National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020

Section 1: Introduction 13

Section 2: Background 14 2.1. Overview of Global Climate Change Issues 14 2.2. Namibia Climate (Change)- Overview 15 2.3. Namibia’s response 25

Section 3: Strategic Aims, Goal and Objectives 29 3.1. Structure of the NCCSAP 29 3.2. Adaptation 30 3.3. Mitigation 30 3.4. Cross-cutting issues concerning adaptation and mitigation 31

Section 4: Guiding Principles 32

Section 5: Namibia’s Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 34 5.1. Agenda A: Adaptation 34 5.2. Agenda B: Mitigation 38 5.3. Agenda C: Cross-cutting issue 39

Section 6: Namibia’s Climate Change Action Plan Framework 43 6.1. Agenda A: Adaptation 43 6.2. Agenda B: Mitigation 49 6.3. Agenda C: Cross-cutting Issues 52

Section 7: Implementation Arrangements 61 7.1. Implementation and Coordination 61 7.2. Policy Decisions 63

Section 8: Monitoring and Evaluation, and reporting 64

Section 9: Financing Strategy 65 References and Bibliography 66 Annexes: 68 Annex 1: Costed CRM capacity development action plan 68 Annex 2. Namibia’s Financial Readiness Needs and Recommended Supporting Activities 73 5 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 5 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Foreword This publication contains Namibia’s National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (2013- 2020), which is premised on the need to address the issues related to climate change as they affect our country. Our point of departure is that Namibia is strongly committed to implementing measures to promote and advance sustainable development, which is enshrined not only in our Constitution but also in our long-term development framework of Vision 2030. We have adopted policies aimed at streamlining our approach to sustainable development so as to incorporate it into the planning frameworks of all sectors. Climate Change has been identified as a critical threat to sustainable development. Therefore, it must be addressed in a holistic and multi- sectoral manner. This phenomenon does not only threaten human lives and food security but it is also capable of reversing the socio-economic gains and achievements that we have made over the past 24 years. Our commitments to tackle the challenges of climate change are outlined in the National Climate Change Policy of 2011. We recognize that a policy in itself is not enough, and that a more specific framework in the shape of a Strategy and Action Plan is needed. This National Strategy and Action Plan lays out the guiding principles responsive to climate change that are effective, efficient and practical. It further identifies priority action areas for adaptation and mitigation. Namibia is ready to learn from and adopt best practices from other parts of the world in dealing with issues of climate change. This includes leveraging opportunities brought about through our transformation towards a low carbon, resource efficient and climate resilient economy. The effective implementation of this Strategy and Action Plan will require not only the integration of climate change aspects in all sectors, but moreover the close collaboration of all sectors to enhance synergies and propel the nation towards the achievement of our national development agenda. I urge all stakeholders to do their part and contribute to the effective implementation of this National Strategy and Action Plan. _________________ Hifikepunye Pohamba PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA 6 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 6 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Preface I am proud that Namibia is one of the first countries in Africa to have prepared a comprehensive Climate Change Policy as well as a first Strategy and Action Plan to implement this policy. I would like to acknowledge the intensive two- year consultative process undertaken to develop this Strategy and Action Plan. This involved a wide range of stakeholders with a particular focus on the grassroots level to raise awareness and garner ideas from our local communities, who are most at risk to the impacts from climate change. I would like to thank all stakeholders for their recommendations and inputs into this document. It is truly a nationally-owned document. Climate change in Namibia will affect everyone, all sectors and at many levels. Being the country with the most arid climate in southern Africa, our economy is already exposed to difficult and harsh conditions – with water accessibility a serious threat. Prolonged droughts – although considered “normal” to some extent – have devastating impacts on livelihoods, food availability, health and wellbeing in many of our rural communities. This means we must be prepared and ready to act in an integrated cross-sectoral approach. We are committed to implementing measures that will prepare us for the medium and longer-term climate changes that are projected – as well as the impacts on our development. With funding from our own national budget we will address some pressing issues, but we also realise that the impacts expected will require a much broader set of resource mobilization. This Strategy and Action Plan offers a comprehensive framework for us to climate change proof our different economic sectors and the livelihoods of all individuals. It is our sincere hope that this Strategy and Action Plan, under the leadership of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, will contribute towards a prosperous future for our people and environment. We need all of you to get involved to help us tackle the challenges ahead! ________________ Hon. Uahekua Herunga MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT AND TOURISM 7 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 7 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 List of figures Figure 1: Distribution of average annual total rainfall in Namibia 15 Figure 2: Average annual temperature in Namibia 16 Figure 3: Median change in total monthly rainfall. 17 Figure 4: Minimum (left), mean (middle) and maximum (right) projected change. 18 Figure 5: Structural aspects of the NCCAP 30 Figure 6: Proposed implementation arrangements for the policy 61 8 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 8 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Acknowledgements The development of the National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan is the result of a multi- pronged consultative and interactive process involving national, regional and local stakeholders. The Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) is greatly thankful to all individuals and institutions consulted during the first two phases: namely the consultative meeting involving stakeholders at national, regional, and local levels, and all stakeholders who participated in the final validation meetings. Members of the Namibian National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) are thanked for their inputs and guidance during the consultations and review process. The UNDP Namibia Country Office and the Government of Japan are thanked for supporting and providing funding for this important activity which will address climate change mitigation and adaptation benefiting Namibia in the long run. The German Federal Ministry for Economic Development and Cooperation (BMZ) through the GIZ is acknowledged for peer reviewing the final draft and providing financial assistance to finalise the NCCSAP. 9 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 9 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Acronyms AAP Africa Adaptation Programme AMCEN Africa Ministerial Conference on the Environment BCC Bengeula Current Commission CBNRM Community Based Natural Resource Management CBOs Community Based Organisations CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCM Climate Change Mitigation CDM Clean Development Mechanism CETN Coastal Environment Trust of Namibia CO2 Carbon Dioxide COP Conference of Parties DDRM Directorate Disaster Risk Management DEA Department of Environmental Affairs DEGREEE Demonstration Renewable Energy Energy Efficiency DMEA Division Multi-lateral Environmental Agreements DRFN Desert Research Foundation of Namibia EAF Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries ECB Electricity Control Board EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIF Environmental Investment Fund ENSO El-Niño Southern Oscillation EMU Emergency Management Unit EWS Early warning system GCF Green Climate Fund GCMs Global Climate Models GDP Gross Domestic product GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Greenhouse Gases GIS Geographical Information System GRN Government of Namibia GTZ German Development Cooperation IGOs Intergovernmental organizations ILTER Long--term Ecological Research Network INC Initial National Communication IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LDCF Least Developed Countries Fund LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas LULUCF Land-Use, Land Use Change and Forestry M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MAWF Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry MDGs Millennium Development Goals MET Ministry of Environment and Tourism MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MFMR Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources MGECW Ministry of Gender Equality and Child Welfare 10 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 10 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 MICT Ministry of Information and Communication Technology MISA Media Institute of Southern Africa MLR Ministry of Lands and Resettlement MLHPZ Mid-Latitude High Pressure Zone MME Ministry of Mines and Energy MoE Ministry of Education MoF Ministry of Finance MoHSS Ministry of Health and Social Services MPs Members of Parliament MRLGHRD Ministry of Regional and Local Government, Housing and Rural Development MSS Ministry of Safety and Security MTC Mobile Telecommunication MTI Ministry of Trade and Industry MWT Ministry of Works and Transport NAB Namibia Agronomic Board NACOMA Namibia Coast Conservation and Management Project NACSO Namibian Association of Community Based Natural Resource Management NaEON Namibia Environmental Observatories Network NAMREP The Namibian Renewable Energy Programme NAPAs National Adaptation Strategies NAU Namibia Agricultural Union NBC Namibia Broadcasting Cooperation NBI Namibia Business Institute NCCC National Climate Change Committee NCCC Namibia Climate Change Committee NCCI Namibia Chamber of Mines, Namibia Chamber of Commerce and Industry NCCSAP National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan NDF Namibia Defence Force NDPs National Development Plans NEEP Namibia Energy Efficiency Programme NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations NIED National Institute for Educational Development NMA Namibia Manufacturers Association NNF Namibia Nature Foundation NNFU Namibia National Farmers Union NPC National Planning Commission NPCC National Policy on Climate Change NSA Namibia Statistic Agency OPM Office of the Prime Minister PoN Polytechnic of Namibia RA Roads Authority REDS Regional Electricity Distributors REMU Regional Emergency Management Unit RCM’s Regional Climate Models SADC Southern African Development Community SAP Strategy and Action Plan SANUMARC Sam Nujoma marine & Coastal Resources Research Centre 11 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 11 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 SCCF Special Climate Change Fund SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SGP Small Grants Programme SNC Second National Communication SPA Strategic Priority on Adaptation STAR System for Transparent Allocation of Resources TNC Third National Communication UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNAM University of Namibia UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFPA United Nations Population Fund V&A Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment 12 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 12 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020

Section 1: Introduction Climate change impacts directly on the entire chain of national development, and is likely to have negative impacts on efforts to achieve development objectives, including the long-term objectives and targets of Namibia’s Vision 2030. Climate change is a complex and cross-cutting concern, thus there is a need for a holistic and integrated approach to developing a multi-sectoral (cross-practice- based) National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (NCCSAP) in order to implement the National Policy on Climate Change (NPCC), which was promulgated in Namibia in 2011. The NCCSAP has been developed as a result of the growing concern and discourse focusing on climate variability, and climate change risks and impacts affecting Namibia’s social, environmental and economic developmental potential. The Strategy and Action Plan is a key instrument to operationalise the NPCC over a period of 8 years from 2013 – 2020 as a first comprehensive and practical tool which offers guidance on the mechanisms, means and manner in which implementation can happen. It is clear that climate change awareness, knowledge and understanding, both in terms of the risks, impacts and responses is rapidly developing, and therefore a mid-term review process of the implementation and impact of the NCCSAP is foreseen. The development of the NCCSAP started in 2011 and intensive interactive consultations took place over a period of two years with a great variety, diverse and multiple numbers of stakeholders in the country. These included government ministries, agencies, Members of Parliament, Non- Governmental Organisations (NGOs), IGOs, private sector representatives, regional councils, local authorities, Community based Organisations (CBOs) and other civil/civic society organisations. The inputs gathered during those consultations form the basis of the Strategy and Action Plan. A final round of validation took place during July and August 2013 with selected key stakeholders to validate the activities, actions, targets, budgets and key responsible implementing agencies presented in the NCCSAP. 13 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 13 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020

