Namibia’s First NDC – Second update

1. Background ................................................................................................................................................................ 12

2. Salient features of Namibia .................................................................................................................................. 12

3. Mitigation .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 3.1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................................................13 3.2 GHG inventory ............................................................................................................................................................... 13 3.3. Business As Usual scenario .......................................................................................................................................... 13 3.3.1. National ........................................................................................................................................................ 13 3.4. National mitigation potential ...................................................................................................................................... 13

4. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding ................................................................ 14

5. Adaptation ......................................................................................................................................................... 22 5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................... 22 5.1.1 Historical and projected climate ................................................................................................................ 22 5.1.2. Vulnerability .............................................................................................................................................. 22 5.2. Adaptation measures ................................................................................................................................................... 22

6. Equity, fairness, and ambition ................................................................................................................. 22

7. Measurement Reporting and Verification ..................................................................................................................... 23

8. Gender mainstreaming in the First NDC second update .............................................................................. 24

9. Implementation Strategy and Action plan ................................................................................................ 24 9.1 Means of implementation ............................................................................................................................................. 24 9.2 Namibia’s NDC Implementation Strategy and Action Plan (NDC-ISAP) ..................................................................................................... 24 9.3 Funding, transfer of technologies and strengthening capacity ............................................................................... 25 Annex 1. Mitigation actions and measures by sector ..................................................................................... 26 A 1.1. Energy sector ........................................................................................................................................................................26 A 1.2. IPPU sector ............................................................................................................................................................................28 A 1.3. AFOLU sector .........................................................................................................................................................................29 A 1.4. Waste sector ............................................................................................................................................................... 30 Annex 2. Adaptation actions and measures by sector ................................................................................... 31 A 2.1. Agriculture and Food Security ................................................................................................................................ 31 A 2.2. Water Resources ........................................................................................................................................................ 33 A 2.3. Biodiversity and Ecosystems .................................................................................................................................. 34 A 2.4 Fisheries and Aquaculture ........................................................................................................................................ 35 A 2.5. Health .....................................................................................................................................................................................37 A 2.6. Cross-cutting issues................................................................................................................................................... 38 A 2.7. Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................................................. 39 A 2.8. Coastal Zone .............................................................................................................................................................. 40 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS % Per cent AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AR5 Fifth Assessment Report BAU Business As Usual BEV Battery Electric Vehicle BTR Biennial Transparency Report BUR Biennial Update Report CCU Climate Change Unit CH4 Methane CMA Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement CO2 Carbon Dioxide COP or CP Conference Of Parties COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 CSO Civil Society Organization DEA Department of Environmental Affairs e equivalent EIF Environment Investment Fund EWS Early Warning System FOREX Foreign Exchange GCM General Circulation Model GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GCF Green Climate Fund GHG Greenhouse Gas GIZ German Agency for International Cooperation GW Gigawatt GWP Global Warming Potential H2 Hydrogen ha Hectare HDI Human development Index HFC Hydrofluorocarbon HFO Heavy Fuel Oil HIV/AIDS human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ICEV Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle ICT Information and Communication Technology ICTU Information to facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding IMF International Monetary Fund INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Inter-Governmental Panel of Climate Change IPP Independent Power Producer IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use ISAP Implementation Strategy and Action Plan K Thousand 6 km Kilometre LULUCF Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry M Million M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MAWLR Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform MEFT Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism mm Millimetre MRV Measure, Report, Verify N2O Nitrous Oxide NC National Communication NCCC National Climate Change Committee NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDP National Development Plan NGO Non-Governmental Organization NHIES Namibia Household Income and Expenditure Survey NIR National Inventory Report NIRP National Integrated Resource Plan NPC National Planning Commission NSA Namibia Statistics Agency oC Degrees Centigrade PA Paris Agreement PFC PerFluoro Carbon PV Photovoltaic SDG Sustainable Development Goal SOC Soil Organic Carbon t tonnes TACCC Transparency, Accuracy, Completeness, Comparability, Consistency UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States Dollar VA Vulnerability and Adaptation LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Base year and BAU emissions ..............................................................................................................................................................Page 2 Table 2. Information to facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding ...............................................................................................Page 3 Table 3. Cost of adaptation by sector............................................................................................................................................................... Page 10 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. BAU and mitigation scenarios with sectoral potential (Mt CO2 e) ...................................................................................................... Page 2 Figure 2. Contribution (%) by sector ................................................................................................................................................................ Page 3 Figure 3. Cost (M USD) by sector ..................................................................................................................................................................... Page 3 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background Namibia’s latest GHG inventory, covering the period 1990 to 2016, shows its net sink capacity increased from -85.823 Mt CO2 e in In line with Article 4 of the Paris Agreement (PA) and Decision 2010 to -104.206 Mt CO2 e in 2016. 1/CP.21 of the UNFCCC, Namibia submitted a revised version of its First NDC in July 2021 which inadvertently did not include The Business As Usual scenario projects Namibia to increase its Information to facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding net sink capacity by 4.890 Mt CO2 e (5.7%) from -85.823 Mt CO2 e (ICTU) to be in line with Decision 4/CMA.1 and the major updates in the base year 2010 to -90.713 Mt CO2 e in 2030. in its GHG inventory. Namibia made good of these shortcomings in this updated version, referred to as First NDC second update Removals I Emissions which covers the period 2021 to 2030, to inform the global ■ Energy ■ IPPU ■ AFOLU ■ Waste stocktake more accurately on its efforts to implement the Convention. The urgent adaptation actions to enable the country to build its resilience and meet the sustainable development goals within its low emissions development strategy have also been included. -100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 Emissions in the base year and under the BAU scenario Salient Features of Namibia Namibia’s territory extends over some 825,000 square km for Mitigation a widely dispersed population of nearly 2.6 million which exacerbates development, by impeding adaptation and rapid As a Party to the PA, Namibia is committed to contribute to the interventions to reduce risks and damage, inclusive of loss global efforts towards meeting its Article 2, paragraph 1 (a) by of lives, stemming from extreme weather events. It is an arid reducing its emissions and increasing its removals. Namibia country with a highly skewed precipitation regime, ranging from targets a reduction of its projected national emissions by 7.669 less than 25 mm to just more than 600 mm annually, that makes Mt CO2 e while concurrently increasing its removals by 4.233 Mt it a water scarce country. CO2 e for a total mitigation potential of 11.902 Mt CO2 e. Successful implementation of all mitigation measures will enhance Namibia’s Namibia’s economy is highly dependent on natural resources, sink capacity from the BAU scenario of -90.713 Mt CO2 e to the making it highly vulnerable to climate change. Its development mitigation scenario of -102.615 Mt CO2 e. is already facing the brunt of climate change, with persistent droughts, frequent floods and more frequent epidemics seriously 0 affecting the economic sectors Agriculture, Water Resources, -80 Biodiversity and Ecosystems, Fisheries, Health, Infrastructure and Coastal Zone. -85 Mitigation Climate change effects in Namibia are underpinned by potential 11.902 inequalities, with women more likely to be living in poverty -90 than men. Climate-related shocks will exacerbate this poverty Waste o .125 due to women’s socio-economic marginalization. Gender -95 AFOLU 7.986 responsiveness is therefore an integral part of Namibia’s climate IPPU 0.178 change response. ■ -100 ■ Enerey 3.613 Namibia’s Emissions and Business as Usual -105 Scenario Namibia’s BAU and mitigation scenario potential Namibia, presently a net sink, is projected to remain so in 2030 and its share of global aggregated emissions weighs only The Energy and AFOLU sectors will be the main contributors with 0.00026%1. 30% and 67% of the national mitigation potential in 2030. The total cost for implementing the mitigation measures is nearly 9,052 M USD. 1 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.GHGT.KT.CE 8 Energy, 30% PA. Being a sink, it cannot contribute towards Article 4, paragraph 1 of the PA, namely peaking of its emissions followed by a rapid Waste, 1% IPPU, 2% reduction thereafter. Namibia has kept the base year of 2010 adopted for the First NDC in this updated version also and presents its mitigation contribution for the year 2030 expressed as an increase of its sink % Contribution capacity. by sector The IPCC 2006 guidelines, guidance provided in the annexes to decisions 4.CMA.1 and 9/CMA.1, the latest Global Warming Potentials from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report as recommended in Decision 18/CMA.1 and latest information on the national current and draft policies, development plans and AFOLU, 67% strategies have guided the updating of this NDC. Data sources exploited for the latest GHG inventory have been adopted for projecting BAU emissions. All emissions and removals are AFOLU, 857 expressed in million metric tonnes of CO2 equivalent (Mt CO2 e). IPPU, 18 Waste, 499 The measures identified for implementation cover the period 2021 to 2030, the latter being the single target year. Actions implemented prior to 2021 have been reported for information purposes. Namibia’s First NDC second update covers the 4 IPCC sectors Energy, IPPU, AFOLU and Waste. Cost (M USD) by sector Identified co-benefits resulting from adaptation actions are: • CO2 sequestration through the development of urban green corridors and agroforestry. • Improving soil carbon through conservation agriculture combined with the use of compost and biochar. Energy, 7678 • Improving soil carbon in land restored through removal of encroaching bushfor biodiversity conservation and food Namibia has provided information needed to facilitate clarity, security. transparency and understanding of its NDC, as referred to in • Carbon capture through enhanced vegetation during the decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 28 (Annex 1). establishment and restoration of one riparian buffer. Namibia is committed to maintain the same approach adopted up • Reduction of CH4 emissions through water recycling for to now in line with Article 4, paragraph 14 and the Transparent, reuse or recharging of aquifers. Accurate, Consistent, Complete and Comparable principles • Establishment of firebreaks to reduce GHG emissions. highlighted in Article 4, paragraph 13 of the PA when accounting for its GHG emissions and removals. It has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3 of the PA by increasing its sink capacity through actions to both reduce emissions and increase removals and Article 4, paragraph 4 through an economy wide emission reduction, addressing the 4 IPCC sectors and widening the scope by adding emissions reductions from new categories. Namibia has targeted emissions reductions and increased removals to contribute towards Article 2, paragraph 1 (a) of the 9 Adaptation socio-economic sector for implementation of these measures to the 2030-time horizon is 6,013 M USD. As for mitigation, Reduction of risks and lowering vulnerability through adaptation Namibia counts on the support of the international community actions are guided by the vulnerability assessments completed to successfully implement the adaptation measures, namely 10% to-date and reported in the latest National Communication and being unconditional and the difference conditional. other stand-alone reports. Namibia is presently preparing its National Adaptation Plan in line with Namibia’s First Adaptation No. of No. of Cost framework submitted to the UNFCCC. Sector measures actions (M USD) Namibia is a country experiencing great social and economic Agriculture and 9 25 1,514 inequalities. It’s mostly arid environment coupled with poor socio- Food Security economic conditions often result in overexploitation of scarce Water Resources 5 12 3,505 natural resources which poses a huge threat on the stability Biodiversity and 6 8 371 of human populations. The country has been experiencing Ecosystems increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, floods and wildfires. These events have severely impacted the main Fisheries and 5 11 85 sources of livelihood, particularly for the elderly, women, children Aquaculture and those with compromised health conditions. Many households Health 3 12 94 are frequently not able to secure their essential needs. Cross-cutting issues 5 12 162 The average annual temperature in Namibia increased at a rate Infrastructure 2 3 258 of 0.0123 oC over the period 1901-2016 while a non-significant Coastal Zone 1 1 24 increase of about 0.039mm is observed in annual precipitation. Total 36 86 6,013 It is projected that the north-eastern parts of the country will experience the highest increases in average annual temperature, 2 oC and 4 oC relative to the baseline (1981-2018) by mid- and Equity, Fairness and Ambition end-century respectively, under the worst-case scenario (i.e., a2 Namibia considers its First NDC second update to be equitable, Emission Scenario). fair and ambitious. Firstly, it contributes to achieving the ultimate The majority of the 35 Global Circulation Models used predict that objective of the UNFCCC and the PA. Secondly, this First NDC Namibia will become drier, that rainfall variability will likely second update is aligned with Namibia’s long term national and increase and extreme events such as droughts and floods are sectoral development strategies contained in its Vision 2030 and expected to increase in frequency and intensity. Mid- and end- the NDP5 (2017-18 to 2021-22) while addressing gender equality. The century projections respectively show, with low confidence, a 7 Harambee Prosperity Plan II, covering the period 2021 to 2025 % and 14 % reduction of rainfall from the baseline period (1981- aims at implementing programmes to enhance service 2018). delivery and economic recovery through inclusive growth, while strengthening Namibia to deal with socioeconomic challenges and Namibia’s socioeconomic development is highly natural preparing it for global opportunities following the COVID-19 resource based and crucial activities primordial for the welfare pandemic. It also informed the updating exercise. of the population are already being severely impacted by climate change. The latest assessment from Namibia’s fourth The fairness and ambition of this First NDC second update rest national communication indicated the high vulnerability of the in the country’s voluntary willingness to pursue on the reduction agriculture, water resources, coastal zone, health, biodiversity, of its national emissions despite having been and projected to ecosystems, fisheries and tourism sectors. A different approach, remain a sink until 2030. Furthermore, Namibia has increased the based on vulnerability indices, indicated that the constituencies scope of its mitigation targets by addressing additional gases and in the southern part of the country are more resilient compared emitting categories. Namibia will increase its removals and sink to those in the northern regions where the poorer segments of capacity through the actions earmarked for implementation in the the population reside. First NDC second update. Appropriate and timely adaptation is thus key to Namibia. A prioritized list of 36 measures comprising 84 actions on 8 sectors have been identified. The total cost disaggregated by 10 Measurement, Reporting and Verification The development of gender responsive measures within Namibia’s NDC will focus on climate change adaptation, while not The successful implementation of Namibia’s First NDC second neglecting mitigation and cross-cutting issues, as the effects of update rests on a functional Measurement, Reporting and climate change will disproportionately affect the livelihoods of Verification (MRV) system to enable the country to track and women, who do rely on natural resources for food security and report on the implementation of the actions, including financial, subsistence. technological, and technical support received and needed, and capacity building. The MRV system will enable Namibia to be Implementation Plan and Strategy compliant with the Enhanced Transparency Framework under To implement the measures, set out in this First NDC second Article 13 of the PA, namely decision 18.CMA.1 when reporting update, Namibia has produced its NDC Implementation Strategy information in its Biennial Transparency Report (BTR). and Action Plan (NDC-ISAP), which covers the period 2023-2030. Namibia is presently reviewing and consolidating its M&E system The NDC-ISAP consists of one overarching document which to transform it into a more robust MRV structure. This system consolidates the key information for managing and tracking comprises four components to track emissions, mitigation, implementation, supported by a set of sectoral action plans, support and needs and adaptation for inclusion in the BTRs. Once inclusive of both mitigation, adaptation and cross cutting issues developed and fully operationalized, the system will guarantee a to realise co-benefits and ensure policy coherence. The plans regular flow of data and other information on all climate actions, summarise the key background, existing support, capacity and including the official procedures and tools for supporting their technologies to provide a clear picture of the state of play and collection and sharing after capacity building of all stakeholders opportunities for implementation and the key challenges and involved in the implementation of the NDC activities. needs inclusive of gender issues to ensure that the needs of all are mainstreamed in climate change planning. The MRV system will also capture information on environmental, social, and economic benefits in line with the Sustainable The NDC-ISAP is expected to guide climate action in-country, Development Goals within the low emissions development both in terms of priorities, monitoring and reporting. The NDC- agenda of the country. The new MRV system and its archiving ISAP therefore outlines activities to be carried out within each mechanism will be tested and rolled out during the preparation sector for each of the NDC measures. Stakeholders (lead and of the BUR1. partner agencies) will carry out the activities and actions in a coordinated, collaborative and integrated approach. Gender Mainstreaming To fully implement the mitigation and adaptation measures Climate change is gender differentiated with the adverse impact contained in this NDC, Namibia will require finance, capacity affecting minorities such as women, girls and the disabled building and technology transfer, as well as a country driven disproportionately. Women’s vulnerabilities to climate change policy process and robust institutional arrangements. As part are also closely linked to their socially and culturally determined of the First NDC second update revision process, analysis and gender roles and responsibilities; differentiations in terms of consultations with sector experts were undertaken to produce access to resources; limited voice and participation in decision- cost estimates for the measures. The total estimated cost for all making; their geographical location; degree of reliance on the NDC measures is 15,065 M USD. Of this, 13,558.5 M USD (90%) rainfed agriculture and access to technology to improve their is conditional on international support. adaptive capacity. Namibia intends to meet its conditional contribution using The National Gender Policy (2010-2020) is the overarching climate finance and international market mechanisms where framework providing mechanisms and guidelines for achieving appropriate, building upon the experience of already existing gender equality and empowerment, namely on climate change practice. identified as one of the emerging issues on the gender issue. It therefore provides a sound policy framework for the development of gender responsive climate actions for Namibia’s NDC Implementation Strategy and Action Plan. Namibia’s Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (2013-2020) calls for the inclusion of the needs of women into climate change planning, the challenge being to translate these broad policy objectives into implementation and to deliver tangible benefits to women and men. 11 was 59.1 in 2015, 2nd on the listed 162 countries, showing the

