Borno State Climate Action Plan 2024-2030

2030. The NCCP sets out Nigeria’s policy direction, addresses conditions required to attain the country’s vision to be a climate-resilient economy, and sectoral measures for mitigating the effects and impacts of climate change with implementation strategies and actions. During the Conference of Parties held in Glasgow (COP26), Nigeria committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2060, and barely a week after the conference, Nigeria’s President signed the Climate Change Act 2021 into law. The Act provides a framework for achieving low GHG emissions and mainstreaming climate change actions into national plans and programmes. It requires all federal government ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs), and public and private enterprises in Nigeria to develop and implement mechanisms geared towards fostering low carbon emission, environmentally sustainable, and climate-resilient society. Going further on private entities, the Act requires such entities to implement measures to achieve the annual carbon emission reduction targets specified in the Action Plan. A second critical component of the Act is the establishment of a National Council on Climate Change (NCCC). Inaugurated in September 2022, the NCCC is mandated to make policies and decisions on all matters relating to climate change in Nigeria3. Nigeria’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) is another tool adopted by the government to mitigate against climate change in the country. The NDC is at the heart of the Paris Agreement. It symbolises efforts by each nation to reduce national emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. Article 4 Paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement requires “each Party to prepare, communicate and maintain successive NDCs” that it intends to achieve. It mandates Parties to pursue domestic mitigation measures to achieve the objectives of such contributions. Nigeria’s first NDC was published in 2015; an update was made in 20214. The NDC has set ambitious targets for reducing emissions from seven economic sectors by 2030. On the international front, governments have collectively pledged to slow global warming so it does not exceed 1.5o C by the middle of the century. Since adopting the Paris Agreement in 2015, many of the 195 countries that are party to the Agreement 3 All about the National Council on Climate Change, https://natccc.gov.ng/about-the- council/#:~:text=Established%20in%202022%2C%20We%20are,the%20impact%20of%20climate%20change. Five https://climatechange.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NDC_File-Amended-_11222.pdf 8 have strengthened their climate commitments through the NDCs, albeit more is needed to meet the global target. Efforts to meet these commitments are continually negotiated during the annual UNFCCC Conference of Parties (COPs). Various international agreements on climate change have been reached prior to the Paris Agreement. There was the Montreal Protocol in 1987, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) of 1992 that has been ratified by 197 countries, and the Kyoto Protocol of 1997, and the Paris Agreement. The Paris Agreement 2015 is the most significant global climate agreement to date. It requires all countries to set emissions-reduction pledges known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), with the goals of preventing the global average temperature from rising two °C (3.6°F) above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to keep it below 1.5°C (2.7°F). It also aims to reach global net-zero emissions, where the amount of greenhouse gases emitted equals the amount removed from the atmosphere in the second half of the century (this is also known as being climate neutral or carbon neutral). 9 BORNO STATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN BORNO STATE Geography and Demography Borno State, situated in northeastern Nigeria, was created on the 03rd of February, 1976 with 27 Local Government Areas (LGAs) and shares boundaries with Niger Republic, Chad, and Cameroon, as well as three States in Nigeria, namely: Adamawa, Gombe, and Yobe (see figure 1). The State has an estimated population of about 6,111,500 with women constituting about 51% of this number. Borno 2 covers an area of 72,609 km (NBS, 2019) and is characterized by three major ecological zones: Guinea Savanna, Sudan Savanna and the Sahel. Most of the state consists of semi-arid Savannah or sub-desert, with flooded pastures towards Lake Chad and Montane regions in the extreme southeast. The vegetation is primarily light foliage and thorns. Grasses are short, discontinuous, wiry and tussock. The soils in the north- central part of Borno are largely Aeolian sands formed by wind drift from the desert. The annual rainfall ranges from 600 mm in the north to 1,200 mm in the south and extends over a growing season of between 100 and 180 Figure 1: Map of Borno State days. Annual precipitation varies from year to year, with decreasing trends over the past two decades. It experiences the north-easterly wind blowing across the country from the Sahara Desert, known as the harmattan wind. The temperature ranges from 13.6 ºC – 31.9 ºC in January and 9.0 ºC - 28.5oC in August (Quick Projects, 2018). Borno State Economy Borno State is the fifth largest non-oil and gas economy in Nigeria with an estimated Gross State Product of $5.175 billion5. The most prominent feature of the economy is the dominance of agriculture and other informal sector activities including agricultural 5 chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://pfm.bo.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Borno- State-Export-Strategy.pdf 10 produce & livestock merchandise, small and micro business enterprises, wholesale and retail, and other artisanal trades. According to official estimates, the agricultural sector contributes the bulk of the GDP and engages directly and indirectly with more than 65% of the population6 Crop production is the dominant agricultural activity, and Borno is Nigeria's third largest crop producer. Major rain-fed crops grown in the State include millet, sorghum, cowpea, groundnuts, sesame, rice, maize, sweet potatoes, Bambara nuts, watermelon, cassava, and cotton with a combined annual yield in excess of 2 million Metric Tonnes. Dry- season crops cultivated are tomatoes, pepper, onions, wheat, sugarcane, carrots, cabbage, lettuce, maize, and a host of other leafy vegetables. Many farmers also engage in the rearing of livestock. Popular livestock species in the state include goats, sheep, poultry, and cattle with estimated populations of 2.3 million, 1.8 million. 4.2 million and 1.1 million respectively. Out of the State’s 2.24 million hectares’ total land area, about 1.6 million hectares are estimated to be cultivatable during the rainy season while about 308,000 hectares of the land mass is cultivable during the dry season through irrigation. Borno also has a vibrant domestic trade sector which is predominantly informal, consisting of thousands of 'subsistence enterprises' but with huge contributions to the state economy. In addition to the hundreds of 'regular markets spread across towns and villages, the State has a number of specialized markets dealing in large-scale agricultural commodities and livestock merchandising. Borno has links with Niger Republic, Chad, and Cameroun which provides opportunities for cross-border trade. The formal wholesale and retail trade sectors remain largely untapped. Governance structure in Borno State Borno, like every other state in the federation is administered by an Executive Governor, his cabinet members including the Deputy Governor, and Commissioners for the various Ministries. As state manager, the Governor is responsible for implementing state laws and overseeing the operation of the state executive branch. As state leader, the Governor advances and pursues new and revised policies and programs using a variety of tools, among them executive orders, executive budgets, and legislative proposals and vetoes. As chief of the state, Governor serves as the intergovernmental liaison to the federal government on behalf of the state. The State House of Assembly is another arm of the government that makes laws for the state and oversights the executive. All the 27 LGAs (shown in table 1 below) are governed by the Local Government Chairmen while their Councilors make byelaws and provides oversight for the local government bosses. The state has good representation at the federal government. Like every state of the country, it has three elected senators and ten house of representative members at the Federal Legislature. These elected representatives present issues around Borno State development to the federal government. 6 https://www.investinborno.com/investment_policy.php 11 Table 1: Senatorial zones and associated LGAs of Borno State Area in Area in Area in Borno Central Borno South Borno North km2 km2 km2 Maiduguri 137.36 Askira/Uba 2,431.83 Abadam 4,172.27 Ngala 1,519.82 Bayo 985.78 Gubio 2,575.09 Kala/Balge 1,962.13 Biu 3,423.86 Guzamala 2,631.44 Mafa 2,976.99 Chibok 1,392.00 Kaga 2,802.46 Konduga 6,065.89 Damboa 6,426.18 Kukawa 5,124.41 Bama 5,158.87 Gwoza 2,973.15 Magumeri 5,057.61 Jere 900.72 Hawul 2,160.99 Marte 3,280.02 Dikwa 1,836.89 Kwaya Kusar 754.69 Mobbar 3,280.02 Shani 1,238.93 Monguno 1,993.20 Nganzai 2,572.35 Additionally, while not part of the state government structure, traditional leaders play an important role in communal affairs. Within Borno State, there are seven emirates, each headed by a Shehu. The Shehu is appointed by the Governor and presides over an emirate council with four tiers of authority: Shehu (State), Aja / Hakimi (District), Lawan (Ward), and Bulama (Neighbourhood). The Shehu plays a key role in terms of community mobilization, dispute resolution, citizen security, and information dissemination. Bulamas/Lawans are often considered the most influential individuals within communities. Political actors are very deferential to the Ajas and other higher- level traditional leaders. Key challenges to the development of Borno State Borno is one of Nigeria's leading states in rice production by harvested area and production quantity due to the conditions in the Jere Bowl and the Lake Chad areas. Rice farming takes place in lowlands, river basins, and highlands. Farmers in the lowlands or near the river basin generally do not use fertilizer because the siltation on their lands by yearly floods keeps them exceptionally fertile (FAO, 2016). Besides rice, the state also produces other grains and cereals in very significant quantities. In addition, like most parts of Nigeria, ruminants, comprising sheep, goats and cattle, constitute the farm animals largely reared by farm families in Borno State (Quick Projects, 2018). However, developments in agriculture have not achieved the desired leap over the years due to a number of reasons. High growth in population and increasing food demand is causing significant pressure on land, intensifying land use. This has led to natural resource scarcity/depletion, such as soil fertility depletion due to intensive and inappropriate land use, overgrazing, extensive tree felling for timber and fuelwood. Further, Poverty and inequality are essential challenges in Borno State. With increased poverty, many farmers are resource-poor to meet their agricultural input requirements (Lawan and Imam 2019). Finally, being in the arid region, climate change puts additional pressure on agriculture in the state. The state has experienced severe droughts and floods that have significantly impacted negatively on its agricultural productivity. 12 Insecurity is another key challenge mitigating against the development of Borno State. The state is known as the “Home of Peace” and has had peaceful development before the insurgency, except for the Maitasine crisis in the 1980s and a few minor religious and political crises or riots. However, in 2009, the insurgency crisis broke out with its attendant humanitarian crisis7. OCHA (February 2024) reported that across the three northeast states of Borno, Adamawa and Yobe (BAY), 8.3 million people are estimated to need humanitarian assistance. Over 80% of internally displaced people in the region are in Borno State. The insecurity in Northeast Nigeria has led to economic stagnation in Borno State. Transport and trade restrictions and inaccessible areas around Lake Chad have impeded economic activity. The insurgency and road insecurity have affected the flow of people, goods and raw materials in the state. Movements and economic activity were further restricted due to counter-insurgency operations. Security in the state started improving from 2016 which offered some respite to businesses, but some areas remain unstable. Goods are transported and people move around the region at great risk to their safety. Till date, there are a good number of roads to smaller towns in Borno that are blocked by the military, greatly restricting economic flows. New economic activity has emerged due to the displacement crisis, with local markets growing around IDP camps. The presence of international humanitarian actors has increased demand for day labour in construction, transport and the procurement of supplies. The economy in Borno State remains characterized by a high unemployment rate, particularly among young people. The high number of displaced persons has strained the mainly informal labour market in the state. The situation is further exacerbated by the collapse of large-scale industries especially within Maiduguri metropolis. While there are no official recent statistics or labour market assessments, most estimate that most young people are unemployed. The National Youth Council of Nigeria estimates that about 1.4 million out of the two million youths in Borno state are unemployed8. The IRC 2016 Urban Context Analysis indicated that youth unemployment is one of the biggest issues facing Maiduguri, the State capital. Universal basic education remains a mirage in Borno State. The literacy rate is about 14.5%, implying that about 85.5% are illiterate. The situation is further exacerbated by the insurgency which has led to most schools being shut down for an extended number of years. Several humanitarian and development partners are supporting the restarting of education in most LGAs, however, these efforts are inadequate. Universal health care has also remained a mirage in Borno State. The state belongs to a zone with one of the worst mortality indices in the country. Infant mortality stands at 109/1000LB, while under-five mortality is 222/1000LB. The mortality ratio is taken as 545/100000LB. The state is also prone to epidemic attacks of bacterial and viral origin, such as meningitis, cholera and measles. Further, it has contributed to the 2 - 6% North East range of HIV/AIDS prevalence rate (Lawan and Imam, 2019). NGOs have 7 Boko Haram orchestrated the insurgency. This nickname was labelled to a militant group which means "Western education is a sin” It is a jihadist militant movement operating in northeast Nigeria, Northern Cameroon and Niger Republic. 8 https://dailytrust.com/1-4-million-borno-youths-unemployed-youth-leader/ 13 complemented the state government in providing health services to internally displaced persons and other residents in the state by providing vaccines, drugs, health workers, etc. This has assisted in minimizing the malnutrition rate and other related illnesses to improve the health indices. Gender inequality remains one of the prevailing hindrances to human development that can streamline developmental efforts in Borno state. Statistics show the state has the lowest cumulative rates of empowerment for women aged 15 to 49, with only 41% educational attainment, 47.8% employment, 22.5% participation in decision-making, 12.5% ownership of a bank account, and 0.3% ownership of land and house assets9. In addition, Borno has one of the highest cases of sexual and gender-based violence in Nigeria. Economic activities are segregated by gender, with women participating primarily in the informal economy. They work from home, making caps, running small shops, and roasting traditional delicacies. Some also rely on their daughters to hawk for additional income, undermining girls’ education and putting them at potential risk of sexual exploitation and abuse. Humanitarian support has been quite critical to the post-insurgency recovery of Borno State. It has contributed to the recovery of significant percentage of the population that had lost their livelihoods as well as provision of much needed food and other basic interventions to vulnerable and at-risk groups. However, the humanitarian interventions as currently being delivered has a couple of flaws. First, the aid-dependency syndrome has further complicated the situation of a large population of the productive group. Most of them are no longer taking the initiative to engage in productive activities that will generate income and ultimately contribute to the State’s economic development. Secondly, most humanitarian interventions are not built on a solid foundation that will eventually result to effective post-insurgency development of the state. VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE Borno State experiences extreme conditions due to the changing climate. These extreme conditions are detailed below: Drought and desertification - These are twin severe challenges facing Borno State. Because of its proximity to the Sahara Desert, Borno experiences one of the lowest average rainfalls in the country. This, coupled with desert encroachment, results to severe cases of drought and desertification. Many areas, particularly in the northern region including Abadam, Kukawa, Mobbar, Guzamala, Monguno, Gubio, Magumeri and Nganzai LGAs, are experiencing these conditions. The effects and impacts of drought were quite pronounced in 2023, as the state witnessed one of the worst agricultural harvests in recent years. The Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NiMET) had predicted that Borno state would have a delayed onset of rainfall and early departure. The agency also advised farmers on measures to take such as moisture preservation in farms, practicing zero tillage, and using supplementary irrigation. However, many farmers in the ravaged state said they were 9 chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.alignplatform.org/sites/default/files/2021- 11/wee_borno_state_brief_final.pdf 14 unaware of the agency’s prediction, hence their reason for investing in farming without considering the climate change factors10. Reducing precipitation and attendant drought are also impacting livestock production. Livestock mortalities are increasing due to reducing fodder and water bodies. The state is beginning to witness increased