Section 2: Background 2.1 Overview of Global Climate Change Issues Climate change is considered as one of the major challenges of the 21st century, posing threats to humankind, and undermining efforts to achieve key development goals including poverty reduction. It is one of the severe impediments to the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and sustainable development aspirations globally, regionally and nationally. There is now sufficient scientific evidence and consensus that climate change is caused and particularly exacerbated by human activities. This is mainly through the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use patterns due to rapid economic growth, related changes in lifestyles, rapid increases in human population, and the growing fuel and resource needs to meet these development imperatives. In addition, these may also be compounded by natural climate variability. Climate change has and will have profound impacts on peoples’ livelihoods, economic growth, and ecosystems. However, the effects and impacts of climate change on economies and societies will vary greatly over the world, and each country’s circumstances, such as initial climate, socio- economic situation, and growth prospects, will define and shape the extent of climate change effects on societies, both in economic and environmental terms (Stern, 2006). Developing countries are most vulnerable, particularly those in Africa, largely because of their geographic exposure, relatively small economies, prevailing low levels of household incomes, and greater reliance on climate sensitive sectors such as rain-fed agriculture and ecosystem or nature based production activities (e.g. tourism). During the 20th century, global average temperature increased by roughly 0.75°C, and the beginning of the 21st century has been described as the warmest period on record. The global average temperature increase exceeded 0.7°C in eleven of the last twelve years (1995– 2006) ranking among the 12 warmest years of global surface temperature since 1850 (IPCC, 2007a). Climate change will alter patterns of water availability by causing fluctuations in the water cycle and droughts and floods will become more severe in many areas (Stern, 2006). Some parts of Southern Africa are likely to experience further decreases in water availability. Further projections for Africa revealed that by 2020, between 75 and 250 million people will be exposed to increased water stress due to climate change (IPCC, 2007b). Changes in water temperature, precipitation and oceanographic variables such as wind velocity, wave action and sea level rise, have the potential to bring about significant ecological and biological changes to both marine and fresh water ecosystem, thus affecting fish populations, a major food source to many populations (Badjeck et al., 2009). Stern (2006) indicate that rising sea levels will also result in tens to hundreds of millions more people being displaced or otherwise affected by flooding each year (with a warming of 3 or 4°C). In recent years, the reports on climate related disasters have increased, and extreme climatic events are becoming more frequent and severe globally. Scientific research on climate change is on-going and background knowledge on the phenomenon is improving rapidly. Changes and increased variability in the climate will amplify the existing development challenges due to location (arid conditions and geographic exposure), dependence on agriculture, rapid 14 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 14 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 population growth and poverty (Stern, 2006). Other compounding issues include weak institutional, human, economic and financial capacity to cope with the multiple impacts of climate change in these countries. 2.2 Namibia Climate (Change) - Overview 2.2.1 Namibia: geographic and “natural” climate Namibia, located in south-western Africa, covers land areas of 825,418 km2, with a 1,500 km long coastline stretching along the South Atlantic Ocean (MET, 2011a). It has a population of 2.1 million people and one of the lowest population densities in the world with an average of about 2.5 people per km2 (NPC, 2011; MET, 2011a). Namibia is one of the most arid countries south of the Sahara. Highly variable climatic conditions are the norm, and the country experiences frequent dry-spells and droughts with sporadic occurrences of flooding in water basins. These basins are the Cuvelai drainage, Cubango-Okavango, Zambezi, Kunene and Orange-Senqu rivers. Overall, about 22% of the country is classified as desert, 70% as arid to semi-arid, and less than 8% as dry sub-humid (Turpie et al., 2010). Namibia is situated at the interface between different climate systems. Its climate is mainly influenced by the country’s proximity to the northward flow of the Benguela current associated with colder temperatures on its western shores, while the northern part of the country is influenced by the intersection of the warm tropical winds from Angola and the Benguela current from the southwest. The southern part of the country lies at the interface between the Mid-Latitude High Pressure Zone and the Temperate Zone (MET, 2011). The distribution of mean annual rainfall extends across a rainfall gradient with increasing humidity from south-western to north-eastern Namibia, with an annual mean rainfall between 25 mm and 700 mm along this gradient (Figure 1) (MET, 2011). However, there are some general patterns, e.g. the maize triangle of Tsumeb, Grootfontein and Otavi, receives more rainfall than would be expected in that geographic location as shown in the map above. This is attributed to undulating topography, thus giving rise to orographic rainfall (MET, 2011) which is caused when winds containing water vapour from the flat lying surfaces of Northern Namibia is forced up by hills and mountains in the Tsumeb/Otavi region. Most rain occurs in the summer months from November to April in forms of localized showers and thunderstorms (GRN, 2002; MET, 2011). Figure 1: Distribution of average annual total rainfall in Namibia Source: Mendelsohn et al., 2012 15 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 15 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Namibia is characterized by high temperatures (Figure 2). Most of the country receives an annual average of more than nine hours of sunlight per day (Turpie et al., 2010). Daytime air temperatures are generally warm, but due to low humidity and outgoing long wave radiation at night, minimum temperatures can drop to below freezing point in winter (GRN, 2002). Coastal areas experience mean monthly minimum and maximum temperatures throughout the year of 16-22°C and 10- 17°C respectively. Inland areas, during Figure 2: Average annual temperature in Namibia summers, experience mean monthly Source: Mendelsohn et al., 2012. minimum and maximum temperatures of 13-20°C and 28-37°C, respectively. During winters, mean monthly minimum and maximum temperatures range between 2-12.5°C and 20- 30°C, respectively (GRN, 2002; MET, 2011). The north and south of the country experience the highest temperatures with the average maximum for the hottest month being over 34°C (Turpie et al., 2010). The Southern Kalahari experiences the lowest temperatures with the average minimum for the coldest month being less than 2°C (Turpie et al., 2010).The lowest temperatures occur during the dry season months of June and August. High evaporation rates in the country vary between 3 800 mm per annum in the south to 2 600 mm per annum in the north (MET, 2011). This is attributed to high solar radiation, low humidity and high temperature. It is also estimated that potential evaporation is at least five times greater than average rain received over most of the country. 2.2.2 Climate change projections The Namibia Vulnerability and Adaptation (V&A) Assessment report (Dirkx et al., 2008) in preparation of the Second National Communication (SNC, contains the first national data sets (regional climate change models) for the country. The V&A focused specific attention on the Zambezi (formerly Caprivi) and Karas regions, which represent two extremes in Namibia in terms of geographical location, as well as environmental and socio-economic conditions (MET, 2011). Climatic variability is a common phenomenon in Namibia, with persistent droughts and unpredictable and variable rainfall and temperatures the norm (Mfune & Ndombo, 2005; Dirkx et al., 2008). Projected Rainfall Projected changes in total monthly rainfall change from global climate models (GCMs) indicate an increase for some parts of the country, and a decrease in other parts of the country. The most consistent changes indicate an increase in late summer rainfall over major parts of the country, and a decrease in winter rainfall in the south and west of the country. Increases in rainfall 16 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 16 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 are most obvious during the January to April period, especially in the central and north-eastern regions (MET, 2011). The projections for the Cuvelai area which often experiences seasonal flooding are inconclusive (MET, 2011). However, these projections reveals that the southwest is expected to experience a decrease in rainfall for most of the year, except for the months of February and March but they are particularly widespread during the main winter months, which are traditionally the most important rainfall months in the country. These projections in rainfall are consistent with the contemporary understanding of how climate change will affect the southern African region and are captured in regional climate models, especially in that: a. Increases in thermal heating, Figure 3: Median change in total monthly rainfall (mm/ coupled with increases in atmospheric month) from 6 statistically downscaled GCM rainfall moisture, especially during mid to late projections. Regions where 3 models indicate drying/wetting, summer, will increase convective rainfall as well as experiencing increases of less than 10 mm per over much of the country, and that month (less than increases in potential evapotranspiration) are left blank. Source: Dirkx et al., 2008 b. Winter rainfall is reduced in the southern and especially south-western parts of the continent, and by implication, southern Namibia (DRFN, 2009; MET, 2011). In addition, both the rainfall and temperature in Namibia are very sensitive to the El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effect, showing periods of below-average rainfall and above-average temperature during El Niño conditions (GRN, 2002). Projected Temperature The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report suggests that by 2050, temperatures over southern Africa will be 2-4 0C higher compared to the 1961-90 baselines (IPCC, 2001). Although climates across Africa have always been erratic, the continent is expected to face even greater droughts, floods, rising sea-levels, food insecurity, loss of biodiversity and depletion in the water supply. It has been predicted with a high degree of certainty, that Namibia will become hotter throughout the year (with an expected increase in temperatures of between 1°C and 3, 5°C in summer and 1°C to 4°C in winter in the period 2046-2065) (Dirkx et al., 2008). 17 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 17 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Maximum temperatures have been getting hotter over the past 40 years, as observed in the frequency of days exceeding 35°C (Dirkx et al., 2008; MET, 2011). Frequencies of days with temperatures below 5°C have been getting less, suggesting an overall warming (Dirkx et al., 2008). Based on the projections, winters are expected to have fewer cold days while summers are expected to get hotter. According to GCM’s projections, coastal areas of Namibia are projected to get warmer compared to inland regions, but these projections, because of their scale, have a large degree of uncertainty (MET, 2011). Figure 4: Minimum (left), mean (middle) and maximum (right) projected change in (a) January-March and (b) July- September mean surface air temperature (°C) from 13 GCMS. Source: Dirkx et al., 2008. 18 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 18 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Table 1 Detailed regional profile for all regions in the country, and the projections under climate change for key sectors Source: MET, 2012 Region Background Information Active Sectors Impacts & Projections Erongo 80% population in urban areas • Tourism • Decrease in underground Major shift from livestock • Marine resources water quality and quantity production to wildlife based • Fishing • Warming of the Benguela tourism • Housing & current with decreasing fish Infrastructure stocks Natural high variability in climate • Wildlife • Infrastructure development Poor soils with less agricultural • Mining along the coast was potential washed away by strong High migration of young people tides and from other regions • Reduced grazing availability • Sea level rise between Most people employed in fishing Walvis bay and Henties bay sector • Health impacts from Water extraction from ephemeral Uranium dust rivers, underground & desalination plants Hardap Arid biome with 0mm to 300mm • Tourism • Decrease in water quality average rainfall • Housing & and quantity in the aquifer Poor soils with less agricultural Infrastructure around Stampriet potential development • Reduced grazing availability • Livestock • Underground water Least populated area in Namibia agriculture contamination and low with an average of 1 person per recharge Km2 Domestic and agricultural water use from underground sources Natural high variability in climate Karas Southern border delimited by • Wildlife • Decline in winter rainfalls Orange river, and Atlantic ocean to • Distinct succulent • Temperature increase the west biome • Warming of the Benguela Driest region in Namibia (less • Housing & current with decreasing fish than 50mm average rainfall in Infrastructure stocks the south west and 250mm in the development • Dry Spells & Reduced north east) • Mining grazing availability • Sporadic floods Unpredictable and localised rainfall Natural high variability in climate Livestock farming 19 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 19 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Khomas 4.5% total area with 15% of • Underground • Increase in temperature country population water resources • Underground water Cattle and game farming • Housing & contamination and low Infrastructure recharge 200-350mm average rainfall development • Increase in rainfall Water pipelined from Northern • Fishing • Frequent flooding along the Namibia • Tourism ephemeral rivers • Livestock farming Omaheke Omaheke region known as ‘cattle • Livestock • Shift in vegetation zones country’ farming and distribution of plants Majority depends on livestock/ • Tourism • Less water availability game farming • Wildlife • Increase in temperature conservation • Prolonged droughts & Hunting and gathering for natural persistent dry spells resources for daily survival by the • Increase in seasonal rainfall San people • Invasive species spotted 72% population lives in rural areas Poorly distributed and unreliable rainfall Small irrigated gardens Otjozondjupa Majority depends on livestock • Tourism • Prolonged droughts farming; however crop farming is • Livestock & crop • Floods also practiced farming • Increase in temperature Commercial irrigated crop farming • Wildlife • Low recharge / declining in the northern part of the region conservation groundwater availability and livestock farming in the and quality southern parts • Invasion of grassland by undesirable species Productive Aquifers • Later start and earlier Home to the Waterberg Plateau ending of rainfall seasons Park • Increase in seasonal rainfall Most productive area in terms of crop production in the northern part of the region i.e. around Grootfontein (‘food basket ’ of Namibia) Bush encroachment 20 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 20 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Ohangwena Small-scale farming • Small-scale • Increase in temperature Livestock & crop farming crop & livestock • Floods (2006-2009) farming • Increased length of dry Flat/plain landscape • Fresh water season No permanent rivers fishing • Heavy infestations of Highest population density in (seasonal) mosquitoes and tsetse flies Namibia at 21.3 people per Km 2 • Forestry • Decreasing rainfall intensity • Housing and • Prolonged droughts 99% population in rural areas infrastructure • Pests invasions Rain-fed subsistence farming • Threat of water borne diseases such as cholera and malaria • Deforestation Oshana Livestock & crop farming • Small-scale • Increase in temperature Smallest region in the country crop & livestock • Floods (2006-2009) farming • Increased length of dry High salinity of soil and • Fresh water season underground water fishing • Decreasing rainfall intensity Oshana flood plains of the Cuvelai (seasonal) • Prolonged droughts drainage system extending from • Housing and • Pests invasions Southern Angola infrastructure • Threat of water borne 18.7 people per Km2 diseases such as cholera and malaria Low soil fertility • Threat of water borne Water resources depending on diseases such as cholera rainfall in Southern Angola and malaria Oshikoto Small-scale to large-scale farming • Small-scale • Increase in temperature Livestock & crop farming to large-scale • Floods farming • Increased length of dry Extensive woodland areas • Forest resources season 70% or area has less than 1 person • Wildlife • Prolonged droughts per Km 2 • Forestry • Deforestation High salinity of soil and underground water 21 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 21 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Kunene Home to the Skeleton Coast Park • Livestock • Increase in temperature Frequent flooding of the Kunene farming • Persistent dry spells and river • Conservancy frequent droughts related tourism • Fluctuations in grazing Mining of gold, silver, tin lead, zinc • Wildlife availability and uranium • Mining • Floods Natural resource-based production • Later start and earlier systems and livelihoods ending of rainy season Less development & limited • Increase of summer rainfall infrastructure with high intensity over short periods Practice of ‘migratory range management’ of livestock by Ovahimba cattle farmers for years Little or no underground sources with no access to permanent water sources Omusati Extreme salinity of the soil • Small-scale • Increase in temperature Hand-dug wells and boreholes crop & livestock • High evaporation provide drinking water for people farming • Floods and livestock • Wildlife • Projected long periods of • Fisheries droughts Frequent flooding of the ‘Iishana” • Pests invasion systems from Angola Water resources heavily dependent on climatic conditions in Southern Angola Kavango East & Natural resource-based livelihoods • Small-scale • Increase in temperature Kavango West Frequent flooding crop & livestock • Fluctuation in grazing farming availability Comprehensive forest areas & • Conservancy • Increase in Malaria and national parks related tourism other water borne diseases Threatening deforestation from • Forestry • Projections suggest increase slash and burn practices • Fisheries of summer rainfall Home to 11% of Namibia’s • Housing and • Flooding (2007-2010) population infrastructure 22 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 22 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Zambezi Natural resource-based livelihoods • Small-scale crop • Increase in temperature (previously Frequent flooding farming • Increase in Malaria and Caprivi) • Conservancy other water borne diseases Highest rainfall in Namibia related tourism • Increase length of dry (600mm-700mm) • Forestry season Largest number of perennial rivers • Fisheries • Decrease in the number of Rich vegetation and best arable • Housing and consecutive wet days land in Namibia infrastructure • Later start and earlier end of rainy seasons Dependency on subsistence • Increase of summer rainfall agriculture and local level fishing • Flooding (2007-2010) Highest rate of Malaria in the country 2.2.3 Vulnerabilities Vulnerability to climate change is the degree to which geophysical, biological and socio-economic systems are susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse impacts of climate change (IPCC, 2007b). Developing countries are especially vulnerable to the physical impacts due to their already fragile environment, an economic structure that is highly sensitive to climatic changes, and low incomes that constrain the adaptive capacity (Stern, 2006). The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (4AR, 2007) suggests African countries are most vulnerable, especially those which are already arid to semi-arid. Namibia, in particular, has been classified as one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change during the submission of the Initial National Communication (INC) to UNFCC in 2002 (GRN, 2002). The vulnerability and adaptation assessment prepared for the SNC indicates that rural communities and poor people in Namibia are the most vulnerable to climate change impacts (Dirkx et al., 2008; MET, 2011). This high vulnerability is attributed to the country’s natural-resource-based economy, its arid nature, and variability in climatic patterns, as well as socio-economic factors, such a poverty and high divergence of income levels, for example, which limit the adaptive capacity of its population (GRN, 2002; Dirkx et al., 2008; MET, 2011). Additionally, natural resources such as forest products and rain fed agriculture on which people depend are vulnerable and sensitive to anthropogenic climate change (Reid et al., 2007; GRN, 2002). Many key sectors such as human health, water resources, agriculture (crop and livestock production), biodiversity, ecotourism, coastal zone management, infrastructure and energy as well as trade and industry (GRN, 2002; MET, 2011; DRFN, 2009) have been identified as vulnerable to climate change. Climate change could reverse the country’s development goals and efforts by attacking those sectors most important and most vulnerable to the country’s development (such as agriculture, basic infrastructure, tourism) and has the potential to reduce the high and sustainable economic growth, increased income equality and creating employment for up to 51% of unemployed citizens to achieve the country’s 2030 vision. 23 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 23 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Moreover climate change can have severe effects on agricultural production, food security, fishing, tourism and health. The projected sea level rises could submerge some of our coastal islands and affect our entire marine industry and the coastal economy (DRFN, 2009). Water scarcity is already a challenge in Namibia, and water is one of the sectors identified to be most vulnerable to climate change. Even without the threat of climate change, Namibia faces absolute water scarcity by the year 2020 (GRN, 2002; MET, 2011). Overall Namibia’s economy already has marked boundaries to expansion due to water limitations – which is likely to worsen under climate change scenarios for the region. Although Namibia’s natural aridity already has led to the development of a multitude of auto- adaptive measures, e.g. moving from cattle ranching to wildlife management, it remains a challenge for rural communities to maintain and improve livelihood outcomes under difficult climatic circumstances. In addition, droughts and floods are generally considered normal in a highly variable climate, Namibia had to deal with an increasing number of flood and drought related extreme events in the past decade. Climate change is likely to exacerbate the impact and frequency of these extreme events. 2.2.4 GHG emissions – the role of Namibia Article 4.1 (a) of the UNFCCC requires Parties to periodically share information about the emissions from defined sources and uptakes by sinks of the gases that are believed to contribute to global climate change. Article 12.1 (a) of the convention provides that the communication should include a national inventory of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol (GRN, 2002). To date, Namibia has only prepared two Greenhouse Gas Inventories, the first inventory was prepared in 1994 (du Plessis, 1994) – for the preparation of the INC (GRN, 2002) and the second inventory was undertaken in 2000 (Hartz and Smith, 2008), for the SNC. Namibia’s contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is negligible and it is shown to be a net sink of carbon dioxide. This is attributed to the large uptake of carbon dioxide by trees into their woody tissues (GRN, 2002) and bush encroachment. Namibia also imports between 50% and 70% of its electricity from neighbouring countries, particularly from South Africa, has low population density and small industries and agricultural sector (MET, 2011). The country is nevertheless committed to reducing its GHG emissions where this is financially and environmentally feasible (GRN, 2002; MET, 2011). It was found that the largest differences in emissions and removals between the 1994 and 2000 inventories occur in the agriculture and Land-Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sectors (Hartz and Smith, 2008). The results for CO2-equivalent emissions and removals clearly indicate that the agriculture and energy sectors are most important with respect to emissions while the LULUCF sector is most important with respect to removals (Hartz and Smith, 2008). The agriculture and energy sectors emitted 6738Gg and 2200Gg of CO2e, while about 10560Gg of CO2e was sequestered (MET, 2011). The inventory report revealed that both sectors showed a growth in emissions of 81.5% (agriculture) and 15.5% (energy) in the six years. LULUCF showed an increase in sequestration of 84% (MET, 2011) as a result of an increase in campaigns to plant more trees and better forestry management practices. 24 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 24 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Within the energy sector, transport is the most intensive contributor to GHG emissions in the country, contributing to 1025Gg CO2e to the atmosphere in 2000, which represents more than 50% of emissions from the energy sector. In the agricultural sector, the cattle farming industry contributes most significantly, adding 195Gg of methane per annum. This represents almost 80% of the sectors’ emissions (MET, 2011). 2.3 Namibia’s response Namibia has set up measures to respond to climate change because it presents a real threat to the achievements of its development objectives. The strategy aims to address and plan for action against climate change, both through mitigation and adaptation actions. So far, the focus of Namibia’s climate change response has generally been on adaptation to moderate the negative impacts and to some extent exploit beneficial opportunities associated with the impacts of climate change. Although adaptation measures are set as key priorities in tackling the impacts of climate change, the country is also committed to undertake mitigation measures where they strongly contribute to national development goals (and with the assistance of international support). 2.3.1 Namibia’s Climate Response Vision The National Policy on Climate Change (NPCC) of 2011 is the national vision on addressing climate change. It seeks to outline a coherent, transparent, and inclusive framework on climate risk management in accordance with Namibia’s national development agenda, legal framework, and in recognition of environmental constraints and vulnerability. The policy further takes cognizance of Namibia’s comparative advantages with regard to the abundant potential for renewable energy exploration. The NPCC will be implemented through the NCCSAP in order to deal with the threats associated with climate change. The goal of the NPCC is to contribute to the attainment of sustainable development in line with Namibia’s Vision 2030 through strengthening of national capacities to reduce climate change risk and build resilience for any climate change shocks. Namibia’s long-term development vision, Vision 2030 aims to achieve a prosperous and industrialised Namibia, developed by her human resources, enjoying peace, harmony and political stability (GRN, 2011). As stated in the fourth National Development Plan (NDP4), in order to keep our national pride of having a clean environment (as is a right stated in our Constitution) we expect all elements of society, and businesses in particular, to support a precautionary approach (as per the Precautionary Principle) to environmental challenges and alterations of the natural world contributing to climate change, undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility, and encourage the development and diffusion of environment-friendly technologies. NDP4 recognizes that environmental management is both an enabler and driver of economic development and that the utilization of our living natural resources in a sustainable manner is for the benefit of all Namibian, both present and future (NPC, 2012). In addition, the Polluter Pays Principle is necessary to protect the environmental right embedded in our constitution and to mitigate climate change. 25 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 25 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Climate change impacts predicted for Namibia will adversely affect the extent and the speed at which long-term, medium and even short-term national development goals will be achieved. Besides that, climate change impacts have a potential to reverse our hard earned efforts in sustaining our natural environment and development if left unaddressed. The policy requires a significantly improved capacity for planning and implementation of adaptation and mitigation related activities. It considers existing coping mechanisms of vulnerable communities, households and individuals, and advocates the enhancement of coping capacities in affected communities, as well as improved institutional response and action at local, regional and national levels (GRN, 2011). 2.3.2 UNFCCC obligations Namibia, having ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1995, resolved to adopt and implement policies and measures designed to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on the environment and to adapt to such change (GRN, 2002; Mfune and Ndombo, 2005; MET, 2011). Parties to the UNFCCC are committed to taking actions to address and adapt to climate change. All parties are required to report their initiatives for implementing the Convention. As part of its obligations to the UNFCCC, Namibia has prepared and submitted the Initial National Communication (INC) in 2001 and the Second National Communication (SNC) in 2011. The SNC was prepared after a series of studies were commissioned and these included the review of circumstance report capturing Namibia’s vulnerability to climate change and its capacity to respond to impacts in various key sectors. The preparation of the Third National Communication (TNC) is ongoing and is expected to be finalised in 2015. 2.3.3 The existing governance and institutional framework The Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) has been designated as the government agency responsible for the coordination and implementation of climate policies and measures that will have an effective response to climate change in the interest of the country to protect present and future development gains and with respect to the fulfilment of the country’s obligations under the UNFCCC. However, the Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) is envisaged to take on a coordinating role in the future. The Namibia Climate Change Committee (NCCC), a broad-based multi-stakeholder committee was established in 2001 following work of an ad hoc committee (the Climate Change Advisory Committee) led by the Directorate of Environmental Affairs (DEA) in the MET. The NCCC was tasked to advise the government with respect to its roles and responsibilities under the UNFCCC as well as to coordinate the overall national climate change program. The current NCCC membership includes institutions such as MET, UNAM, NPC, METEONA, MME, MTI, UNDP, MAWF, MFMR, NAMWATER and NAMPOWER (MET, 2002). 2.3.4 Some important lessons and foundations – some of Namibia’s major climate change actions already implemented Namibia has implemented a number of enabling projects and programmes, which have enhanced some of the country’s policies and institutional start-ups. The Africa Adaptation Programme (2010- 2012) has probably been the most focused and concerted Government effort to develop a national approach to addressing climate change. Sector- specific initiatives like the Namibia Renewable 26 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 26 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Energy Programme (NAMREP) have managed to eliminate some of the barriers to the adoption and nationwide promotion of renewable energy, particularly solar; yet with increasing threats and risks, more needs to be done to ensure that adoption and utilisation of both renewable energy and energy efficiency are widely scaled up. Box 1 The various sub-project/ outputs of the Africa Adaptation Project Namibia The Africa Adaptation Project in Namibia (AAP NAM) “Building the foundation for a national approach to Climate Change Adaptation in Namibia” (MET, 2010) aimed to build an effective leadership and institutional framework in Namibia for better coordination and integration of climate change programmes into development policy. The project had 6 sub- projects: • National Climate Risk Management Capacity Assessments and Capacity Development Plan: The assessment focused on the existing national climate change adaptation and climate-related disaster risk reduction capacity within Namibia and subsequently led to the formulation of a Climate Risk Management (CRM) capacity development plan for the nation-wide capacity building programme. A practical and detailed 5 year strategy and a longer-term vision for addressing climate change adaptation needs in Namibia were developed based on broad consultation of individuals and institutions. • Dynamic Systems Modelling and Threshold 21 (T21) to undertake Cross-sectoral Analyses of Climate change impacts, climate change adaptation and policy and adaptation options: Threshold 21 (T21) is a dynamic simulation tool designed to support comprehensive and integrated long-term national development planning (http:// www.met.gov.na/AAP/TechnicalStudies/T21Modelling/Pages/default.aspx). The T21 initiative in Namibia has identified the core climate change issues to be tackled through the use of dynamic systems modelling and identifying the specific goals to work towards. It has also ensured multi-stakeholder participation, training key staff from various sectors in the use of the model. • Information Packages and Targeted Awareness-raising and Training to Decision-makers and Practitioners on Climate Change Adaptation: A suite of five professional updating events were conducted in 2011, with tailor- made information packages (including a Blog) designed to interactively inform and update carefully selected professionals representing a wider range of sectors and institutions across Namibia. The theme of the approach taken was the “Climate Change Adaptation Ambassadors” - a programme aimed at engaging a critical mass of climate change adaptation-knowledgeable professionals. • Design and Deliver Leadership Training Packages in CRM: a suite of targeted information packages tailored for ministers, parliamentarians, permanent secretaries, directors and the business community were developed to update and sensitize the decision-makers. • Regional Climate Change Adaptation Information Toolkits: Regional climate change adaptation information toolkits were developed after intensive consultations with communities and stakeholders in each region. The toolkits are providing farmers, rural communities, and peri-urban communities with clear information on how to adapt to climate change and climate variability. The toolkits provide the target groups with clear information and simple coping methods that are applicable in their environments. These were also made available in major vernacular languages. The five toolkits were built on the work done in the Omusati region under the Country Pilot Partnership for Integrated Sustainable Land Management. • Youth Action Programme and Outreach Strategy: Through various youth targeted activities and youth led action, and the hosting of a large National Youth Climate Change Adaptation Conference (which brought together 300 nation-wide representatives), a Youth Action Programme was developed to educate the youth on climate change and adaptation opportunities, including gender aspects, which are also addressed. 27 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 27 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Box 2 Overview of additional climate change responses in Namibia A variety of other responses (in addition to the AAP NAM) are being implemented by a suite of stakeholders and with the support of various cooperation partners, such as: • Investment & Financial Flows to Address Climate Change: The project focused on quantifying the financial implications of national policy options to address climate change in the country’s energy and agriculture sectors. These two sectors have been identified as Namibia’s key sectors for enhanced mitigation and adaptation activities respectively. • SPA (Strategic Priority on Adaptation) Adapting to Climate Change through the Improvement of Traditional Crops and Livestock Farming (CCA): This project aims to develop and pilot a range of coping mechanisms for reducing the vulnerability of farmers and pastoralists to climate change including variability. • Adjusting Community Agricultural Practices to Reduce Climate Change Risk in Omusati Region (OIKE): A lot of community based projects have been implemented through Global Environmental Facility Small Grants Programme (GEF SGP) through UNDP, and these include OIKE which aimed to strengthen the resilience of communities to the adverse impacts of climate change impacts. The specific goals of OIKE are to provide the community with practical tools for adaptation and to increase community awareness about climate change risks. • NAMREP - The Namibian Renewable Energy Programme (NAMREP) project aims to (a) improve livelihoods and income generation opportunities of rural people by providing them with access to off-grid solar energy technologies (for lighting, radio/TV, water pumping, small electric tools and refrigeration) and (b) reduce the dependency on increasingly expensive imported fuels by promoting solar water heating (to the household, and institutional and commercial sectors) and solar water pumping in the agricultural sector through the removal of barriers such as capacity and institutional barriers, public awareness and social acceptability barriers, and financial and technical barriers. In the process, NAMREP is expected to contribute to climate stabilization by reducing or avoiding CO2 emissions in the order of 233,700 tonnes of CO2 (over a 15-year period). • NEEP (Namibia’s Energy Efficiency Programme): The project’s objective is to reduce Namibia’s energy-related GHG emissions through the promotion of nationwide adoption of energy-efficient technologies and practices in the commercial and residential buildings such as government office buildings, hospitals, hotels, schools and possibly a sample of residential buildings. • DEGREEE - The Demonstration Gobabeb of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency program has been developed over a 5 year period. Funded by the Danish Government through Danida, the DEGREEE project addresses the energy situation at Gobabeb. The wider objective with the DEGREE project is to demonstrate energy technology, energy efficiency and energy management with the purpose of inspiring others to apply these and by that contribute to the supply of energy to remote, isolated locations in Namibia and throughout the Southern African Development Community (SADC). 28 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 28 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020

