with minimum supply standard of 30 liters per day; • Small towns water ~~p,ly represents settlements with a population of 5,000 - 20,000 with a minimum supply standard of 60 liters per day; • Urban water supply represents settlements with population greater than 20,000 inhabitants, with a minimum standard of 90 liters per day and at least 6 hours of continues piped water supply services to households and public stand pipes where applicable. c. Distance of Water Source from Dwelling The distance of potable water source from the dwelling should not exceed 250m or 30mins walking/waiting time. This will minimize the trauma that the women, men, youths and children, particularly the girls-child suffer. d. Other Sector Target • Schools: All public primary and secondary schools are to have functional water supply and sanitation facilities by the year 2020. The level of access to water supply service should be such that each pupil gets at least 20 liters of water per day. • Other public places: All public pla 1 ces including Hospitals, places of Worship, Market, Motor parks, Community centers, stadia etc should have functional water supply and sanitation facilities by 2020. 15 ,. rl r i I I . i • I .. I I I I I I I I I r I I I I I I, t I I POLICY GUIDELINES a. Comm'.unities: For the purposes of this policy and in line with national classification, .. communities refer to: • Urban - those with population above 20,000 people; including all LGA Headquarters. • Small Towns - communities with population between 5,000 and 20,000; • Rural - communities with population up to less than 5,000. b. Technology For Zamfara State; technology options can include: • Urban: Boreholes, Infiltration Galleries and surface water abstraction, etc. • Small Towns: Motorize boreholes, solar powered schemes, etc • Rural: Hand pumps, small solar schemes, rainwater harvesting, Wind pumps, protected wells, small earth dams. Where a rural community is contiguous with a town classified as urban or small town, •it will be served by the agency responsible for providing that urban community with water supply service. 16 .. .. The demand-driven approach shall be used to promote the willingness of communities, private sector and citizen groups to participate in the delivery ci>f sustainable services. Sector Reforms For effective implementation of the policy, there is need for· institutional reforms at State and Local Government levels. Zamfara State Government will continue to provide leadership as well as the political will needed to push the change processes envisaged especially in regulation, accountability, public-private partnership, gender and pro-poor focus. Conclusion The development of this water supply policy is a testimony of the strong commitment of government and the conviction of the citizens that challenges associated to water supply are understood and can be addressed in a systematic manner. v· While efforts has been made to bring together Government's focus based on necessary global reform strategies into this policy. It is believed that wherever is being proposed is for the present and future generations. With the current development efforts especially in the water sector, Zamfara State is ready to move the level of basic access to water to a more commercial, customer oriented and citizen based water service provision. 17 'i I: i: i I .. .. . ;: •-.. ;;I, To ensure Government oommitments to the implementation of this policy, and to attract wider and effective participation. Also, key elementsiof the policy·wi111be drafted into a legal framework which will empower: the implem~t~rs and also provide a level playing ground for citizens, private, publib and community to participate in meeting the challenges in a sustainable manner. 1.0 INTRODUCTION The design of the policy has been based on principles and processes used in the water supply sector, and are IWRM compliant, that is, it conforms to the holistic approach presented by integrated water resources management (IWRM). There is a section that gives an overview of the sector. This is a presentation of the general situation in Nigeria and Zamfara State in particular. There is also an enumeration of the principles and values understanding the policy. The section on policy thrust is a presentation of the goals, objectives, targets and guidelines for its implementation. The main section, which includes key components of the policy, cover the core areas of activity - water supply for urban, small towns (semi - urban), and rural areas. The issues outlined include technology choice, community management, operation and maintenance, and mechanisms for delivery. The section on water sanitation focuses on attitudinal change, roles of the Local Governments, households and communities and the use of labor-based approaches. 18 I ' I , ,,! l I: I l I I' • I .. I I I I I Other section of the policy focus mainly on NGOs and private sector participation, human : resources development, research and development, informatidn management and monitoring, assessment of the legislative ;$~~ironment and development56 of a strategic framework. The conclu$ion highlights the consistency between this policy and the general policy directed of the Government and proposes steps for taking the policy forward. The critical issue to be consider is the fact that the policy provides the framework for engagement in the water supply sector. It is not an operational plan. This implies taking each section and developing an implementation framework that can be package into programmes. The formulation of the document has been achieved through the relentless effort of many people, these efforts is highly acknowledged. 2.0 GENERAL OVERVIEW The government of Nigeria recognizes water and sanitation as the most important need of man. Various government initiatives geared towards mee!ing this basic and important need have been designed in the post. In spite of these initiatives, it is estimated that majority of peoples in the rural and urban areas still lack access to portable water suppli and sanitation. The situation is such that average delivery in urban areas is only 32 liters per capita per day and 1 O liters per capita per day for rural area. The picture as it exists now process a great challenge to government at all levels. 19 11 I I I I I The United nation declared the period 1980 as the water and sanitation decade. The key element of water decade is full coverage of water and sanitation for all citizens of the member countries of the UN. The African Cony~ntion and Conservation of Nature and Natural :J.,· . . Resources enjoins me·mber States to develop policies for the conservation, utilization and development of underground anel surface water. As a signatory to both the UN Declaration and the African Convention, the Government of Nigeria has i.nitiated various interventions in water supply and sanitation sector. At the time of the review of the Water Decade by the African Working Group of the Collaborative Council on Water and Sanitation, Nigeria was identifies as one of the few countries with a draft water and sanitation policy. In 1992, Nigeria developed the Rural Water and Sanitation Sector Strategy and Action Plan. Urban and semi-urban schemes were also being implemented through the State Water Boards/Corporations. Through the policy and programme identified, the Government initiatives yielded positive results. Overall performance in the sector indicates that coverage of water and sanitation has reached 57% and 42% for water and sanitation respectively. In spite of these achievements, available statistics indicate that there is more to be done, if the goals of Water Decade of universal coverage s to be attained. 20 ., .. The implementation process has resulted in lesson learning and this helped to inform the design of interventions in the sector. A review of the 1992 policy led to the design of a new Water and Sanitation Policy in 2000 as ,i;MWI~ as a strategic framework . to guide the implementation of the po1icy. In addition, the small Towns Water and Sanitation programme, is currently under implementation. The Go\/ernment of Nigeria developed its blue print, the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), for the socio-economic transformation of the country. Core to the success of the blue print, is institutional reforms at all levels of Government. The section on Water Resources sector clearly states that potable water, as a basic necessity is not available to a vast majority of the populace. The policy direction of the Government is to eradicate the scourge of water related diseases and improve supply and management for other production activities. The effort of the federal government of Nigeria are geared towards creating and enabling environment for public-private sector partnership, providing a lead to states so they can formulate their own policies and strategies for the provision of water supply and sanitation service in the country. 