farmer-herder clashes. An example is a report on how climate change has compelled Fulani herders in Borno State to seek alternative methods for feeding their cattle. As a result, they have migrated to Kwajaffa, an agrarian community in the southern part of the state, leading to conflicts between local farmers and the Fulani herders11. Drought and desertification are also creating another humanitarian crisis angle. Prolonged drought and ever-increasing threat of desertification has led to increased climate migration crisis. This has led to a significant number of climate refugees in the state. A research by Adam M. Abbas (2017) on climate change and forced migration detailed how many inhabitants of Ngala and Kala-Balge LGAs were forced to migrate to Cameroon’s Darrak, Bullaram, Lake Doi, Lake Chad, and Mayo-Mbund for fishing and petty trading or South-Western Nigeria especially Lagos, Oyo States, etc. Flooding – According to NiMET, Borno was one of the states that witnessed above normal rainfall in 2021. In 2022, the Agency released a flood risk map that clearly showed Borno as one of the high-risk states. (see figure 2)12. The country experienced its worst floods in over two decades in 2022, affecting 4.4 million people. The Borno State Emergency Management Agency (SEMA) reported that over 16,000 persons were displaced by the 2022 flooding in 14 LGAs of the state. Figure 2: Flood risk map for September 2022 Between June 1 and August 31 2022, the International Organization for Migration’s Displacement Tracking Matrix programme assessed the level of damage sustained in IDP and host community sites due to heavy windstorms, rainfall and flood. Overall, 72 host community locations, 11 camps and nine collective settlements were assessed. The worst-hit of the assessed sites was Banki, a host community location in Buduwa/Bula Chirabe ward of Bama LGA, where heavy rainfall alongside the opening 10 https://humanglemedia.com/borno-farmers-recount-losses-as-climate-change-worsens-food-insecurity-in-nigeria/ 11 https://humanglemedia.com/farmer-herder-crisis-in-nigerias-borno-state-is-taking-a-different-turn/ 12 chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.un-spider.org/sites/default/files/nimet- presentation.pdf 15 of the dam gates in Cameroon led to the flooding of the community affecting an estimated 7,389 individuals. In total, 4,989 shelters/houses were damaged by the flood, leaving 8,181 households (4,645 in Borno State, 962 in Adamawa State and 2,574 in Yobe State) in immediate need of shelter. Three hundred and thirty-four casualties were reported due to rainstorms and floods13. Besides threat to human lives, flooding is also causing havoc on other sectors of the Borno economy. The agricultural sector is the most impacted. A report by Environews Nigeria (September 2022) stated that 150,000 hectares of farmlands estimated to worth 30 billion naira was destroyed by the 2022 flood in the northeastern states of Borno, Adamawa, Yobe, Bauchi and Gombe14. Flooding affects other sectors of the Borno economy including the washing away and degradation of physical infrastructure, land degradation, and loss of livelihoods. Heat wave - Weather projections released by NiMET in for 2024 shows air temperatures have reached 41oC in Northern Nigeria and 39oC in the south. In 2023, heat intensity peaked at over 40°C in some days of March through May in Borno State, especially in Mafa and Aba Khalli communities, including Maiduguri, the state’s capital. Similarly, the temperature increased as one approached the state's northern region. Various reports of mortalities in Borno State attributed to heat waves have continued to feature in headline news. As far back as 2002, there were reports of mortalities due to heat stroke15. This situation has steadily increased over the years as the climate changes. Most farmers in Borno State engage in dry-season farming. Increasing heat waves affect their agricultural productivity because most water bodies that power irrigation farming are drying up. While some farmers have access to deep well boreholes, an increasing majority forced to abandon their farms because the surface water they rely on are drying up due to increasing heat waves. This situation also affects livestock production as it can cause sudden mass death of livestock and great loss to farmers. Heat waves also affects other sectors of the Borno economy. For instance, the increase in pressure on the power grid can lead to the explosion of transformers, which is a common phenomenon in the state. Road infrastructure often suffer deterioration partly due to prolonged exposure to heat waves. Pests and diseases – An increase in pest and diseases is closely associated with increase in other climatic conditions. Flooding has led to increases in diseases over the years. For instance, the 2022 flooding was a significant contributor to the spread of cholera that killed 390 people in Borno State. Increased heat waves have also resulted in increased cases of meningitis with varying degrees of mortalities over the years. These effects and impacts are not limited to humans alone but also extend to agricultural production and other sectors of the Borno economy. 13 https://dtm.iom.int/reports/nigeria-flood-flash-report-borno-adamawa-and-yobe-states-june-august-2022 14 https://www.environewsnigeria.com/farmers-count-losses-as-flood-ravages-150000ha-farmlands-in-north-east- nigeria/ 15 https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2002/06/11/least-60-die-heat-stroke-maiduguri 16 Erosion – While Borno is not in the ecological region with severe erosion problems, However, it does suffer a great deal of soil erosion especially in the southern parts and the areas surrounding the couple of rivers in the state. An appraisal of gully erosion along River Ngaddabul flood plain revealed that, among other factors, rainfall amount, runoff taking advantage of footpaths and the annual floods contribute towards gullying (processes) by deepening the channels, leading to the initiation of new gullies on the slopes16. Also, an assessment of soil erosion in Biu LGA conducted by Abdullahi Ahmed (2019) showed that the area is majorly affected by rill and gully type of erosion due to high level of rainfall, low infiltration capacity of the soils, sparse vegetation and slope steepness of the area. The study also revealed that the effects of soil erosion in Biu LGA is paramount as roads are being washed away, buildings are gradually degraded, bridges been collapsed and farmlands been leached. BORNO STATE RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE Since its creation in 1976, Borno State has never had a dedicated environmental or climate change policy. However, several government policy initiatives, international donors, and NGOs shape the Borno State’s response to climate change. The government commissioned the development of the 25-Year Development Plan. One of the components is to reduce desertification rate and deliver a net gain of least 1 km per annum. To support the achievement of this objective, the government banned the sale of charcoal and firewood in Maiduguri in 202117. This is in addition to annual tree-planting campaigns. Other interventions in the plan include investments in climate smart agriculture, climate smart information services for farmers and water conservation and management practices. Below are the pillars and drivers of the plan. 16 https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/GULLY-DEVELOPMENT-ALONG-RIVER-NGADDABUL-FLOODPLAIN- Mala-Nyanganji/57ac5508b985b94b26d3022ac7adacd72a1a7d33 17 https://web.facebook.com/96160950863/posts/borno-government-barns-charcoal-firewood-sale-in- maidugurihttpowlytawl50f3k0x/10160065852950864/?_rdc=1&_rdr 17 Figure 3: Five drivers and four enabling transformative pillars of the Borno State 25-year Development Plan (Culled from BoSPD) Beyond the environment and climate change components in the 25-Year Development Plan, Borno State does not have a specific environment and/or climate change policy. Much of the Borno State Government’s climate-related activities is concentrated on increasing vegetation and reducing the overreliance on solid biomass for cooking. The Forestry Department of the State Ministry of Environment is perhaps the most active department that implements actions on agroforestry and the regeneration of degraded lands. Their efforts aim to mitigate the effects of deforestation and promote sustainable land use practices that will benefit both the environment and people. While Borno State focuses much of its effort on agroforestry, it has programmes that seek to support climate smart agriculture being implemented by the Borno State Agricultural Development Programme (BOSADP). BOSADP emerged following the merger of the Borno Accelerated Development Area Programme and Southern Borno Agricultural Development Programme in 1988. Among its activities, BOSADP agricultural extension services department provides grassroot information and education to farmers including climatic factors such as rain range and desertification problems. 18 Besides BOSADP, the State Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources conducts other activities and programmes that seek to increase food production while promoting climate smart agriculture. The 25-Year Development Framework provides for increased use of deep well irrigation methods for dry season farming. The Ministry is primarily focused on this development. The Ministry also seeks to complement deep well irrigation by exploring the creation of water reservoirs and small lakes to harvest water during the rainy season. This has been piloted in a couple of locations with significant success. Beyond the activities, there are no other coordinated government-driven efforts at climate actions. The state government’s main priority is on rebuilding communities and towns destroyed by the insurgency. The Department of Climate Change in the Ministry of Environment is a little over two years old and yet to gain traction to effectively govern the climate change space. This low level of governance is particularly concerning given that Borno is one of the states in Nigeria most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Humanitarian support for climate actions has been quite significant. The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) has been supporting the state on climate smart agricultural practices including dry season farming, improved crop varieties, assessments and reports highlighting the impacts of climate change on food security and opportunities to reverse the trend. FAO is also leading the way in promoting safe access to fuels and energy in the Northeast and has established fuel-efficient stove and briquette production centres in various locations in the state. These centres have continued to deliver fuel-efficient stoves and briquettes to the markets. Further, FAO supported the Borno State Government to develop a climate investment plan specific for the agricultural sector. This document provides an overview of the investment framework needed to ensure domestication of climate smart agriculture in the state. The European Union (EU) is one of the highest funders of climate actions in Borno State. Since it started funding interventions in Borno State, the EU has spent over 300 million Euros in Northeast Nigeria including funding climate actions. In 2018, the EU launched the 123 million Euros Borno MAIDA project which was implemented in several intervention areas including sustainable electricity, clean cooking solutions and vocational training on clean energy services18. The National Humanitarian Fund (NHF) is another funding source for climate actions. Established in 2017 and managed by UNOCHA, the fund receives contributions from the governments of Belgium, Canada, Germany, Ireland, the Republic of Korea, the Netherlands, Norway, Qatar, Sweden and Switzerland for urgent actions. Over the years, the fund has financed a good number of actions that support climate resilience among crisis-affected persons in Borno State. Many organizations are also supporting climate actions in various sectors in the state. Some of them are presented in the table below: 18 https://www.eeas.europa.eu/node/38615_en 19 Table 2: Organizations finding and implementing climate actions in Borno State Organizat Categor Climate actions ion y Climate Sustaina Agrofore Water Informat Capac Climat Resear Acce Smart ble stry resourc ion / ity e ch & ss to Agricult energy es mgt awaren buildin advoc innovati finan ure ess g acy on ce EU Donor X X X X X X X X X USAID Donor X X X X NHF Donor X X X X GIZ / Donor X X X X X x impleme nter FAO Impleme X X X X X X X x X nter UNDP Impleme X X X nter IOM Impleme X X X X nter WFP Impleme X X X nter Mercy Impleme X X X X X X Corps nter ICEED Impleme X X X X X x X nter ACF Impleme X X X X nter DRC Impleme X X nter ZOA Impleme X X X X X nter Caritas Impleme X X nter Greenco Impleme X X X X de nter ACTED Impleme X nter SCI Impleme X X nter DEC Impleme X X X X X nter FEWSNE Impleme X T nter LOCDIN Impleme X X X X X nter Others Donor X X X X X X X x X (Norway, Canada, Kuwait, etc) Until recently, multi-stakeholder climate change governance and programming platforms were non-existent in Borno State. In June 2023, the EU funded Borno Climate Change Programme supported the establishment of the Borno State Climate Change Coalition. With a membership strength of over 50 organizations drawn from the government, private sector, humanitarian and development partners, civil society organizations, the academia and the media, the Coalition primarily engages in multi-tier advocacy for implementing climate actions in the state. 20 The Safe Access to Fuels and Energy (SAFE) Working Group (WG), under Food and Security Sector is another platform that promotes climate actions albeit at sectoral level. The WG has stakeholders drawn from government, private sector, humanitarian and development partners. The group actively promotes safe access to fuels and energy for crisis-affected persons in Northeast Nigeria. Specifically, the group promotes increased access to renewable electricity and clean cooking solutions. The group was established in 2016 to address the severe household energy poverty being faced by displaced persons in the Northeast. The Food Security Sector (FSS) is another sectoral platform that coordinates activities to promote food and nutrition security including implementation of climate smart agricultural practices. The sector is led by the Borno State Government and co-chaired by Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Food Programme. The sector has members drawn from government, private sector, humanitarian and development partners. BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE STATE-LEVEL RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE Borno State has made some efforts to domesticate national climate change policies, including the Agricultural Promotion Policy, the National Policy on Climate Change and Response Strategy and the Sustainable Development Goals. Also, the state launched the 25-Year State Development Plan to drive stabilization, boost recovery efforts and stimulate growth across all sectors, including climate change and the environment. The SDP was founded alongside a 10-year Transformation Strategy that sets out key priorities and action plans for the short and medium term. While the state has made some progress to mainstream climate actions in its developmental plans, there are many barriers that hinder effective response. Some core barriers were identified from a capacity assessment conducted by the International Centre for Energy, Environment and Development (ICEED), opinions expressed by relevant public agencies and stakeholders as well as documented literature. These barriers are presented below: o Lack of policy framework: Borno State lacks a specific environmental or climate change policy or programme framework local to it, leaving it relying mainly on federal policies and programmes. The Food and Agriculture Organization has recently produced a Climate Smart Agriculture Investment Plan for Borno State. However, this plan has not been officially adopted, and as a result, it is challenging to establish an agenda for climate resilience and monitoring. o Weak governance and institutional support: The competency and number of staff anchoring environment and climate change activities in the State is inadequate. This is a serious challenge as it affects the confidence-building and sustainability of programmes. The Climate Change Department in the Ministry of Environment is in its early stages of development, understaffed and lacks a clear framework for climate change response. On the political front, the State Government has demonstrated commitment to implement the 25-Year Development Plan which contains some climate actions. However, beyond the 25-Year Plan, the state 21 government has not initiated any integrated move to have a holistic climate response plan. o Inadequacy of data: The data required for planning is grossly inadequate. The National Bureau of Statistics maintains data on key economic and human indicators for every state of the federation but most of the data are not up to date. Also, various humanitarian and development actors have generated some data over the years, but there’s no central database to access them. o Poor awareness: Community level awareness on the effects and impacts of climate change is quite rudimentary in Borno state. In addition, though some of the political leadership and various government agencies understand the effects and impacts of climate change, there is very little effort to spread the awareness. Most humanitarian and development partners like FAO, Mercy Corps and ICEED have undertaken community-level awareness campaigns while implementing their interventions. However, these are time-bound project-specific outreaches with limited number of target audience. o Weak capacity for climate change long-term planning: Long term planning on multi-dimensional climate change matters needs to be improved. The current political leadership has demonstrated capacity for long term planning with the 25- Year Development Plan. This capacity should also be extended to include a holistic long-term plan for climate actions. o Weak coordination: Until recently, the frameworks for environmental and climate change coordination was almost non-existent in Borno state. The Borno State Climate Change Coalition, launched in June 2023 and coordinated by the Ministry of Environment, has taken up the responsibility of advocacy and coordination on climate actions. The Coalition is still at its teething stage and is yet to achieve significant traction. The Coalition will require multi-stakeholder support to ensure its sustainability. o Low capacity to undertake community-level climate actions: This is very low among local communities. The capacity of community members, especially farmers, to adjust to climate change, cope with the consequences of moderate potential changes, and take advantage of opportunities is abysmally low. This is because awareness and understanding of the issue of change is low at the individual, community and the State level. o Low Resource Mobilization: Understanding the trade-offs around building resilience is compelling to make the State Government and private sector commit the necessary funds to this approach. Resource mobilization is imperative to building climate resilience could be better. o Low technological deployment: Various technologies exist that can be deployed as part of climate change mitigation and adaptation. However, these are often not explored or underexplored. For instance, fuel-efficient cooking technologies can support the drive to slow down deforestation, but beyond a few isolated projects by humanitarian and development actors, there is no integrated effort to explore this 22 solution. Also, sustainable irrigation technologies have been in existence for decades but have been underutilized in the state. o Partnerships and linkages: Over the past decade, the government and humanitarian partners have explored partnerships and linkages to support the rebuilding of the state. Some of these partnerships have resulted in finance mobilization to implement project-specific climate actions. However, there is no integrated drive for partnerships and linkages that specifically targets climate resilience in the state. 