Section 3: Strategic Aims, Goal and Objectives Aim: The NCCSAP aims to build Namibia’s adaptive and mitigative capacities by identifying potential adaptation options and, where development actions also have mitigation benefits, committing to pursue these opportunities to bring the country on to a low-carbon development pathway. The NCCSAP will help to clarify national goals and objectives regarding climate change, and lay out a plan for implementing, reporting and monitoring a series of priority activities in pursuit of this aim. Furthermore, it will enable Namibia to be a more active participant in the global effort to combat climate change. Goal To further facilitate building the adaptive capacity of Namibia to increase climate change resilience and to optimize mitigation opportunities toward a sustainable development path, guided by the National Climate Change Policy. Specific objectives 1. To reduce climate change impacts on Namibia’s key sectors and vulnerable communities; 2. To integrate climate change issues (adaptation and mitigation) into sectoral policies, and national development planning at all levels; 3. To develop and enhance capacities at all levels and strengthen institutions to ensure successful implementation of climate change response activities; 4. To facilitate funding resources for effective mitigation and adaptation investments necessary for the effective implementation of the NCCSAP; 5. To provide an institutional framework to guide international and national climate financing modalities and support climate readiness (linking to Namibia’s Climate Finance Readiness Strategy). 3.1 Structure of the NCCSAP The Namibia Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (NCCSAP) has been developed around four key pillars namely Planning, Adaptation, and Mitigation, and Cross-cutting issues (Figure 5). Under each pillar there are different themes. The NCCSAP outlines activities to be carried out within various sectors to adapt and mitigate to climate change. Stakeholders (lead and partner agencies) will carry out the activities and actions in a coordinated, collaborative and integrated approach to effectively deal with climate change. “Planning” in this NCCSAP refers to the ongoing efforts to develop, monitor and evaluate the performances of the NDPs, (i.e. NDP 4, 5, 6) to ensure that climate change adaptation (CCA) and climate change mitigation (CCM) are investigated at the macro-economic impact level. The Planning Phase involves review of past NDPs as done in NDP 3 prior to development of NDP 4; thus in the current Phase of the NCCSAP, the Planning Phase is partially done under the NDP 4, but will involve review of CCA and CCM implications at the mid- term review of the NDP 4 to ensure that the NDP 4 will include specific strategies and objectives that are in line with the NCCSAP. 29 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 29 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Figure 5: Structural aspects of the NCCSAP 3.2 Adaptation Adaptation is defined as any adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities (harness any beneficial opportunities) (IPCC, 2007a). Adaptation to climate change is comprised of various actions by government, agencies, private sector, civil society and even households. It involves improving society’s ability to cope with the resulting impacts (positive and negative) of changes in climatic conditions across time and policy scales. The consultation process of developing the NPCC and NCCSAP identified four adaptation key themes that are critical to Namibia and require urgent responses. The background to each theme is provided in the next section – synopsis – “Agenda A”: 1. Food security and sustainable biological resource base 2. Sustainable water resources base 3. Human health and well being 4. Infrastructure development 3.3 Mitigation Mitigation refers to an anthropogenic intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases (IPCC, 2001). Actions on reducing current and future emissions include using renewable energy sources and energy efficient technology among many other actions. Mitigation is rooted in the “transition to move toward a low-carbon development path” taking into consideration Namibia’s long term Vision 2030. These themes were prioritised as critical to Namibia’s and background to them is provided under the next section – synopsis - “Agenda B”: 1. Sustainable energy and low-carbon development 2. Transport 30 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 30 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 3.4 Cross-cutting issues concerning adaptation and mitigation Cross-cutting issues (themes) were identified and prioritised during consultations with stakeholders and they are in line with Namibia’s Climate Risk Management (CRM) Capacity Development Plan (CDP) developed in 2011 as part of the AAP. Detailed background for each theme is provided in the next section – synopsis - “Agenda C”: 1. Capacity building, training and institutional strengthening 2. Research and information needs, including how to use climate change information 3. Public awareness, participation and access to information 4. Disaster reduction and risk management 5. Financial, resource mobilisation and management 6. International cooperation and networking 7. Technology development and transfer 8. Legislative development 31 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 31 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020