2.1 National Policy and Legal Framework Consequently, upon the preparation of the National Water Resources Master plan in 1995, the Water Resources Management Reform programme commencing in 1997. This programme carried out a 21 \l I I! I I [; !· l t ~ I I I I I I I I r I I I I I I ., I I water sector review in the area of Legal and Regulatory Framework, Institutional framework ,and participatory approach, information and Water Resources data base, Water Resources Economics and Financial, enviror,JPTT~~ and Resources Sustainability, Water Resources Infrastructure, Assets and Assets Management and International Waters. Meanwhile, in the year 2000, the Federal Government came up with the National Water Resources and Sanitation Policy which aims at providing sufficient portable water and sanitation to all Nigerians in an affordable and sustained manner through participatory investment by the three tiers of Government, the private sector and the beneficiary communities. The elements of the policy objective include: • Ensuring affordability of water supply and sanitation services for the citizens. • Guaranteeing affordable access for the poor to basic human need level of water supply and sanitation services. The National Water and Sanitation states that reform agenda is based on the following principles: a. Water is an economic good b. Equity and poverty alleviation c. Autonomy of water supply and sanitation services provides d. Management at the lowest appropriate level, public participation e. Policy making and regulatory role of government. 22 : f. The policy makes the supply of adequate water supply and sanitation a right of all Nigerians . " g. It gives responsibility to the tree tiers of government, the private sector and the benefi7)A'·· h. It recognize water as an economic good and the need to run water supplies as businesses i. It identified the need for reform and for private sector participation. j. It recognizes the special needs of women and the poor, and need to l'ink improved sanitation with water supply. 2.2 National Policy Cost Sharing Arrangement The 2000 National WSS Policy also clearly gives responsibility to the three tiers of Government, the private sector and beneficiary in term of the contribution to WSS services delivery, as followings: COST SHARING FOR CAPITAL INVESTMENT --- AGENCY RURAL SMALL URBAN WATER TOWNS WATER FED. GOVT 50% 50% 30% -- STATE 25% 30% 60% GOVT ·- LOCAL 20% 15% 10% GOVT COMMUNITY 5% 5% NIL ~ 23 -- I I i . i • I I, l I I I I I r : Arising From the National Water and sanitation policy~ all states are expected to develop sta 1 te water policy within the context of their respective peculiariM~ I The Zamfara State has taken up this challenge by domesticating the National Water and Sanitation Policy .. document for the management and development of its water sector in the state, as follows: ... Cost Sharing for Capital Investment by Government Agencies Agency Rural Water Small Towns Urban Wa ter Sanitation Water · Sanitation Sanitation -- Fed Govt. 50% 50% 30% State Govt. 25% 30°/o 60% Local Govt. 23% 18% 10% Community 2% 2% NIL Where the Federal Government is not participating in the cost sharing arrangement, the state, Local government and the cornmunities shall adopt an appropriate cost sharing formula Zamfara State Government recognizes water and sanitation to be essential for maintaining a healthy life and environment; both are fundamental for socio-economic development of the State. This conviction has guided the design of intervention aimed at improving coverage of water and sanitation services. The Core Welfare 24 I l:' 'I I . .. ... a Indicators Questionnaire survey (CWIQ) provides a printer on the level of need for improved water supply and sanitation and this continues to pose a challenge for the State Government. 3.0 WATER SUPPLY Slt--ttA-TION IN ZAMFARA STATE 3.1 GEOGRAPHY Zamfara State is one of thirty-six states that constitute Federal Republic of Nigeria. It has 14 Local Government and it is situated in north-western part of the Country between Latitude 12°N to 1 o0N and Longitudes 6°E to 15°E with the total area of 39,762 km2 (15,352sq mi). It has To the north Zamfara share a unique International border with Niger Republic, it has Sokoto State to the north, Kebbi and Niger state to the west, Katsina to the east and Kaduna to the south. 3.2 HYDROGEOLOGY RIVERS AND,LAKES There are Four major Rivers in the State namely:- Ka, Bunsuru, •• Gagare and Zamfara. Also there are several lakes in Zamfara:- the most famous ones are Dangulbi (Kakale) and Bakura (Natu). Smaller ones include Saru (Gummi) and Jena (Zurmi) Badarawa (Homne) in Shinkafi CLIMATE AND RAIN FALL 25 : The mean annual rainfall' in the State varies slightly, from the northern to the Southern parts of tttle state, while an average amount of rain fall . ll in the area fluctuate betweer:1 86 and 80 millimeters in a year. CLIMATE:- a) Dry se~1 including Whirl wind - November to May 1 b) Rainy se~son1.June to October POPULATION Zamfara State has total population of 3,278,873 Million (2006 census) inhabitant with an annual growth rate of 3.0%. Life expectancy as at 2006 was about 51 years with a total fertility rate of abo~t 6.3 children per women of childbearing age (a little above the national average). Although population of the State is predominantly rural (91 %), the distribution in terms of sex is almost equal between the male (50.7%) and female (49.3%). This pattern of population distribution is same across various constituencies in the State and between urban and rural areas. 1l T Average household size is about 6. 7 almost all of which are headed by males. About 60% of household heads are self-employed with agriculture as their main occupation (motto'. Farming is our Pride) and nearly two-thirds of these households are monogamous families. Access to portable water is 65% while access to sanitation is 55% (CWIQS 2006) 4.0 THE NEED FOR THE POLICY To enhance the attainment of the Government's commitment to the provision of portable water and improved sanitation, the Government 26 r i ;~ established the State Ministry of Water Resources and other relevant agencies. The Ministry is charged with the overall responsibility of . a ensuring effective management of water resources. Most specifically, it is responsible for Pt-~~~fl a leadership role in the delivery of water supply policy is therefore . part of the process of ensuring that the Ministry has a tool for providing the expected leadership. The key implementation agencies for the delivery of water supply and sanitation interventions have collectively increase access to portable water and coverage of sanitation services. In spite ofthe enormous tasks assigned them, these agenesis have been operating an audited policy thus the need for a policy review. The policy framework is essential so that clear monitoring mechanisms are put in place to access the level of performance in the sector. The Zamfara State Government will need the policy as an effective tool that the sector is included in the state wide development plans. In particular, Zamfara State is currently facing certain challenges in the sector which the policy needs to address some of which include: • Overstretched infrastructure • Weak sector coordination in water and sanitation • Financial constraint • Poverty • Insufficient baseline data. • Difficult in construction of latrine due to Loose nature of the soil 27 i l I i .. . • Poor household sanitation practices and culture e.g . ► Ignorance of some households on the need to cover pit latrine ► Some community l~~er believe that use of toilets attract poverty • Insufficient water and sanitation facilities in many schools and public places. • High prevalence of water related diseases especially amongst the poor women and children in the state. In a nutshell the policy provides a coherent approach to addressing the problems identified in the sector and these includes: I. Lack of clearly defined water supply and sanitation policy direction II. Weak institutional framework for the delivery of services Ill. Limited mandate for Local Government Water Environmental and sanitation units or department. IV. Poor maintenance culture for existing facilities (both urban and rural) "-v. High cost of operation and maintenance of facilities :;YI. Inadequate manpower VII. Ineffective coordination of the activities of various Agencies VIII. Inadequate allocation of financial resources IX. Limited or absence of private sector psrticipation The formulation of this policy is indicator of the attainment of one of the milestones set in the sector. Most importantly, it helps to put in perspective the way targets should be pursued and implemented over time 28 t I' I ~w .i} p v~ f' ···~ i'' i' fi l ', I i.' ;.5.0 001,:~ PRINCIPLP1AND VALUES i : ,, Th~ prbvision of water supply and sanitation service are to be f! ' ' I I I I ,· I I I I I I I 11 I I. 11. 