23 PRIORITY SECTORS AND CLIMATE RESILIENCE ACTIONS This section presents the goal and objectives of this Borno State Climate Action Plan. It provides details on the priority climate resilience sectors as identified by stakeholders in an extensive consultative process. It also makes references to documented literature in arriving at the priority sectors. Further, it provides comprehensive details on priority actions in key thematic areas across the sectors, key enablers for achieving success, and how the sectors, and actions are interlinked with the ongoing humanitarian support in the state. STRATEGIC VISION, GOAL AND OBJECTIVES OF THE BORNO STATE CLIMATE ACTION PLAN Strategic vision To ensure Borno can continue to develop and maintain the conditions for the wellbeing and safety of its people, the State has adopted “a strategic vision to transform into a climate resilient and carbon efficient society that is capable of harnessing the benefits of low carbon and resilient development for present and future generations in a sustainable and inclusive manner”. With this vision as a beacon, Borno State shall organize and maximize the efforts of its institutions, local communities, public and private sectors and civil society. Goal In line with the vision above, Borno aims to become a climate-resilient State, while also contributing to national efforts to reduce GHG emissions. The State shall develop in a sustainable way to ensure it does not deplete its rich environmental capital beyond its capacity, and to create economic opportunities for everyone in an inclusive manner. The long-term goal of this Climate Action Plan to achieve this vision is: By 2030, Borno State has achieved climate-resilience and pursued a low-carbon growth pathway to support inclusive and sustainable development. Objectives To achieve its goal as set out above, Borno State shall direct its development actions along two strategic pathways: One pathway is building resilience so that communities, the economy and all assets are adapted to current and projected climate change, in a way that allows them to continue to perform and thrive under the adverse climate change impacts already being felt and those that are projected to intensify in the coming decades. The second pathway is making development choices that are low-carbon whereby development opportunities are pursued in line with national and global efforts to combat climate change and provide the correct balance between development and environmental sustainability. These two pathways reflect the parallel adaptation and mitigation requirements where Borno State needs to concentrate its efforts to ensure it is a climate-resilient nation pursuing a low-carbon development pathway by 2030. They are expressed as two 24 separate but parallel objectives the State needs to achieve the following long-term objectives: I. Increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities and sectors so that they are resilient to the adverse impacts of climate change; and II. Create and maximize opportunities for sectors to pursue a low-carbon growth pathway by ensuring development benefits to communities and all economic sectors. PRIORITY CLIMATE RESILIENCE SECTORS Building climate resilience involves all actors (governments, communities and businesses) being able to anticipate climate risks and hazards, absorb shocks and stresses, and reshape and transform development pathways in the longer term. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) proposed six steps that sectors and actors need to take in developing climate resilience: i. Awareness-raising and advocacy – Be clear that the future will not resemble the past; base this on science and examine different scenarios and their impacts. ii. Carry out climate risk assessments at national, local, sectoral or organizational levels and use a systems approach. iii. Develop and implement appropriate actions and interventions. iv. Mobilize resources – Build capacity and scale up actions. v. Monitor and track progress. vi. Share knowledge, experiences and solutions. The development of this Borno State Climate Action Plan has followed these steps and, largely, integrated these basic principles. Identification of the priority sectors was done through a comprehensive stakeholder consultation process with members of the Borno State Climate Change Coalition, a desk review of issues around climate change in Borno State, and consultations with national and international experts. In identifying the priority sectors, all the stakeholders consulted and recommendations from desk reviews emphasized the following guiding principles: i. People-centred and gender transformative ii. Conserving and restoring natural capital iii. Aligning local and national plans and priorities iv. Evidence and practice v. Whole-of-economic approach vi. No-regret approach These principles perfectly align with the primary objectives of the Borno State 25-Year Development Plan. They also align with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. The identification of priority sectors was based on the level of vulnerability to the critical climate hazards and impacts and those with the most mitigation potential and capable of 25 influencing the state’s economic growth. The sectors considered as priority for achieving climate resilience in Borno state as weighted by the stakeholders and reported by literature are shown in the chart below: Figure 4: Criteria and rating process for selecting the five priority sectors From the chart above, the top five priority sectors based on their top five frequency of occurrence across the parameters are detailed below: I. Agriculture – Agriculture contributes more than 65% to Borno’s GDP and employs more than 70% of the population. However, it but suffers the most from climate change. Drought and desertification, flooding, pests of agriculture, heat waves and erosion all disproportionately affect the sector. The entire consultation process identified the sector as the number one priority for climate actions. This ranking perfectly aligns with the 25-Year Development Plan, which identified the sector as one of the transformation driver pillars. II. Water resources – According to literature and stakeholders consulted, this sector suffers a major impact due to climate change. Drought, desertification and heat waves lead to drying up of water bodies and grave reduction in surface and ground water levels. The shrinking Lake Chad amply depicts the devastating impact of these occurrences. Flooding results to contamination of fresh water sources, which increases water borne diseases that are injurious to human and livestock. Also, flooding results to inundation of farmlands and human settlements resulting to loss of farm produce, human displacements, loss of livelihoods and sometimes loss of lives. The importance of the sector is quite amplified in the 25-Year Development Plan. The document highlighted the need for massive investments in this sector and provides for: the restoration of the Lake Chad; access to safe water supply for domestic and livestock consumption; 26 enhanced development of water harvesting techniques; and efficient and effective water draining measure. III. Forestry – This sector suffers similar fate with the agricultural sector as acknowledged by stakeholders consulted. In fact, most stakeholders held that much of the climate crisis being experienced in the state would be eliminated with massive investments in the forestry sector. The 25-Year Development Plan shares this sentiment so it committed to deliver a net gain of at least 1 km of forest cover annually. Some federal government initiatives like the Great Green Wall Project and the World Bank-funded Agro-Climate Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes complement the state government efforts. IV. Energy – Issues around access to energy and climate are closely interlinked. Most stakeholders and literature consulted held to loss of forest cover is largely attributed to the quest for household cooking energy. Recognizing the menace of the quest for cooking fuel on the forests, the state government announced a ban on the sale of firewood and charcoal in Maiduguri in 202119. Besides the loss of vegetation, inefficient use of biomass for cooking results to emission of thousands of tons of greenhouse gases from Borno homes every day. Available data from the National Bureau of Statistics indicates that more than 90% of Borno homes depend primarily on solid biomass for cooking using traditional stoves. Therefore, the scale of emissions is quite huge. The changing climate also affects access to lighting and other energy services. Heat waves and flooding have routinely disrupted the performance of electricity supply infrastructure over the years. The use of diesel and petrol generators by households and businesses have become quite rampant and are contributing to intensifying the already hot climate of the state. Therefore, investments in clean energy will not only contribute to the socioeconomic growth of the state, it will also result to significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, restoration of the forests, and make households and businesses in the state part of climate change mitigation. V. Commerce & Industry – This sector is the third highest contributor to Borno GDP after agriculture and services. Climate impacts in the above four sectors have varying degrees of impact on this sector. Climate shocks in the agricultural sector has had telling impact on commerce and industry. Many agro-allied industries in the state have closed shop due partly to lack of agricultural feedstock. A good example is the Maiduguri Flour Mills, which, in its glory days, employed over 400 persons and produced 400 metric tonnes of wheat flour daily. The flourmill, described by some economists as the untapped goldmine in the desert, has remained moribund over the past few years. Available reports indicate that though other factors contributed to its waning, inadequate access to agricultural feedstock also contributed to a decline in its operations. A good number of agro- allied industries have suffered similar fate. Smallholder farmers, wholesalers and retailers who constitute the bulk of the players in the commercial sector in the state suffer losses due to flooding, drought, pests and diseases of agriculture. 19 https://dailytrust.com/borno-government-barns-charcoal-firewood-sale-in-maiduguri/ 27 The 25-Year Development recognized the role of commerce and industry in the State’s socioeconomic development. One of its pillars is facilitating economic development through massive investments in commerce and industry and repositioning Borno as a regional trade hub. The plan provides for: investments in the agricultural value chain; sustainable green growth; revitalization of industrial parks and estates; among others. This will create new jobs and empower small and medium sized companies. PRIORITY ACTION IN KEY THEMATIC AREAS From the foregoing, priority actions are relevant to achieving resilience in the five priority sectors. The priority actions are interventions meant to address underlying vulnerability causes and maximize mitigation potentials in the sectors. They will seek to address issues in key thematic areas identified by members of the Borno State Climate Change Coalition in the consultation process including: 1) Strengthening policy; 2) Capacity development; 3) Technology and value chain development; 4) conservative and restorative initiatives; and 5) Partnership and collaboration. The stakeholders identified interventions in these key thematic areas as offering the best potential for climate resiliency. They are considered “no-regret options” that offer co-benefits even without the impact of climate change. The necessity for prioritizing actions in these thematic areas is detailed below: Strengthen Policy Borno State needs to have climate policies that align with local circumstances. Most of the policies driving development in different sectors of the State are envisioned from the corresponding national policies and frameworks. Thus, the policy frameworks in Borno State are insufficient to safeguard the State’s long-term development programs against climate-related shocks. The agenda-setting process needs updating to position the priority sectors to be responsive to address emerging threats, such as the impact of climate change, and for effective monitoring. Some policies available in the various sectors that could support resilient development are rather dispersed and lack the needed focus. Similarly, the sectoral policies in Borno state need to be aligned with national policy approaches and targets such as the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). Also, cross-cutting issues recognized barriers to successfully implementing the development agenda, such as gender dimensions, social inclusiveness, community participation, and finance, which must be adequately reflected in building a resilient action plan. This necessitates an overhaul of its policy priorities to fully integrate resilience approaches into existing planning systems. Capacity Development for Institutions and Communities It would be incomplete to overlook the state of the institutional mechanisms for climate change governance and adoption in Borno State. The ability of the institutions to coordinate and collaborate needs to be strengthened. The competencies and number of staff with climate change knowledge require urgent enhancement. These could include 28 recruitment, data management, mobilization of the relevant MDAs and communities involved or affected, and implementation of the agenda. Again, the capacity of the institutions and the governance architecture to monitor and report on the policy implementation process, as well as adequate information sharing to foster progress and accountability, needs to be enhanced. Further, local institutions' capacity to identify and review relevant climate change plans and enable effective implementation corresponding to the landscape peculiarities should be improved. Technology and Value Chain Development Across all the priority sectors, a lack of competitiveness limits the opportunities and choices for development. This must be addressed to achieve the economy's and people's resilience. The economy of Borno State needs to be opened up in a climate- compliant manner to meet global standards, as this will promote increased productivity, generate better jobs, and increase incomes, which are features that reduce the system's vulnerability. Developing business-oriented climate solutions will attract greater involvement from the private sector and mobilize finances to tackle climate change and build resilience. Conservation and Restorative Initiatives The pathway to building a climate resilience action plan will be challenging to attain if the sustainability of the natural resources, which is the backbone of the economy of Borno state, is neglected. Earlier surveys have shown that the state's priority sectors primarily rely on natural resources. The state’s economy needs to be transformed towards a green development pathway that will enhance the provision of ecosystem services and reduce trade-offs. Part of the incentives for this approach is that it advances the pursuit of low-emission pathways and aligns with the NDC. Partnerships and Collaboration Partnerships and collaboration are needed to achieve protection and early recovery from shocks and stresses and to enhance their climate mitigation capacities through shared responsibility and ownership of the process. Workable and equitable partnerships need to be built in the programming and activities of these sectors. This partnership is necessary across government agencies, the private sector, communities, civil society, researchers, and international development partners to align efforts and effectively implement the resilient action plan. Currently, the state benefits from several federal governments and donor-supported climate change projects. Borno State has boundaries with three neighbouring countries (Chad, Cameroon and Niger), making the State a trans-regional ecosystem with several transboundary issues. The State needs to acquire the capacity to offer the opportunities as an international route and be protected from the exposure to challenges arising from them. It needs to liaise with the Federal Government to build a regional coalition to acquire resilience and hold the potential for sustainable public good. ACTIONS ACROSS THE PRIORITY SECTORS Comprehensive actions across the priority sectors based on the above key thematic areas can ensure climate resiliency in Borno State. The comprehensive actions are presented below based on the priority sectors 29 SUSTAINABLE AND CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE PLAN FOR BORNO STATE One of the goals of the Borno State 25-Year Development Plan is to promote sustainable agriculture to improve productivity, achieve income and food security, end hunger and improve nutrition for all by 2030. The strategic objectives are: i) attainment of food security and promoting the production of commodities with comparative advantage along the value chain having considerable potential for foreign exchange earnings and