1. BACKGROUND high exposure and vulnerability of a significant proportion of the population. In line with Article 4 of the Paris Agreement (PA) and decision 1/ CP.21 of the UNFCCC, Namibia submitted a revised version of its • Namibia has experienced invasion of alien and expansion First NDC in July 2021 during the 26th Conference of the Parties. of indigenous species over several decades with serious Information to facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding detrimental effects on the savannah and grassland (ICTU) to be in line with Decision 4/CMA.1 and the major updates in ecosystems, and the biodiversity hosted in these. its GHG inventory were overlooked. Namibia is addressing these • Namibia is a net sink of carbon dioxide (CO2) and is projected omissions in an updated version, referred to as First NDC updated to remain so in 2030. submission, to inform the global stocktake more accurately on • Namibia’s share of global aggregated emissions weighs its commitments. Furthermore, the urgent adaptation actions only 0.00026%3 and yet it is paying a heavy toll to cope for the country to build its resilience and meet the sustainable with climate change which is undermining the national development goals (SDGs) within its low emissions development development agenda. strategy have been included. This updated version covers the period 2021 to 2030. • It is already facing the brunt of climate change, with persistent droughts, frequent floods and more frequent epidemics seriously affecting economic sectors Agriculture,

2. SALIENT FEATURES Water Resources, Biodiversity and Ecosystems, Fisheries, OF NAMIBIA Health, Infrastructure and Coastal Zone. • Agriculture is a strategic sector impacting directly on Namibia’s territory extends over some 825,000 square km for the livelihood of more than 70% of the population and a widely scattered population of nearly 2.6 million which employing about one third of the Namibian work force, of exacerbates development, by impeding adaptation and rapid which the majority are women. interventions to reduce risks and damage, inclusive of loss of lives stemming from extreme weather events. • In 2022, community conservation covered 180,083km2, about 58.7% of communal land with an estimated 212,092 • Namibia is an arid country with a highly skewed precipitation residents. By end 2017, there were 32 registered community regime, ranging from less than 25mm to just more than forests, covering a total of 30,828km2 of Namibia, 89% of 600mm annually, that makes it a water scarce country. which overlaps with conservancies. The conservancies and This hampers all activities needing water, notwithstanding community forests cover about 20% of Namibia and are human dependence on a regular domestic supply of good very vulnerable to climate change. quality water and proper sanitation. • Namibia’s economy is highly dependent on natural resources, making it highly vulnerable to climate change. • Namibia’s average Human Development Index (HDI), 0.552 in the rural regions to 0.735 in the capital city, was 0.646 in 2019, placing it 130th on 189 countries. The lowest HDIs are associated with the poorer rural constituencies which are also more vulnerable to climate change as per Namibia’s Fourth National Communication (NC4)2. • The effects of climate change in Namibia are underpinned by inequalities, with women more likely to suffer as they are living in higher poverty compared to men. Climate- related shocks will exacerbate this situation due to women’s socio-economic marginalization. Gender responsiveness is therefore an integral part of Namibia’s climate response. • According to a World Bank estimate, Namibia’s Gini index 2 https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Namibia%20-%20NC4%20-%20Final%20signed.pdf 3 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.GHGT.KT.CE 12 3.4. National Mitigation Potential