111. IV. V. . implem~nted within the framework of internationally and nati9nally agreed: principles and values. This principle seeks to ensure i sustainable access to sate and adequate clean water supply and sanitatibn. The principle and values adopted to guide the design of this poliicy are based mainly on the outcome of the Dublin conference and subsequent global forums. These are: Water is a finite and vulnerable resource, thus requiring an integrated approach to its management. Water is both a social and economic good, and therefore require the adoption of efficient utilization mechanisms as well as ensuring it is equitably distributed. Water development and management should be based on the participatory approach involving users, planners, and policy makers at all levels. Women play a central role in the provision, management and safeguarding of water, which should be reflected in effective participation at all levels. Attention should be paid to effective and sustainable operation and maintenance. 29 ~I. Emphasis; should be placed on policy development, institutional reform, capacity building, and creation of an enabling legal VII. ✓Ill. .. 0 environment. Water resources shou~~~e managed at the lower appropriate levels. CSOs, CBOs and other NGOs should be empowered to play key roles in promoting transparency, accountability, rule of law, efficiency • and other ingredients necessary for good water governance in service delivery in the state. The above are an embodiment of issue critical to ensuring sustainable livelihoods as well as create a balance in the in the management of the environment. By adopting these as the core values of the policy framework, the government of Zamfara State is expressing its commitment to promoting integrated water supply and sanitation service delivery that is people centered, as ensuring that existing water resources are used with a view that they will continue to serve the needs of the future generation . 6.0 POLICY THRUST Available statistics accordance to NDHS (2008) indicates that 78.7% of the state population has access to safe water while 22.2% have access to sanitation. However the rural areas have not been adequately captured by the surveys. Health statistics also indicate that nearly half (about 49%) of Zamfara people, particularly women and children, suffer from water related diseases. The situations continue to pose a serious challenge to the State Government 30 I,; The State Government • is determined to face the challenge by continuing its initiatives in the provision of water supply and sanitation services. Services will continue to be provided for urban, small towns and rural communitie~-~-~ . The key; focus is to use water supply and sanitation provision as a tools for improving health and wealth, particularly f~r women .and children, thereby leading to poverty reduction. In consonance with this, the policy is based on an integrated approach that requires a mix of strategies such as the provision of physical facilities,. sustained hygiene education, community empowerment for effective participation and the active involvement of private sector and NGOs in service delivery. The thrust of this policy therefore is based on the understanding that access to safe water supply and adequate sanitation, at least at the minimum level of service is seen as a right to all citizens of Zamfara • State. 7 .0 POLICY GOAL The State Government's goal is to improve the well being and health of the people particularly that of women and children, by adopting an 31 • . 11 ihtegrated' approach in the provision of water supply and sanitation services iri, a sustainable manner . 7.1 POLICY OBJECTIVES .:,;~~-:.;: The objectives set for the achievement of this policy are: I. To increase the level of water supply and sanitation services II. To increase access to water and sanitation service Ill. To reduce the incidence of water related diseases in order to improve the quality of life and reduce poverty especially among women and children. IV. To provide a strategic framework based on the programmes will be designed to address the problems on a sustainable basis. V. To ensure effective private sector and civil society participation in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of water supply and sanitation service delivery. VI. To undertake institutional reforms within the sector, as part of the governance reform process, with a view to increasing the ,t efficiency and effectiveness of the Ministry of Water Resources and other services delivery Agencies. VII. To promote inclusive approaches which will ensure equality and gender considerations in water $upply and sanitation service delivery. VIII. To improve behavioral change on sanitation and hygiene amongst the populace. IX. To improve data generation, collection and processing. 32 r I t t I ' I I I I I .. r .. .. I I I I I l f· l I X. To in1crease level of funding. 7.2 POLICV TARGETS FOR WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION In line y,,ith the abQ}fJ:•objectives, specific targets are set and these are: a. Access Increase access to safe water in Zamfara State from the current 48. 7% to 90% by 2020 Attain 100% access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene by 2025 b. Level of Service Rural water supply represents settlement with population of less than 5,000 with minimum supply standard of 30 liters per capita per day; Small towns water supply represents settlements with a population of 5,000 - 20,000 with a minimum supply standard of 60 liters/capita per day; Urban water supply represents settlements with population greater than 20,000 inhabitants, with a minimum standard of 90 liters per capita p,er day and at least 6 hours of continues piped water supply services to households and public stand pipes where applicable. c. Distance of Water Source from Dwelling The distance of potable water source from the dwelling should not exceed 250m or 30mins walking/waiting time. This will minimize the trauma that the women, men, youths and children, particularly the girls-child suffer. d. Other Sector Target 33 . g "' .. Schools: 1AII public primary and secondary schools are to have functional: water supply by the year 2020. The level of access to water supply service should be such that each pupil gets at least 20 liters of water per day. .. ~ 'rJJl'.( t ~ Other public places: All public places including Hospitals, Markets, • places or Worship, Motor parks, Community centers, stadia ·etc should have functional water supply and sanitation facilities by 2020. 7.3 POLICY GUIDELINES For purposes of this policy and in line with national classification, communities refer to: • Urban - those with population above 20,000 people; including all LGA Headquarters. • Small Towns - communities with population between 5,000 and 20,000; • Rural - communities with population up to or iess than 5,000. For Zamfara State; technical options can include: • Urban: Boreholes, Infiltration Galleries and surface water abstraction, etc, for the state capital and all Local Government headquarters. • Small Towns: Motorize boreholes, solar powered sche.mes, etc, in all towns other than LG head quarters. • Rural: Hand pumps, small solar schemes, rainwater harvesting, Wind pumps, protected wells, small earth dams, etc 34 t; !, ,, '~F'j ;l i • ;JI ;1. ,:~¥ r • a rural community is contiguous with a town classified as • • ~j if~ :J~n11>Jn or small town, it will be served by the agency responsible for , ;jl IJi ;.; i:~~i -ing that urban community with water supply sanitation service. •P: /fr, 1.li I , ·"' Ii! trr :~::Jep;::::i::=~-h~hi: 0 ::~n:h: p~:t:::;:~\:: r:~::a;:~p~: 1 :;. . II t: i: l: I I i I "' I . . II I I I I I I I I I i tjf 30 liters per capita per day. The service point should prefer.ably. be • •• ·1 t vvlthin 250 meters of the community/ or household, serving about 250 ·: · n~ 1·t • ! ; . 1 . P.erso s per service point. . d . I I~: the case of rural and small towns' water supply, the demand-driven ~pprdach shall be used to assess the willingness of communities to participate in the delivery of sustainable services, except in the case t>f url:lan water and sanitation. The $tate Government will ensure the provision of highest levels of service for both rural and small town water supply and sanitation interventions, the guiding principle will be community participation in the planning, implementation, mafilagement, operation of the facilities provided . In providing urban water supply and sanitation schemes, emphasis will be placed on attaining high lev~ls of cost recovery and a concerted education of water users. The choice of technology shall be discussed with the community members, while bearing in mind the need to provide the highest 35 t \ service : level after due consideration of the costs (investment and operation). Service level refers to the quantity and quality of water, the amount of time needed to cotlfbt Water, and the reliability of the system. It is imli)ortaht to look at these levels in the choice of appropriate teehnolpgies. 