meeting the targeted growth of an expanding industrial sector and increasing population size; ii) modernization/mechanization of agricultural production, processing, storage and distribution through the infusion of improved technologies and management, leveraging the value chain development strategy; iii) provision of appropriate institutional thrust covering human resource, finance, markets, standardization and quality control as well as a legal framework; and iv) to create abundant job opportunities and attainment of income security in Borno state through agricultural value chain. Achievement of these objectives will promote agricultural productivity and agroindustry, improve the socioeconomic situation of the state and ultimately contribute to environmental sustainability. FAO has developed a climate-smart agriculture investment plan for Borno State. The document clearly noted that agricultural sector’s vulnerability to climate change will require Borno State to re-orient its approach towards climate-smart agriculture (CSA). Together, the three CSA pillars of Productivity, Adaptation, and Mitigation as identified by the document, bringing about sustainability, resilience, and lower emissions (as represented in the figure below, will enable farmers to increase their productivity and, subsequently, their income. The pillars will improve the agricultural sector’s ability to cope with climate change and its associated extreme weather events, reduce emissions, and increase carbon sequestration by producing fewer GHGs per unit of agricultural produce. Figure 5: Climate-smart agriculture: The triple-win of sustainability, resilience, and lower emissions CREDIT: CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE INVESTMENT PLAN: BORNO STATE, NIGERIA (FAO 2022) Based on the contents of the 25-Year Development Plan and the Climate-Smart Agriculture Investment Plan developed by FAO, the Borno State Government shall 30 undertake the following actions in the key thematic areas in the short, medium and long term: Table 3: Actions for sustainable and climate-smart agriculture in the thematic areas in the short, medium and long term Thematic Actions and targets Indicators for Implementing areas Short term – 2024 Medium term – Long term – success Entities – 2025 2025 – 2027 2027 – 2030 Strengthen Domesticate the Monitor Develop Number of Ministry of Policy agricultural implementation of policies that policies and Agriculture and components of the the policies and integrate toolbox Natural Resources Borno State 25- toolbox adaptation developed, (BoSMANR); Year Development capacity and adopted and Ministry of Plan; Adopt and low-emission implemented Environment domesticate the sustainable (BoSMEnv); State Climate Smart growth in Executive Council Agriculture agricultural (BoSEC); Investment Plan sector Humanitarian and developed by FAO; Development develop a Climate Monitor Partners (HDPs) Smart Agriculture implementation Toolbox for Borno of the policies State and toolbox Capacity Information and Information and Information Number of Borno Radio and Development sensitization on sensitization reach and persons Television (BRTV); climate change at least 300,000 sensitization reached Ministry of Home reach at least new and additional reach at least Affairs, Information 1,000,000 persons persons across all 300,000 new and Culture across all the LGAs the LGAs and additional (BoSMHAIC); persons across HDPs, National all the LGAs Orientation Agency (NOA) Climate change Continued climate Continued Number of Ministry of education in all change education climate change schools Education; Borno secondary in all Borno education in all undertaking Universal and tertiary schools secondary and Borno climate change Education Board; tertiary schools secondary and education RAMAT tertiary schools Polytechnic; Borno State University; Mohamet Lawan College of Agriculture; College of Education Waka- Biu; Borno State College of Health Technology; Federal College of Forest Resources management; HDPs At least 50 Further support to Further Number of Borno State Agricultural existing AEWs and support to extension Agricultural Extension Workers at least 50 new existing AEWs workers Development (AEWs) trained and and additional and at least trained and Programme mobilized on CSA AEWs trained and 200 new and mobilized (BoSADP); and data collection mobilized in each additional BoSMANR; HDPs in each LGA LGA AEWs trained and mobilized in each LGA At least 20 Animal Further support to Further Number of Borno State Health Workers existing AHWs and support to extension Agricultural 31 (AHWs) trained and at least 30 new existing AHWs workers Development mobilized on good and additional and at least 30 trained and Programme husbandry AHWs trained and new and mobilized (BoSADP); Borno practices, basic mobilized in each additional State Ministry of animal healthcare LGA AHWs trained Animal Resources procedures and and mobilized and Fisheries surveillance in each LGA (BoSMARF); activities in each BoSMANR; HDPs LGA Training-of-trainers At least 60 At least 60 Number of Ministry of on alternative extension workers extension ToTs and Agriculture and livestock fodder trained who will workers stepdown Natural Resources production, value step down the trained who trainings (BoSMANR); addition, and feed training to at least will step down conducted BoSADP formulation using 1800 livestock the training to Universities locally sourced raw keepers at least 1800 Colleges of materials livestock Agriculture keepers LCRI At least 150 farmer Further support to Further Number of BoSADP, Lake Field and Business Farmer Field support to FFS facilitators Chad Research School Facilitators School Facilitators existing FFS trained Institute, Nigerian (FFS) trained on trained by FAO in facilitators to Meteorological mainstreaming 2018 and 2022 mainstream Agency (NeMIT), . Participatory climate CAZS- University Integrated Climate information of Maiduguri, among 150 Service for groups or 3750 Agriculture (PICSA) to 4500 approach individual farmers At least 300 Further support to Further Number of Nigerian Stored extension agents extension agents support to extension Products Research and Farmer Field and FFS facilitators existing trained agents and Institute (NSPRI), School Facilitators to disseminate extension FFS facIlitators Bo SADP, Lake trained on post- post-harvest loss agents and trained Chad Research harvest loss techniques and FFS facilitators Institute, reduction reduce post- harvest losses At least 20 Further support to Further Number of BoSADP; Extension existing Extension support to Extension BoSMARF; Aquaculturists on Aquaculturists and existing Aquaculturists BoSMANR; HDPs sustainable fishery at least 30 new Extension trained and and aquaculture in and additional Aquaculturists mobilized each of the LGAs ones trained and and at least 30 mobilized in each new and LGA additional ones trained and mobilized in each LGA At least 60 farming At least 90 new At least 90 Number of BoSADP; cooperatives and additional new and farming BoSMANR; HDPs trained on farming additional cooperatives sustainable cooperatives farming trained irrigation trained, 30 in each cooperatives techniques, zone of Borno trained, 30 in production of State each zone of organic manure, Borno State sustainable land management; use of digital technology to monitor the health of crops and soil conditions. 20 in each zone 32 At least 5 At least 5 new and At least 5 new Number of BoSADP; pastoralist groups additional and additional pastoralist BoSMARF; trained on good pastoralist groups pastoralist groups trained BoSMANR; HDPs husbandry trained in each groups trained practices, basic LGA in each LGA animal healthcare procedures and surveillance activities in each LGA At least 10 fishing At least 20 new At least 20 Number of BoSADP; and fish farming and additional new and fishing and fish BoSMARF; cooperatives fishing and fish additional farming BoSMANR; HDPs trained on farming fishing and fish cooperatives sustainable fishery cooperatives farming trained and aquaculture in trained in each cooperatives each LGA LGA trained in each LGA Capacity building Capacity building Capacity Number of BoSADP; for at least 100 for at least 200 building for at communities BoSMANR; HDPs communities and new and additional least 200 new and pastoralist pastoralist groups communities and and additional groups trained on sustainable co- pastoralist groups communities usage of resources, and pastoralist peace building and groups conflict management Collaborate with Further Further Number of NiMET; NiMET and collaboration with collaboration climate (UniMaidWS); University of NiMET and with NiMET information BRTV; Maiduguri Weather (UniMaidWS) to and produced and (BoSMHAIC); Station produce and (UniMaidWS) disseminated AEWs (UniMaidWS) to disseminate to produce and produce and climate information disseminate disseminate climate climate information of all information the LGAs at least once every month Technology Support at least 60 Support at least 90 Support at Number of BoSADP; and value farming and fishing new and additional least 90 new cooperatives BoSMANR; HDPs chain cooperatives with farming and fish and additional supported development post-harvest farming farming and Initiatives equipment and cooperatives with fish farming infrastructure post-harvest cooperatives equipment and with post- infrastructure harvest equipment and infrastructure Support at least 60 Support at least 90 Support at Number of BoSADP; farming new and additional least 90 new cooperatives BoSMANR; HDPs cooperatives with farming and additional supported sustainable cooperatives farming irrigation cooperatives infrastructure Support at least 5 Support at least 5 Support at Number of BoSADP; pastoralist groups new and additional least 5 new pastoralist BoSMARF; in each LGA on pastoralist groups and additional groups BoSMANR; HDPs sustainable in each LGA pastoralist supported livestock production groups in each equipment and LGA infrastructure Support at least 10 Support at least 20 Support at Number of BoSADP; fishing and fish new and additional least 20 new fishing and fish BoSMARF; 33 farming fishing and fish and additional farming BoSMANR; HDPs cooperatives in farming fishing and fish cooperatives each LGA with cooperatives in farming supported sustainable fish each LGA cooperatives in production each LGA equipment and infrastructure Construction of at Construction of at Construction of Number of BoSADP; least 9 earth ponds least 12 new and at least 12 new earthen BoSMANR; HDPs to harvest water for additional earth and additional fishponds fish farming, dry fishponds earth constructed season farming and fishponds water supply for livestock in agricultural clusters Construct at least 3 Construct at least 3 Ongoing Number of Borno State mini dams in new and additional maintenance dams Ministry of Works agricultural clusters mini dams in of all the dams constructed and Transport agricultural clusters and (BoSMWT; maintained BoSMANR BoSADP Provision of pest Provision of pest Provision of Number of BoSADP; and drought and drought pest and farming BoSMANR; HDPs resistant seedlings resistant seedlings drought cooperatives to at least 300 to at least 600 new resistant supported farming and additional seedlings to at cooperatives farming least 600 new cooperatives and additional farming cooperatives Support at least 60 Support to at least Support to at Number of BoSADP; farming 90 new and least 90 new farming BoSMANR; HDPs cooperatives to additional farming and additional cooperatives produce organic cooperatives farming supported manure cooperatives Establish a digital Continued support Continued Number of Ministry of Science, agric hub in each of to the digital agric support to the agric hubs technology and the 3 zones to hubs digital agric established Innovation serve as centres of hubs and supported (BoSMSTI); learning and BoSADP; innovation BoSMANR; HDPs Establish a climate Implement the Implement the Number of BoSMANR; index insurance climate index climate index farmers BoSDAP; NAIC; scheme for farmers insurance scheme insurance enrolled in the HDPs in the state in scheme climate index collaboration with insurance Nigerian scheme Agricultural Insurance Corporation (NAIC) Commence Continued Continued Number of Ministry of Trade, engagement with engagement with engagement agro products Investment and the Nigeria the Nigeria with the standardized Tourism Agricultural Agricultural Nigeria (BoSMTIT); Quarantine Service Quarantine Service Agricultural BoSMANR; to standardize agro Quarantine BoSADP; HDPs products from the Service to State to meet standardize at export requirements least three agro products Develop at least 2 Ongoing support to Ongoing Number of (BoSMTIT); market hubs in the market hubs support to the hubs BoSMANR; each of the 3 zones market hubs established BoSADP; HDPs 34 for improved seeds and supported and other agro- inputs Conservation Support farmer Support farmer Support farmer Number of BoSMEnv; and managed natural managed natural managed hectares of BoSMANR; restorative regeneration and regeneration and natural land restored BoSADP; HDPs initiatives agroforestry in at agroforestry in at regeneration least 100 hectares least 200 hectares and of degraded land of degraded land agroforestry in at least 200 hectares of degraded land Support at least Support at least Support at Number of BoSMANR; 100 farming 300 new and least 300 new farming BoSADP; HDPs cooperatives on additional farming and additional cooperatives crop diversification cooperatives farming supported practices cooperatives Support at least 10 Support at least 20 Support at Number of BoSMANR; pastoralist groups new and additional least 20 new pastoralist BoSADP; HDPs on agro-pastoralism pastoralist groups and additional groups on agro- pastoralist supported pastoralism groups on agro- pastoralism Train and support Train and support Train and Number of BoSMANR; 10 pastoralist 20 new and support 20 pastoralist BoSADP; HDPs groups to promote additional new and groups trained controlled grazing pastoralist groups additional and supported pastoralist groups Partnership Engagement with Continued Continued Reports of BoSG, HDPs, and the Borno State engagement with engagement successful MDAs, PS, Collaboration Climate Change BoSCCC with BoSCCC engagements Academia and Coalition (BoSCCC) Media Collaborate with Ongoing Ongoing Number of BoSMEnv; research institutions collaboration with collaboration collaborations BoSMANR; including Lake the research with the initiated and BoSADP; HDPs Chad Research institutions research maintained Institute (LCRI), institutions National Institute for freshwater Fisheries Research (NIFFR), Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology (FCFFT, Baga) Centre for Arid Zone Studies, University of Maiduguri among others on R&D Engagement with Continued Continued Amount of All stakeholders humanitarian and engagement with engagement finance development humanitarian and with mobilized partners on development humanitarian mobilization of partners on and finance mobilization of development finance partners on mobilization of finance 35 SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN The 25-Year Development Plan recognized the critical need for investments in the water resources sector to make it climate resilient. The restoration of the Lake Chad is one of the critical focus of the government. The state government is already engaged in multi- stakeholder partnerships with the Chad Basin Development Authority and Lake Chad Research Institute to restore the lake. Besides the state government efforts, regional partnerships are ongoing to restore the lake. The Lake Chad Basin Commission is one such partnership. The Commission has the primary objective of sustainable and equitable management of the Lake Chad and other shared water resources, the preservation of ecosystems, the promotion of integrating and preserving of peace and transboundary security in the Lake Chad Basin20. In February 2024, the Commission signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the African Development Bank to restore the lake21. Other plans of the Borno State Government to ensure sustainable and climate resilient water resources infrastructure include: Restoration of existing water facilities; Improved access to safe water supply for domestic use, fisheries and aquaculture, and livestock consumption; and enhanced water supply for agricultural production. Based on its plans as contained in the 25-Year Development Plan, national and regional efforts, the Borno State Government shall undertake the following actions in the key thematic areas in the short, medium and long term: Table 4: Actions for sustainable water management in the thematic areas in the short, medium and long term Thematic Actions and targets Indicators for Implementing areas Short term – Medium term – Long term – 2027 success Entities 2024 – 2025 2025 – 2027 – 2030 Strengthen Domesticate the Monitor Develop policies Number of Ministry of Water Policy National Water implementation of that integrate policies Resources Resources the policy adaptation capacity adopted and (BoSMWS); Policy and low-emission implemented BoSMANR; sustainable growth BoSMEnv; in water BoSEC; HDPs management Monitor implementation of the policies Capacity Information and Information and Information and Number of BRTV; Development sensitization on sensitization to sensitization to persons BoSMHAIC; the causes, reach at least reach at least reached BoSMWS; Borno effects and 300,000 new and 300,000 new and State Rural impacts of water additional persons additional persons Water Supply scarcity, across all the LGAs across all the LGAs and Sanitization drought, flooding Agency and ways of (RUWASSA); building HDPs, NOA resilience to 20 The Commission was founded in 1964 and is headquartered in N’Djamena, Chad. The founding members include Nigeria, Cameroun, Chad and Niger. Other members include Central African Republic and Libya 21 https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/press-releases/african-development-bank-group-lake-chad-basin- commission-sign-mou-restore-lake-chad-basin-68811 36 reach at least 1,000,000 persons across all the LGAs Training for 810 Conduct gender Conduct gender Number of BoSMWS; ToTs across all and age and age persons and RUWASSA; the LGAs on disaggregated disaggregated communities HDPs; BoSADP water harvesting training for 20 training for 40 new trained and storage communities in and additional techniques, each LGA on water communities in water recycling harvesting and each LGA on water techniques and storage techniques, harvesting and natural ways of water recycling storage techniques, water purification techniques and water recycling (i.e 30 per LGA) natural ways of techniques and water purification, natural ways of i.e 540 water