3. MITIGATION Namibia has invested, and will pursue as a Party to the Paris 3.1. Introduction Agreement, to meet its article 2, paragraph 1 (a) by reducing its emissions and increasing its removals to contribute to the global The First NDC update 1 presented mitigation as a reduction of efforts to maintain the increase in temperature at below 2 oC. Thus, gross emissions when Namibia is a net sink. The First NDC second Namibia targets a reduction of its projected national emissions by update is correcting this anomaly by expressing mitigation 7.669 Mt CO2 e while concurrently increasing its removals by 4.213 relative to net emissions, that is, the enhancement in the net Mt CO2 e for a total mitigation potential of 11.902 Mt CO2 e. sink capacity of the country. Successful implementation of all mitigation measures will enhance 3.2 GHG Inventory Namibia’s sink capacity from the BAU scenario of 90.713 Mt CO2 e to the mitigation scenario of 102.615 Mt CO2 e (Figure 1). Namibia’s latest GHG inventory, a stand-alone National Inventory Report submitted with its Fourth Biennial Update Report in 2021, covered the period 1990 to 2016. These emissions have 0 been recalculated to reflect changes in the activity areas, -80 improvements in activity data and derived national emission factors, and updated using the Global Warming Potentials of -85 the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) to be in line with Decision 18/ Mitigation potential CMA.1. The net sink capacity of Namibia increased from -85.823 11.902 -90 Mt CO2 e in 2010 to -104.206 Mt CO2 e in 2016. ■ Waste 0.125 3.3. Business As Usual Scenario -95 AFOLU 7.986 3.3.1. National IPPU 0.178. -100 Past data were coupled with anticipated socio-economic ■ Energy 3.613 assumptions, namely GDP and population growth, to make -105 projections for 2030 using the 2006 IPCC software to compute emissions and removals at the category level. The Business As Figure 1. BAU and mitigation scenarios with sectoral potential Usual (BAU) scenario projects Namibia to be a net sink of -90.713 (Mt CO2 e) Mt CO2 e in 2030 compared to a net sink capacity of -85.823 Mt CO2 e in the base year 2010 which represents an increase of 4.890 Mt CO2 e (5.7%). This sink increase is disaggregated by IPCC sector in Table 1. The share and costs of the mitigation potential by sector are shown in Figures 2 and 3 respectively. The total cost for implementing all measures is nearly 9,052 M USD. AFOLU, with Table 1. Base year and BAU emissions 67% of the national mitigation potential, is estimated to cost Sector Base year 2010 BAU 2030 only 857 M USD compared to the 7,678 M USD of the Energy sector for mitigating 30%. All mitigation measures are now Energy 2.976 6.291 conditional and are listed in Annex 1 to this document. IPPU 0.138 1.386 AFOLU -89.103 -98.750 Waste 0.166 0.360 Total -85.823 -90.713 13

4. INFORMATION TO FACILITATE CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY AND UNDERSTANDING Parties are required to report Information to facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding (ICTU) of nationally determined contributions, referred to in decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 28 (Annex 1) and these are provided in Table 2. Table 2. Information to facilitate Clarity, Transparency, and Understanding Element of Annex 1 to decision 1/CP.21, Response from Namibia paragraph 28

1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference Namibia has kept the same base year of 2010 adopted for the First NDC period(s) or other starting point(s); in this updated version also. The country is presenting its mitigation contribution for the year 2030, expressed as an increase of its sink capacity. (b) Quantifiable information on the reference Namibia has been a net sink over the full time series 1990 to 2016 as indicators, their values in the reference reported in its latest GHG inventory submitted to the UNFCCC in 2021 year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or in its fifth national inventory report. Base year (2010) net removals other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in stood at -85.823 Mt CO2 e. The country is projected to increase its sink the target year; capacity by 4.890 Mt CO2 e to -90.713 Mt CO2 e in the target year 2030 under the BAU scenario. The BAU scenario is projected based on observed emissions trends during the baseline period 2000-2010 and currently available socio- economic information and development plans, inclusive of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The projections are done on an individual category basis and summed up to arrive at sector and eventual national levels. This multi criteria approach provides for more accuracy in the projections. (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred Not applicable to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, Namibia, despite being historically a sink and projected to remain expressed numerically, for example in so by the target year 2030 in the BAU scenario started to undertake percentage or amount of reduction; mitigation as from the base year 2010 and is committed to continue on this path to reduce its emissions. A total mitigation potential of 11.902 Mt CO2 e in absolute terms is projected, representing an increase in the sink capacity by 13.1% compared to the BAU scenario in 2030. 14 Element of Annex 1 to decision 1/CP.21, Response from Namibia paragraph 28 (e) Information on sources of data used in Namibia built its capacity over time on data collection when preparing quantifying the reference point(s); its national reports for submission to the UNFCCC. Numerous improvements have been made when computing emissions for the GHG inventory to meet the TACCC principles. The major improvements are captured in the NIR3 and the additional ones in subsequent NIRs up to the NIR5, the latest GHG inventory contained in the fifth National Inventory Report available on the UNFCCC website. The latest improvement is the adoption of the GWPs of the AR5 report of the IPCC which have been used to calculate aggregated emissions of the latest inventory for estimating emissions of the base year 2010, working the BAU scenario and assessing the mitigation potential of the target year 2030 for this First NDC Second update. The same data sources exploited for the latest GHG inventory5 have served for projecting BAU emissions. These are: • The Inter-censal household survey of the Namibian Statistics Agency (NHIES 2016). • The Draft version of the NIRP 2022 provided by the Ministry of Mines and Energy. • The draft Mid Term Review report on achievements and progress made on Vision 2030 from the National Planning Commission. • The IMF report on impact of COVID-19 on Namibia’s economy and future GDP growth6. • The latest vehicle fleet data from the Namibia Road Authority annual reports 2012/13 to 2019/20. • The 2020 annual report on output by industry segment from the Chamber of Mines7. • Meetings with stakeholders to inform on the current situation in different economic sectors and expected future. (f) Information on the circumstances under The methods of estimation and the emissions in the base year are which the Party may update the values of the subject to further updates, depending on, among others, future reference indicators. international negotiations on estimating and accounting rules, the possible update of various statistical data, namely land use for annually reported figures, the development of national emission factors and the review of estimation methods.

2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation (a) Time frame and/or period for Namibia started mitigation since the past 2 decades and can track implementation, including start and end date, the major actions implemented since 2010. Further momentum has consistent with any further relevant decision been provided with the adoption of the PA in 2015 which boosted adopted by the Conference of the Parties mitigation in Namibia. The measures identified for implementation in serving as the meeting of the Parties to the this First NDC second update covers the period 2021 to 2030. Measures PA(CMA); implemented prior to 2021 will also be reported for information purposes 5 https://unfccc.int/documents/268417 6 IMF, April 2022, https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/journals/002/2021/076/002.2021.issue-076-en.xml 7 https://chamberofmines.org.na/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Output-by-mine-Chamber-of-Mines-of-Namibia-Members.xlsx 15 Element of Annex 1 to decision 1/CP.21, Response from Namibia paragraph 28 (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year Single year target - 2030. target, as applicable.

3. Scope and coverage (a) General description of the target; Namibia aims at reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 24 percent compared to the BAU scenario by the year 2030 from its base year 2010 levels, keeping an ambitious target which will concurrently also maintain the country’s sink status. (b) Sectors, gases, categories, and pools Namibia’s First NDC second update covers the 4 IPCC sectors Energy, covered by the nationally determined IPPU, AFOLU and Waste as follows. contribution, including, as applicable, (a) Energy consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on - Fuel Combustion (Energy industries, Road and Rail Transport, Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Residential, Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing - Agriculture and Fishing) (b) IPPU (Cement production, RAC and Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use) (c) Agriculture (Livestock and Crops) (d) Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) (e) Waste (Solid and Wastewater) Gases covered are CO2, CH4, N2O and HFCs The IPCC 2006 Guidelines have been used to compute the GHG inventory and report thereon as well as for estimating emissions and removals for accounting in this updated version. All emitting source categories from Namibia’s latest inventory (NIR5) compiled and submitted with the BUR4 report have been included in the BAU scenario which covers the whole territory. (c) How the Party has taken into consideration The coverage of categories as per Namibia’s NIR5 report have been paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; maintained. Due to lack of good quality data, the following categories are still not covered in the GHG inventory: • HFCs and PFCs from fire protection equipment and solvent use • Sulphur hexafluoride from electrical equipment and military use • Incineration of waste (medical) The scope of the GHG inventory has widened compared to the one on which the First NDC was based 16 Element of Annex 1 to decision 1/CP.21, Response from Namibia paragraph 28 (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from The following co-benefits resulting from adaptation actions have been Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic identified: diversification plans, including description of • CO2 sequestration through the development of urban green specific projects, measures, and initiatives of corridors and agroforestry. Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic • Improving soil carbon through conservation agriculture combined diversification plans. with the use of compost/biochar. • Improving soil carbon in land restored through removal of encroaching bush for biodiversity conservation and food security. • Carbon capture through enhanced vegetation during the establishment and restoration of riparian buffers. • Reduce CH4 emissions through water recycling for reuse or recharging of aquifers. • Establishment of firebreaks