8,0 KEY COMPONENTS OF THE POLICY 8J1 Water $upply " Driinkin9 water supply refers to provision of services in urban, small towns and rural communities. In this respect, adequate drinking water facilities shall be provided to the entire population both in urban, small towns and rural areas. The State Government also envisages that future irrigation and multi-purpose projects shall invariably include a drihking water supply component, particularly wherever there are no dependable alternative sources of drinking water. With the aim at reducing poverty, access to safe water needs of human beings shall be the first charge of any available water, thereafter; consideration will be giving for agriculture and industry. The focus is to ensure increased coverage from the present level to about 90% of the population by 2020, with particular emphasis on underserved local government headquarters and unreached rural communities and institution of cost-effective measures to ensure that services are provided at affordable price~ as well as increasing the efficiency of service providers in the sector. 36 . • . a Design mechanisms .for ensuring effective operation, maintenance and management systems for facilities and making users the pivot for ensuring lthe sustainatbility of the systems . Gender t::onsiderati~\V,u be given serious attention by adopting strategie~ for the engagement of women, both professionally and at the comrliunity level, in sector-related activities. Institutionalization of cost-sharing arrangement that will ensure full participation and ownership of communities in planning, implementation and monitoring of interventions as part of the process of promoting ownership, maintenance and managing of the facilities. . Provision of water supply and sanitation services that take into consideration, the need of the poor, through design mechanisms that will ensure their conclusion in the decision making process, as well as having access to good water supply and sanitation . 8.1.1 URBAN AND SMALL TOWNS WATER SUPPLY Purposes of ensuring that all the urban and small towns are adequately covered, government will continue to take responsibility for the initial capital cost of investment. The technology for the provision of urban and small towns water supply scheme shall be use of surface a·nd underground water 37 '1 ' I ., .. ; I; Ii I I I I I I ; I I II : . ll I I I I I I ·I I I sources, depending om the size/Jl)opulation of the community and the appropriateness of the technology. Water supply shall be based on a ' ' ' piped 1system and distributed to end users either directly in their premi~es or thro~-t- ~ublic standpipes. In cases of critical need, supple1mentary methods shall be employed. Water Consumer Associations (WCAs) shall be form in the. small towns by small towns agency of the Ministry of Water Resources and NGOs to lead the process of management of the systems. The water users will be actively involved in decision-making, particularly with regard to tariff setting and collection of user fees or charges. In line with national policy framework, existing and new assets constructed in small towns will be managed by the community and the people will become legal managers of the schemes, after signing a Memorandum of Understanding that transfers the assets to the community, with the appropriate Government Ministry Agency. To enhance the capacity of the Water Consumers Association in the management of the schemes, Private S~rvice Contractors could be engage to assist the communities in any of the following areas: • Production • Supply and sale • Billing and collection of charges • Routine preventive maintenance • Supply of spare parts 38 : : In line with these, the following shall be taken: ;: L a. Increase: budgetary allocation for upgrading and rehabilitation of ~ V ! 1 .: ! • urban add semi urban water supply schemes . r • ! b. Undertaking· of suf'l@Y· of existing urban and small town water Ii; ~ ~·. r: r f' !, ; i } t ,. ) schemes to assess their present state with a particular focus on unearthing causes for their failure and to develop a strategy for their rehabilitation and/or upgrading as well as designing mechanisms that will ensure their sustainability. c. Assess the needs of small towns that needs new facilities and putting in mechanisms that ensure effective participation anq ownership of the community members in decision on the choice of technology, design, implementation and management of the new schemes d. Undertaking a willingness and ability to pay survey for the installation and maintenance of the facilities in each of the beneficiary communities e. Institution of measures that will enswre strict control over activities, which endanger water resources such as dumping of wastes and a· sewage. f. Phased installations of meters for all users (both .domestic and commercial) to ease billing and tariff collection processes. g. Private sector participation in urban water supply especially for production, qistribution, meter reading, billing, O&M, etc. through partnership to reduce burden of the Government. h. Adaption of appropriate tariff regime that ensure a gradual increase of water rates so that the schemes can be self-supporting. 39 I ' I I I I i I I I I I .1 ·I I I I. Design of guidelines for the provision of water that ensures minimum approves water quality standards are strictly adhered to by both Government and other service providers. J. Assess the institu~i,9~al capacity of the agencies responsible and develop a plan for improving their responsiveness in the delivery of urban and small town water supply schemes. k. Design a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system arid plan that will help in the assessment of performance of sector institutions as well as the effectiveness with which services are delivered. In addition, the monitoring and evaluation system is. expected to improve institutional learning. I. To put in place a mechanism that will ensure effective participation of all stakeholders including women, CSOs, community members and users at the highest level of water Governance. For sustainability of the urban water supply service all systems will aim to self sustaining through gradual disengagement of the government and LGAs on O&M and the promotion of private sector participation (PSP). Water is consider as both social and economic good which mean that tariff will be designed to consider the poor and disadvantage through appropriate cross subsidies. 8.1.2 Rural Water Supply Rura~I dweller~ constitute the highest population and diseases are ?----L V~J ~rvf- most preven~ amongst the poorest of the poor. Government will 40 support to plan and implement sustainable water projects through a cost sharing formula between the State, Local Government and . a communities to enhance sustainability. Operation and maintenance of ... scheme constructed in the communities shall be their responsibilities. ::tr,.~ .. 8.1.2a Technology Technological choice will reflect community preferences but will' be geared towards giving the community the highest service level, taking into consideration the community's ability to maintain and willingness to contribute. Technical assistance will be provided so that communities can make informed decisions about the costs, service level and operation, maintenance requirements, and the appropriate location for the facilities. Property design hand dug wells are the technical choice for the rural communities where the hydrogeology is suitable. For shallow and easily permeable aquifers, hand drilling boreholes is an option to consider. Appropriate and cost effective technologies will be used in provision of WASH wherever possible, consideration will also be given to installation of piped water systems where the yield is very good and can serve more than two contiguous communities or where the community is very large but does not meet the criteria of a small town. To facilitate easy coordination and compliance, guidelines on the use of the various technologies will be developed. The guidelines will include steps to be taking such • as site section, methods of 41 • I t I I construction, technical specifications and other elements. These guidelines are essential in ensuring that the required service level is delivered to the people . . •. ~ All water points (pffiPEffty designed hand dug well and boreholes) shall