Section 4: Guiding Principles The development of the NCCSAP is based on the guiding principles outlined in Namibia’s NPCC. These principles provide guidance for a response to climate change that is nationally appropriate, effective, efficient, fair, non-discriminatory and timely. The NCCSAP is guided by the following principles (GRN, 2011): Principle 1: Mainstreaming climate change into policies, legal framework and development planning The Government of Namibia recognises the need to prioritise climate change issues and integrate climate change into sectoral policies, as well as mainstream climate change into development planning to ensure that it is addressed at appropriate levels at all times. Principle 2: Sustainable development and ensuring environmental sustainability The Government of Namibia recognises the need for Namibia to develop in a way that does not compromise the ability of current and future generations to meet their needs. Principle 3: Stakeholder participation in climate change policy implementation The Government of Namibia recognises the importance of meaningful participation in the planning, development and implementation of climate change activities at local, regional and national level. The partnering with Non- Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Academic Institutions, Community Based Organisations (CBOs) and Faith Based Organisations, and the private sector, in climate change adaptation and mitigation is integral to the successful implementation of the Strategy. Principle 4: Awareness generation, education, training and capacity building are building blocks The need for and importance of raising awareness, building capacity and empowering stakeholders at local, regional and national levels and at the individual, institutional and systemic levels to ensure a collective and timely response to climate change is emphasised. There is also a need to appropriately integrate climate change into the education system to generate awareness and capacity at the early stages of educational development in the country. Principle 5: Development should be based on notions of human rights and equity The Government of Namibia advocates for the practising of human rights- based development in accordance with national and international law at all times during implementation of climate change response activities. The Strategy bases itself on the premise of human rights and well-being, considering that combating climate change will contribute to equality, poverty reduction and sustainability. 32 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 32 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Principle 6: Promote and address ‘adaptation’ and ‘mitigation’ as key approaches The Government of Namibia advocates for the development of adaptation and mitigation measures that will reduce Namibia’s vulnerability to climatic variability and change, while addressing the needs of the most vulnerable social groups and sectors. Principle 7: Promote Public Private Partnerships to foster involvement of all sectors in sustainable development The Government of Namibia will encourage the development of public private partnerships contributing to climate change adaptation and mitigation. The private sector has a strong role to play, including investment, the development, and transfer of technology for climate change adaptation and mitigation, as well as capacity building. 33 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 33 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020

Section 5: Namibia’s Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 5.1 Agenda A: Adaptation Theme A1: Food Security and Sustainable Resource Base Theme synopsis a) Agriculture (crop and livestock) Approximately 48% of Namibia’s rural households depend on subsistence agriculture (NPC, 2012). Agriculture contributes 7.3 % to the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (CIA World Fact book, 2013). The most important areas in crop agriculture are the wet North Eastern part of the country (Zambezi and Kavango regions), the North Central part of the country and the area around Grootfontein, known as the ‘food basket’ of Namibia. During flooding in wet regions of the country, large tracts of land cannot be cultivated or grazed because of water logged soils and limited pastoral mobility. However, flooding can also have a positive effect as the soil fertility of the floodplains is increased by the sediments and organic matter that come down with the flood. Climate change impacts are likely to affect crop agriculture through increased evaporation rates and increased salinization of the soil. Livestock farming will suffer more from the prolonged impacts of climate change compared to wildlife because wild animals are generally better adapted to an inconstant environment. A shift from livestock based to wildlife based production is seen as a good adaptation strategy. Some of climate change projected impacts on agriculture include: • Crop failure leading to reduced/poor crop yields due to changes in rainfall pattern and increased temperature (Lambrou and Piana, 2005); • Livestock losses due to increased droughts and diseases, and reduced feedstock. b) Natural resources – biodiversity Namibia’s biodiversity is a fundamental to livelihood generation and a national asset of significant value. In addition, it underpins an important nature-based tourism industry (MET, 2011a). Climate change impacts (sea level rise, changes in temperature and rainfall) may affect natural resources: temporal and spatial shifts in habitat/habitat loss, loss of biodiversity and ecosystems, species diversity, and invasive species among others (World Bank, 2010). Indigenous plants such as the Kalahari (Tsama) melon and devils claw which are highly valued for their medicinal properties are already experiencing distributional changes. c) Marine and inland fisheries Fisheries and aquaculture play important roles for food supply, food security, and income generation (Cochrane et al., 2009). Namibia has an important offshore marine fisheries sector which benefits from the high productivity of the Benguela current upwelling system. However, this productivity is sensitive to changes in the frequency, distribution and timing of upwelling (MET, 2011; GRN, 2002; Reid et al., 2008; Cochrane et al., 2009). The warming of the Benguela current along the Namibian 34 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 34 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 coast is likely to affect the distribution of fish stocks and foreign species population. For instance, jelly fish populations are projected to increase southwards from northern Angola. Inland fisheries could experience increases in productivity in years of increased river flow in the North Central parts of the country, but is expected to suffer from less predictable flow and more frequent flood and drought events. Main projections in this sector include: • The climate change impacts on marine and inland fisheries are not fully understood, but Reid et al., 2008 suggested that a 50% reduction in output is a feasible estimate over the coming fifty years; • Inland fisheries including aquaculture may be negatively impacted due to the disruption of frequent and intensive flooding regimes and reductions in river flow (MET, 2011); • Increases in temperature could decrease fish-stocks (Badjeck et al., 2009). d) Forestry Changes in a variety of ecosystems are already being detected, particularly in southern African ecosystems at a faster rate than anticipated (Boko et al., 2007). The Zambezi and Kavango region are the most forested regions in the country. These forests form a very important aspect in sustaining peoples’ livelihoods as they are utilised both for wood and non-timber products. With climate change and deforestation, the distribution and population of tree and shrub species will be affected as well as their occurrence in specific areas. Proposed Strategic Aims: Strategic Aim 1: Climate change understanding and related policy responses in food security are further improved. Strategic Aim 2: Develop, identify and disseminate climate resilient crop farming practices. Strategic Aim 3: Identify (pilot) climate resilient livestock breeds with local farmers and herders. Strategic Aim 4: Further promote game meat as a sustainable animal protein source for domestic food supply. Strategic Aim 5: Best sustainable land management (SLM) and suitable land use practices are tested and implemented at both national and local level. Strategic Aim 6: Early Warning System (EWS) and Climate Risk Management (CRM) systems are developed/improved and implemented. Strategic Aim 7: Adaptation strategies are improved by monitoring and establishment of baseline data on extreme events. Strategic Aim 8: Conservation measures to utilize sustainable forest resources for food security are in place and implemented at community level, building climate change resilience. Strategic Aim 9: Encouraging approaches that lead to sustainable management and utilization of fisheries and marine resources. Strategic Aim 10: Promote integrated fisheries and marine resources management. Strategic Aim 11: Strengthen and encourage integrated coastal zone management plans for 35 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 35 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 the protection of marine life. Strategic Aim 12: Conservation, utilization and development of biological resources and maintenance of resilient ecosystems to ensure climate resilience and environmental sustainability. Theme A2: Sustainable Water Resources Base Water is primarily the limiting factor to development in Namibia (MET, 2011a). The exacerbation of water scarcity by climate change will have a significant impact on the country’s socio-economic development leading to major implications on all other sectors. With the already extreme high temperatures and the dry climate of Namibia, evaporation rates in the country are very high (MET, 2011; GRN, 2011). Ground water, which can be exploited through boreholes, is often of poor quality and extremely saline. Even without climate change, arid Namibia is expected to face severe water scarcity in the near future (MET, 2011: GRN, 2002). Predicted impacts on the water sector in Namibia include: • Decreased water availability, quantity and quality, low groundwater recharge, increased variability of rainfall, temperature increase, prolonged and more severe droughts, floods, declining soil moisture, and increased evapo-transpiration. • Namibia is already facing water scarcity with predictions of absolute water scarcity by 2020 even without climate change (MET, 2011: GRN, 2002). Proposed Strategies Aims: Strategic Aim 1: Further improve the overall climate change understanding and related policy responses in water resources sector. Strategic Aim 2: Monitoring and data collecting technologies of surface and underground water are developed and implemented at basin/watershed level. Strategic Aim 3: Strategies for harvesting and capturing water during the rainy season are well formulated and implemented and guidelines for more efficient water use by sectors, households and individuals are provided. Strategic Aim 4: Improve access to sanitation and safe drinking water for all, particularly in flood-prone areas. Strategic Aim 5: Promote conservation and sustainable utilisation of water resources. Strategic Aim 6: Improve Trans-boundary cooperation regarding water resources. Strategic Aim 7: Support institutional and human capacity building in integrated water resources management and use. 36 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 36 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Theme A3: Human Health Addressing human health is entrenched in Namibia’s Vision 2030 objectives (Office of the President, 2004). Poor sanitary conditions as a result of flooding (e.g. cholera outbreaks) in some areas and malnutrition as a result of reduced crop yields and livestock productivity will increase illness and child mortality including malaria and other water borne diseases (GRN, 2011). Climate change will pose serious threats to human health (Stern, 2006). In Namibia, certain diseases are predicted to change patterns, with flood related illnesses on the increase in certain areas (e.g. malaria, potentially cholera), whilst heat stress and extreme dryness will impact on human and animal health exacerbating vulnerabilities in areas where food and water supplies already are a challenge (von Oertzen, 2011). Predicted health impacts include: • Changes in temperature, extreme weather events and precipitation are expected to have both direct and indirect impacts on human health, increasing the potential risk of malnutrition as well as water borne and spread diseases including diarrhoea, cholera and malaria. • Increase in temperature will lead to heat-related illness and put to risk the already vulnerable groups such as the old, already sick people (e.g. with HIV/AIDS) and children. Proposed Strategic Aims: Strategic Aim 1: Health sector climate change strategy in place. Strategic Aim 2: Strengthen disease prevention and treatment for those diseases expected to increase due to climate change. Strategic Aim 3: Develop adaptation mechanisms to climate change related health risks and disseminate information for effective preparedness. Strategic Aim 4: Strengthen the existing mechanisms for the vulnerable groups to access basic services and health facilities during climate related emergencies. Theme A4: Infrastructure Public infrastructure is the rolling wheel for economic growth and national development and is needed as a basic enabler for industries to perform at the required level of output to reach Vision 2030 (NPC, 2012). Predicted impacts of climate change could severely affect public infrastructure (housing, roads, water facilities, electricity transmission, communication systems, sewerage and drainage systems) in Namibia (GRN, 2011). These include the following impacts on infrastructure: • Flood events are predicted to become more aggressive, destructive, and frequent with strong potential for increased damage to infrastructure particularly in the already prone areas and settlements; • Sea level rise may inundate coastal towns including Walvis Bay, with the harbour extremely vulnerable. 37 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 37 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Proposed Strategic Aims: Strategic Aim 1: Establish, improve and enforce standards for infrastructure development and develop infrastructure that is more resilient to climate events, and integrate climate change issues into design and development planning strategies. Strategic Aim 2: Encourage the adoption of town and regional planning and development standards and principles toward climate resilient human settlements. Strategic Aim 3: Encourage adjustment of designs and environmentally sensitive construction and maintenance methods. 5.2 Agenda B: Mitigation Theme B1: Sustainable Energy and Low Carbon Development Energy production in Namibia is confined to the electricity and fossil fuel sector with total electricity generation capacity of about 495.5 MW from mainly Hydro, diesel and coal (MME, 2012). Fossil fuel energy (diesel, petrol, kerosene, LPG and coal) is 100% imported and about 50% of Namibia’s electricity is imported from neighbouring countries (MME, 2012). Mitigation options in the energy sector focus on energy efficiency and reduce carbon-intensive fuels (IPCC, 2007b). Proposed Strategic Aims: Strategic Aim 1: Promote and develop renewable energies at all levels to reduce GHG emissions. Strategic Aim 2: Develop and diversify secure energy backup systems through renewable (energy security) and efficient use of energy. Strategic Aim 3: Promote clean energy sources and reduce GHG emissions from Land-Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) –including agriculture sector and enhance the GHG sink. Strategic Aim 4: Promote reduction of GHG emissions from industries (e.g. major construction, mining, manufacturing). Strategic Aim 5: Improve waste management and control harmful emissions following the Polluter Pays Principle. Theme B2: Transportation The transport sector plays a crucial and is a powerful sector in terms of energy use and emissions of GHGs around the globe (IPCC, 2007b). Transport fuel consumption constituted over 70% of Namibia’s total demand in 2006 (MET, 2011). In the same vein, tourism as it relates to transport also has a large role to play. If the tourism sector makes a collaborative effort to embrace change and take advantage of the opportunities presented by climate change, Namibia has the potential to develop as a leading carbon-neutral tourism destination (Davidson, 2009; Jones et al., 2009). 38 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 38 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Proposed Strategies Aims for this theme: Strategic Aim 1: Foster other sources of transportation that do not contribute or have less GHG emissions by introducing an improved public transportation system. Strategic Aim 2: Promote the fuel efficiency in transport system toward low GHG emission. Strategic Aim 3: Scope the potential for carbon tax – including positioning Namibia as a carbon- neutral tourism destination. 5.3 Agenda C: Cross-cutting issues Theme C1: Capacity building, training, and institution strengthening Capacity building, training and institution strengthening are essential to addressing climate change issues and sustainable development. Climate change is a complex issue and requires a better understanding to be effectively addressed. Inadequate capacity at all levels is one of the major bottlenecks toward understanding and dealing with climate change issues in the country (Mfune and Ndombo, 2005). Building human and institutional capacity to address climate change must be a fundamental component of the strategy. Proposed Strategic Aim: Strategic Aim 1: Implement the Climate Risk Management (CRM) Capacity Development (CD) Plan for Namibia. Theme C2: Research and information needs Although consensus among the scientific community has been reached around the anthropogenic influence on our climate (IPCC, 2011; GRN, 2011), climate change projections and resulting impacts at national and local level are not well understood. Tailored and country specific research and information is crucial to our understanding of the likely impacts of climate change. Evidence-based research and indigenous knowledge are essential for improved decision-making on adaptation and mitigation actions benefiting human wellbeing. Proposed Strategic Aims: Strategic Aim 1: Improved functional climate monitoring system in Namibia. Strategic Aim 2: Monitor ecosystem and biodiversity changes and their impacts related to climate change. Strategic Aim 3: Coordinate and encourage research and information sharing and capacity building for knowledge production on climate change. Strategic Aim 4: Undertake and document traditional/indigenous knowledge and coping mechanisms. Strategic Aim 5: Determine the likely cost of adaptation and mitigation in the key sectors. Strategic Aim 6: Investigate macroeconomic and sectoral impacts of climate change. 39 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 39 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Theme C3: Public awareness, participation and access to information Public awareness is important as it empowers stakeholders to participate and make informed decisions (GRN, 2011). Similarly, access to information and understanding of climate change issues forms an important decision making tool for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Educating the general public and creating awareness on climate change, promoting public participation in dealing with climate change are vital. Overall awareness and understanding of climate change is relatively low particularly at local and regional level and needs to be improved. Proposed Strategic Aims: Strategic Aim 1: Develop a communication strategy on climate change (develop and disseminate public awareness materials on climate change). Strategic Aim 2: Promote public participation in addressing climate change and development of adequate responses. Theme C4: Action plan for Disaster Reduction and Risk Management Namibia’s economy and livelihood is dependent on natural resources and agriculture. Almost every year, Namibian communities face devastating losses through extreme events, such as floods or droughts. Extreme events (or disasters) and associated consequences have significant impacts on communities, the economy, infrastructure and the environment (OPM, 2011), compromising sustainable development. Climate change is likely to amplify these extreme events by increasing the frequency and intensity of disasters. Climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction have a similar approach and mutual benefits, however, quite often they operate in isolation from each other. Proposed Strategic Aims: Strategic Aim 1: Strengthen the climate risk induced disaster management strategy, forecasting and Early Warning Systems (EWS). Strategic Aim 2: Improve the disaster preparedness and a coordinated and appropriate timely disaster response mechanism. Theme C5: Financial Resource Mobilisation and Management Adaptation is not an easy or cost-free option because it often involves the residual damages of climate change. Adaptation itself will bear a cost (Stern, 2006). However, in the medium- to long- term, the cost of adaptation is much lower than the cost of not adapting. The emerging argument about adaptation is that it can be simple and free, but this depends on the form of adaptation (Jones, 2010). Although it is cumbersome to estimate precisely the adaptation cost or future pricing of adaptation efforts, sustainable financing mechanism should be developed to address climate change. 40 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 40 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Proposed Strategic Aims: Strategic Aim 1: Develop a strategy to finance climate change mitigation and adaptation activities. Strategic Aim 2: Scope the establishment and hosting mechanism for a sustainable development fund for large climate investments and financing. Theme C6: Action plan for International Cooperation and Networking As climate change is a global concern, international cooperation and networking is decisive in addressing both mitigation and adaptation. Being a developing country, international cooperation, and networking is crucial to Namibia to be able to address climate change. Proposed Strategic Aims: Strategic Aim 1: Participation in regional and international cooperation programs and activities on climate change. Strategic Aim 2: Pursue the UN environmental international obligations under various conventions particularly the UNFCCC. Theme C7: Technology Development and Transfer1 Technology is central to both adaptation and mitigation solutions (IPCC, 2007). The Bali Action Plan emphasizes the importance of effective mechanisms for scaling up the development and transfer of affordable and environmentally sound technologies particularly to developing nations (World Bank, 2008). The role of technology in the socio-economic growth of Namibia is entrenched the Namibia’s long term Vision 2030 (Office of the President, 2004) and it requires location-specific approaches. Proposed Strategic Aims: Strategic Aim 1: Identify technology development and knowledge transfer needs to address and deal with climate change. Strategic Aim 2: Development of technologies for mitigation and adaptation promoted and supported. 1 Technology Transfer as defined in the IPCC’s Special Report on Methodological and Technological Issues as a broad set of processes covering the flows of know-how, experience and equipment for mitigating and adapting to climate change amongst different stakeholders (Brocke, Mouton and Classen, 2005). 41 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 41 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Theme C8: Action plan for Legislative development Although most of the sectors (particularly those that are likely to be affected by climate change) in Namibia have their legal and policy instruments, these sector policies have not integrated climate change issues. With the emerging evidence of climate change severe impacts on many sectors, the need to review, develop and update policies cannot be overemphasised. Proposed Strategic Aims: Strategic Aim 1: Review and update the existing legislation to reflect climate change issues. Strategic Aim 2: Review the National Climate Change Policy as new information arises. Theme C9: Gender issues and child welfare It is very important to ensure that the needs of women, men, children, youth and the elderly are mainstreamed in climate change planning. Namibia’s vulnerability and adaptation assessment indicates that the poor and rural populations of Namibia, most of them being women, are most vulnerable to climate change because rural populations are extremely dependant on natural resources (Dirkx et al., 2008). According to Angula (2010), women form the majority of the population in rural areas, and therefore depend heavily on natural resources and rain-fed resources which are sensitive to climate change. Proposed Strategic Aims: Strategic Aim 1: Ensure that communities are empowered and both men and women participate meaningfully in the planning, testing and roll out of adaptation and mitigation activities in both rural and urban areas. Strategic Aim 2: Ensure that climate change response activities are gender sensitive. 42 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 42 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020