4. Planning processes (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, The Cabinet of Namibia is the Government entity entrusted with public participation and engagement the overall responsibility for the development of national policies with local communities and indigenous on climate change. The National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; if oversees the implementation of the climate change policy, including available, information provided on a Party’s the preparation of the reports for submission to the Convention and implementation plans also plays an advisory role to Government on climate change issues and the NDC. It comprises representatives from various ministries and other stakeholders such as the private sector and NGOs amongst others. The Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism (MEFT) is the official government agency responsible for coordinating and implementing climate change activities, including the preparation of reports for the country to meet its reporting obligations. This isdone through the Climate Change Unit (CCU) established within the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) under the guidance of the NCCC. Other ministries and stakeholders contribute as members of the different working groups established so far for reporting purposes. The NDC-ISAP has been developed through stakeholder consultation to ensure there is ownership and buy-in to implement the measures at sector level. The sector plans have been organised to reflect institutional responsibilities and structures. Individual Ministries will be responsible for the overall implementation of the activities within the Sectoral Action Plans. During the updating of the NDC, extensive wide stakeholder consultation took place, with special emphasis on gender. The consultancy teams worked proactively to incorporate gender perspectives, including gender equal participation, into concrete actions, while aiming at enhanced participation of women in policy decision-making processes for responding to climate change problems, in line with the international context. 17 Element of Annex 1 to decision 1/CP.21, Response from Namibia paragraph 28 (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a. National circumstances, such as geography, Namibia’s BUR48 provides detailed information on the National climate, economy, sustainable development, circumstances. Salient features giving an update of the situation is and poverty eradication. included in this First NDC second update. b. Best practices and experience related to The IPCC 2006 guidelines, guidance provided in the annexes to the preparation of the nationally determined decisions 4.CMA.1 and 9/CMA.1, the latest GWPs as recommended in contribution; Decision 18/CMA.1 and latest information on the national development plans and strategies have guided the updating of this NDC. c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities Namibia has already embarked on a low-carbon development strategy, acknowledged when joining the Paris particularly on electricity generation. Internal resources are geared Agreement; towards maintaining the appropriate balance between socio-economic development and the environment. However, the ambitious targets set by the country have conditionality implications in terms of financing and technology transfer. Namibia imports electricity to meet the major share of its demand which explains the very low emissions associated with this activity. Electricity from renewable sources met nearly 96% of local production in the base year and this share has been maintained when working out the BAU scenario. Namibia, being and remaining a sink up to the year 2030 and the fact that the vulnerability of the country to climate change is high, regards adaptation as a priority, particularly in the Agriculture and Food Security and Water Resources sectors. (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, Not applicable – Namibia has no standing agreement to act jointly including regional economic integration under Article 4, paragraph 2 of the PA. organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; (c) How the Party’s preparation of its NDC Not applicable - Namibia is submitting its First NDC second update in has been informed by the outcomes of the 2022 while the first global stocktake is due in 2023. global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; (d) Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the PA that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the PA to submit information on: 8 https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Namibia-BUR4-FINAL.pdf 18 Element of Annex 1 to decision 1/CP.21, Response from Namibia paragraph 28 How the economic and social consequences As mentioned in 4 (a) (ii)-a above, the measures are aligned with of response measures have been considered national policies, plans and strategies aiming at improving the in developing the NDC; livelihood and resilience of the economy and the population. Furthermore, adaptation measures mainstreamed in the national budget plan under the NDP 5 were strengthened to increase their coverage and quicken their implementation throughout the country. Specific projects, measures and activities to Reduction of risks and lowering vulnerability through adaptation be implemented to contribute to mitigation actions are guided by the vulnerability assessments completed to-date co-benefits, including information on and reported in the latest NC and other stand-alone reports available. adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- Namibia is presently preparing its National adaptation Plan in line with benefits, which may cover, but are not limited Namibia’s First Adaptation framework submitted to the UNFCCC. to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, These measures are further detailed in section 3 (d) above. water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.

5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals a. Assumptions and methodological The same guiding principles as for the NIR5 of Namibia have been kept approaches used for accounting for in estimating the GHG emissions and removals for the BAU scenario. anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions These are: and removals corresponding to the Party’s • IPCC 2006 guidelines nationally determined contribution, consistent • Latest available GWPs - AR5 with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and • Inclusion of LULUCF accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Projections for the BAU scenario have been made on a source category basis with varying trends according to the latest data available. The mitigation potential of the various measures has been derived using the same methodology as outlined for the estimation of the emissions under the BAU scenario. b. Assumptions and methodological The First NDC second update measures are aligned with current and approaches used for accounting for the draft national policies, plans and strategies. implementation of policies and measures Costs have been taken from the national documents where available or or strategies in the nationally determined estimated from publications or information available on the internet. contribution; c. If applicable, information on how the Party Namibia is committed to maintain the same approach adopted up will take into account existing methods and to now in line with Article 4, paragraph 14 and the TACCC principles guidance under the Convention to account highlighted in Article 4, paragraph 13 of the PA in accounting its GHG for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in emissions and removals. accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; 19 Element of Annex 1 to decision 1/CP.21, Response from Namibia paragraph 28 d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for Namibia adopted the IPCC 2006 Guidelines for estimating emissions estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas and removals and the latest GWPs (AR5) for CO2 equivalence as per emissions and removals; Decision 18/CMA.1. All emissions and removals are expressed in Mt CO2 e in this First NDC second update. e. Sector-, category- or activity specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i. Approach to addressing emissions Disturbances occurring on managed land, namely wildfires are tracked and subsequent removals from natural using satellite imagery and reported in the GHG inventory. Subsequent disturbances on managed lands; removals have not been addressed up to now because of inadequate data on the exact amount of woody biomass lost. ii. Approach used to account for emissions The IPCC recommended approach has been adopted to-date using and removals from harvested wood products; national data based on trade statistics. Wood removal was estimated for the period 1961 to date through use rate and population to supplement national data when these were not available, especially for the period prior to independence when data was not collected and archived. iii. Approach used to address the effects of Namibia experiences very specific climatic conditions, namely arid age-class structure in forests; conditions with a highly skewed rainfall and very high evaporation. Growth of woody vegetation is thus very slow such that trees takes much more than the usual 20 years adopted for reaching maturity. The approach adopted differed from those of IPCC in that national emission factors and stock factors were generated based on forest inventories, information from peer reviewed publications and other scientific studies. Details on the approach is available in the NIR3 submitted to the UNFCCC in October 2018. f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i. How the reference indicators, baseline(s) The reference indicators for Namibia’s First NDC second update are and/or reference level(s), including, where the total GHG emissions and removals for the base year 2010 published applicable, sector-, category- or activity in the NIR5 of Namibia with the BUR4 and submitted to the UNFCCC specific reference levels, are constructed, Secretariat in February 2021. including, for example, key parameters, The key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used to estimate emissions and removals are sources and models used; documented in this NIR5. ii. For Parties with nationally determined Not applicable contributions that contain non-greenhouse- gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; 20 Element of Annex 1 to decision 1/CP.21, Response from Namibia paragraph 28 iii. For climate forcers included in nationally Not applicable determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; iv. Further technical information, as Not applicable necessary; g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation Namibia intends to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if Paris Agreement. applicable.

6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a. How the Party considers that its NDC is Namibia considers that its First NDC second update is fair and fair and ambitious in the light of its national ambitious as it has set a target for increasing its sink capacity circumstances; by 13.1% to the 2030 time-horizon. It has adopted a two-pronged approach, implementing measures to both reduce emissions and enhance removals. The level of ambition is clearly seen as the country seeks to replace imported electricity that is responsible for emissions with renewable sources and maintaining its almost 96% of renewables in its energy mix of the base year 2010. Moreover, Namibia has widened the scope of its mitigation by increasing the number of categories and gases covered in this updated version. b. Fairness considerations, including reflecting Namibia has prioritized measures to be implemented using a clear on equity; transparent approach identified in line with its low emissions development strategy within its Vision 2030, the NDP5 and the Harambee Prosperity Plan which aims at sustainable and inclusive development of the country. c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, Namibia has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3 of the PA by increasing paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; its sink capacity through actions to both reduce emissions and increase removals. d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, Namibia has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4 of the PA by addressing paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; an economy wide emission reduction, addressing the 4 IPCC sectors, and widening the scope by adding emissions reduction from new categories. e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, Not applicable paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement.

7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a. How the NDC contributes towards achieving Namibia aims to reduce emissions and increase removals to further the objective of the Convention as set out in enhance its sink capacity by 2030 to contribute to the objective of its Article 2; the Convention as set out in its Article 2 to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. 21 Namibia’s socioeconomic development is highly natural resource

5. ADAPTATION based and critical activities primordial for the welfare of the population are already being severely impacted by climate 5.1. Introduction change. The latest assessment from the NC4 indicated the high Namibia is a country experiencing great social and economic vulnerability of the agriculture, water resources, coastal zone, inequalities. It’s mostly arid environment coupled with poor health, biodiversity, ecosystems, fisheries and tourism sectors. A socio-economic conditions often result in overexploitation of new approach used to calculate the vulnerability index of the 121 scarce natural resources which poses a huge threat for the constituencies of Namibia indicated that those in the southern stability of ecosystems. The country has been experiencing part of the country were more resilient compared to those in the increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, floods northern regions where the poorer segments of the population and wildfires. These events have severely impacted the main reside. sources of livelihood, particularly for the elderly, women, children and those with compromised health conditions. Many households 5.2. Adaptation Measures are frequently not able to secure their essential needs. Adaptation measures have been assessed for the most vulnerable sectors. Furthermore, actions under different 5.1.1 Historical and Projected Climate measures for urgent adaptation have been prioritized and The average annual temperature in Namibia has been increasing costed. The total costs disaggregated by socio-economic sector at a rate of 0.0123oC over the period 1901-2016 (NC412). Unlike for implementation of the prioritized 36 measures comprising 84 temperature, there are no obvious trends in precipitation during actions under 8 sectors for adaptation to the 2030-time horizon the reference period. A non-significant increase of about 0.039 is 6,013 M USD (Table 3). More details pertaining to the measures mm is observed in annual precipitation. and actions by sector are presented in Annex 2 to this document. It is predicted that the north-eastern parts of the country will experience the highest increases in average annual temperature.