t:Je fitted with a I 1and pump that conforms to the concept of .. village level operation and maintenance (VLOM) and communities trained on the operatior and maintenance of the pump. 8.1.2:b Community Manauement Community empowerm 3nt and participation in the management of service, is critical to th~ sustainability of the infrastructure (physical facilities) to be providec t. This will be focus for service delivery as it promotes the concept ('f ownership and make communities take full responsibility for sustc ining the water systems. In this vein, all programme targeted at rural communities shall have a comprehensive trainin J and capacity building component for community level instit Jtions. Public institution will facilitate and coordinate the proce~.s while local Government personnel and NGOs/CBOs will take responsibility for enhancing the capacity of communities in the management of the facilities through a "Training the Trainers Programme". Communities are ex~ ected to establish appropriate institutional structures that will be , esponsible for the day to day management of the facilities. Delibera1 e effort will be made to ensure woman are adequately representec t in the community structures. The community 42 : i strtuotu~ej will among other be responsible for monitoring pump use, • • . . I ; prC'motii~g hygiene education, pump maintenance, and collection of / I :; wse;n fe~s. The operational modalities shall be detailed out in the ! . ~ t • . strategitj framework ~er . l·i·. • .. •.• i' . 11. l ·, .. ·l:. I ., . ' ·: ~· ' \ • ; ,. , ~! . . r.: r i : V .,; 8~4-0p-,.ati♦n and Maintenance . ·In· Une: ~ith the national policy and the state government's vaiues, l ': opetatioh and maintenance for urban small towns will be • respons~bility of the Government in view of the fact that the !· I . c0nsum~rs pay tariffs. This does not preclude the participation of , I· , I• I . oth$r in~estors (Private Sector) . ! · I At the rt!Jral level, communities are directly responsible for operation amtl: :maihtenance of the facilities and will be assisted to design the md$t effective approaches for sustaining the facilities. The assistance require could be provided by the private sector actors, NGOs, and /or the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency. Local Government personnel will be actively involved with community level activities in ,· addition to operation and maintenance of the facilities. .... 8.3 Financial Mechanisms The financial mechanisms will be based on the water investment mobllization and application guidelines (WIMAG) and a cost-sharing arrangement between the State Government, Local Government, and communities. To ensure full coverage, the State Government will work jointly with Local Government Councils in packaging proposals I 1 43 I I I I . I I I I I I -I I I fo•r lsdurcing external grants and/or loans. A detailed cost-sharing f<ilrmu'la will be designed, using the national guidelines as the basis, while taking into consideration the different levels of poverty between GOm'niunities. ta.4 Meoh~nisms for Delivery I F"or pjurposes of ensuring effective implementation of the rural water supJblt component, the following steps will be taken: I. An assessment and mapping of existing rural water supply schemes to determine their current state and what needs to be done to make ttflem serve the needs of the people better. The mapping will involve the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) so that the data can be used for long-term planning in the sector. II. Based on the assessment, determine the number of communities that are either not covered or are underserved and develop an appropriate plan for targeting them. Communities not covered will be given preference during implementation of the plan. 111. IV. Undertake willingness and ability to pay surveys in communities demanding for services with a view to identifying their preferences in terms of technology and mechanisms through which they will sustain the facilities when completed. This will further help in identification of small-scale private sector operators whose services could be valuable in sustaining the facilities. Capacity assessment of community institutions in operation and maintenance, hygiene promotion, resource mobilization and 44 I - • ' I I I I I ' I I llltHi~ation, community level monitoring and evaluation and developing a, syst~matic capacity building plan for addressing the areas of critical neecli. Develbping guidelin!3s and technical specifications for other actors in I I ·J~h. the sector, including construction and how contracts will be managed I I a nd working with communities to know what to expect from the otl;ier service providers. 9.0 SANI+ ATION Sanitation is the first barrier to many transmitted diseases. Sanitation, wherever mentioned in this policy shall refer to water sanitation. According to National WATER Sanitation Policy (2005), water sanitation is defined as an effective hygiene practice, handling and disposal of excreta, sewerage, Sullage and leachates in so far as it affects water sources. The sanitation component of this policy therefore seeks to promote attitudinal change and facilities (toilets, urinals and hand washing facilities etc) which should be combined together to maximize health and socio-economic benefits. Sanitation is therefore not an add-on and will be given the support required to help attain the expected benefits. Based on the above, the focus of the State Government will be on protecting public health, creating demand for services, facilitating and enhancing partnership among the private sector, NGOs, community 45 I I r I I . • -, I rganizations, local authorities, and households, and also g obstacles in the path of achieving improved sanitation. C " To 1thi 1 s end, the community-Led Total Sanitation (CL TS) approach shpl-l lb adopted,~· all levels, this approach concentrates on enlllpow ring local people to analyze the extent and risk of pollution I I I • caused by open defecation, and to construct toilets without any extema subsidies. I I Sanitatibn programmes would be based on generating demand, with all of its1 implications for education and participation. 9.1 Technology The choice of technology employed shall be such that will be suitable for the protection of the quality of both surface and underground water . In urban and small towns communities, appropriate on-site and off­ site sewage treatment technologies will be employed to safe guard water sources. In rural areas, the technology options shall be based on Community Led Total Sanitation (CL TS) concept. 46 • Fdn i1ools, markets, motor parks, places of worship and other public place , the State Government will promote the Ventilated Improved Pit tdil t (VIP) and pour flush options . •. 2 Hbusdhold and lntf'lvittual Responsibility To ensure that each household maintains basic sanitation, strategies will fetus on use of participatory approaches for social mobilization, promo1tion and social marketing through children in and out of school, household and individuals so that need for improved sanitation will be appre€iated. $.3 Gomf11lunity-based Approach tion of on-site systems has considerable job creation potential h the use of local materials, products, suppliers and contractors ahd t e use of labor-intensive techniques. Such programme will be suppo~ed by the State and Local Governments as part of the process I of ensuring sustainable delivery of sanitation services. ~apadity building, education and training of communities, artisans I ahd other agencies will be an integral component of the sanitation I delivery process. This will be based on a clearly defined strategy so that 1Jssons learnt can be documented and disseminated. Private I sector actors and NGOs will be required to help build capacity and train personnel at the local level and to provide support unit such capacity has been established. 47 I I I I I . . I I I I 11 • J • ,~,~~rltJt t tation of most Vulnerabl'e Communities I I Viwlrle able communities and groups and the underserved would be id~nti~i d through vulnerability assessments and prioritized for I ' d~llver of sanitat'r't>ri• service as part of the effort to increase od>:ver'a e. The assessment will also help to increase coverage. The . assess ent will also help to create an understanding of preferences for diff rent options, designs and affordability of the preferred options by co~munities. Participatory techniques will be employed in the assessment. 