Section 6: Namibia’s Climate Change Action Plan Framework The timeframe for the NCCSAP is set for the time period of 2013-2020, which is broken down as follows in the log-frame: • “Short” term: between year 1 to 3 • “Medium” term: between year 4 to 5 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 43 • “Long” term: after year 5 6.1 Agenda A: Adaptation Theme A2: Sustainable Water Resources Base Strategic Aim Budget [Millions Targets Activity Time frame Lead Agency Partner Agency NAD] 1. Further improve the a) Sustain well water related research overall climate change Understanding of and capacity development in all understanding and related climate change aspects of climate change policy responses in the policy responses on NAMWATER, MET, 2 mil b) Improve water planning and related 2014-2017 MAWF water resources sector the water sector DRFN is maintained and decision-making processes to better improved manage climate change risk and uncertainty 2. Monitoring and data a) Control the use of resources in the collecting technologies of watershed areas surface and underground all line ministries, Have water b) Monitor changes in water quality and water are developed and NAMWATER, monitoring and data quantity available for drinking implemented at basin/ 1,5 mil Meteorological, collecting tools in all MAWF watershed level GIZ c) Model and forecast future water 2014-2017 Municipalities, river basins in the changes due to climate change UNAM, DRFN, country by 2017 PoN, NGOs, DRFN d) Undertake integrated water and land use planning 1/16/15 5:02 PM 43 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 3. Strategies for harvesting a) Identify relevant alternative and capturing water technologies for water harvesting during the rainy season b) Promote water harvesting, and adopt are well formulated Water infrastructure water efficient technologies and implemented, and and facilities such guidelines for more as earth dams c) Identify and enhance positive efficient water use by TBD etc. constructed outcomes from impacts of climate 2014-2018 MAWF NAMWATER [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 44 sectors, households and and optimizing change individuals are provided the existing water d) Explore other water sources or water facility and access infrastructure/innovative water storage of rain water, construction of dams, and maintain the water infrastructure 4. Improve access to e) Reduce pollution of water sources sanitation and safe e.g. prepare against water drinking water for all On-going contamination (chemicals) e.g. particularly in flood-prone improvement of industries, irrigation schemes due to areas sanitation done in flooding conjunction with f) Assess needs and provide sanitary NAMWATER, 75 mil for the first sanitation policy services and improve drainage 2014-2018 MAWF Municipalities, three years and strategy –more capacity in areas that are vulnerable DRFN, Red Cross than half of the to climate related health risks to be population in all amplified by floods towns have access to sanitation g) Facilitate development and improve sanitation facilities in rural and urban communities 5. Promote conservation Conservation and h) Promote water conservation and sustainable utilisation sustainable use of including water recycling and reuse NAMWATER, MET, MAWF of water resources 5 mil water promoted and reduction of water wastage 2014-2020 Municipalities, and measures (using standards, incentives/ MRLGHRD, DRFN implemented disincentives) 1/16/15 5:02 PM 44 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 6. Improve trans-boundary Trans-boundary a) Share information on water use, cooperation regarding TBD in conjunction cooperation demand and water resources water resources with responsible enhanced, with at development institutions least a minimum of b) Establish agreed procedures for MFA, NAMWATER, two assessments of MAWF conflict resolution regarding water 2013-2020 MET, MRLGHRD, water resource use use and management UNAM, PoN, DRFN every second year [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 45 c) Develop joint trans-boundary research as well as poverty-oriented water-related investments 7. Support institutional and Make use of the On-going efforts a) Promote stakeholder meetings to human capacity building existing budget of supporting share experiences on water use and in integrated water institutional and management NAMWATER, MET, resource management human capacity built Municipalities, b) Improve water governance and 2014-2018 MAWF MRLGHRD, PON, and use e.g. MSc in IWRM increase collaboration amongst MoHSS, UNAM, various water sectors - water DRFN supply and sanitation, irrigation and ecosystem maintenance Theme A3. Human Health and Well-being (or security) Strategic Aim Budget [Millions Targets Activity Time frame Lead Agency Core – Lead NAD] Agency 1. Health sector climate By 2015 MoHSS has a) Model climate risks to health change strategy in place developed an initial health sector, incl. projections of disease sector strategy on CC, incl. an prevalence, as well as adequacy of 1 mil assessment of research needs, current health responses 2014-2015 MoHSS Red cross as well as a national CRM capacity development plan for the sector 1/16/15 5:02 PM 45 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 2. Strengthen disease a) Improve health facilities particularly prevention and By 2020 access to adequate in areas that are at high risk and treatment for those health services specifically vulnerable (densely populated areas) diseases expected to addressing climate related and enable them to cope with the MWT, NMA, increase due to climate diseases increased by 80% additional climate related predicted NGOs, 120 mil 2015-2020 MoHSS change health issues Private sectors, OPM b) Stock medications that would be [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 46 needed to treat climate related health risks (preparedness) 3. Develop adaptation a) Develop a preparedness programme mechanisms to climate and adaptive capacity strategies to change related health respond to the impacts on the health risks and disseminate sector information for effective Prevention and treatment OPM, MWT, 5 mil (pa b) Strengthen and improve disease preparedness measures strengthened, NMA, NGOs, based on the prevention and treatment measures 2013-2018 MoHSS contingency plans developed Private emergency) for common water borne diseases and in place. sectors and food borne diseases c) Strengthen the contingency plans (transport, medicines) for outbreak of diseases 4. Strengthen the existing a) Put in place contingency plan to mechanisms for the all vulnerable groups to access vulnerable groups to basic services during flood disaster access basic services Existing mechanisms for periods OPM, NDF, and health facilities the vulnerable groups MGECW & 2 mil b) Develop measures to safeguard 2014-2017 UN System, during climate related strengthened and ready in MoHSS vulnerable groups with emphasis Red Cross emergencies case of emergency on the special needs of women and children from flood and drought related problems 1/16/15 5:02 PM 46 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Theme A4: Infrastructure Strategic Aims Budget Target Activity Time frame Lead Core – Lead Agency Agency 1. Establish, improve By 2018, national a) Carry out ?. Carry out climate change NPC, MLR, and enforce strategy is infrastructure risk assessment and conduct MME, MET, standards for Budget to be developed and climate change risk assessment studies defining MRLGHRD,RA, [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 47 infrastructure availed by all improved to guide the risk for various infrastructures for each NAMPOWER, development institutions the infrastructure sector NAMWATER, and develop involved development TransNamib b) Develop a climate change infrastructure risk infrastructure that Climate change issues , Telecom, preparedness plan and risk reduction measures 2013-2016 MWT is more resilient to are integrated into all PoN, UNAM, to increase resilience in all sectors climate events development planning NAMPORT, and infrastructure c) Develop the national strategy and guidelines for Municipalities development infrastructure (all infrastructures) development. Infrastructure d) Develop an action plan with costs on the development implementation of the preferred methods for standards are protection of infrastructure established, updated based on the needs by e) Encourage and integrate climate change risks in 2015-2020 MWT NPC, line 2018 the design and implementation of infrastructure ministries, development plans OPM, Telecom ,NAMPOWER, f) Impose penalties against non-compliance to NAMWATER, infrastructure spatial planning and development TransNamib regulations and laws g) Discourage building of infrastructures from 2015-2020 MWT MRLGHRD, RA, encroaching into vulnerable areas, high risk MET,MME zones and low lying areas h) Rehabilitate and improve existing infrastructure in areas where extreme events are predicted to cause damage or destruction to infrastructure i) Design and construct infrastructure -resistant and resilient to climate e.g. roads 1/16/15 5:02 PM 47 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 1 mil - Develop and update a) Conduct regional studies of vulnerable, at-risk and 2013-2017 MRLGHRD MLR,MWT, 2. Encourage the mainly for the standards and low lying areas that should not be settled Regional adoption of town enforcement codes of town and and Local and regional of town regional planning, b) Regulate establishment of new human settlements Authorities, planning and planning disseminated them to prevent encroaching into areas that are Association of development regulations widely vulnerable to and at risk of extreme events such as Local Authorities standards and floods [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 48 principles toward c) Enforce town and regional planning and climate resilient development regulation and standards (including human settlement drainage system) particularly in vulnerable areas to extreme events e.g. informal settlements patterns 3. Encourage TBD New designs integrate a) Encourage the use of appropriate designs and 2014-2018 MWT MRLGHRD adjustment of environmental issues, environmentally sensitive construction and (Municipalities) designs and and maintenance maintenance methods MET, MAWF environmentally methods are sensitive environmental construction and sensitive maintenance methods – integrating climate change issues into design and development planning strategies 1/16/15 5:02 PM 48 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 6.2 Agenda B: Mitigation Theme B1: Sustainable Energy and Low Carbon Development Strategic Aim Budget Targets Activity Time frame Lead Agency Partner Agencies a) Promote, invest in renewable energy sources [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 49 (e.g. solar water heating technologies) 1. Promote and develop NAMPOWER, PoN, Renewable energy b) Explore and undertake further feasibility renewable energies MME MAWF, Private TBD sources explored studies, building on previous studies, of 2014-2020 at all levels to reduce Sector, MET, NGOs and promoted renewable energy sources to harness GHG energies in potential areas (e.g. wind, solar, biogas, etc) By 2018 different a) Invest in clean energy sources and choose 2. Develop and diversify energy sources the most cost effective one NAMPOWER, MAWF, secure energy backup are developed ECB, REDS, IPPs, b) Ensure energy efficiency in production and MME system (energy TBD and contribute to 2015-2020 NAMCOR, NGOs, security) and efficient the overall energy use (buildings, air condition, light bulbs) Private Sectors use of energy supply in the through appropriate investments, policies country and incentives 3. Promote and reduce a) Encourage and promote conservation GHG emissions from agricultural practices to increase crop Land-Use, Land Use diversification and soil carbon storage Change and Forestry The current rate of GHG emission b) Update the inventory of GHG emissions from (LULUCF) –including is reduced and LULUCF and agriculture and its reduction 2014-2018 NNFU, NAB, PoN, agriculture sector MAWF 4,5 mil GHG absorption potential UNAM, MET and enhance the GHG sinks is enhanced and c) Explore possibility of development of CDM promoted within projects under LULUCF the role players d) promote agroforestry, afforestation of deforested landscapes and conservation of forests and forest resources 1/16/15 5:02 PM 49 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 a) Promote and implement Environmental 4. Promote reduction of Management Systems and apply standards GHG emissions from that integrate reduction of GHG emissions MME, MTI, GHG reduction industries (e.g. major MFMR, NAMCOR, within industries b) Develop and implement practices that construction, mining, 3,5 mil 2014-2017 MET MAWF,ECB, is promoted and reduce GHG emissions from industries e.g. manufacturing) both Private Sector, reduced use of gas filters from industrial emissions in public and private NAMPOWER [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 50 sector c) Facilitate the establishment of GHG emission targets to be adhered to by industries 5. Improve waste d) Encourage and improve and regulate management and Harmful emissions dumping / disposal of waste areas e.g. control harmful are controlled urban areas, mining waste MRLGHRD, emissions following and proper waste e) Find an alternative use for waste e.g. municipalities and the Polluter Pays management recycle, reuse town councils; Principle 4,5 mil disposal systems 2014-2017 MET Private sector, in place, industries f) Initiate compulsory commercial waste Industry take responsibility recycling for the waste they create g) Scope and encourage the application of the Polluter Pays Principle amongst industries 1/16/15 5:02 PM 50 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Theme B2: Transport Strategic Aim Budget [Millions Target Activity Time frame Lead Partner Agency NAD] Agency 1. Foster other sources Other sources of a) Look into ways to improve the transport of transportation mobility explored system e.g. through transport master that do not and implemented plan including biking, walking particularly [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 51 contribute or have 2,5 mil by 2018 in in urban towns and sustainable public less GHG emissions consultation with transport by introducing all relevant players b) Promote the practice of subjecting improved at all levels MME, MET, transport infrastructure development to transportation Local authorities, EIA through Environmental Management MWT system 2015-2020 Trans-Namib, Plans (EMPs) Roads Authority, NPC, c) Explore other possible means of MoF. transportation that have less or do not contribute to GHG emission d) Improve quality of services (especially in terms of duration of travel to desired destination and cleanliness) to attract mass population e.g. public transport a) Regulate importation of cars to promote certain fuel standards, or environmentally friendly vehicles Fuel efficiency in b) Encourage fuel switching, for instance to transport systems 2. Promote fuel the use of LPG toward low GHG efficiency in emission promoted c) Utilization of low emission energy sources, transport systems 2,5 mil and measures put for example natural gas (including for 2015 - 2018 MME & MWT MET, EIF toward low GHG in place relating small and medium scale business) emission to enforcement d) Undertake mandatory and random vehicle (where possible) inspections and maintenance programs, e.g. spot check for exhaust emissions e) Institute an environmental levy on old, used imported vehicles. 1/16/15 5:02 PM 51 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 3. Scope the potential a) Feasibility study on carbon taxing for for carbon heavy transport industry tax – including b) As recommended in previous studies positioning Namibia on ecotourism and climate change in as a carbon-neutral 2015 - 2018 MET and Tourism Industry Namibia, actively raise awareness of tourism destination MWT climate change implications for tourism and highlight the need for accuracy of [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 52 tourism growth targets in light of climate change implications c) Scope and test feasibilities of positioning Namibia as a carbon-neutral tourism destination 6.3 Agenda C: Cross-cutting Issues Theme C1: Capacity Building, Training, and Institution Strengthening1 Strategic Aim Budget [Millions Target Activity Time frame Lead Agency Partner Agencies NAD] 1. Implement the a) Implement all activities and actions All line ministries, Climate Risk 1,3 mil (US$) listed in the CRM CD plan Institutions listed institutions listed in the Management By 2020, the CRM CD 2014-2019 in the CRM CD CRM CP – refer to the CRM (CRM) Capacity (CRM CD, 2011 is fully implemented plan CD Plan available at the Development developed through and its objectives are MET (CD) strategy for AAP) met b) Roll out the Regional Climate private sectors, NGOs, Namibia developed 2013-2020 Line ministries Change Adaptation toolkits Donors in 2011 1/16/15 5:02 PM 51 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Theme C2: Research and Information Needs Strategic Aim Budget [Millions Targets Activity Time Lead Agency Partner Agencies NAD] frame 1. Improved Have a functional a) Improve weather stations for effective functional climate 75 mil monitoring system for monitoring monitoring system the whole country by [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 53 b) Improve climate monitoring and in Namibia 2020 modelling (with outside capacities) c) Improve accuracy of climate change Meteorological MET, MAWF, PoN, 2015-2018 projections and understanding Services UNAM, Private sector d) Provide relevant information to sectors for sector risk and V&A analyses e) Provide EWS and agro-meteorological information 2. Monitor ecosystem 2,5 mil Changes in the f) Support and promote activities of the 2014-2017 MET MoE, MME, MAWF, and biodiversity biodiversity and Namibia Environmental Observatories MFMR, PoN, UNAM changes and their ecosystem monitored Network (NaEON) to better understand , DRFN, Agriculture impacts related to and documented CC risks and impacts on ecosystems unions climate change g) Develop and support participatory ecosystem monitoring systems by involving local trained people including all stakeholders and local communities h) Ecosystem vulnerability analysis – ecosystem based adaptation and mitigation 1/16/15 5:02 PM 53 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 3. Coordinate 1,5 mil Research and a) Develop and maintain a modern climate 2014-2017 MET in and encourage information shared change data base on a user friendly web partnership MoE, other line research and among the role portal dedicated to climate change with other line ministries, UNAM, information players and affected ministries PoN, Directorate of b) Identify and prioritise top research and sharing capacity communities by 2018 Scientific Services, information needs for addressing climate building for private sector change in Namibia – develop cross- knowledge sectoral research agenda and update [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 54 production on regularly climate change c) Conduct research on impacts of climate change on crops, livestock, fisheries, forests, pests and diseases a.o. and develop appropriate adaptation responses (see also Agenda A) 2 mil By 2018, traditional/ a) Undertake inventories of best practices, 2013-2018 MAWF MoE, MET, PoN, 4. Undertake indigenous knowledge traditional knowledge and alternative UNAM, traditional and document and coping practices practices for coping with climate authorities council traditional / in all the key sectors variability and extreme weather indigenous are documented and b) Disseminate best practices, traditional knowledge and distributed widely. knowledge and alternative practices coping practices for coping to different stakeholders in different parts of Namibia for possible adoption 5. Determine the 3,5 mil Studies commissioned a) Commission the studies/models to 2015-2017 MET All line ministries likely cost of to determine the likely estimate the cost of adaptation and PoN, UNAM, MoF, adaptation and cost of mitigation mitigation in the key sectors other research mitigation in the and adaptation in agencies key sectors partnership with all line ministries 6. Investigate 0,3 mil Macroeconomic and a) Research on impacts of climate 2015-2018 MoF NPC, NSA, Bank macroeconomic sectoral impacts change on the macro-economy of of Namibia, line and sectoral of climate change Namibia including impacts on growth, ministries, UNAM, impacts of climate investigated and employment, inequality, trade etc PoN, MoE, Private change widely distributed sector in research industry. 1/16/15 5:02 PM 54 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Theme C3: Public Awareness, Participation and Access to Information Strategic Aim Budget [Millions Targets Activity Time Lead Partner Agencies NAD] frame Agency 1. Develop a A communication a) Develop a communication strategy 2014-2017 MET MICT, all line communication strategy and action on climate change (impacts, effects ministries, NBC, [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 55 strategy on 1 mil plan on climate on societies) targeting all levels, NIED, CBOs, climate change change should be in e.g. through using the toolkits at NACSO, publishers, (develop and place by 2016, and community level Meteorological disseminate implemented by Services, and public awareness various stakeholders supporting partners materials on involved. (UNESCO, UNDP) climate change) 2. Promote public Mass public a) Provide relevant information and MICT, line participation participation in data to assist farmers and other Ministries through in addressing 1,5 mil climate change stakeholders to adapt to effects MAWF extension agency, climate mitigation and of climate change e.g. forecast of Meteorological change and adaptation, at least drought through extension services services, faith development by 2018 based organization, of adequate b) Facilitate development and MET traditional authorities responses implementation of local/regional climate change specific strategies 2015-2018 and actions by all stakeholders c) Train local communities on responses to climate change effects as coping strategies i.e. using the Regional Community Climate Change Adaptation Community Information toolkit 1/16/15 5:02 PM 55 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Theme C4: Action plan for Disaster Reduction and Risk Management Strategic Aim Budget [Millions Targets Activity Time frame Lead Agency Partner Agencies NAD] 1. Strengthen the a) Strengthen and establish advanced OPM – DDRM MAWF, Civil society climate risk forecasting of weather and early in partnership organisations induced disaster Climate risk induced warning system (EWS) for disaster with active in disaster [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 56 management disaster management management MWT, management and 2,5 mil 2014-2018 strategy, strategy and plan, EWS Meteorological the media b) Awareness building programmes at forecasting and for disasters improved. Services community level on warnings produced early warning and released systems 2. Improve a) Keep improving the disaster OPM -DDRM MRLGHRD, MET, the disaster preparedness and response plan based and Regional Regional councils, preparedness and on the needs Emergency Red cross Disaster preparedness a coordinated and Management improved, timely b) Improve capacity and preparedness appropriate timely Unit (REMU) 1 mil and well-coordinated of emergency services to respond 2013-2018 disaster response particularly before and effectively and in time mechanism during the emergency c) Update contingency plans on a regular basis to be more effective during an emergency 1/16/15 5:02 PM 56 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Theme C5: Financial Resource Mobilisation and Management Strategic Aim Budget [Millions Targets Activity Time frame Lead Partner Agencies NAD] Agency 1. Develop a strategy Climate change activities a) Research and estimate cost of climate [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 57 to finance climate 2 mil strategy for financing change adaptation and mitigation change mitigation developed by 2017, and b) Continue developing projects for and adaptation effectively implemented funding under designated donors in a activities coordinated cross-sectoral manner, and following the priorities set out in the NCCSAP c) Advocate climate change adaptation and EIF, NPC, MoF, OPM, and mitigation budget and incorporated in MET 2013-2016 Line Ministries, CBOs, annual Government Departments and Private sector Ministries’ budgets d) Develop smart partnership with the private sector for climate change funding and investments e) Support DRFN to become Adaptation Fund designated entity; develop proposals in line with NCCSAP priorities for funding a) Establish the fund to finance climate 2. Scope the change activities – for large investments establishment and Sustainable and financing to be hosted potentially in hosting mechanism development fund and MET, MoF the MoF MoF, MET and Line for a sustainable hosting mechanism with EIF 9 mil 2014-2018 Ministries, CBOs, Private development fund for climate change initial sector, UNDP for large climate scoped established and b) Harmonise the existing efforts of support investments and functional financing climate change activities financing 1/16/15 5:02 PM 57 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Theme C6: Action plan for International Cooperation and Networking Strategic Aim Budget [Millions Targets Activity Time frame Lead Agency Partner Agencies NAD] 1. Participation a) Encourage exchange of scientific and in regional and technical experts and secondment of Participation in regional personnel on climate change issues NPC, PoN, UNAM, [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 58 international and international Donors, line cooperation b) Promote and support participation 2014-2018 MET cooperation Ministries, Private programs and TBD of scientists to attend regional and programmes promoted sector activities on international workshops and conferences climate change on climate change 2. Pursue the UN a) Timely development and submission of environmental UN international various reports required for UNFCCC international (environmental) b) Continue to implement Programmes, obligations obligations under NPC and other Line 1,5 mil projects and activities that are obligatory 2014-2016 MET under various various conventions (i.e. Ministries under the UNFCCC for Namibia as a Party conventions UNFCCCC) facilitated and to the convention particularly the acted upon UNFCCC Theme C7: Action Plan for Technology Development and Transfer Strategic Aim Budget [Millions Targets Activity Time frame Lead Partner Agencies NAD] Agency 1. Identify 2 mil Technology needs and a) Identify potential technology 2014-2017 MET MTI, MAWF, technology knowledge transfer needed to address both mitigation (adaptation) UNAM, Renewable development needed to effectively and adaptation & MME Energy and Energy and knowledge deal with climate (mitigation) Efficiency Institute transfer needs change identified and b) Explore possibility of technology (PoN), private to address pursued. transfer through the Carbon market sector, Chambers of and deal with / CDM projects Commerce climate change c) Promote development of technologies to address climate change problems for women and children 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 2. Development TBD by the Technologies for a) Support investment in development 2015-2018 MET MAWF, Chambers of technologies parties involved mitigation and of production of renewable energy (adaptation) of Commerce, MTI, for mitigation adaptation pursued, resources and materials locally. & MME MoF, Renewable and adaptation promoted and E.g. development of solar panel (mitigation) Energy and Energy promoted and developed production industries Efficiency Institute supported (PoN) b) Expand technology research, [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 59 development and demonstration and promoting technology innovation c) If required, protect intellectual property rights in arrangements for technology development Theme C8: Action Plan for Legislative Development Strategic Aim Budget [Millions Targets Activities Time frame Lead Agency Partner Agencies NAD] 1. Review and a) Review existing legislation / policies update the Existing legislation to assess the level of relevant climate MET, NPC, line existing reviewed and updated change content Ministry of 0.5 M 2014-2016 government ministries, legislation on in consultation with all Justice b) Enhance climate change synergies UNAM, PoN building climate stakeholders change resilience amongst sector policies and legislation 2. Review the a) Review and update the National Climate National Climate change Policy based on the need Change Policy as NPCC reviewed and b) Review the NCCSAP at mid term Line ministries, all other need arises and 0.15 M updated based on the 2013-2016 MET stakeholders NCCSAP at least need. at mid-term (2016) 1/16/15 5:02 PM 59 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Theme C9: Gender issues and child welfare Strategic Aim Budget [Millions Targets Activities Time frame Lead Agency Partner Agencies NAD] 1. Empower TBD Have a meaningful a) Facilitate women’s participation in 2014-2017 MGECW Line ministries, all both men participation of both climate change decision making at both other stakeholders and women men and women in local and national level [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 60 to participate climate change planning b) Advocate for equal participation of meaningfully in and decision making vulnerable groups in the implementation the planning, of climate change adaptation and testing and mitigation activities roll out of adaptation activities in all areas 2. Ensure that TBD Ensure that both genders c) Identify the adaptation skills of 2014-2016 MGECW Line ministries, all climate change and vulnerable groups vulnerable groups and mainstream other stakeholders response can take part in climate them in the planning of climate change activities are change response adaptation and mitigation strategies gender sensitive 1/16/15 5:02 PM 60 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020