6. EQUITY, FAIRNESS It is projected that the mean annual temperature will increase AND AMBITION by 2oC and 4oC relative to the baseline (1981-2018) by mid- and end- century respectively, under the worst-case scenario (i.e., a2 Namibia considers its First NDC second update to be equitable, Emission Scenario). fair and ambitious. Firstly, it contributes to achieving the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC and the PA. Secondly, this The majority of the 35 GCMs used predict that Namibia will update aligns climate actions with Namibia’s long term national become drier, that rainfall variability will likely increase and and sectoral development strategies contained in its Vision that extreme events such as droughts and floods will become 2030 and the fifth National Development Plan NDP5 (2017- more frequent and intense. Mid-, and end-century projections 18 to 2021-22) and sectoral policies and strategies. Climate respectively show, with low confidence, a 7% and 14% reduction change mitigation and adaptation ambitions fall under the of rainfall from the baseline period (1981-2018). goals Conservation and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources, 5.1.2. Vulnerability Environmental Management and Climate Change of the third pillar “Environmental Sustainability” while equity is addressed under As per the above projections, it is anticipated that women and the goal Inclusive, Equitable and Sustainable Economic Growth of children will be disproportionately affected by climate-related the first pillar “Economic Development” that also addresses disasters due to their socio-economic status. The occurrence of gender equality. The country has also started the process for natural disasters, namely floods, droughts and epidemics, have developing its National Adaptation Plan which will further guide had dire socioeconomic impacts including loss of numerous adaptation within the context of the NDC. The second part of the lives. It is estimated that during the period 1980 to 2020, droughts Harambee Prosperity Plan covering the period 2021 to 2025 aims (9), epidemics (7) and flood (15) events have cumulatively affected at implementing programmes which enhance service delivery and more than 3.25 million people, costing the economy more than economic recovery through inclusive growth, strengthening 2 billion USD. Epidemics other than the COVID-19 pandemic and Namibia to deal with socioeconomic challenges and preparing floods are responsible for claiming more than 555 lives over the it for global opportunities following the COVID-19 pandemic. It is same period13. equitable and also in line with the First NDC second update. 12 https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Namibia%20-%20NC4%20-%20Final%20signed.pdf 13 Climate Risk Profile: https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org › sites › default › files › 2021-08 › 15931-WB_Namibia 22 Table 3. Cost of adaptation by sector Sector No. of measures No. of actions Cost (M USD) Agriculture and Food Security 9 25 1,514 Water Resources 5 12 3,505 Biodiversity and Ecosystems 6 8 371 Fisheries and Aquaculture 5 11 85 Health 3 12 94 Cross-cutting Issues 5 12 162 Infrastructure 2 3 258 Coastal Zone 1 1 24 Total 36 84 6,013 The fairness and ambition (refer to item 6 of section 4 - ICTU) of verified data, inclusive of contributions from the private sector, to Namibia’s First NDC second update rest in the country’s voluntary measure productivity and to conform to legislations. These data willingness to pursue on the reduction of its national emissions are then analysed and reported to the parent ministries for despite having historically been a sink and projected to remain so transmission to the NPC and administrative entities to inform until 2030. Moreover, Namibia has increased the scopeof them of the progress and achievements of their respective its mitigation targets by addressing additional gases and programmes. The information also serves for more informed emitting categories compared to the First NDC. Namibia aims decision-making and for guiding implementation as well as at increasing its removals and sink capacity through the actions reviewing of policies and strategies within the NDP. Most of earmarked for implementation in the First NDC second update. these data are stored in private databases and/or centralized ones within the National Statistics Agency (NSA) for further analysis and eventual archiving. The M&E system has been very

7. MEASUREMENT REPORTING useful to track progress, support and inform government on the AND VERIFICATION implementation of the NDPs. Unfortunately, activity data required specifically for compiling GHG inventories, tracking mitigation and The successful implementation of Namibia’s First NDC second adaptation actions, assessing needs and reporting on support update rests on a functional Measurement, Reporting and received are still mostly dispersed with individual public and Verification (MRV) system to enable the country to report on private sector institutions and organizations. the implementation of the mitigation and adaptation actions, including financial, technological, technical and capacity building Data collection is thus still on an ad-hoc basis for reporting to the support received and needed. The roll-out of an operational MRV Convention. Similarly, gender equality considerations are not system is the foundation for Namibia to track emissions levels, sufficiently integrated into the existing system, and this need to and for progress on mitigation and adaptation to inform the be addressed. Namibia is presently reviewing and consolidating global stocktake on its contributions to meet the goals of the this M&E system into a more robust MRV structure as required by Paris Agreement. The MRV system will also enable Namibia to decision 18/CMA.1 through the strengthening of its institutional be compliant with the Enhanced Transparency Framework under and technical capacity to report to the Convention. Article 13 of the PA, namely decision 18.CMA.1 when reporting This system comprises four components to track emissions, information in its Biennial Transparency Report. mitigation, support and needs, and adaptation for inclusion in the Namibia has in place a continuous Monitoring and Evaluation BTRs. Once developed and fully operationalized, the system will (M&E) system, implemented under the guidance of the National guarantee availability of data and other information on all climate Planning Commission (NPC), for tracking all socio-economic actions, including the official procedures and tools for supporting activities, including those of the MEFT, responsible for climate their collection and sharing after capacity building of all change. Government departments regularly assess collected, and stakeholders involved in the implementation of these updated NDC activities. The MRV system will concurrently capture 23 information on environmental, social and economic benefits in 9. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY line with the SDGs within the low emissions development agenda AND ACTION PLAN of the country, with particular attention to gender considerations. The new MRV system and its archiving mechanism will be tested 9.1 Means of Implementation and rolled out during the preparation of the BTR1. How NDCs are implemented and improved upon over time will determine whether the goals of the PA are achieved. This will

8. GENDER MAINSTREAMING be challenging, requiring considerable investment, capacity IN THE FIRST NDC SECOND development, behaviour change, technological innovation and UPDATE a scaling up of efforts never seen. The commitments made in NDCs represent the efforts needed to achieve, or work towards achieving, these goals. Namibia’s First NDC second update Climate change is gender differentiated. The adverse impact includes both those actions which the country is already pushing of climate change affects minorities disproportionately, ahead to implement to reduce emissions/enhance removals and including women and girls which will be the hardest hit. adapt to the effects of climate change and those which are more Women’s vulnerabilities to climate change are also closely linked ambitious but represent important options for decarbonising to their socially and culturally determined gender roles and and adapting sectors. Some of these are highly ambitious, responsibilities; differentiations in terms of access to resources; technologically challenging, or come at significant cost and limited voice and participation in decision-making; their would be conditional on successful transfer of technologies, geographical location; degree of reliance on rain-fed agriculture strengthening capacities and financial support. To achieve the and access to technology to improve their adaptive capacity. country’s goals and implementation of the actions will need not The National Gender Policy (2010-2020) is the overarching only leadership, but considerable investment and international document providing mechanisms and guidelines for achieving support. gender equality and empowering women in all sectors of 9.2 Namibia’s NDC Implementation Strategy development in Namibia. It identified climate change as one and Action Plan (NDC-ISAP) of the emerging issues affecting the achievement of gender equality and provides therefore a sound policy framework To implement the measures set out in this NDC, Namibia has for the development of gender responsive climate action for produced its NDC-ISAP. The document has been developed Namibia’s NDC Implementation Strategy and Action Plan (NDC- by reviewing past and present strategic documents, both ISAP). Namibia’s Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (2013- focusing on climate action, economic development and the 2020) called for the inclusion of the needs of women into climate implementation of SDGs and stakeholder consultations to ensure change planning, but the challenge has been to translate these specific strategies and objectives are in line with the NDC-ISAP. broad policy objectives into implementation and deliver tangible It covers the period 2023-2030, with a focus on the period up to benefits to women and men. Both these documents make it a 2025. The reason for this focus on the near-term time horizon priority for women to be involved in climate change awareness is that the sectoral action plans set out the detailed actions and knowledge sharing and to participate in the planning, required to implement this NDC in the short term. development and implementation of appropriate climate change adaptation and mitigation responses. The NDC-ISAP consists of one overarching document which consolidates the key information for managing and tracking As part of the climate solutions in Namibia, a gender-balance implementation, supported by a set of nine detailed sectoral approach should incorporate the intersectional needs of the action plans. The plans are structured based on key implementing population to ensure inclusivity. Addressing gender imbalance sectors, inclusive of mitigation, adaptation and cross cutting is a priority for Namibia and there are plans in the pipeline to issues to realise co-benefits and ensure policy coherence. The mainstream gender into planning and budgeting, including in the plans summarise the key background, existing support, capacity context of addressing climate change within the framework of this and technologies, to provide a clear picture of the state of NDC. The development of gender responsive measures within play and opportunities for implementation, as well as the key Namibia’s First NDC second update will focus on climate change challenges and needs. The plans seek to highlight the measures adaptation, while not disregarding mitigation and cross-cutting and activities which are already making good progress, as well as issues, as the effects of climate change will disproportionately those which are more challenging. Gender issues have been affect the livelihoods of women, who rely on natural resources for included in all sectoral Action Plans to ensure that the needs food security and subsistence. of all are mainstreamed in climate change planning across all sectors. 24 The NDC-ISAP is expected to guide climate action in-country, Under the PA, developed countries have also committed to both in terms of priorities, monitoring and reporting. The NDC- providing technology transfer and capacity building to developing ISAP therefore outlines activities to be carried out within each countries. Specific needs for the implementation of Namibia’s sector for each of the NDC measures. Stakeholders (lead and First NDC second update measures are identified in the Sector partner agencies) will carry out the activities and actions in a Action Plans, but cross-cutting needs are as follows: coordinated, collaborative and integrated approach. The NDC- • Improving access to finance, including expanding the ISAP will be used to plan, design, prioritise and coordinate the number of accredited direct access entities in Namibia; next steps for successful implementation of the First NDC second cooperation with the private sector; and ensuring finance update. The document is also a useful tool to reflect the ongoing is accessible. efforts to develop, monitor and evaluate the performance of the First NDC second update measures. It is expected that this will • Promoting and enhancing climate change education, be a ‘live’ document and may be updated over time. During its public awareness and capacity development through future updates, new sectors and activities may be added. communication, training, information and knowledge management. This knowledge should support further 9.3 Funding, Transfer of Technologies assessments and feasibility studies, as well as the policy and Strengthening Capacity and regulatory environment for priority projects currently To fully implement the mitigation and adaptation measures at early stages, e.g., green hydrogen. contained in this NDC, Namibia will require finance, capacity building, technology transfer and country driven policy process • Designing strategic ways to build and further develop and institutional arrangements. Insufficient climate finance, capacity of sector experts in Monitoring and Evaluation technologies and institutional capacity continue to be the key and Monitoring, Reporting and Verification. This capacity limiting factors impacting Namibia’s implementation of the First should also inform implementation of actions and response NDC second update objectives. As part of the updating process mechanisms e.g., addressing climate impacts. and analysis, consultations with sector experts were undertaken • Ensuring adequate public sector resourcing and to produce cost estimates for the measures. The total estimated fostering public private collaboration to coordinate wide cost for all the measures of the First NDC second update is 15,065 scale programmes for implementation and building sectoral M USD. Of this, 13,558.5 M USD is conditional on international capacity. It is important that this institutional capacity is support. coupled with those required from the private sector (e.g., Namibia intends to meet its conditional contribution using promoting climate-smart technologies and accessing and climate finance and international market mechanisms where overcoming barriers to the diffusion of appropriate clean appropriate, building upon the experience of already existing technologies, including facilitating partnerships and practices. The Environmental Investment Fund (EIF) of Namibia investments, e.g., for water infrastructure, electric vehicles). was accredited to access the Green Climate Fund (GCF) in 2016 • Supporting and training community organisations to build and has to date seen the approval of four GCF projects, for a capacity and support the roll-out of clean technologies and total funding amount of nearly USD 40 million. The EIF was also climate resilient practices and programmes, e.g., farming the first accredited entity to pilot the GCF’s “enhanced direct communities, and encouraging the mainstreaming of access” approach, easing the application process which will gender in climate change issues. continue to bring international funds for climate action. The Environmental Management Act is a key piece of environmental The consultations undertaken through the First NDC second legislation, including the tax on road fuels. At the same time, update revision process have created momentum for ongoing Namibia is participating in the NDC partnership, a process engagement. Successful mainstreaming of climate change into that has so far attracted financing for readiness support on sector priorities must build on existing country driven policy developing a pipeline of projects targeting public and private mechanisms and institutional arrangements, recognising the climate finance. The priority areas outlined in Namibia’s NDC technical knowledge and experience of sector specialists, whilst Partnership Plan include strengthening financing of projects that promoting cross-sectoral learning. help reduce emissions and enhancing the country’s resilience against the effects of climate change. Through these initiatives, many Development Agencies have pledged to support Namibia’s Partnership Plan, including AfDB, FAO, EC, UNDP, WB and WRI. 14 Brown, L. et al. (2022). The Environmental Investment Fund of Namibia’s journey with the Gren Climate Fund. Experiences, Good Practice and Lessons Learned. Environmental Investment Fund. 25