10.0 HEAL TH AND HYGINE PROMOTION The realization of the benefits of water supply and sanitation is dependent on a lasting change in hygiene behavior. The people should not only be made aware of the importance of better health, but should believe that better hygiene and sanitation are essential ingredients for improving their lives. In this regard, emphasis will be placed on creating a linkage between water , supply and sanitation provision, behavior and disease transmission routes so that people understand and believe in hygiene concepts. The basic premise underlying this policy direction is that belief influence behavior change. The key steps for achieving this include: I. Promoting health awareness and understanding which, in turn, will I lead to behavior improvements. J --1 I I 48 f 11 t , Fh~tiding support that will enable people to overcome constraints tole ange. In'¥ lving all members of the communities - young and old, female I I I an'd male, highe.~~rd lower status - using participatory processes. Ass ssing community knowledge base; investigating their own environmental situation, visualizing a future scenario with them, analyzing constraints to change, planning for change and finally implementing change. I V. Wonk with other sector agencies such as Ministries of Education, Rural Infrastructure, Local Government, Environment, Women Affa1ires, Health as well as NGOs and CBOs in the design and delivery of hygiene and health education services. VI. Promoting the use of child and child approached to hygiene and health education. VII. Encourage the establishment of environmental Health clubs 1n schools and the communities in the state. VIII. Building the capacity of community institutions particularly women growps, to lead the process of change at community level. IX. Develop and implement a monitoring and evaluation system that enables communities to measure progress overtime. X. Documentation of approaches used and dissemination of experiences gained, lessons learnt as part of the effect to contributing to evolving a more sustainable approach to behavior change. 49 I ~ I I I I I I I ·n Supply and Sanitation in Schools and Public Places tivities relating to water supply and sanitation in schools, Is and other public places etc will be coordinated by the of Water .~~Jurces in collaboration with relevant ministries TOR REFORMS ective implementation of the policy, there is need for nal reforms at State and Local Government levels. 4~MF RA State Government will continue to provide leadership as !A l \Mell as the political support needed to push the change processes ehvis~ged. 11.1 SECTOR COORDINATION Zamfara State Water Board (ZSWB) and Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (STOWA) will serve as parastatals under the Ministry of Water Resources while the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (RUWASSA) will be under the Ministry of Rural infrastructure. These agencies will be responsible for Water Supply and Water Sanitation issues while other sanitation· and hygiene activities will be handled by the stakeholders such as Ministry of Health, Zamfara Health system, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Land and Housing, Urban Development, Agriculture, Zamfara Environmental Protection Agency, LGAs, etc. since the three tiers of 50 . I I I I .I ~ I I CSoverrlment and the civil society share responsibilities for interventions in this regard, the Ministry of Water Resources will take respdnsibility for coordinating all activities in the sector by providing a platform for repre~rt13tives of key stakeholders to meet on a qwarterly basis and harmonize their plans. The stakeholders in the sector :will include the three tiers of government, the civil society, external support agencies and private sector. There shall be a Department under the Ministry of water Resources I which Will provide sector coordination and regulation support. 11.2 SEPARATION OF FUNCTION The sector is characterized by duplication of functions among the various stakeholders. Therefore, in order to have separation of functions a comprehensive operational framework, stating fuction of all stakeholders in water supply and sanitation sector shall be drown. The coordination and regulatory function shall be performed through a new department in the Ministry of Water Resources; to be called, Regulation and Coordination Department. 11.3 Sector Regulation Sector regulation is another important element of the water and sanitation sector reform agenda. At present there is no mechanism for regulation in the sector and therefore calls for a gradual development of the regulatory process. In the meantime, the R & C 51 • . • I I I I I :I -I I I will rtegulate and settle disputes that may arise between water service providers and consumers in the sector. Eventually, an autonomous regulatory body will be established. 11.4 Sedtor Accounfflbiiity I A putj)lic sector accountability platform shall be established to make sure !there is public accountability of the sector and inclusive participation in assessing sector performance, planning and policy decision. The State shall develop procedures for demanding water and sanitation services by the people in rural, small towns and urban areas. The processors shall be publicized to raise awareness in the state especially among communities that are not benefiting from water and sanitation services. Relevant NGOs and Community Qevelopment Association shall work with such communities to mobilize the people and the demand for services from the sector agencies. Sector agencies shall organize a stakeholders' forum at least annually to present a report of its activities in the previous year and work plans for the following year . 1116 Cost Recovery Cost recovery is a major determinant of financial sustainability of sector agencies. At present the agencies charged with the responsibility of water and sanitation services recovery rely on government subvention for operation and maintenance and capital investment. 52 ' :, ;c: t !' Ii 'if In order to lay a foundation for the gradual reversal of the present · If ·· ': situation, the sector agencies shall undertake an ~ssessment of f.1 \ . ; Ii': .,, I. l I\ I ! : ~.~ : •• \ percentage cost recovery with respect to operation and maintenance . : The percentage co~,~JJ.,,~~covery shall be reviewed upwards over time through appropriate tariff arrangement in consultation with sector regulatory body. b. This policy aims to achieve the following cost recovery targets: Year Item Responsibility Cost Recovery Target 2010 Operation State & LGA 100% to and (80%) and tariff 2020 maintenance (20%) -- -- ----------. 2020 Operation State (40%) and 100% to · and tariff/PSP (60%) 2025 maintenance 2025 Operation State (0%) and 100% to and tariff/PSP ( 100%) 2030 maintenance 53 t 1 er Consideration are recognized as key players in water supply and this policy i es the imbalance on gender issues and will promote i , ie I s d training atff~f'empowerment of women and other vulnerable ~ L~s. I ~~ St te Government through the Ministry of Water Resource·s and Afu coll boration with Ministry of Women Affaire shall ensure that 'f/./1 men participate in decision making, planning, implementation and ev~luat on of all water and sanitation activities. Water and sanitation gcbllernance platforms in rural, small towns and urban areas shall h$~e a~ propriate representation of women. 11. 7 Pro-poor Consideration Special provision shall be made for the poor and vulnerable members of the community who may not be able to pay for water and sanitation services. The State shall adopt necessary pro-poor mechanisms in rural, small towns and urban areas in consultation with the relevant community association on water and sanitation. 11.8 Water supply and Sanitation Integration Integration of water supply and sanitation among sector agencies will be vigorously pursued to ensure that maximum health benefits are 54 ' '~'eliv r~d to the people. The State Government will make sure that $TOWt and Water Board take more responsibilities on sanitation '' I I Glb1mpo ent in addition to water operation like the situation in IRIIUWA~SA. ~ 1.9; ~nvJonmental and Health Concerns I ln~rea1e water use as implication on water resources (water quantity aHd qt..iality), and on land ecological sustenance. Environmental and I health oncerns shall be incorporated and addressed in water sector I I I investments through environmental impact Assessment in i I accordance with the environmental law. n 1.1'0 Setltor-Wide Approach to Planning Water supply and sanitation is recognized as a shared responsibility and thus there is need to strengthen the interactions between the Ministry responsible for water affaires, other line ministries and donors in order to promote a sector wide approach to development in the sector. This approach will be supported by improved institutional co-ordination, decentralization, and capacity building, full involvement of users, community management of public services and participation of women at all levels. 11.11 Policy Review The State Water supply policy shall be reviewed every five years as the need arises to make sure that it is in line with current development in the State with respect to water and sanitation. 