purification, communities i.e 1,080 communities Adopt the Water Update the water Update the water Number of BoSMWS; Supply Needs resources needs resources needs assessments RUWASSA assessment of assessment report assessment report updated 24 LGAs produced by RUWASSA and NHISA Collaborate with Further Continued Number of NiMET; NiMET and collaboration with collaboration with climate UniMaidWS; UniMaidWS to NiMET and NiMET and information BRTV; produce and UniMaidWS UniMaidWS produced and (BoSMHAIC); disseminate disseminated BoSMWS; information on RUWASSA rainfall and drought pattern for all the LGAs at least once every month Technology Install solar Install solar Install solar Number of BoSMWS; and Value powered powered boreholes powered boreholes communities RUWASSA; Chain boreholes for for households, for households, provided with Chad Basin Development households, aquaculture and aquaculture and solar powered Development Initiatives aquaculture and livestock in at least livestock in at least boreholes Authority livestock in at 810 new and 810 new and (CBDA); HDPs; least 270 additional additional Northeast distressed distressed distressed Development communities communities based communities based Commission based on the on the assessment on the assessment (NEDC) assessment and and mapping report and mapping report mapping report Construct at Construct at least 4 Construct at least 4 Number of BoSMWS, least 2 engineered earth engineered earth engineered RUWASSA; engineered earth 2fishponds for fishponds for water earth CBDA; HDPs; fishponds for water harvesting in harvesting in each fishponds NEDC water harvesting each LGA LGA constructed in each LGA Establish at least Maintain supply Maintain supply Number of BoSMWS, one supply chain chain in each of the chain in each of the supply chains RUWASSA; in each of the 3 3 zones of the state 3 zones of the state established CBDA; HDPs; zones of the and NEDC; private state for water maintained sector purification products, tools, business solutions, etc 37 Rehabilitate Ongoing Ongoing Number of BoSMWS, Chad existing canals rehabilitation of rehabilitation of canals Basin and begin existing canals and existing canals and rehabilitated Development construction of construction of new construction of new and Authority new ones to ones ones constructed (CBDA); HDPs, collect flood NEDC water and terminate into the Lake Chad Conservation Support at least Support at least 40 Support at least 40 Number of BoSMWS; and 20 communities new and additional new and additional communities RUWASSA; restorative in each LGA with communities in communities in supported HDPs, NEDC initiatives water each LGA each LGA conservation technology Initiate Launch a Ongoing Number of Borno State programme for programme for the programme for the programmes Government, the restoration of restoration of the restoration of the launched Federal the Lake Chad Lake Chad Lake Chad Government; CBDA; Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) Partnership Forge internal Ongoing Ongoing Number of Borno State and and external partnerships partnerships partnerships Government, Collaboration partnerships with confirmed Federal Yobe, Kano, Government; Adamawa LCBC; CBDA States, LCBC and CBDA to explore ways of recharging the Lake Chad Collaborate with Ongoing Ongoing Number of Borno State research collaboration with collaboration with collaborations Government, institutes LCRI, NIFFR, LCRI, NIFFR, forged LCRI, NIFFR, including LCRI, FCFFT, and NIHSA FCFFT, and NIHSA FCFFT Baga NIFFR, FCFFT, NIHSA, HDPs Baga, Nigerian Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA) among others on sustainable water resources development Engagement Continued Continued Amount of All stakeholders with engagement with engagement with finance humanitarian humanitarian and humanitarian and mobilized and development development development partners on partners on partners on mobilization of mobilization of mobilization of finance finance finance SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY PLAN The Borno state government has laws that govern the use of forest resources and prohibit acts like cutting down trees to ensure environmental sustainability. However, the legislation was made about three decades ago and has not been reviewed to reflect 38 current realities. The 25-Year Development Plan recognized the critical role the forest and its resources play in ensuring environmental sustainability. One of the strategic objectives of the document is to “secure the quality of the environment for health and well-being of the population and ensuring the conservation of the environment and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations”. Some of the plans in the document include: i) combat deforestation and desertification by curbing illegal logging and other types of forest degradation; ii) promote agroforestry and community- based conservation schemes; iii) promote tree planting and reforestation programmes; and iv) enforce legislation to protect the environment by limiting indiscriminate cutting of trees, etc. Further, the state government plans to reclaim deforested lands and increase vegetation cover by 1 km annually. Over the past couple of years, the state government has tried to match words with action. In 2020, the state flagged off a 10 million tree-planting campaign22, and other tree-planting programmes have followed suit over the years. National level efforts aimed at increasing vegetation cover and reverse desertification in northern Nigeria including Borno State are currently being implemented. One of such efforts is the Great Green Wall Project Nigeria (GGW Nigeria) which was launched in 2015 following the Africa Union-led Great Green Wall Initiative to address land degradation and desertification, boost food security and support communities adapt to climate change. GGW Nigeria stated that it has established 1,460 kilometers of shelterbelts in addition to other climate resilient and clean energy actions across northern Nigeria including Borno State23. The World Bank funded Agro-Climate Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACRESAL) is another federal government initiative. Launched in 2022, the project is being implemented in the 19 northern states including Borno. It seeks to increase the implementation of sustainable landscape management practices in northern Nigeria and strengthen the country’s long-term enabling environment for integrated climate-resilient landscape management24. In furtherance of the key objectives of the 25-Year Development Plan, the policy thrust of the state regarding sustainable forestry and to support federal government efforts, the Borno State Government shall undertake the following actions in key thematic areas in the short, medium and long term: Table 5: Actions for sustainable forestry in the thematic areas in the short, medium and long term Thematic Actions and targets Indicators Implementing areas Short term – 2024 Medium term – Long term – 2027 for success Entities – 2025 2025 – 2027 – 2030 Strengthen Strengthen Monitor Policies developed Number of BoSMEnv; Policy existing forestry implementation of integrating policies BoSMANR; laws and the policy adaptation adopted and BoSEC; HDPs domesticate the capacity and low- implemented National Forest emission Policy sustainable growth in the forestry 22 https://humanglemedia.com/desertification-borno-state-to-begin-first-phase-of-10-million-trees-project/ 23 https://ggwnigeria.gov.ng/ 24 https://acresal.gov.ng/ 39 sector Monitor implementation of the policies Capacity Capacity building Ongoing Ongoing Number of BoSMEnv; Development and mobilization of mobilization of mobilization of MDAs trained BoSMANR; relevant MDAs on relevant MDAs relevant MDAs and mobilized Federal College administration of of Forest forestry laws and Resources regulations Management (FCFRM); HDPs Information and Information and Information and Number of BoSMEnv; sensitization sensitization sensitization communities BoSMANR; campaigns in at campaigns in at campaigns in at reached HDPs; BRTV; least 20 least 60 new and least 60 new and (BoSMHAIC), communities per additional additional NOA LGA on communities per communities per agroforestry, LGA LGA natural regeneration, and sustainable fuelwood harvesting Produce forest Update forest Update forest Number of BoSMEnv; cover map of cover map of cover map of maps BoSMANR; Borno State using Borno state using Borno state using produced and Borno digital technology digital technology digital technology updated Geographic to be used to to be used to Information measure progress measure progress Service (BOGIS) on reforestation on reforestation efforts efforts Train at least 20 Train at least 40 Train at least 40 Number of BoSMEnv; farming new and additional new and additional farming BoSMANR; cooperatives per farming farming cooperatives HDPs; BoSADP; LGA on farmer- cooperatives per cooperatives per trained FCFRM managed natural LGA LGA regeneration and agroforestry practices Technology Work with the Continued Continued Number of BoSMEnv; and Value Forestry Research standardization of standardization of products BoSMANR; Chain Institute of Nigeria non-timber forest non-timber forest standardized HDPs; FRIN. Development (FRIN) to develop products products Initiatives and standardize non-timber forest products for export Support at least 5 Support at least 10 Support at least 10 Number of BoSMEnv; farming new and additional new and additional farming BoSMANR; cooperatives in farming farming cooperatives HDPs each LGA to cooperatives cooperatives supported establish forest nursery businesses Establish Forest Ongoing support Ongoing support Number of BoSMEnv; Products to the laboratory to the laboratory laboratories BoSMANR; Laboratory to established promote healthy and forests and forest- supported based economies Conservation Support farmer Support farmer Support farmer Number of BoSMEnv; and managed natural managed natural managed natural hectares of BoSMANR; restorative regeneration and regeneration and regeneration and land restored BoSADP; HDPs 40 initiatives agroforestry in at agroforestry in at agroforestry in at least 100 hectares least 200 hectares least 200 hectares of degraded land of degraded land of degraded land Work with the Work with Work with Number of BoSMEnv; National Agency NAGGW to NAGGW to kilometers of BoSMANR; for the Great stabilize at least stabilize at least sand dunes BoSADP; HDPs; Green Wall 50km of additional 50km of additional stabilized NAGGW (NAGGW) to sand dunes sand dunes stabilize at least 50km of sand dunes in northern Borno Work with the Work with Work with the Number of BoSMEnv; NAGGW to NAGGW to NAGGW to kilometers of BoSMANR; increase shelter increase shelter increase shelter shelter belt BoSADP; HDPs; belt by at least 20 belt by at least 100 belt by at least 100 restored NAGGW km km km Work with the Continued Continued Reports of BoSMEnv; Chad Basin engagement with engagement with successful BoSMANR; National Park CBNK CBNK engagement CBNK; HDPs (CBNK) to preserve games and wildlife in the Chad Basin Train, inaugurate Ongoing support Ongoing support Number of BoSMEnv; and equip forest to the forest to the forest forest guards BoSMANR; guards in each of guards guards trained and HDPs the LGAs supported Partnership Establish Ongoing Ongoing Reports of BoSMEnv; and partnerships with partnerships partnerships successful BoSMANR; Collaboration NAGGW, CBNK, partnerships HDPs; NAGGW, FRIN and others to CBNK, FRIN promote forest resources development Engage with Continued Continued Amount of All stakeholders humanitarian and engagement with engagement with finance development humanitarian and humanitarian and mobilized partners on development development mobilization of partners on partners on finance mobilization of mobilization of finance finance ENERGY TRANSITION PLAN FOR BORNO STATE Presently, Borno State does not have an energy transition plan. However, the 25-Year Development Plan promotes clean energy solutions. The strategic objective for the energy sector is to ensure sufficient energy supply to meet the requirements in the state for domestic and industrial use. Some of the initiatives in the document include: rehabilitation and replacement of power supply equipment and infrastructure; and facilitate the establishment of renewable energy independent power plants. Some of the policy initiatives in Borno State are reflected in the broader objectives of the National Energy Transition Plan (NETP). The NETP provides for universal access to modern energy services that will contribute to lifting most Nigerians out of poverty. 41 Therefore, in line with key objectives of the Borno State 25-Year Development Plan and the NETP, the Borno State Government shall undertake the following actions in the key thematic areas in the short, medium and long term: Table 6: Actions for energy transition in the thematic areas in the short, medium and long term Thematic Actions and targets Indicators for Implementing areas Short term – 2024 Medium term – Long term – success Entities – 2025 2025 – 2027 2027 – 2030 Strengthen Domesticate the Ongoing Policies Number of BoSMHE; Policy Nigeria Energy implementation of developed policies BoSMEnv; HDPs; Transition Plan the NETP integrating domesticated NEDC (NETP) adaptation and capacity and low- implemented emission sustainable growth in the energy sector Ongoing implementation of the policies Capacity Awareness on the Awareness to Awareness to Number of BoSMHE; Development negative reach at least 40 reach at least 60 communities BoSMEnv; HDPs, implications of new and new and reached NOA inefficient light and additional additional cooking energy communities per communities per technologies and LGA LGA fuels and the co- benefits of sustainable light and cooking energy solutions in at least 20 communities in each LGA Capacity building Capacity building Capacity building Number of BoSMHE; Borno and mentorship on and mentorship and mentorship young people State Ministry of the design and for at least 200 for at least 200 trained and Youth, Sports and installation of solar new and new and mentored Empowerment PV electricity additional young additional young (BoSMYSE); systems for at least men and women men and women Borno State 100 young men in each LGA in each LGA Ministry of and women in each Women Affairs LGA and Social Development (BoSMWA&SD); HDPs Capacity building Capacity building Capacity building Number of BoSMHE; and mentorship on and mentorship and mentorship young people BoSMYSE; the design and for at least 200 for at least 200 trained and BoSMWA&SD; production of fuel new and new and mentored HDPs efficient cookstoves additional young additional young for at least 100 men and women men and women young men and in each LGA in each LGA women in each LGA Create a database Continuous Continuous Number of BoSMHE; Borno of renewable and update of update of databases State Data clean energy database database created and Management technologies being updated Centre deployed and (BoSDMC), HDPs promoted in the 42 state Work with the Rural Continuous Continuous Number of Borno State Rural Electrification update of update of mappings Electrification Agency (REA) and electricity access electricity access conducted and Board (BoSREB); Federal Ministry of map map updated BoSMHE; FMP; Power (FMP) to REA; HDPs identify and map unserved and underserved communities in all the LGAs Work with other Continuous Continuous Number of BoSMEnv; partners to develop update of the update of the databases BoSDMC; a database of database database created and BoSMHE; cooking energy updated BoSMWA&SD; vulnerable and at- HDPs risk households in all the LGAs Technology Establish Ongoing support Ongoing support Number of BoSMHE; and Value innovative digital to the centres to the centres centres BoSMYSE; HDPs Chain renewable energy established Development hubs within state- and supported Initiatives owned vocational institutions as centres of learning and innovation Development and Development and Development and Number of BoSREB; installation of smart installation of installation of smart solar PV BoSMHE; NEDC; solar PV off-grid smart solar PV smart solar PV off-grid mini HDPs mini grids in at off-grid mini grids off-grid mini grids grids installed least 2 in at least 4 new in at least 4 new communities per and additional and additional LGA communities per communities per LGA LGA Work with Yola Ongoing Ongoing Number of BoSREB; YEDC; Electricity collaboration with collaboration with measures BoSMHE; Distribution YEDC to ensure YEDC to ensure taken to BoSMEnv; HDPs Company (YEDC) climate proof climate proof ensure climate to ensure climate electricity electricity proof proof electricity infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure Establish at least 3 Ongoing support Ongoing support Number of BoSMHE; multi-purpose clean to the centres to the centres centres BoSMEnv; cookstoves established NEDC; HDPs development and and supported production centre in each LGA Produce and Produce and Produce and Number of BoSMHE; disseminate at disseminate at disseminate at vulnerable and BoSMEnv; least 54,000 fuel least 135,000 fuel least 135,000 fuel at-risk BoSMWA&SD; efficient cookstoves efficient efficient households NEDC; HDPs to vulnerable and cookstoves to cookstoves to reached at-risk households new and new and in all the LGAs additional additional vulnerable and at- vulnerable and at- risk households in risk households in all the LGAs all the LGAs Conservation Establishment of at Maintenance of Maintenance of Number of BoSMEnv; and least 10 hectares of the woodlots the woodlots woodlots BoSMANR; HDPs restorative woodlot for established initiatives sustainable and fuelwood maintained harvesting in each 43 LGA Pilot Pilot Pilot Number of BoSMEnv; implementation of implementation of implementation of pilots BoSMANR; biofuels (biomass biofuels utilization biofuels utilization completed BoSMHE; NEDC; briquettes and in at least 10 new in at least 10 new HDPs liquid biofuels) and additional and additional utilization in at least communities communities 10 communities Collaborate with Collaborate with Collaborate with Number of BoSMHE; HDPs; YEDC and the YEDC and the YEDC and the LED bulbs YEDC private sector to private sector to private sector to disseminated promote LED bulbs promote LED promote LED dissemination bulbs bulbs Partnership Collaborate with Ongoing Ongoing Number of BoSMHE; and the private sector to collaboration with collaboration with existing BoSREB; Collaboration establish a supply the private sector the private sector collaborations BoSMEnv; private chain for renewable sector energy parts and materials Engage with Continued Continued Amount of All stakeholders humanitarian and engagement with engagement with finance development humanitarian and humanitarian and mobilized