ANNEX 1. MITIGATION ACTIONS AND MEASURES BY SECTOR A 1.1. Energy Sector Mitigation measures (8) comprising 19 actions in the energy sector aim at substituting fossil fuels with renewables and increasing efficiency. The contribution in the reduction of emissions together with estimated costs of the different actions by category are depicted in Table A1.1. A total mitigation potential of 3.613 Mt CO2 e is estimated, inclusive of 0.332 Mt CO2 e of emissions already avoided since the base year 2010 to date. This represents 57% of the 6.291 Mt CO2 e of the BAU scenario. Table A1.1 Emissions reduction and implementation costs by measure for the energy sector Emissions Description of measures and actions Year Cost (M USD) reduction Measure 1. Energy Industries – Electricity generation - Substitute fossil fuel with renewable resources 1. Anixas II plant 2030 0.00014 80 2. Omburu PV 2030 0.025 27 3. Kahn PV 2030 0.025 33 4. Otjikoto – Biomass to energy plant 2030 0.043 218 5. Wind Independent Power Producers (IPP) 2030 0.179 200 6. Baynes Hydro Project 2030 0.565 2,100 Indicator/s Installed capacity; No. of GigaWatts (GW) generated Benefits Energy security; Better air quality; FOREX savings; Job creation Measure 2. Energy Industries – Electricity use – Energy Efficiency measures 1. Introduction of energy efficient appliances and equipment On-going 0.048 154 Indicator/s Number of energy efficient appliances and equipment introduced Benefits Energy security; Better air quality Measure 3. Transport – Road Transportation - Substitute fossil fuel with green H2 and convert fossil fuel powered vehicles to electric ones Convert from ICEVs to BEVs (96,500 Light vehicles) 2030 0.607 2,316 Convert from ICEVs to BEVs (7,000 Heavy vehicles) 2030 0.414 840 Convert from ICEVs to Green H2 (96,500 Light vehicles) 2030 0.607 1,158 Convert from ICEVs to Green H2 (7,000 Heavy vehicles) 2030 0.414 126 Indicator/s No. of vehicles converted Benefits Lower emissions; Better air quality; FOREX savings Measure 4. Transport – Rail - Replace all diesel/HFO powered locomotives with new ones running on green H2 1. Convert all diesel locomotives to use green H2 2030 0.057 300 Indicator/s No. of locomotives running on green H2 Benefits Lower emissions; Better air quality; FOREX savings Measure 5. Commercial and institutional – Increase use of RE for lighting and water heating 26 Emissions Description of measures and actions Year Cost (M USD) reduction 1. Use of solar powered street lighting – 25,000 units of 60W 2030 0.0002 26 installed over 5 years 2. Use of solar water heaters – 5,000 units over 5 years 2030 0.004 27 Indicator/s (1) Number of solar powered streetlights installed; (2) Amount of electricity saved Benefits (1) Energy savings; Better air quality, (2) Energy savings Measure 6*. Residential - Reduce fuelwood and fossil products with electricity generated from renewable sources and replace water electric heaters with solar energy ones 1. Promote substitution of paraffin wax with electricity from 2030 0.002 Under AFOLU renewable sources 2. Promote substitution of fuel wood with electricity from 2030 0.046 Under AFOLU renewable sources 3. Installation 25,000 solar water heaters over 5 years 2030 0.0005 7 Indicator/s (1) No. of households using paraffin wax (2) Improved health, (3) Number of households using solar water heaters Benefits (1) Lower emissions; Better air quality; Improved health; (2) FOREX savings, (3) Energy security Measure 7. Agriculture - Substitute fossil fuel with solar energy 1. Substitute fossil fuel with RE in existing and new PV pumps 2030 0.095 48 (20,000 units) Indicator/s No. of solar pumps installed Benefits Lower emissions; Improved livelihood; FOREX savings Measure 8. Fishing – Substitute fossil fuel with green H2 in fishing vessels. 1. Substitute diesel with green H2 in 200 fishing vessels 2030 0.151 18 Indicator/s No. of fishing vessels running on Green H2 Benefits Lower emissions; Improved livelihood; FOREX savings Total mitigation potential and cost of Energy measures 3.613 7,678 *There is no cost as the reduction is primarily resulting from the electrification programme 27 A 1.2. IPPU Sector Three measures for 4 actions will bring a total mitigation potential of 0.178 Mt CO2 e at a cost of 18 M USD as shown in Table A1.2. Table A1.2 Emissions reduction and implementation costs by measure in the IPPU sector Emissions Description of measures and actions Year Cost (M USD) reduction IPPU -Measure 1. Mineral industry – Cement production – Substitute clinker 1. Replace 10% clinker in cement with alternative material 2030 0.104 12 Indicator/s Amount of clinker replaced in cement Benefits Lower emissions IPPU- Measure 2. Non-energy product use –Reduce use of paraffin wax, candles, and lubricants 1. Promote substitution of candles with electricity from 2030 0.002 Under AFOLU renewable sources 2. Reduced use of lubricants 2030 0.006 Under Energy Indicator/s (1) No. of households using candles for lightning, (2) Amount of lubricants used Benefits (1) Lower emissions; Better air quality; Improved livelihood (2) Lower emissions; Better air quality IPPU – Measure 3. Product Uses as Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances – Refrigeration and air conditioning – Reduced use of HFCs 1. Recovery of refrigerant gas from 10% of retiring 2030 0.066 6 equipment and introduction of alternatives with low GWPs in new equipment Indicator/s No. of new equipment with low GWP refrigerants; Quantity of refrigerants recovered at retirement of equipment Benefits Lower emissions; Job creation Total mitigation potential and cost of IPPU measures 0.178 18 28 A 1.3. AFOLU Sector Removals and emissions reduction in the land sub-sector amount to 53.0% and 46.5% of the mitigation potential while livestock contributes the remaining 0.5%. The AFOLU sector comprises 3 measures and 11 actions for a total mitigation potential 7.986 Mt CO2 e for all measures at a cost of 857 M USD (Table A1.3). Table A1.3 Emissions reduction and implementation costs by measure in the AFOLU sector Emissions Description of measures and actions Year Cost (M USD) reduction AFOLU – Measure 1. Livestock – Other Cattle – Enteric fermentation – Reduce enteric fermentation 1. Fattening of 147,000 heads of cattle in feedlots 2030 0.043 12 Indicator/s No. of heads of cattle fattened Benefits Lower emissions AFOLU – Measure 2. Land – Forestland – Wood removal – Reduce wood removal 1. Enhance substitution of fuelwood with electricity from renewable On-going 2.510 334 sources 2. Increase rate of substitution of wood with other construction On-going 1.200 456 materials Indicator/s (1) No. of households using fuelwood; (2) No. of dwellings using materials other than indigenous wood Benefits Lower emissions; Better air quality; Improved health; Better livelihood AFOLU– Measure 3. Land – Cropland, grassland, and settlements– Increase carbon sequestration 1. Conversion of 10,000 ha of cropland set-aside to perennial cropland 2030 0.032 In adaptation 2. Enhance soil carbon sequestration using biochar and compost in 2030 0.620 18 cropland 3. Enhance soil carbon sequestration using biochar and compost in 2030 0.620 18 grassland 4. Improve Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) through aftercare to prevent re- 2030 0.247 5 encroachment in area bush thinned for Otjikoto biomass project 5. Improve SOC through aftercare in area exploited for charcoal 2030 2.516 10 production 6. Improve SOC through aftercare to prevent re-encroachment of bush 2030 0.168 4 thinned areas for improved pastures – 100K ha 7. Create 5000 ha of urban green spaces and urban corridors 2030 0.010 In adaptation 8. Carbon sequestration through reinstatement of riparian buffer – 10K 2030 0.020 In adaptation ha Indicator/s (1) Area under perennial crops, (2) Amount biochar and compost applied to cropland, (3) Amount biochar and compost applied to grassland, (4) Area where aftercare is done in the Otjikoto project, (5) Area where aftercare is done following charcoal production (6) Area where aftercare is carried out for improved pastures (7) Area of urban green spaces and corridors created (8) Area of riparian buffer reinstated 29 Emissions Description of measures and actions Year Cost (M USD) reduction Benefits (1) Increased removals; Food security; Job creation, (2) Increased removals; Food security; Increased crop productivity, (3, 4, 5, 6) Increased removals; Food security; Increased productivity, (7) Increased removals, Better air quality (8) Increased removals; Reduced flooding; Enhance aquifer recharge; Improved livelihood Total mitigation potential and cost of AFOLU measures 7.986 857 A 1.4. Waste Sector Total emissions avoided sum up to 0.125 Mt CO2 e for the 3 measures and 4 actions retained for a cost of 499 M USD (Table A1.4). Table A1.4 Emissions reduction and implementation costs by measure in the waste sector Emissions Description of measures and actions Year Cost (M USD) reduction Waste – Measure 1 Solid waste – Solid waste disposal system– Recycling, composting and recovery of landfill gas for production of electricity 1. Composting of 112,000 tons of waste after segregation 2030 0.020 480 2. Recovery of landfill gas for production of electricity 2030 0.068 10 Indicator/s (1) Amount waste segregated and composted, (2) Amount of landfill gas recovered; GW electricity generated Benefits (1) Lower emissions; Better air quality, (2) Lower emissions; Better air quality; Energy security Waste – Measure 2 Incineration and open burning of waste – Open burning– Reduce open burning 1. Reduction of 25% in open burning of waste by 2030 2030 0.010 9 Indicator/s Amount of waste open-burned Benefits Lower emissions; Better air quality Waste – Measure 3 Wastewater treatment and discharge – Domestic wastewater – Improve wastewater manage- ment 1. Install reticulate systems for wastewater management (4 2030 0.027 In adaptation systems) Indicator/s No. households connected to sewer system Benefits Lower emissions; Improved sanitation; Water security Total mitigation potential and cost of Waste measures 0.125 499 30