55 I t. Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development ~- Ministry of Education/SUBEB I iq Ministry of Information VN. Office d)f the Secret,i~. ~o the State Government fl 2.2 Roles and Responsili>ilities of Key Players The roles and responsibilities of key player recognized in this· policy are outilined below: 12.3 Ministry of Water Resources The Ministry shall be responsible for: a. Policy formulation on water resources and Water Sanitation b. Co-ordination of matters relating to the provision and development of portable water in the State c. Research and development into the use of appropriate technology and approached d. Oversee the activities of Water supply Agencies in the state. e. Liaison with the following bodies on water supply and sanitation: • Federal Government • Local Government • International donor organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and Community based Organization (CBOs) f. Increase access to safe water supply and water sanitation in the state g. The Ministry is responsible for the management of state owned dams. 57 12~4 lhe Zamfara State1~ ater Board The Zarhfara State Water Board shall discharge the following responsibilities: a. Control and manage all water works and vested in the .Zamfara State Water B@ard; b. Establish, Control, Manage, extend and develop water work as considered necessary for the purpose of providing wholesome, potable water for consumption of the public and for domestic, trade, commercial, industrial, scientific and other users; c. Ensuring that adequate wholesome water is supplied to its consumers regularly in line with World Health Organization (WHO) Standard for water quality. d. Determine its water rates and present it to the Ministry of Water Resources for approval e. Supervise the sinking of boreholes by individuals or corporate bodies in the State. f. Conduct or organize the conduct of research in respect to water supply, water development and matters connected therewith and submit the results of such research to the Commissioner for Water Resources for formulation of policy; g. Develop, maintain and beneficially exploit water resources both natural and artificial; 58 I lne rates charged in ( c) and (d) above and other service , J t:ed, shall be such that revenue for any year would be sufficient • ~ roear/y as may be to pay all working expenses, repayment due . I' ans borro1;t1(JJ( by the Zamfara State Water Board for any Zamfara State Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation fara State Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Agency shall discharge the following responsibilities: Et To control and manage all water facilities vested in the Agency. l;t To undertake the planning, design, construction and maintenance of 1 all small towns' water supply facilities including motorized and solar powered boreholes based schemes. o. To established, control, manage, extend and develop Water facilities as the Agency may consider necessary for the purpose of providing wholesome potable water for the consumption of the public and for domestic, trade, commercial, industrial, scientific and other users. d. To plan, design and training for sustainable operation and maintenance of all aspects of semi urban sanitary infrastructure and disposal. e. Undertaking public enlightenment, training and mobilization for community participation in all its programmes; 59 I • tnswre that adequate and wholesome water is supplied to mers regularly and at such charges as the regulatory body , from time to time, determine; nduct or or~Bn(z;e the conduct of research in respect of water I , . p y, water development, sanitation and matters connected • h11e •• ith and submit the results of such research to th~ • Orm issioner for the formulation of policy and for replication and Coor ination of activities in its administration and finance, as well ~s mbking inter-governmental and non-government linkages; irhe ndertaking of the Agency's programme planning, monitoring bf <D -going and completed projects as well as the collection and ttorage for easy retrieval of all data records and statistics on its I •bper~tions; J. To @radually handover ownership of all schemes to benefitting communities through appropriate Water Consumer Associations. 1 • 12.6 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agencies (RUWASSA) ' Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agencies (RUWASSA) shall: a. Design, Construct, rehabilitee, improve, maintain and support the State Rural Water Supply Programme,· b. Design, construct, improve, maintain, and support the State Rural Sanitation Programme; 60 1 , encourage and support any activity that will enhance rural e s pply and sanitation. , involve and support local community leaders and n for ac~#l<:rated and sustained rural water supply ent. 1 ilita e, the conduct of Environmental impact Assessment (EIA) • j I les and Responsibilities of Related MDAs 1r2 7a degulation and Coordination Department 11 1 1fiti}F po)icy stresses the need for the establishment of a Regulation . anti cdordination Department in the Ministry of Water Resources. • tt,·e de~artment shall be responsible for coordinating and regulating the activities of public and privately owned water supply and wa'Stewater undertakings in the State's water sector. Its specific functions shall include: a. Setting disputes that may arise between the consumers and water supply agencies of other service providers. b. Approval of water tariff and charges. c. Regulation of Water quality, technical standard and abstraction of underground water; d. Ensure the establishment of customer charges in urban and small towns in line with SERVICOM initiatives. e. Ensure compliance with EIA. 61 s all be a water, sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) department ' ~-.. . , inistry of Local Government and in each Local Government. I Government WASH Department shall be responsible for: lanning, supervision and monitoring ment of database on water and sanitation facilities and their nee. ~. ~~ ilizi g and support in the selection of communities to establish 1 w~ r a d sanitation committees (WASHCOMS); ·d , suJport WASHCONs to select community members, for training on repair and maintenance etc of hand pumps, boreholes; e. Provisiorn of water supply and sanitation to the communities; f. Ass1ist communities to get spare parts and their technical support; g. Support the WASHCOMs on sanitation and hygiene promotion and training. 12.7c Ministry of Health Policy formulation on, and health care waste management. Training of environmental health officers to meet the need of MDAs. This also includes provision of portable water to hospitals and health centers in cooperation with Ministry of Water Resources. 62 t 12.'Ticl Ministry of Environment P0licy formulation, mqnitoring and enforcement on water pollution, management and control of wetlands and wildlife. 12. 7e Ministry of Education Policy formulation and implementation of sanitation and hygiene education and curricula m schools. This also includes provision of potable water to schools in cooperation with Ministry of Water Resources. 12.7f Ministry of Women Affairs t Policy Formulation and implementation of gender mainstreaming in I water supply and sanitation in cooperation with Ministry of Water I Resources I I I I 12.7h Ministry of Justice Facilitate in policy formulation and implementation of legal framework concerning water supply and sanitation. 12.8 Roles and Responsibilities of Other Partners Policy also recognizes the roles and responsibilities of the following partners: 63 lopment Support Partner L@~al I nd internati,~p-~l development partners shall support the sector through: 1a. -F~ndi~g b. G'apa ity building G. Reso rce mobilization d. Monitdring and evaluation e. Advocacy f. Research and development and, where appropriate, facilities of learni~g alliances. I g. Policy formulation h. Guidahce on planning, strategy implementation and review of policy 1targets . • 12.8b·comtnunities ... Communities shall take responsibility for the following; a. Communities shall demands to participate in the decision making, planning, design, construction and management of water schemes; b. The management of water schemes in rural area s through the village level water and sanitation committees WASHCOMS) in conjunction with Local Government and RUWASSA c. Participating in Water management of Urban and small towns water schemes 64 -1 I I d. Spe'cifically, WASHCOMS shall be responsible for the operation and1maintenance of rural water schemes e. Each !community should construct public toilets. 