partners on development development mobilization of partners on partners on finance mobilization of mobilization of finance finance SUSTAINABLE COMMERCE AND INDUSTRIAL PLAN The Borno State 25-Year Development Plan devoted a whole section on creative ways of developing the commerce and industry value chain. This is primarily aimed at reestablishing the State as a regional trade hub. There are strategies for growing the agriculture value chain, improve trade and commerce, promote the growth of micro, small and medium enterprises, and resuscitate and expand the manufacturing value chain. To complement the initiatives in the 25-Year Plan, the state government developed an Export Strategy Plan in 2023. The document focuses on growing the export potentials of the agriculture value chain, enhance regional and cross-country trade, among others. It envisions a collaborative framework that will harness the expertise of key entities such as the Network of Practicing Non-Oil Exporters of Nigeria, the Nigerian Export Promotion Council, and skilled consultants to bolster export capacity within the state. To complement the strategies of the 25-Year Development Plan and the Export Strategy Plan and make the growth of the sector climate resilient, the Borno State Government shall undertake the following actions in the key thematic areas in the short, medium and long term: Table 7: Actions for sustainable commerce and industry in the thematic areas in the short, medium and long term Thematic Activities and targets Indicators for Implementing areas Short term – Medium term – Long term – success Entities 2024 – 2025 2025 – 2027 2027 – 2030 Strengthen Implement Implement the Policies Number of Ministry of Trade, Policy existing state policy developed policies Investment and government integrating domesticated Tourism policies adaptation and (BoSMTIT); 44 capacity and low- implemented BoSEC; HDPs; emission Private Sector sustainable growth in commerce and industry Implement the policies Capacity Information and Continued Continued Number of BoSMTIT; Small Development sensitization on information and information and information and and Medium the effects and sensitization sensitization sensitization Enterprises impacts of climate campaigns campaigns meetings Development change on Agency Borno business and State Office opportunities for (SMEDAN) climate resilient HDPs; private business sector, NOA infrastructure Develop database Update database Update database Number of BoSMTIT; of business hubs of business hubs of business hubs databases SMEDAN, in the state and in the state and in the state and developed and BoSDMC, HDPs; their climate risks their climate risks their climate risks updated private sector Conduct capacity Continued Continued Number of BoSMTIT; building for capacity building capacity building business hubs SMEDAN HDPs; business hubs on for business hubs for business hubs trained private sector energy efficiency and cleaner production Conduct capacity Continued Continued Number of BoSMTIT; building for capacity building capacity building business hubs SMEDAN Borno business hubs on for business hubs for business hubs trained State environmental Environmental standards and protection regulations and Agency compliance (BOSEPA) HDPs; private sector Establish and Continued Continued Number of BoSMTIT; enforce enforcement of enforcement of business hubs BOSEPA; environmental standards and standards and complying with SMEDAN HDPs; standards and regulations regulations standards and private sector regulations for regulations business hubs Technology Reinforce existing Maintenance of Maintenance of Number of BoSMTIT; and Value business hubs business hubs to business hubs to business hubs SMEDAN; HDPs; Chain and build new be climate be climate that are climate private sector Development ones to be climate resilient resilient resilient Initiatives resilient Work with REA to Work with REA to Work with REA to Number of BoSMTIT; initiate the initiate the initiate the business hubs SMEDAN; REA; Energizing Energizing Energizing provided with private sector Economies Markets Initiative Markets Initiative sustainable Initiative in Borno in Borno State in Borno State electricity State Promote the use Continued Continued Number of BoSMTIT; of clean cooking promotion of the promotion of the institutions and SMEDAN; private solutions for use of clean use of clean businesses sector; HDPs institutional and cooking solutions cooking solutions employing clean commercial for institutional for institutional cooking cooking and also and commercial and commercial in agro- cooking and also cooking and also processing in agro- in agro- processing processing 45 Support Support Support Number of BoSMTIT; manufacturers manufacturers manufacturers manufacturers SMEDAN; Private and fabricators to and fabricators to and fabricators to supported Sector; HDPs apply energy apply energy apply energy efficiency and efficiency and efficiency and cleaner cleaner cleaner production production production Ensure climate Ensure climate Ensure climate Reports of Ministry of Works resiliency in resiliency in resiliency in successful and Transport associated associated associated integration of (BoSMWT); business business business climate BoSMTIT; infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure considerations in SMEDAN; NEDC; including transport including including business Private Sector infrastructure, transport transport associated storage infrastructure, infrastructure, infrastructure infrastructure, etc storage storage infrastructure, etc infrastructure, etc Establish climate Implement Implement Number of BoSMTIT; liability insurance climate liability climate liability MSMEs enrolled SMEDAN; scheme for insurance insurance in the climate National MSMEs in the scheme for scheme for liability Insurance state MSMEs MSMEs insurance Commission scheme (NAICOM) Conservation Establish products Maintain the Maintain the Number of BoSMTIT; and recycling plants in products products products SMEDAN; Private restorative Maiduguri, Biu recycling plants recycling plants recycling plants Sector; HDPs initiatives and Bama established and maintained Partnership Forge Maintain Maintain Number of BoSMTIT; and partnerships and partnerships and partnerships and partnerships SMEDAN; Private Collaboration collaborations collaborations collaborations forged and Sector; HDPs with relevant with relevant with relevant maintained stakeholders stakeholders stakeholders Engage with Continued Continued Amount of All stakeholders humanitarian and engagement with engagement with finance development humanitarian and humanitarian and mobilized partners on development development mobilization of partners on partners on finance mobilization of mobilization of finance finance KEY ENABLERS FOR ACHIEVING SUCCESS Achieving the contents of the Borno State Climate Action Plan would require abiding by a couple of success enablers. The government has demonstrated commitment to restore the glory of the state and is set to ensure the following success enablers are sustainably deployed: Good governance – The government has demonstrated political will and accountability to ensure the restoration of the state is sustainably achieved. The Borno State 25-Year Development Plan is an initiative of the government that is currently being implemented. The State is also promoting other restorative initiatives. The State’s political leadership is championing climate change issues. The government has embarked on an aggressive tree planting campaign, and is collaborating with other stakeholders to promote climate actions in the state. To ensure institutional capacity is 46 built, the government recently established the Department of Climate Change under the State Ministry of Environment. The state government shall sustain its political will and provide increased institutional support to ensure successful implementation of this Action Plan. Inclusive participation – Presently, the state government applies various levels of participation in decision-making and implementation of programmes and projects. For instance, during the production of the 25-Year Development Plan, over one hundred stakeholders drawn from the government, private sector, NGOs, CSOs, development partners, academia and the media were consulted and actively participated in the process. Currently, the state government consults with humanitarian and development partners in the process to rebuild the state. Local government authorities are also undertaking community-level engagements. In addition, over 64 institutions drawn from the government, NGOs, development partners, CSOs, academia and media were consulted and actively participated in the development of Borno State Climate Action Plan. Also, community-level consultations were held with the authorities of some LGAs, including Jere and Konduga, and a good number of communities. The state government shall sustain and enhance its inclusive participation implementing this Action Plan. Participatory monitoring – The state government has demonstrated its commitment to ensuring that developmental programmes and projects are adequately monitored by establishing the Department of Monitoring, Evaluation and Special Project directly under the Governor’s Offices with zonal offices in each LGA. Beyond the government representatives, the zonal offices of the department also include community leaders, humanitarian and development partners. The state government shall sustain these participatory monitoring efforts in implementing the Action Plan by implementing the monitoring and evaluation mechanism contained herein. Adequate funding – Funding is very critical to the implementation of the Climate Action Plan. While the scale of climate actions to be undertaken is quite enormous, the government has limited resource mobilization capacity. Finance from humanitarian and development partners have complemented the government finance for the recovery of the state over the past decade. Federal government support for overall Borno recovery has been quite significant in the past few years. Recognizing the scale of funding required, the state government shall mobilize a significant proportion of its resources to implement the Climate Action Plan. The state shall also deepen engagements with the federal government, humanitarian and development partners on funds mobilization. Other sources of finance, such as various climate funds, shall be extensively explored. Linkages with humanitarian support 47 Borno State faces multiple humanitarian crises triggered by conflict, insecurity and climate change. This major factor made humanitarian support significant in building resilience in Borno State. In the long term, the uncertainty surrounding climate change, along with other multiple interacting risks, is likely to cause more displacements and provide additional impetus for serious attention to it for resilience building25. The State may have to remobilize resources for other development priorities into humanitarian support for crisis-affected persons and different responses to disasters due to the impact of climate change. Because victims of repeated shocks are better supported when humanitarian action targets the underlying vulnerabilities, the Borno Climate Action Plan made humanitarian support an issue that cuts across all the five identified priority sectors. As resilience solutions are implemented in agriculture, water resources, forestry, energy, commerce and industry, this offers a “no-regrets” approach because humanitarian actions in Borno State are intertwined with other development programmes and longer-term initiatives such as improvement of resilience. Effective deployment of the success enablers across the five thematic areas in the five priority sectors will not only ensure a climate resilient Borno State, it will also ensure that host of the humanitarian problems being faced by the state are solved. This is illustrated in the chart below: Seven https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2022-10-20-what-sa-must-do-to-build-climate-resilient-development 48 Figure 6: How success enablers applied across the five thematic areas in the identified five priority sector and closely interlinked with humanitarian support leads to a climate resilient Borno State BENEFITS OF STRENGTHENING CLIMATE ACTIONS Borno is currently grappling with several humanitarian and developmental challenges. Implementing the climate actions contained in this document will not only support efforts towards addressing the challenges being faced by the state, they will also support the achievement of the 25-Year Development Plan, Sustainable Development Goals and ultimately promote the general wellbeing of the state. Some of the co-benefits of implementing this Action Plan are detailed below: Food security – The Government acknowledges that most inhabitants of Borno State are food insecure. This situation is partly caused by the insurgency and worsening economic situations and is further exacerbated by the massive climate crisis being faced by the state. The 25-Year Development Plan placed more emphasis on agricultural development as the chief driver of Borno’s economic growth. This is also prominently amplified in this Action Plan. Therefore, investing in climate smart 49 agriculture will not only improve agricultural productivity, it will also enhance the resilience of Borno households. It will help meet the growing demand for food which will eventually lead to universal food security in the state. Poverty reduction and socioeconomic development – The Government is not relenting to reduce the poverty rate in Borno State which, according to available statistics, stands at about 70%26. This is further accentuated by the insurgency, present economic conditions and rising climate crisis. Notwithstanding these conditions, the state government has made remarkable progress to reduce the poverty rate in the state. Reconstruction and rehabilitation programmes and projects are currently being implemented at very large scale with complementary efforts by humanitarian and development partners. Implementing the contents of this Climate Action Plan will not only ensure food security, it will also create massive direct, indirect and supply chain green jobs, which will ultimately lead to poverty reduction. Socioeconomic development of the state will be greatly accelerated through implementation of this Climate Action Plan. As previously stated, Borno GDP is largely dominated by agriculture and its associated supply chain. Other sectors like commerce and industry, water resources and forestry also contribute significantly to the state’s GDP. Climate smart investments will be pursued in agriculture, commerce, industry, water resources and forestry sectors to boost the socioeconomic development of the state. Every sector of the economy will benefit from such boost including improvements in safe access to fuels to energy, health services, education, skills development and job creation. This can also lead to ending the humanitarian crisis being faced by the state. Greenhouse gas emissions reduction potentials and benefits - Emissions from unsustainable agricultural practices, loss of forests, energy production and consumption, unsustainable water management practices and carbon-intensive commerce and industry are quite significant in Borno State. For instance, a report by Global Forest Watch stated that from 2001 to 2022, an average of 50.3 tons CO2e per year was released into the atmosphere due to tree cover loss in Gwoza LGA27. Therefore, the scale of emissions from forest loss alone across all the LGAs over the same timeframe will be quite significant. In summary, total emissions from all the five priority sectors will be enormous. Through this Climate Action Plan, the government shall support mitigation efforts towards reducing Borno CO2e emissions. Emissions reductions from all the five priority sectors through faithful implementation of this plan have been estimated as shown below:  Climate smart agriculture = 121,434 tons of CO2e per annum  Sustainable water management plan = 78,300 tons of CO2e per annum  Sustainable forestry plan = 104,625 tons of CO2e per annum  Energy transition plan = 671,772 tons of CO2e per annum 26 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339630738_Alleviation_of_Poverty_in_Borno_State_The_Missing_Link 27 https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/NGA/8/11/?category=climate 50  Sustainable commerce and industrial plan = 65,500 tons of CO2e per annum28 The estimated total emissions reduction through implementing of this Climate Action Plan is approximately 1,041,000 tons of CO2e per annum. This represents about 1.5% of Nigeria total voluntary emissions reduction target by 203029. Therefore, implementation of this Climate Action Plan will support in achieving Nigeria’s emissions reduction commitments. Beyond meeting national commitments, the emissions reduction can be traded in the Voluntary Carbon Market30 to generate much needed income for the state. Presently, the price of carbon in the Voluntary Market for Nature and Technology based solutions is averagely USD 1 per tonne of carbon saved. Borno state could, therefore, earn very significant income from the carbon market by implementing the Climate Action Plan. Environmental sustainability - Borno environment have been significantly degraded over the years due to climate change. As earlier stated, the Lake Chad has lost most of its water, forest cover has been in rapid decline, agricultural output is decreasing steadily and all these are having telling impacts on the environment. Implementing this Climate Action Plan will support in restoring the environment of the state to near original quality and quantity. Aligning the Action Plan with National Priorities - The Borno Climate Action Plan is a sub-national attempt to systematically strengthen the capacity of the state to recover from shocks and promote low-carbon development pathways that align with national climate change aspirations. The Nationally Determined Contributions and the Climate Change Act 2022 are all options for promoting and building adaptation capacity and reducing national emissions. Interestingly, agriculture, forestry, water resources and energy are among the key sectors identified by these climate policies as avenues to meet adaptation and mitigation targets. Also, the National Policy on Climate Change recognizes the need for sub-nationals and sectors to pursue additional measures against climate change. The alignment of the goals and the approach for the Borno Climate Action Plan with national policies is an advantage in seeking to mobilize national and international finances for implementing the Plan. 28 These are rough conversative estimates. Detailed emissions reduction modelling needs to be carried out to ascertain real potential savings which can be much higher 29 Nigeria NDC of 2021 estimates that Nigeria’s emissions by 2030 will be 453 million tonnes of CO2e per annum. 