ANNEX 2. ADAPTATION ACTIONS AND MEASURES BY SECTOR A 2.1. Agriculture and Food Security Despite its modest contribution to national GDP, agriculture impacts directly on the livelihood of 70% of the population. Approximately 48% of Namibia’s rural households depend on subsistence agriculture according to Namibia’s fifth National Development Plan (NDP5). Agriculture and food security are an adaptation priority for Namibia and nine measures comprising 25 actions at a total cost of 1,514 M USD have been identified to ensure food security. The measures with the year of implementation and cost are given in Table A2.1. Table A2.1 Summary of costs of adaptation measures in the Agriculture and Food Security sector Description of measures and actions Year Cost (M USD) Measure 1. Improvement of livestock disease control, prevention and treatment including facilities 1. Construct additional veterinary clinics and provision for equipment. 2030 132 2. Develop inspection centres at border control 3. Improve animal health and marketing in the North Central areas Indicator/s 1. No. of veterinary clinics commissioned. 2. No. of inspection centres set up; No. of animals treated 3. No. of animals marketed through the new system Benefits Reduced losses by communities; Improved productivity; Higher income of farmers; National food security Measure 2. Development of climate resilient livestock species 1. Promote adoption of resilient species through small stock distribution 2030 67 preferentially to women and youth, in the rural communities 2. Set up a breeding programme for development of adapted breeds more resilient to higher temperatures Indicator/s 1. No of heads of small stock distributed; No of women, youth benefiting from the action. 2. Status of implementation of breeding programme Benefits Reduced losses by communities; Improved productivity; Higher income of communities; National food security Measure 3. Improve fodder production and create fodder banks 1. Develop fodder production using hydroponics 2030 100 2. Create fodder banks Indicator/s Amount of fodder produced; Number of fodder banks created Benefits Improved productivity; Reduced livestock losses; Food security; Higher income of communities Measure 4. Value chain development of agricultural products 1. Value chain development schemes for cereals, horticulture, beef, dairy, 2030 151 poultry, and agro processing 2. Set up 20 units for meat agro processing and 10 units for vegetable/fruit 3. Capacity building of key stakeholders for value chain development Indicator/s No of value chain development schemes set up; No of agro processing units commissioned; No. of stakeholders trained 31 Description of measures and actions Year Cost (M USD) Benefits Higher productivity; Secured income of communities; Food security nationwide; Stakeholders empowered Measure 5. Upgrading of soft and hard infrastructure for improved monitoring of climate impacts on agricultural production system 1. Develop ICT facilities for intranet expansion in Ministry of Agriculture, Water 2030 34 and Land Reform (MAWLR) 2. Construct MAWLR regional offices 3. Provide ICT facilities to the network of surveillance system 4. Capacity building of extension officers and producers, especially the communities Indicator/s Stage of development of intranet network constructed; No. of MAWLR decentralized functions in the regions; No. of users provided with ICT facilities; No. of extension officers and producers trained Benefits Stable production; Higher income of communities; Women, youth and disabled empowered; Food security nationwide Measure 6. Promote conservation and organic agricultural practices 1. Comprehensive conservation agriculture program 2030 28 2. Capacity building program for extension officers and farmers on new practices Indicator/s No. of hectares under conservation agriculture; No of extension officers and farmers capacitated Benefits Reduced GHG emissions; More stable production; Higher income of communities; Women, youth and disabled empowered; Food security nationwide Measure 7. Improve support to enhance adaptation to CC through better adapted crops, crop husbandry practices, alternate crops 1. Rehabilitate green scheme irrigation projects to diversity activities and 2030 162 production 2. Support development of mechanization 3. Rice production pilot project 4. Improve grain and seed storage facilities 5. Drip irrigate 5000 ha of mechanized cropland 6. Capacity building of farmers on new practices Indicator/s No of green scheme projects operating optimally; Acreage mechanized; Rice [production pilot project implemented; No of grain and seed storage facilities completed; No. of hectares of mechanized area drip irrigated; No of farmers trained on new technologies Benefits Diversified food production; Employment creation; Higher income of communities; Women, youth and disabled empowered; Food security nationwide Measure 8. Introduce new technologies to enhance/maintain crop productivity 1. Develop 400 ha of net-house vegetable production systems 2030 240 2. Capacity building and support to farmers to adopt new production systems Indicator/s Area of net-house production system commissioned; No of farmers trained on new production system Benefits Diversified food production; Employment creation; Higher income of communities; Women, youth and disabled empowered; Food security nationwide 32 Description of measures and actions Year Cost (M USD) Measure 9. Diversify from traditional crops to perennials 1. Conversion of 10,000 ha of cropland set-aside to perennial cropland 2030 600 Indicator/s Area of perennial cropland developed Benefits Sequester carbon; Create employment; Generate income; Enhance water infiltration; Improved livelihood; Increased food production; National food security Total cost 1,514 A 2.2. Water Resources Namibia is a water scarce country and lack of good quality and restricted availability undermine socio-economic development with climate change expected to exacerbate the situation. Five measures (Table A2.2) comprising 12 actions have been identified for implementation up to the year 2030 at a total cost of 3,505 M USD. Table A2.2 Summary of costs of adaptation measures for the water resources sector Description of measures and actions Year Cost (M USD) Measure 1. Integrated Water Resources Management Plan 1. Quantify hydrological (surface and ground water) resources 2030 60 2. Develop a water resources management plan Indicator/s Extent of country assessed for hydrological resources; Water resources management plan available Benefits Improved knowledge on the hydrological resources; Improved availability and quality of water. Women and girls relieved from fetching water; Better health. Lower frequency of diseases associated with poor water quality Measure 2. Water Infrastructure Development, Maintenance and Rehabilitation 1. Rehabilitate existing waterpoints 2030 875 2. Construct new water points - boreholes 3. Extend the water supply infrastructure 4. Improve coverage of rural water supply 5. Construct reservoirs and dams Indicator/s No of water points rehabilitated; No of new water points operational; Length of additional piping for water supply; No of additional communities connected to the water supply system; No of reservoir/ dam commissioned; No women and girls relieved from fetching water Benefits Water security; Improved availability and quality of water; Women and girls relieved from fetching water; Better health; Lower frequency of diseases associated with poor water quality Measure 3. Water recycling 1. Develop reticulate systems for secondary treatment of wastewater in 10 towns 2030 1,908 of 40,000 people 2. Use the treated water for agriculture or industry or recharge of aquifer 3. Stand-alone water treatment system for 100,000 households Indicator/s No of towns connected to a reticulated system; No of stand-alone water treatment systems installed 33 Description of measures and actions Year Cost (M USD) Benefits Reduced GHG emissions; Improved sanitation and health of communities; Improved water availability; Higher agricultural production, Enhanced storage, and water security; Reduced incidence of diseases associated with poor water quality Measure 4. Establishment and restoration of riparian buffers 1. Establish and/or restore 5000 ha of Okavango riparian buffer 2030 12 Indicator/s Area of Okavango river riparian buffer established/restored Benefits Sequester CO2; Reduced flooding; Reduced non-point source pollution; Increased streambank stability; - Decreased streambank erosion; Improved water quality by enhancing the infiltration of pesticides, nutrients, pathogens, and sediment; Increased wildlife habitat and preserved biodiversity; Diverse array of wildlife supported; Recreation and aesthetics areas for residents Measure 5. Desalination 1. Commission 6 coastal/inland systems to treat sea/brackish water 2030 650 Indicator/s No of desalination systems installed Benefits Improved availability of water for communities and wildlife; Water security; Improved livelihood Total 3,505 A 2.3. Biodiversity and Ecosystems Ecosystem services are of prime importance to the communities and contribute substantially to the economy of the country. Ecosystems, hosting a very rich biodiversity, are fragile and could fail under the projected increased temperature and reduced rainfall regime. Adaptation of the ecosystems for preserving the biodiversity and services encompass 6 measures for 8 actions at a total cost of 371 M USD until 2030 have been identified (Table A2.3). Table A2.3 Summary of costs of adaptation measures for biodiversity and ecosystems Description of measures and actions Year Cost (M USD) Measure 1. Sustainable land management 1. Thinning of encroacher bush and biomass utilisation 2030 12 2. Integrated natural resource management Indicator/s Area of bush encroached land cleared; Acreage under integrated resource management Benefits Preservation of biodiversity, Employment creation; Electricity production; Charcoal; bush based animal feed and biochar production; Increased productivity of livestock; Food security nationwide. Diversification of on-farm income generation through encroacher bush value additions Measure 2. Management of State Protected Areas 1. Fence highly exposed conservation areas 2030 12 2. Upgrade tourists’ sanitation facilities, particularly water supply and sewage points to prevent ecosystem degradation Indicator/s Length of conservation areas fenced; No of water supply and sewage points developed Benefits Preservation of biodiversity; Employment creation; Safeguarding ecosystem services; Improved community welfare 34 Description of measures and actions Year Cost (M USD) Measure 3. Environmental Management 1. Develop and implement wildlife translocation schemes 2030 6 Indicator/s No of schemes developed and heads of wildlife translocated Benefits Preservation of the environment and of biodiversity Measure 4. Fire management plans 1. Develop 5000 km of firebreaks 2030 17 Indicator/s Length of firebreak made Benefits Reduced GHG emissions; Preserve biodiversity Measure 