Section 7: Implementation Arrangements The implementation of NCCSAP is differentiated by two functions: implementation and coordination and policy decisions, and is built upon the foundation set out in the NPCC (Figure 6). 61 Figure 6 Proposed implementation structures, roles and function, based on NPCC and operationalised for the NCCSAP 7.1 Implementation and Coordination MET Directorate of Environmental Affairs – Climate Change Unit As outlined in the Policy, the Climate Change Unit established under the Directorate of Environmental Affairs, will be designated as the coordinating unit, with the Ministry of Environmental Affairs the coordinating Ministry. The Unit would assist directly with planning, development, implementation and coordination of climate change activities at the local, regional and national levels. It would be responsible for the NPCC and the NCCSAP implementation, coordination and monitoring and evaluation, as well as reporting on NCCSAP progress. The Unit will house the Operational Focal Point of the UNFCCC. It will coordinate and mobilize climate change relevant funding. Offices, Ministries and Agencies (OMA) Sectoral Ministries are responsible for sector-specific implementation of activities at national level. They will support local and regional level implementation and coordination, and report to MET on the NCCSAP implementation. The Ministries will actively contribute to the mid-term review and 61 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 61 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 further updates of the NCCSAP and support resource mobilization for NCCSAP implementation. The Meteorological Services will establish and maintain expertise on climate science, projections and forecasting, supporting evidence based decision-making. It will provide climate science services for EWS, and other climate change response planning and research. With regards to the Disaster Risk Management and Early Warning Systems, OPM the Disaster Risk Management Unit provides advice on minimizing community vulnerability to hazards and effectively manages the impact of climate change. The unit is responsible for effective coordination and facilitation of all disaster risk reduction initiatives in Namibia. It also will provide technical and policy advice through the NCCC or directly to MET and later to the OPM climate change unit. Other institutions and expert advice will be sought for on demand and in support of the NCCC and other institutions implementing and coordinating the NCCSAP. National Climate Change Committee The NCCC is a multi-stakeholder platform that provides technical and policy relevant guidance to MET (and later to OPM). The committee will coordinate and advise sector-specific and cross-sector implementation of activities, and advise on monitoring and evaluation outcomes as well as future directions of NPCC and NCCSAP. Regional Structures Regional Structures such as Regional Councils are responsible for the implementation of activities at regional level and will report directly to MET on NCCSAP implementation. They will also actively contribute to the mid-term review and support resource mobilization for the NCCSAP implementation. Traditional Authorities and Local Authorities Traditional and Local Authorities are responsible for the implementation and coordination of activities at local level. They will actively contribute to the mid-term review, and contribute to reporting on the NCCSAP implementation through Regional Councils. They will also support resource mobilization for NCCSAP implementation. Private sector & business community, Academic and Tertiary Education institutions, NGOs, CBOs and civil society These stakeholders would be responsible for implementing and coordinating specific and relevant activities. They would actively contribute to the mid-term review and other NCCSAP updates; contribute to reporting on the NCCSAP implementation and support resource mobilization for NCCSAP implementation. 62 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 62 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 7.2 Policy Decisions Cabinet Cabinet will be responsible for decisions on NPCC and NCCSAP and reporting on implementation progress, as well as providing directives for updates and reviews. Parliament Parliament will advise Cabinet on relevant policy matters leading to decisions about the NPCC and NCCSAP, as well as reporting on implementation progress, and provide directives for updates and reviews from a regional perspective. 63 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 63 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020