20% voluntary reduction amounts to 90.6 million tonnes tons of CO2e per annum 30 The Voluntary Carbon Market gives companies, non-profit organizations, governments, and individuals the opportunity to buy and sell carbon offset credits. A carbon offset is an instrument that represents the reduction of one metric tonne of carbon dioxide or GHG emissions 51 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION To ensure the effective implementation of the Borno State Climate Action Plan, the following measures will be undertaken: INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT To enhance interagency collaboration, the government shall constitute a Borno State Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change. This committee shall provide overall coordination on the implementation of the Action Plan. Additionally, the Borno State Ministry of Environment shall lead a Steering Committee that shall coordinate and monitor implementation of the Borno State Climate Action Plan by government and non-government actors. The steering committee shall include representatives from government, private sector, civil society, NGOs, development partners, academia, association of local government authorities, community heads and selected leadership of community level cooperatives and associations. This Committee shall report directly to the Inter-Ministerial Committee. To ensure the Ministry of Environment is effectively able to head the committee, the Department of Climate Change shall be equipped and strengthened in the following areas: provision of adequate office space and staffing; provision of needed operational equipment; comprehensive capacity development for staff of the department on climate change governance; among others. Further, the state government shall mandate all its Ministries, Departments and Agencies to establish climate change desks. These desks shall serve as focal contacts and shall oversee the day-to-day implementation of climate actions in their various institutions. They shall report directly to the Steering Committee, Finally, technical committees shall provide backstopping support in implementing actions across the five priority sectors. The following technical committees shall be constituted: Technical Committee on Climate Smart Agriculture; technical Committee on Sustainable Water Management Plan; Technical Committee on Sustainable Forestry Plan; Technical Committee on Energy Transition Plan; and Technical Committee on Sustainable Commerce and Industrial Plan. Membership drawn from relevant MDAs, the private sector, humanitarian and development partners and the academia. The institutional arrangement is shown in the chart below: 52 FUNDING OF THE PLAN The level of funding the Climate Action Plan attracts will significantly impact the success of its implementation. The urgency to address climate change's impact on the economy, people and environment of Borno State is considered sufficient to generate the political will and enable mobilization of funds. Implementing the Action Plan is capital-intensive because climate change affects every sector and demands inter-sectoral collaboration to realize success. On a positive note, such inter-sectoral cooperation has been credited for promoting more robust institutional arrangements and public-private partnerships that enable the mobilization of funds. The indicative cost of funding implementation of the Borno State Climate Action Plan across the priority sectors is detailed below:  Climate-smart agriculture = NGN 31,348,300,000  Sustainable water management plan = NGN 24,544,600,000  Sustainable forestry plan = NGN 14,160,000,000  Energy transition plan = NGN 26,036,000,000  Sustainable Commerce and Industrial Plan = NGN 18,240,000,00031 31 This indicative costing was made in January 2024. Actual cost may vary during implementation 53 This scale of funding requires collaborative effort among all stakeholders. The government shall provide initiatives to foster a conducive environment for public-private investment. Secondly, the Climate Action Plan also presents a veritable opportunity to mobilize funds from various climate finances available by UNFCCC and multilateral funding agencies. The state shall strengthen cooperation with the National Council on Climate Change and other relevant Federal agencies to enhance its chances of accessing these climate finances. Funding for the Action Plan shall be mobilized from the following sources: Domestic sources Borno State Annual Budgets: Borno State has committed to undertake climate actions by embedding climate-related activities in the 25-Year Development Plan. Consistent with the financial requirements of this Action Plan, the State Government shall vigorously ensure annual budgetary allocations to ensure its implementation. The government is committed to transparency and accountability for all funds allocated to climate change projects and will ensure effectiveness and efficiency of spending. Ecological Fund – Established in 1981, the fund constitutes 1% of the Federation Account and is known as Derivation and Ecology Fund. The Fund's primary objective was to have a pool to finance ecological projects to mitigate severe environmental problems. All the states and LGAs receive their share of the fund as part of their monthly allocations. Through this Action Plan, the Borno State Government shall utilize its share of the Ecological Fund to implement critical components of the Borno State Climate Action Plan. North East Development Commission (NEDC) - The Commission is the focal organization charged with the responsibility to assess, coordinate, harmonies and report on all intervention programmes and initiatives by the Federal Government or any of its Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), States; and other Development Partners and for the implementation of all programs and initiatives for the North East States; Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba, Yobe, respective. Through this Action Plan, the Borno State Government shall liaise with NEDC to devote a proportion of its interventions in Borno State to climate actions. Commercial banks – The Borno State Government shall encourage commercial banks to lend to green businesses, and increase their Corporate Social Responsibility budgets for climate actions in disadvantaged communities. International sources Carbon market – Stakeholders in Borno State have noted the increasing role of the carbon offset market in financing climate actions in several developing countries. This could assist poor households in increasing resilience. The State Government shall liaise with the federal government to explore opportunities in the carbon market. 54 Various climate finance funds – The Borno State Government shall continuously identify sources of climate finance such as the Green Climate Fund, NAMA Facility, Global Environment Facility, Adaptation Fund and Clean Technology Fund. The State Government shall deepen collaborations and explore opportunities to use these climate finance opportunities to fund climate actions in the State. Bilateral and Multilateral support - Borno State has received many bilateral and multilateral support for various programmes and projects. Some of these sources include the European Union, USAID, UKAID, GIZ, UNDP, the Governments of Canada and Norway, the Kuwait Fund, and FAO, among others. Through this Action Plan, the state government shall deepen engagements with these institutions and agencies and encourage them to increase funding to the climate change sector in the state. TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION The overall objective is to support the various sectors in promoting appropriate technologies and innovations to support adaptation and mitigation actions. First, this document provides for Climate Information Services, including information to help farmers manage risk, inform early warning systems, and inform decision making for organizations, businesses and households. Beyond provision of climate information, climate related database shall also be maintained in some of the sectors. Secondly, this Climate Action Plan shall promote gender-responsive climate technologies and innovations in agriculture, water resources, energy and commerce & industry through financing, capacity building, and start-up/scale-up of services. Further, the government shall encourage youth innovation through outreach programmes with primary, secondary and tertiary schools, as well as the vocational and skill acquisition centres. Finally, through this Climate Action Plan, the government shall identify policy and fiscal incentives to promote the uptake of climate-friendly technology (such as tax incentives, reduced tariffs, low-interest loans, and public-private partnerships). CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT Capacity development enhances the ability of institutions and communities to effectively carry out climate change actions, while knowledge management is concerned with curating and sharing of climate change knowledge. Activities under this enabler are expected to facilitate implementation of this Climate Action Plan. First, the state government shall liaise with the Borno State Climate Change Coalition to establish and operate a publicly accessible Climate Change Resource Centre within the Ministry of Environment. This centre shall also include a robust and updated knowledge management system, and an updated climate change information portal with platforms for children, youth, women, and vulnerable and at-risk minority communities. The centre shall use knowledge harvesting techniques to capture and share information, including climate change-based traditional knowledge, especially from women and the elderly. 55 Secondly, as earlier detailed, the government shall liaise with other stakeholders to strengthen the capacity of all state government institutions to implement this Action Plan including:  Training of staff of climate change units on reporting and climate finance;  Support to the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change;  Training on the climate change-gender nexus; and  Supporting the steering committee in its coordination. Further, the state government shall build the capacity of all the local governments, including:  Support in establishing local-level Climate Change Units;  Coordination of climate change programmes across the LGAs;  Mobilization and tracking of climate finance using gender-disaggregated data; and  Monitoring and reporting on the impact of climate change programmes. To ensure grassroots awareness creation, the state shall develop and operationalize a gender and inter-generational responsive public awareness and engagement strategy that highlights outreach to various strata of the society. Finally, as earlier detailed, the state government shall integrate climate change in the education system curriculum. This is with a view to ensuring that awareness of climate change issues form part of mainstream school curriculum. GENDER MAINSTREAMING Gender equality is critical to ensuring inclusive and socially just climate action and disaster risk reduction (DRR). Gender-blind climate change and DRR-related interventions can further exacerbate structural gender inequalities that put women and girls’ rights at risk by limiting their access to resources and opportunities and creating new types of exclusions. Gender inequalities are deeply entrenched in Borno State, as in other states in the Northeast of Nigeria32, particularly in the control of resources, division of labour and involvement in decision-making. The effects of climate change and disaster risks do not affect all individuals and groups in the same way but are shaped by intersecting vulnerabilities and social differences in socio-economic status, sex, gender identity, age, ethnicity and dis(ability), among others. Vulnerable and marginalized people with limited access to and control over assets and essential resources as well as to social security, services and credit will find it harder to mitigate, adapt to and recover from climate shocks. The goals of developing this Climate Action Plan may be unrealistic without integrating measures to reverse gender inequalities reinforced by climate change. Gender integration in climate resilience is important to ensure gender appropriate responses and support to climate change 32 UN Women Nigeria, CARE Nigeria, Oxfam in Nigeria 2020. Rapid Gender Analysis, Northeast Region Nigeria 56 impacts. Careful consideration of differentiated gender impacts should prevent the deepening of inequality in climate change and address the structural factors that cause or uphold the discrimination of women. Consequently, this Plan will deliberately address the matter of women's under- representation, limited access to resources, and poor participation in training and capacity development initiatives. Evidence shows that when meaningfully engaged, women can contribute significantly to co-creating resilience and adaptation strategies and solutions, given their understanding of the environment and their role as custodians of ancestral and traditional knowledge. The state government shall propagate the following gender equality measures through this Climate Action Plan: a) Build institutional and individual capacity for mainstreaming gender into climate action and DRR o Ensure that women, young girls and marginalized groups have equal access to training and skills-development programmes to promote their full participation and leadership in climate change and DRR. o Strengthen the capacity of women organizations to participate in crucial policy- making fora in agriculture, forestry and land-use sectors, energy, finance, climate change and DRR. b) Improve data for informed decision-making and better monitoring o Ensure that age and sex-disaggregated data on climate change and DRR are collected, analyzed and used systematically in policy, programming, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. o Involve women in the development and dissemination of high-quality information about climate hazards, vulnerability assessments and review of the effectiveness of early-warning systems. o Utilize local and traditional knowledge and involve primary users of the land, natural resources and the environment, including women, indigenous groups and marginalized communities, in data collection and analyses to inform local and national climate action and DRR programmes and strategies. c) Improve women’s access to information and technologies o Ensure that communication on climate change and disasters is culturally appropriate and allows for feedback from both men and women. o Use appropriate communication tools, particularly for women at grassroots level for whom information technologies are not easily accessible. Promote the use of low-cost, easy-to-use media that does not require literacy nor interfere with women’s work. d) Increase women’s leadership and decision-making in climate change action o Support and promote women’s participation in decision-making processes in DRR and climate action, and in climate change including climate change mitigation and adaptation and disaster risk mapping and solutions. To ensure the above gender transformative initiatives are attained, the state government shall prepare and implement a Gender Inclusion Strategy as an addendum 57 to this document. The Borno State Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development shall spearhead the implementation of the gender strategy with support from other government and non-government actors. MONITORING, REPORTING AND VERIFICATION (MRV) PLAN The MRV system is meant is to generate information to support local, national and international level reporting requirements. At the level, the MRV will help assess and track the implementation of planned actions including the status of implementation and progress achieved toward the Climate Action Plan goals. At the national level, the MRV will help assess and track progress towards achieving some of Nigeria’s climate goals and commitments contained in the Nationally Determined Contributions and Climate Change Act. Internationally, the MRV system supports the State in meeting reporting requirements that can enhances its chances of accessing international climate finance. This Borno State Climate Action Plan shall be subjected to periodic monitoring and review. The following table provides a guide to effective monitoring and evaluation of the results of this Action Plan: Table 8: Details of the MRV plan Monitoring Contents of activity Frequency Conducted Report and of review by who? forwarded evaluation to who? activity Technical The Technical Committee to Every Technical Steering committees be established by this plan quarter Committees committee meetings shall meet at least once every quarter to review progress based on the implementation plan Coordination Steering Committee shall Every six Steering Inter- meetings meet at least once every six Committee Ministerial months to review progress in Committee implementation and map out on Climate next steps Change Annual review The Inter-Ministerial Annually Inter- Borno meetings Committee on Climate Ministerial State Change shall organize annual Committee Executive meetings to take stock of on Climate Council progress in the Change implementation of the Action Plan Review of the This plan shall be reviewed Once Steering Borno Borno State periodically to ensure it every four and Inter- State 58 Climate Action remains an effective years Ministerial Executive Plan document for enhancing the Committees Council goals of the Borno State Government on climate change. Reporting Plan The Borno State Climate Action Plan is not an end but creates a platform for upscaling, engagement and cooperation. Consequently, the framework also consists of a mechanism for reporting to national and multinational entities having opportunities to expand the gains of the action plan. o The Borno State Climate Framework shall be communicated to all government agencies, including the State House of Assembly, LGAs, civil societies, academia, local communities and the private sector. These are co-owners and implementers of the Action Plan. o The Climate Change Act of 2022 mandates the Director General, National Council on Climate Change to function as the Designated National Authority. Consequently, the coordinating agency of the Borno State Climate Action Plan shall report on the framework's performance level for possible integration into the National Communication to the UNFCCC. 59 STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED Government NGOs/INGOs CSOs Development Academia Media partners