5. Green spaces and urban corridors 1. Create 5000 ha green spaces and urban corridors 2030 300 Indicator/s Area of green space and urban corridor created Benefits Preserve biodiversity; Enhanced water infiltration and recharge of aquifers; Reduced risks of flash floods; Sequester CO2; Reduced GHG emissions by limiting use of air-conditioners Measure 6. Adaptive management of fragile natural habitats (Karoo, Wetlands and Desert) 1. Develop and implement a management strategy 2030 24 Indicator/s No. of adaptive management strategy available for management of natural habitats Benefits Preserve biodiversity; Protect ecosystems Total 371 A 2.4 Fisheries and Aquaculture Commercial fishing, fish processing and inland fishery significantly contribute to the economy in terms of employment, export earnings, as well as to the GDP while enabling women empowerment through their participation in the chain of activities. Adaptation to compensate for the reduced productivity recorded in recent years because of climate change through 5 measures and 11 actions with the potential for further expansion within the blue economy development engine isestimated to cost 85 M USD (Table A2.4). Table A2.4 Summary of costs for fisheries and aquaculture Description of measures and actions Year Cost (M USD) Measure 1. Support Sustainable use of fisheries resources by local communities 1. Support vulnerability assessments (VA) for small scale fisheries in all regions 2030 10 2. Identify and implement responsive adaptation actions Indicator/s No. of VA studies conducted; No. of adaptations identified and implemented Benefits Improved community livelihoods and well-being; Food security; Job creation Measure 2. Adaptive management and protection of aquatic ecosystems/biodiversity 1. Establish community participatory (Fisheries reserves and marine protected areas) 2030 20 in selected areas 2. Adaptive management plans developed 35 Description of measures and actions Year Cost (M USD) Indicator/s No. of participatory reserves established; No of localized management plans developed Benefits Improved community livelihoods and well-being; Community governance; Ecosystem conservation Measure 3. Develop Mariculture within blue economy 1. Develop 2 pilot farms of 2 ha each for prawns’ culture 2030 20 2. Develop 5 farms of 150,000 units each for oysters Indicator/s No of prawn farms commissioned; No of oyster farms developed Benefits Increased food production for local consumption and export; Improved welfare of communities, especially women; Food security; Job creation Measure 4. Strengthen Aquatic food systems 1. Develop 5 aquaculture farms 2030 25 2. Support establishment of small-holder fish farms 3. Supporting infrastructure (boreholes and ponds) Indicator/s No of aquaculture farms completed; No. of small-holder farms established; No. of boreholes and ponds supporting small-holder aquaculture Benefits Food security; Increased production of fish for local consumption; Improved welfare of communities, especially women; Job creation Measure 5. Building Climate Change resilience in both marine and freshwater fishing and aquaculture communities 1. Support sustainable aquaculture models and practices 2030 10 2. Strengthen research, extension, and advisory services Indicator/s No. of aquaculture models established and demonstrated; No of research and extension plans identified and implemented Benefits Improved community livelihoods and well-being; Improved fish production; Food security; Job creation; Research and extension driving development Total 85 36 A 2.5. Health Namibia ranks 168 of 193 countries in 2022 with an average life expectancy of 64.86 years15. Females stand at 67.67 years and males at 61.83. The five leading causes of inpatient deaths (all age groups) are HIV/AIDS, diarrhoea, tuberculosis, pneumonia and malaria. Namibia is highly vulnerable to the adverse health implications from projected future climates which may have direct and indirect impacts on human health through impacts on water quality and availability, extreme weather events, nutritional status of humans, as well as distribution and abundance of vector organisms due to changing temperature and rainfall patterns and heat stress. Three adaptation measures, comprising 12 actions aim at improving health facilities coupled with enhanced monitoring and management of diseases. The estimated total cost (Table A2.5) by measure is 94 M USD. Table A2.5 Summary of costs of adaptation measures for the health sector Description of measures and actions Year Cost (M USD) Measure 1. Health security 1. Improve health facilities (infrastructure – 3 district hospitals) 2030 78 2. Develop an appropriate surveillance/EWS 3. Capacity building Indicator/s No of district hospitals commissioned; Surveillance system/EWS developed; Medical staff recruited and trained; No of awareness campaigns completed Benefits Improved health system; Lower disease incidence; Reduced impacts of natural disasters; More abled medical staff Measure 2. Eradication of malaria 1. Elimination of the vector in endemic areas 2030 4 2. Improve control 3. Increase prevention 4. Enhance treatment Indicator/s No of endemic malaria sites treated; No of persons affected with malaria; No of affected persons treated Benefits Reduced incidence of malaria; Lower cost of treating malaria; Improved productivity of population Measure 3. Improve disease management 1. Improve prevention 2030 12 2. Better control 3. Improve treatment 4. Capacity building of medical staff 5. Sensitization of communities Indicator/s No of cases of Bacterial Diarrhoea, Hepatitis A, Tuberculosis, Lower respiratory infections; No of staff trained; No of sensitization campaigns undertaken Benefits Lower incidence of Bacterial Diarrhoea, Hepatitis A, Lower respiratory infections, and Tuberculosis; More qualified staff; Improved productivity of the population Total 94 15 https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/life-expectancy/ 37 A 2.6. Cross-cutting Issues Building resilience of the vulnerable population is a major concern with regards to extreme weather events. The two most destructive events for society and economy with numerous deaths are floods and droughts. Available data estimated more than 25 occurrences since 1980 of floods, droughts and epidemics which claimed more than 500 lives, affected more than 3.2 million people for economic losses worth more than 215 million dollars16. Five cross-cutting measures, involving 12 actions, are considered as very urgent for implementation to the 2030-time horizon to avoid future damages and losses and will cost 162 M USD (Table A2.6). Table A2.6 Summary of costs for cross-cutting issues Description of measures and actions Year Cost (M USD) Measure 1. Disaster Risk Management 1. Develop a well-designed operational multi-hazard EWS 2030 30 2. Identify and map high-risk areas 3. Develop and operationalize a crisis and disaster management system Indicator/s No of hazards included in EWS; No of high-risk areas identified and mapped; Extent of development of disaster management system Benefits Reduced economic losses; Lower death toll Measure 2. Education, Training and Public Awareness 1. Develop a plan for inclusion of climate change in formal and informal 2030 30 education 2. Undertake an aggressive awareness programme for the most vulnerable constituencies Indicator/s Plan for inclusion of climate change in formal and informal education system; No of awareness campaigns undertaken Benefits Better preparedness for adaptation to climate change; Improved livelihood; Lesser socio-economic impacts; Higher communities’ resilience Measure 3. Research and Systematic Observation 1. Develop a Monitoring, modelling, and forecasting system (hydrometeorology) 2030 36 2. Develop a National Climate Statistics database Indicator/s Hydrometeorological forecasting system; System for climate statistics Benefits Improved forecasting of weather extremes; Good quality hydrometeorological data Measure 4. Land planning 1. Produce integrated regional land use plans 2030 42 2. Integrate marginalized groups in development 3. Sustainable development of land in communal areas Indicator/s No of regional land use plans completed; Extent of integration of marginalized groups in development; Acreage of land under sustainable development in communal areas Benefits More sustainable use of natural resources; Lower incidence of natural disasters; Improved livelihood of marginalized groups; Empowerment of women and youth 16 EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database – Universite catholique de Louvain (UCL) – CRED, D. Guha-Sapir, Brussels, Belgium. URL: http://emdat.be/emdat_db/) 38 Description of measures and actions Year Cost (M USD) Measure 5. Gender mainstreaming 1. Empower through provision of facilities for training and education of women 2030 24 and marginalized groups 2. Set up shelters to protect the most vulnerable victims Indicator/s No of women and marginalized persons empowered; No of shelters erected A 2.7. Infrastructure The direct and indirect impacts of climate change on infrastructure will have disastrous effects on the development of the country and must be addressed. There are two measures comprising of three actions which are estimated to cost 258 M USD (Table A2.7). Table A2.7 Summary of costs for infrastructure Description of measures and actions Year Cost (M USD) Measure 1. National Infrastructure 1. Undertake a national study to define vulnerability of infrastructure and 2030 18 enable more informed decisions for planning adaptation Indicator/s Report on vulnerability of national infrastructure Benefits Robust information available for informing decision-making Measure 2. Road Infrastructure 1. Upgrade 100 km of roads usually flooded 2030 240 2. Build drains to evacuate rainwater and prevent flooding of roads Indicator/s Length of roads upgraded; Length of drains made Benefits Reduced socio-economic losses; Lower death toll Total 258 39 A 2.8. Coastal Zone Namibia is expected to experience a sea level rise of 20 cm by 2030 with storm surges being more likely. This is projected to cause coastal erosion and impact on property, infrastructure and water resources including the wetlands and coastal ecosystems. One basic measure and action has been retained to enable the country to better understand the vulnerability of the whole 1500 km coastal zone of the country to plan adequate and efficient adaptation. The measure is Development of an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan during the period 2026 to 2030 at a cost of 24 M USD (Table A2.8). Table A2.8 Summary of costs for coastal zone Description of measures and actions Year Cost (M USD) Measure 1. Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan 1. Develop an Integrated Coastal Zone Management plan 2030 24 Indicator/s Report on integrated coastal zone management Benefits Improved decision-making; Protect life and livelihood; Sustainable socio-economic development; Protection and conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity Total 24 40 41 42 43