Section 8: Monitoring and Evaluation, and reporting Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) as well as reporting progress shall be the most important component of the NCCSAP to demonstrate achievement of NCCSAP activities and support the ongoing implementation of the activities in a cost-effective way. The M&E will help in tracking the ongoing progress, quality and impacts of activities undertaken by various sectors and seek to assist stakeholders in leveraging the power of networking toward achieving the activities in the NCCSAP and achieve cross-cutting goals in the national response to climate change. Moreover, it will help to propose new activities to enable the attainment of the strategic aims and readjust timing of the implementation of the NCCSAP in light of evolving circumstances. While reporting will inform the stakeholders on the status of implementation, stakeholders shall submit reports on the progress to the coordinating body. M&E is crucial to strengthen the synergies between plans, actions, and sectoral strategies. In addition, donor agencies channelling billions of dollars for climate change adaptation, including under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), will require such systems as an important dimension to the adaptation initiatives they support. M&E will require adequate personnel given the nature of the multi-sectoral NCCSAP; the NPC has a monitoring department that could be strategically located to conduct the M&E in conjunction with the coordinating institution, the Climate Change Unit under the Department of Environmental Affairs as shown in the above structure, with the OPM climate change unit possibly taking over this function. In addition, an independent organisation or committee would be a good evaluator of the NCCSAP in conjunction with both the NPC and MET. The targets contained in the NCCSAP lay the foundation for the formulation of performance indicators, which, along with other key deliverables and benchmarks will be the main tools for assessing implementation progress of the NCCSAP. The M&E should focus on the following: • Input: focusing on the kinds of inputs injected to implement the planned activities • Process: focusing reviewing and analysing the mainstreaming of climate change into national, existing and planned inter-sectoral activities that have been implemented or continued to be implemented within the given timeframe of the NCCSAP. • Output: centred on the output per activity or strategic aim. Periodic updates and reporting by institutions will ensure that new information can be incorporated into the plan and strategies adjusted accordingly. Two kinds of M&Es should be undertaken at different intervals: • Mid-term M&E: this should be carried in 2017 in order to determine the progress of the implementation of the activities (achievements and status) and importantly uncovering challenges (shortcomings) and provide practical recommendations for the remaining time. • Final M&E: The final M&E is envisaged to be carried out in 2020 (at the end of the first NCCSAP) to quantify the overall attained results in relation to the overall planned goal, objectives and performance indicators. The findings of the overall M&E shall be used as lesson learnt for updating, revising the next NCCSAP. 64 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 64 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020

Section 9: Financing Strategy It is recognized in the NCCSAP that government alone will be unable to carry out and fund activities identified in this strategy. Hence, the implementation of the identified activities will only be achieved through a collective involvement and contribution of the private sector and non-governmental organizations, as well as donor agencies. The country needs to significantly scale up domestic climate finance over the next few years to successfully implement the NCCSAP. International climate finance can play an important role in enabling Namibia’s climate change response and helping to address barriers and additional costs. The successful implementation of the NCCSAP depends on the commitment of various stakeholders to avail resources needed particularly financial resources. This can be achieved by following the approach made in the draft paper on understanding climate readiness needs in Namibia where three key considerations for climate finance readiness in Namibia were discussed (ODI et al.,2013). These are: Planning: The need to align climate finance with national strategies and objectives. Aptitude: Maximising existing national capacities to identify appropriate climate change investment choices and the suite of capacities to deal with climate finance. Access: Sourcing, receiving and spending funds widely. Annex 2 of the NCCSAP provides detailed recommendations for supporting these activities. It is highly recommended that all government ministries and agencies set aside a specific fraction of their budget toward the implementation of the NCCSAP. Responsible agencies are also encouraged to source additional funding elsewhere in addition to their national budget. This could be through donors, multilateral, bilateral investments in partnership with the MET to ensure that enough funds are available for the implementation of the NCCSAP. The Environmental Investment Fund of Namibia and the National Planning Commission are two good platforms to form partnership with or to be approached when it comes to hosting the availed funds for climate change and other related financial resources. 65 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 65 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 References and Bibliography Angula, M. (2010). Gender and Climate Change: Namibia Case Study. Cape Town: Heinrich Böll Foundation Southern Africa. Anthony Okon Nyong, A. (2008). Climate Change, Agriculture and Trade: Implications for Sustainable Development. Background Paper prepared for the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD). Badjeck, M-C., Allison, E. H., Halls, A.S., & Dulvy, N.K. (2009). Impacts of climate variability and change on fishery-based livelihoods. Marine Policy 34:375-383. Bates, B.C., Kundzewicz, Z.W., Wu, S., & Palutikof, J.P. (Eds). (2008). Climate change and water. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC Secretariat, Geneva. Boko, M., Niang, I., Nyong, A., Vogel, C., Githeko, A., Medany, M., Osman-Elasha, B., Tabo, R., & Yanda, P. (2007). Africa. In Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., van der Linden, P.J., & Hanson, C.E. (Eds.).(2007). Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (pp. 433-467). UK: Cambridge University Press. Broucke, B., Morton, T., & Claassen, P. (2005). Assessment of Technology Needs for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Namibia. Windhoek: Ministry of Environment and Tourism. Cochrane, K., De Young, C., Soto, D., & Bahri, T. (Ed.). (2009). Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture: overview of current scientific knowledge. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper, No. 530, 212. Davidson, A. (2009). RTEA Namibia Sectoral paper. Ecotourism and the Informal Carbon Market: is the Climate Right for Change? IISD Paper. Dirkx E., Hager, C., Tadross, M., Bethune, S., & Curtis, B. (2008). Climate Change vulnerability and adaptation Assessment report, Namibia. Windhoek: Ministry of Environment and Tourism. DRFN. (2009). Review and Update of National Circumstances. Windhoek: Ministry of Environment and Tourism. du Plessis, P. (1999). First Greenhouse Gas Inventory: A report on sources and sinks of greenhouse gases in Namibia in 1994. Volume 1. Windhoek: Ministry of Environment and Tourism. Goreseb, J. (2010). Parliamentary role and relationship in effectively addressing of climate change issues – Namibia. A study commissioned and supported by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) in partnership with European Parliamentarians for Africa (AWEPA). GRN. (2002). Initial national communication to the United Framework Convention on Climate Change. Windhoek: Ministry of Environment and Tourism. GRN. (2011). National policy on climate change for Namibia – 2011. Windhoek: Ministry of Environment and Tourism. Hartz, C., & Smith, C. (2008). Namibia’s greenhouse gas inventory for year 2000. Windhoek: Ministry of environment and Tourism. IPCC. (2001). Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report. A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel. IPCC. (2007a). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC. (2007b). Climate change 2007: The physical Science Basic: Contribution of working group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 66 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 66 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jones, L. (2010). Overcoming social barriers to adaptation. London: Overseas Development Institute. Jones, J., Zeidler, J., Ramakhutla, H., du Plessis, H., Kiratu, S., & Kandjinga, L. (2009). Rapid Trade and Environment Assessment - National Report for Namibia, IISD, Geneva. Kundzewicz, Z.W., Mata, L.J., Arnell, N.W., Döll, P., Kabat, P., Jiménez, B., Miller, K.A., Oki, T., Sen, Z., & Shiklomanov, I.A. (2007). Freshwater resources and their management. In Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., van der Linden, P.J., & Hanson, C.E. (Eds.).(2007). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp 173- 210). UK: Cambridge University Press. Lambrou, Y., & Piana, G. (2005). Gender: the missing component in the response to climate change. FAO, United Nations. MET. (2002). Initial National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Windhoek: Ministry of Environment and Tourism. MET. (2011). Namibia Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Windhoek: Ministry of Environment and Tourism. MET. (2012). Regional Climate Change Information Toolkits. Windhoek: Ministry of Environment and Tourism. Mfune, J.K., & Ndombo, B. (2005). An assessment of the capacity and needs required to implement Article 6 of the UNFCCC in Namibia. Windhoek: Ministry of Environment and Tourism. NPC. (2012). Namibia’s Fourth National Development Plan 2012/13 to 2016/17. Windhoek: Office of the President – NPC. ODI, African Climate Finance Hub, WRI. (2013). Understanding Climate Finance Readiness Needs in Namibia. Study supported by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) through GIZ. Unpublished report. Office of the President. (2004). Namibia Vision 2030: Policy framework for long-term national Development: Main Document. Windhoek: Office of the President. OPM. (2011). National disaster risk management plan. Windhoek: Office of the Prime Minister. Reid, H., Sahlen, L., Stage, J., & Margregor, J. (2007). The economic impact of climate change in Namibia: How climate change will affect the contribution of Namibia’s natural Resources to its economy. Environmental Economics Programme Discussion Paper 07-02. IIED, London. UK. Stern, N. (2006). The Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change. HM Treasury: London. Turpie, J., Midgley, G., Brown, C., Barnes J., Pallett, J., Desmet, P., Tarr, J., & Tarr, P. (2010). Climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessment for Namibia’s biodiversity and protected area system. Windhoek: Ministry of Environment and Tourism. UNEP. (n.d). Climate change mitigation: Energy. Retrieved on August, 18 2013, from http://www. unep.org/climatechange/mitigation/Energy/tabid/104339/Default.aspx Von Oertzen, D. (2011). Impact of climate change on human health. VO Consulting for MoHSS. Von Oertzen, D., Kinyaga, V., Krugmann, H., & Dirkx, E. (2009). Review and Update of National Circumstances. Prepared for the Ministry of Environment and Tourism as part of the Second National Communication. Windhoek: Ministry of Environment and Tourism. World Bank. (2008). Development and Climate Change Technical report: A Strategic Framework for the World Bank Group. Washington: World Bank. World Bank. (2010). Ecosystem-Based Approaches to Climate Change. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development /World Bank. 67 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 67 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Annexes:

Annex 1: Costed CRM capacity development action plan Costed Plan of Action (PoA): Interventions, desired results and indicators (table) – Source AAP (MET, 2011) Activities are worked out in detail for year 1 and then monitoring and evaluation of progress towards the end goals (after 5 years) described for each [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 68 intervention area will determine the next annual activities. The cost estimation is based on an approach that aims for high quality delivery. This is needed as Namibia was one of the forerunners in CRM in the African Adaptation Program and could not borrow from experiences in other African countries. Table 2: Proposed costed CRM capacity development action plan. Strategic Priority interventions in Year Short and long term desired Performance indicators for Year 1 Estimated Costs Key responsibility interventions 1 results in US Dollars2 area Coordination • Composition of coordination After 1 year: Year 1 200.000 To be decided by AAP P6 team building on experiences • Core capacities present in (coordination and key institutions, e.g. in AAP PMU, DRM and MET CRM capacity development coordination team team) MET, OPM, DRM • Partnership meetings on coordination team positioned • MET/DEA lead dialogues on appreciative planning for CRM close to OPM with all relevant establishing national CRM capacity development with key expertise and access to the coordination mechanism with OPM stakeholders highest decision making levels. (DRM) • Monitoring and Evaluation • high level decision makers plan using trainers to monitor After 5 years: National CRM and think-tank on CRM and DRM progress, demand and gender Adaptation coordination team issues, especially on long-term approach and strategy have emerged; preparedness and adaptation • Knowledge Management and CRM capacity development • Initial talks on CRM college Marketing Communication plan is guided by CRM strategy • Follow-up on consultancy package (see under Demand and ICT) and coordinated through 6 recommendations on NCCC a partnership of relevant and RCCCs and capacity support stakeholders in a special CRM programme (modelled on P3 College. learning approach and modules) • Set-up of modern and effective CC/ CRM/CCA information/learning/ 1/16/15 5:02 PM 68 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Demand • Marketing communication After 1 year: OPM and NPC ask • Continue and roll out Ambassadors 200.000 Coordination team plan for key audiences in coordination team for advice programme including on a regional (Media relations expert, priority sectors on CRM capacity development level and integrating the AAP Youth financial expert and • PR plan to generate free paragraphs and specific sector into a nation-wide CRM campaign lobbyist) publicity on strategic moments interventions to be included in • CRM guidance for NDP4 (already • Continuous update of agenda National Development Plan. ongoing under AAP output 3) of events that are key for • Targeted awareness and [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 69 lobbying and publicity After 5 years: Ministries and information sessions for NDP4 • Implement AAP ongoing work- governmental institutions ask sector planning groups plan activities coordination team for advice • Publicity in media on priorities and approaches for their CRM capacity development planning. Human resources • Continue ambassadors After 1 year: 50% of the • Number of ambassadors raised 400.000 Coordination team programme based on the budget for individual learning is from 80 to 300, including trainers (Process and learning sustainability discussions held spent at the regional and local of local and regional level (150 manager, Gender, KM, M&E during AAP package 3 (report level and focused on community ambassadors national level; 150 expert) forthcoming) resilience. Experience is used local and regional level; gender • Develop one Alumni and to adapt the adequate support balance at both levels) ‘new-intake’ stream from the national level. • Number of local and regional • Develop regional outreach training sessions on AAP 9 doubled component of Ambassadors After 5 years: 80 % of the compared to 2011 programme budget for individual learning is • Key tertiary institutions participate • Work with tertiary education spent at the regional and local in CRM partnership (see institutions (i.e. Polytechnic level. The major approach is Coordination) and UNAM) on improving learning-by-doing and leading • RSSC program to bring experts CRM related curricular and by example. Each governmental (e.g. in GPS and GIS) of different approaches (already ongoing institution has its own CRM government institutions to or in place) capacity development plan. exchange experiences and engage • Continue Training of Trainers in peer learning (TOT) and outreach work • Half yearly monitoring reports per applying the toolkits region on progress, demand and developed through AAP gender package 9 • Longer term capacity development • Training and coaching of local/ plan for various target groups for regional trainers in monitoring year 2 based on monitoring and of progress, demand and evaluation activities from M&E plan gender 1/16/15 5:02 PM National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Institutional • CRM leadership training for After 1 year: Credible and • 10 members of senior management 100.000 Coordination team change towards senior management in key consistent leadership styles, trained (Process and learning a CRM learning government institutions trust, career opportunities, • Learning organization on the manager) institution • Coaching of early adaptors transparent internal and agenda of high level CRM think-tank who need guidance on first external communication. • 1 pilot project for coaching steps towards change towards a learning organization After 5 years: Open door [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 70 • Roll out Ambassadors policy, actively listening and activities as mentioned under proactively responding to 4. Human Resources the needs and problems of the workforce; leaders trust workforce and understand that everyone has a different learning style and curve. CRM response • Invest in roll-out of community After 1 year: CRM technology • Information on CRM response 50.000 Coordination team technologies and toolkits and tool plan focused on generated through activities of the (Process and Learning tools • Based on CRM mind-map, community resilience in M&E plan manager, Lobbyist and develop CRM technology and place to guide investment in • First strategic alliances with private Gender, KM, M&E expert) tool plan new tools and technologies, sector and research institutions in • Use established partnerships preferably to be acquired Namibia and abroad with communities of practice through partnerships with other • CRM response knowledge, to test and further develop countries, universities and technology and tool plan based technologies and tools private sector. on demand from sectors and • Use AAP activities on local communities with priority sectoral risk and vulnerability After 5 years: Demand-based interventions for year 2 assessments as ‘learning tool development and training and doing’ experiences for both for community resilience Ambassadors as well as for decision support for policy makers. 1/16/15 5:02 PM 70 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 ICT • Invest in an overall After 1 year: Knowledge • First series of radio courses for local 200.000 Coordination team knowledge-management management strategy in place training on CRM (Gender, KM, M&E expert) strategy to enhance and make with a clear role for ICT focused • First CRM bank of visuals, short CRM knowledge flow freely on improving community videos and learning tools between supply and demand resilience. Monitoring and • Enhanced AAP and CRM web portal • Make relevant AAP material annual usability check is with interactive applications available on-line and for radio organized. • First plan for CRM mobile phone [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 71 stations in a user friendly way applications • Use all AAP pilot activities to After 5 years: User-driven ICT • Usability study of existing ICT tools test and apply ICTs to generate systems in place that are low on CRM interest and awareness for cost and have optimal effect • Action plan for year 2 them according to annual usability • 100 technical staff trained in • Computer training for scenario checks. All systems are open computer skills for DRM and CRM development (follow-up AAP source and or provided through • Strategic alliance with P2) partnerships with other meteorological institute on ICT tools countries, universities and for weather forecasting private sector. Finances • Initially use AAP funds After 1 year: CRM integrated • Regular interaction between 50.000 Coordination team where available for strategic in National Development Plan CRM CD Coordination team and (Lobbyist and financial interventions with budget implications for key budget holders in relevant expert) • Seek additional strategic ministries and departments ministries cooperation partners’ support to contribute to CRM capacity • Focal point in Ministry of Finance for for priorities identified development. CRM, and co-convenor of Financing • Convene ‘financing’ Conference appointed conference (with Namibian After 5 years: CRM integrated • Funding proposals for year and international partners) in budgets of all government 2 accepted by bilateral and • Integrate required costs into institutions with dedicated multilateral donors GRN budgeting; include into budget lines for coordination • First PPP established NDP4 awareness seminars and various specific capacity • Private sector, NGO a.o. development interventions. partners to identify their responsibilities and contributions through learning modules at Ambassadors event 1/16/15 5:02 PM 71 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 Dealing with • Undertake sector (institution) After 1 year: Selected priority • Initial risk sector or sector institution 100.000 Coordination team with sector needs specific CR analysis sector institutions have relevant risk studies undertaken. relevant line ministries and • In participatory way (led by undertaken a first CR analysis • Build the foundation for institution NPCS individual institutions) CDPs and developed their own specific “internalised” CRM CDPs. are developed (they need capacity development plans. • For at least 3 key sector Ministries to be “internalised”). This CRM CDPs internalising the can only happen when the After 5 years: All sectors in seven 3 entry points approach [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 72 specific demand is created Namibia have engaged in a are developed and under through other AAP and related comprehensive analysis of their implementation. foundation work sector capacity needs and are • The NDP4 process specifically gives • Facilitate an exercise that implementing response plans. cognizance to CRM CD needs and fosters CRM CD budgets includes budgeting guidelines. in NDP4 and institutional budgets TOTAL 1.3 Mil 1/16/15 5:02 PM 72 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020

Annex 2. Namibia’s Financial Readiness Needs and Recommended Supporting Activities While important steps to address climate change are being taken in Namibia, there is progress to be made in implementing emerging goals and strategies, and incorporating climate change considerations into investment decisions. Climate finance readiness support has the potential to bring actors that have developed substantial expertise and competence in development finance together to embrace the challenges of climate compatible development. In-depth stakeholder interviews and an informal roundtable discussion between these stakeholders identified a number of needs that might strengthen national stakeholders’ ability to use climate finance [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 73 effectively. Climate finance readiness efforts should therefore focus on the role that international climate finance could play to help decision-makers and investors in Namibia incorporate climate risk into development planning and investment. As a more general observation, Namibian stakeholders observed that many internationally financed capacity building initiatives related to climate change have had limited sustainability. It may therefore be particularly important to consider the nature of the partnerships that are forged, with a focus on building collaboration with national institutions (many of which have significant capacity, but are under-resourced). It is therefore recommended that support for the following activities might strengthen readiness to use climate finance effectively. 1. Planning: Incorporating climate considerations into the national development vision and sector strategies Stakeholders saw a significant need to support efforts that are getting underway to link the climate change considerations outlined in the national climate change strategy with the national development plan and Vision 2030, as well as key sector strategies (particularly related to energy, infrastructure and agriculture). Furthermore, stakeholders recommended a need to support efforts to prioritise amongst some of the activities anticipated in the CCSAP, in order to allow more meaningful implementation. Such initiatives would need to be informed by better information and data about climate change and its potential investment and finance implications. Supporting activity Description 1.1 Support a work program for officials This work programme could first establish how climate change affects the goals and objectives of a given line ministry before from key line ministries (Energy, Water, analysing the links and tensions between existing sector plans and the priorities outlined in the climate change strategy and action Infrastructure, Public Works), with expert plan. From this basis, a project pipeline could be developed as priority mitigation and adaptation opportunities will have been support, to explore options for integrating identified at sector level that can be costed. Appropriate resources for delivery and execution could then be requested in the next climate change into sector plans. sector budgeting process. Such a program would ideally be supported by the NPC, since it bears overarching responsibility for the development of sector plans and budgets. Stakeholders observed that a number of activities with potentially positive impact have already been identified, and climate finance readiness support could allow their realisation. 1/16/15 5:02 PM 73 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 1.2 Develop simple tools applied in key This effort could build on the experiences of the Threshold 21 model to incorporate environmental and social considerations into sector ministries to understand the climate development planning at a macro level. It could also build on experience with Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs). SEAs implications of policies and proposed could be completed for plans and policies, the implications and opportunities of climate change in the infrastructure, public works investments. and energy ministries, in particular. Such tools would ideally be developed in partnership with Namibian research institutions and technical experts (potentially with inputs from well-respected international technical institutions). Such tools can provide a better basis from which to discuss the potential options to reduce potential conflicts between climate change and development strategies. [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 74 2. Planning: lesson learning through peer exchange Stakeholders have noted the need to raise awareness of the material implications of climate change for investment choices in key sectors, and to deepen understanding of the institutions and systems that other middle income countries are establishing to support investment in climate change solutions. Supporting activity Description 2.1 Promote the sharing of lessons Many stakeholders observed that there might be value in exposing senior government officials to the systems that other middle- through exchanges on institutional income countries in the region are putting in place to plan, coordinate and finance their response to climate change. The government arrangements for climate finance in has already begun to consider whether it might be able to learn from South Africa’s experience in establishing a climate change finance peer-countries. strategy (which includes a Green Fund, and renewable energy finance policy support mechanisms, and the introduction of a carbon tax). Similarly, Kenya’s experience establishing a climate change response strategy, and attracting international and private finance to help support its response may also be relevant. Short, 3 to 5 day exchange programmes with relevant counterparts in for permanent secretary-level staff might be one mechanism to this end. Alternatively, one could explore trainings or workshops that draw in a small number of experts from peer-countries to discuss their experiences. 1/16/15 5:02 PM 74 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 3. Aptitude: raising awareness and maximising existing national capacities Stakeholders noted a general paucity of technical human capacity, particularly within government. There are limits to trainings as a solution to this challenge, because overextended staff can seldom spare time to participate in such programs. Mentoring programs focused on collaborative implementation, and programs that seek to deliver additional support to persons entrusted with championing climate finance issues within their institution may be more useful and impactful. [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 75 Supporting activity Description 3.1 Support strengthened coordination Stakeholders agreed on the need for stronger systems that allow coordination across government on issues of climate change, building of climate change activities. on the strong existing efforts of the MET, and leveraging the technical capacity that it has developed. The OPM and the NPC may have a role to play in facilitating better coordination across institutions. The OPM could bring high level political commitment to the process, and authority to drive such a coordinated process, the NPC could play a role in facilitating the process at the level of planning and budgeting. This approach was used effectively in the Namibia Country Pilot Partnership for Integrated Sustainable Land Management (CPP –ISLM). 3.2 Support the establishment and There is a need for all relevant ministries and parastatals to establish climate change focal points (individuals or units) and strengthen strengthening of climate change focal their capacity to integrate climate considerations into sectoral planning, and to represent sectoral concerns in cross-sectoral discussions points within ministries, particularly the around climate change. National Planning Commission. This could also help state-owned enterprises deliver on these responsibilities through small grants for requisite administrative and coordinating support systems, or for technical assistance and peer exchange on key issues. Again, partnerships with Namibian private sector organisations, research institutes and NGOs might also be useful means to support capacity strengthening of focal points. 3.3 Establish a centralised climate data There is a need to put in place systems for more coordinated data and information collection, so that data on climate change repository. vulnerability (particularly climate impacts and risks) can be gathered in a consistent and centralised manner. Such efforts might start with biophysical data, and expand to include socio-economic data over time. Technology needs could also be supported, including for common use software and equipment to facilitate data gathering, as well as require investment in agreeing data quality standards up front. 1/16/15 5:02 PM 75 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 4. Accessing climate finance: costing and prioritising actions The lack of funding or budget allocation for CCSAP is a substantial impediment to its implementation. Developing a strategy that is realistic and implementable requires that the costs and benefits of various proposed activities be analysed in order to narrow the list of activities down to a smaller number of key realistic priorities. Access to climate finance could be used both to support government to address climate change dimensions of development strategies and to support quasi private actors such as parastatals, who deliver most of the [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 76 infrastructure services in the country and some public finance to do more to address climate change. There is also a second need for finance to support private sector players and civil society organisations deliver programs at scale. The sets of activities best suited to be financed through international climate funds will require further deliberation. A process to seek accreditation of the Desert Research Foundation of Namibia (DRFN) as a National Implementing Entity for the Adaptation Fund is underway. Supporting activity Description 4.1 Highlight climate related risks Private sector involvement in climate change mitigation and adaptation has been limited. New analysis highlighting climate related and opportunities and strengthen risks involved with current investment priorities can raise awareness of low carbon and climate resilient approaches. Research could due diligence and appraisal systems focus on options to address and respond to these risks starting with leading private sector investors and companies. Collaboration with for private investors and financial institutions such as KfW and the International Finance Corporation might be opportune and strategic in this regard. The strengthening institutions working in key sectors of national development finance institutions due diligence and appraisal systems to understand climate related risks and opportunities including energy, infrastructure and could be undertaken in parallel. agriculture. There may also be scope to invest in an exploratory program with private banks that are engaging on low carbon investment, such as Nedbank through its Go Green Initiative. Working with the Environmental Investment Fund to engage private sector and NGO actors, particularly related to clean energy, and to strengthen resilience to climate risk in its existing portfolio might also be useful. 4.2 Explore the viability of instruments In the first instance, this would explore budget support through the National Planning Commission of costed climate change actions. to enable execution of the national Justification stems from the use of budget support for public goods interventions by development partners in Namibia with some climate change policy and strategy, success. The analysis would identify what such an approach might require, and whether it could help realise efforts to resource and and as a means of achieving greater incentivise the National Planning Commission to take on climate change issues. involvement of the National Planning Commission. 4.3 Assess and strengthen institutional Namibia is trying to position itself as a leader on climate change issues, and to access international funding to support its objectives capacity to access and effectively deploy in this regard. Namibia has expressed interest in direct access to these funds. Taking stock of efforts to seek direct access to the international climate finance including Adaptation Fund, such efforts would analyse the minimum requirements of fiduciary and associated standards for the GCF. Similarly, prospectively from the GCF. analysis of minimum environmental and social safeguard practices could build on the policies that the Global Environmental Facility has. 1/16/15 5:02 PM 76 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 4.4 Strengthen capacity to monitor There is a need to ensure that monitoring and evaluation is based on the achievement of results, rather than on the completion of and evaluate the outcomes of climate activities or on spend. A component that supports the monitoring and evaluation of climate related dimensions of policies could be finance. incorporated into efforts to develop sector-level climate change implementation plans as proposed in readiness need 1.1 above. This should also build on efforts to strengthen climate related investment information, as proposed in readiness need 4.3 above, which should provide a basis for assessing the impact of programs and policies. [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 77 1/16/15 5:02 PM 77 National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020 78 [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 78 1/16/15 5:02 PM [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 79 1/16/15 5:02 PM REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA Ministry of Environment & Tourism Department of Environmental Affairs Ministry of Environment and Tourism Capital Centre Levinson Arcade Private Bag 13306 Windhoek Namibia Tel: +264 61 284 2701 Fax: +264 61 240 339 www.met.gov.na [NEW COVER]National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan.indd 80 1/16/15 5:02 PM