1. Borno State Ministry of 26. Mercy Corps 48. Network of Civil 55. Food and 60. Borno State University 64. Daily Trust Environment 27. Neem Foundation Society Agriculture (Faculty of Agriculture) Newspaper

2. Borno State Ministry of 28. Save the Children Organizations in Organization 61. University of Maiduguri 65. Guardian Agric and Natural International Borno State 56. World Food (Centre for Disaster Risk Newspaper Resources 29. Danish Refugee 49. Borno State Programme Management and 66. Media trust

3. Borno State Ministry of Council Youth 57. United Nations Development Studies, Centre Newspaper Housing and Energy 30. Herwa Community Progressive Development for Arid Zone Studies, Faculty 67. Borno Radio

4. Borno State Ministry of Development Association Programme of Agriculture) and Television Water Resources Initiative 50. Borno 58. World Health 62. RAMAT Polytechnic (School 68. Channels TV

5. Borno State Ministry of 31. ActionAid Nigeria Agricultural Organization of Environmental Studies) 69. Nigeria Higher Education, 32. Action Against Village 59. International 63. Federal College of Forest Television Science, Technology Hunger 51. National Youth Organization for Resources Management Authority and Innovation 33. Green Concern for Council of Nigeria Migration Maiduguri

6. Borno State Ministry of Development 52. Nigeria Young Regional Women Affairs and 34. International Centre Farmers Network Station Social Development for Energy, 53. We Cleaners

7. Borno State Ministry of Environment & 54. Technology Home Affairs, Development Empowerment Information and Culture 35. Local Communities Agricultural

8. Borno State Ministry of Development Initiative Education Initiative

9. Borno State Borno 36. Afrocentric Geographic Information Masterclass Service Maiduguri

10. Borno State Ministry of 37. Save Yerwa Reconstruction, Community Rehabilitation and 38. Development Resettlement Exchange Centre

11. Borno State Ministry of 39. Professor Emeritus Health and Human William Richard Services Foundation

12. Borno State Ministry of 40. Ambassadors of Women Affairs and Dialogue, Climate Social Development and Reintegration

13. Borno State Agency for (DCR) Coordination of 41. Smiling Heart Sustainable Initiative Development and 42. Albarka Health Humanitarian Response Spring Foundation 60

14. Borno State Ministry of 43. Kubur Sasilka Finance, Budget and Innovative and Economic Planning Environmental

15. Borno State Ministry of Initiative Animal Resources and 44. Future Resilience Fisheries and Development

16. Borno State Ministry of Foundation Poverty Alleviation 45. Global Environmental

17. Borno State Ministry of Responds Initiative Youth and Sports 46. Concern on Climate

18. Borno State Change for the Environmental Community Initiative Protection Agency (FOURCi) (BOSEPA) 47. Borno Women

19. Borno State Emergency Development Management Agency Initiative

20. Borno State Agricultural Development Programme

21. Borno State Delivery Support Unit

22. Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency Zonal Office Maiduguri

23. Lake Chad Research Institute

24. Jere Local Government Area Council

25. Konduga Local Government Area Council 61