1. Gollecttion of tariff~~\ . g. Counterpart funding where necessary or part financing of small scalelwater extension schemes h. Wlonitioring of water programmes and projects to ensure accmlmtability and transparency 1. Hygiene protection J. Polidng of water infrastructure to report leakages and protect it against vandalisation. k. Maintenance of security of all water schemes. I. Ensure that, every household, shopping complex, places of wors~ip and market and public places should have a toilet. 12.So Private Sector The private sector shall play key roles in the following aspects: a. Financing water infrastructure development through loans, bonds or partnerships. < b. Capital investment for the construction of water works, Dams, waste water and sanitation facilities. c. Condluct studies for the development of the water sanitation sector. d. Implementation of management and service responsibilities that may be outsourced by publicly owned water utilities through public­ private partnerships such as: 65 . • Provision of alternative sources of power supply for existing water schemes. Collection of tariffs for public water service providers. Collection and disposal of wastes IV. Water production, distribution and expansion V. Emergency water supplies using tankers of similar facilities VI. Other assignment that may be determined by ZAMFARA State Government water and sanitation agencies. e. Operation and maintenance of water schemes such as boreholes at Urban, semi-urban, small towns, Local, or community levels f. Execution of contracts in the sector, such as drilling of boreholes, construction of dams, waste water plants, and water schemes. 12.8b Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs) NGOs, CSO, CBOs etc shall contribute to : a. Formulation of water and sanitation programme and policy b. Rising of public awareness. c. Financing water and sanitation infrastructure development and implementation of water and sanitation service delivery programme in urban, small town and rural areas d. Advocacy and lobbying e. Facilitating dialogue between users and government departments and/or the private sector . 66 taring water projects to ensure transparency and : I . . t o+,ntability It ,pl mentat,on of management and service responsibilities that fray outsourced d?( public owned water utilities through public­ f\briva e partnerships. I a KRY REFORM STRATEGIES 13J1 Human Resources Development The need for adequate and skilled manpower is very critical. In view of this, a comprehensive assessment of the manpower situation in the sector will be undertaken as part of the institutional reform process. Based on the data collected, a systematic plan will be developed to address manpower needs at all levels of government in the state. In addition, a manpower development plan will be designed so that personnel can be equipped with the requisite skills required for enhancing their performance. The national policy guidelines on human resources Development provides that at least 5% of resources is to be devoted to manpower development. For Zamfara State sector, target will be at least 2% 67 ., l L 11. • search and Development e • abreast w,~~ .. the changing situation investigations will be 1 0 ed to unearth factors promoting or affecting the attainment of IMMl&MWi ll>jectives. The Government, in recognition of this will support i' duct of research activities that will add to the existing ge in the sector. Critical issues emerging will be given out to vailable research institutions to investigate or to external ch as the National Water Resources institute (NWR) as the 0~,e m~y be. I 1a'.3 St~ategi~lanning and Implementation The im~lementation of the policy will involve the development of an imp>lementation plan using a participatory approach to ensure that there is consistency in understanding the thrust of the policy. The process will further lead to the design of a strategic framework. The framework will guide the various agencies involve on how to move the process forward. It will further help unearth the details of "what", "why", "how", "where" and "when". A suggested content of the strategic framework shall be: To clarify targets, this policy is expected to achieve much of that and other aspects listed in iii, iv, v, vi, and vii below. Water and sanitation mapping and baseline studies of the LGAs/small towns 68 . ment plan and funding arrangement ·, an ism for dl,l r :,process • a framework nment campaign/Awareness creation y building me tied to the pilots omi oring and evaluation ate supply, hygiene and sanitation approaches. 13.4 Legislative Implications The legal framework will be critically reviewed through an examination of rules, regulation, legal and legislative measures related to the State's water and sanitation sector with a view to improving and streamlining them so that they become consistent with current thinking. In addition, consideration will be given to passing legislation relating to water resources management, protection of water quality, abstraction licensing, water rights, etc. in this regard, government shall focus on: I. Enhancing the necessary amendment and additions to existing laws, rules, regulations, orders, decisions, etc. 69 I --I -, I I • hancing that the responsibilities and power of Government encies and the rights and obligations of individuals be clearly elled-out in relevant law and regulations. E1hancing tha\Jh e legislation will allow for easy implementation tl>f policy decisions while protecting the interests of individuals I a d taking into account the administrative capacity to implemei;it P~ovide legal support for the formulation of water Consumer 1 Associations (WCAs) and WASHCOMs and handing over to them water supply and installation facilities for operation and maintenance. V. Establish rules and regulations for the involvement of the private sector in the development and operation of water related projects. VI. Provide for an effective participation of the people 1n the planning and decision-making. 13.5 Monitoring and Evaluation To ensure proper monitoring and evaluation of sector performance, a monitoring and evaluation framework shall be developed with inputs from all sector players through the sector coordination committee. The framework shall contain performance indicators and measurable outcomes to meet policy goals and targets. This will be used to review sector performance and aid development planning. 70 t910f 1erlisuring a coordinated M&E system, the Ministry S<i>Wrces halil coordinate the M&E through its monitoring lltition uni with deliberate steps taken to involve all ers inclutji;f~f Os and Women. ~lty of fresh water due to climate change has been a great f our planet No part of this world is spared from this fact. as a whole is endowed with this scarce resources more than ountries but its distribution varies along and across the 1 • The location of Zamfara State in the Sahelian region means ter is comparatively scarcer because: (i) We receive an annual rainfall of less than 750mm which last for about 4 to s; (ii) Rivers and streams dry up soon after the rainy season and (iii) Increasing in demand for water has stretched our II le capacity to deliver. ere is a global call for better management of water resources , ch has been made at various international gatherings, repeated INaUonal policies, spoken within local communities for decades w, despite these calls for policies; availability of safe water has always become a challenge to the water supply chain. The management and ownership of this water has differs from one country to another, and the successes reflect how good governance in water sector has been adhered to. Implementation of policies that would ensure sustainability of supply systems is the current challenge faced by every society. 71 I I I • elopmJnt of is Water\ arid sanitation pbl\c;iyl\t a tes i t ng corn • m t of Government and th'e GGnvidtio that c es associated to water and sanita'ti n are •· stood and can be addressed in a systematic manner. hi Government had tried to bring together; its focus baS>ed on I ede sary global reform strategies into this policy. It is with the nde standing that whatever is being proposed is for the present and UJtLir~ generations. With the current development efforts especially in I ''le water sector, Zamfara State is ready to move from the level of asic access to water and sanitation to a more commercial and onsumer oriented water and sanitation service provision. 1 Jo ensure Government commitment to the implementation of this 1 olicy, and !o attract wider participation, key elements of the policy will be drafted into an implementation strategy and a legal framework. These empower the implementers and also provide a level playing ground for citizens, private, public and community to participate in meeting the challenges in a sustainable manner. 72 r ~· ~?~~,-~ ~ .. •.· .. · .. ··.•.•• .. ·.·.•.·•····•···.· .. ·-·~ ~­ ''.~ ~