Update of the First Nationally Determined Contribution to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Period: 2020-2025

4 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 5 This document is made available by the National Directorate of Climate Change of the Ministry of Land and Environment of Mozambique TRANSLATION AND EDITION Caos Lda. and CEAGRE FINANCIAMENTO Climate Promise REFERENCE Government of Mozambique. Updated First National Determined Contribution of Mozambique Climate Change Directorate. DATASHEET Ministry of Land and the Environment 105 pp. GRAPHIC DESIGN AND PAGINATION Ana Paula Bouças PHOTOGRAPHIC CREDITS Inês de Sousa Mourão SUBMITTED by the Government of Mozambique on November the 1st 2021

6 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 7 INDEX Introduction to Mozambique's NDC 1 Update 15 Contribution to Adaptation 26 Vulnerability of Mozambique 26 Climate Scenarios 33 Adaptation and Resilience Measures in Response to Climate Change 37 Figure 3: Comparison of Emissions per capita 23 Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency Figure 4: Total Number of Extreme Events and Understanding (ICTU) 48 from 1980 – 2019 27 Summary of Measures Presented: TABLES Mitigation and Low Carbon Development 74 Table 1: Impact on the Human Dimension of Rainy Season Events 2016/17 to 2018/19 30 Bibliography 85 Table 2: Summary of Adaptation and Climate risk Reduction Measures and Transverse Actions 38 FIGURES Table 3: Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency Figure 1: Annual and Accumulated Cost Deficits and Understanding (ICTU) 48 Since 2016 for Reconstructions 16 Figure 2: Bau, Annual and Accumulated Table 4: Summary of Measures Presented: GHG Emission Reduction Estimates 2020-2025 22 Mitigation and Low Carbon Development 74

8 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 9 AFOLU Agriculture, Forest and Other Land Use EBAC Low Carbon Development Strategy AP Paris Agreement EDM Mozambique Electricity ARA Regional Water Administration ENAMMC National Climate Change Adaptation BM Bank of Mozambique and Mitigation Strategy BTR Biennial Transparency Report ENH National Hydrocarbon Company BUR Biennial Update Report ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework CA Adaptation Communication FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization CBD Convention on Biological Diversity FNDS National Sustainable Development Fund CCGC Disaster Management Coordination Council FOLU Forest and Other Land Use CGCMC Centre for Climate Change FREL Forest Reference Level Knowledge Management FUNAB National Environment Fund CH4 Methane FUNAE National Energy Fund ABBREVIATIONS CN National Communication GEE Greenhouse Gases CO2 Carbon dioxide AND ACRONYMS Gg Gigagram CO2eq Carbon dioxide equivalent GIIMC Inter-Institutional Group for Climate Change CONDES National Council HCB Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa, SA for Sustainable Development ICAT Transparency Initiative for Climate Action COP Conference of the Parties IGEE Greenhouse Gas Inventory CSE Higher Council of Statistics IIAM Institute of Agricultural Research of Mozambique CTCM Technical Council for Methodological INAHINA National Institute of Hydrography Coordination and Navigation CTGC Disaster Management Technical Council INAM National Institute of Meteorology DA Activity data INATTER National Institute of Land Transport DINAB National Directorate of Environment iNDC intended Nationally Determined Contribution DNMC National Directorate of Climate Change INE National Institute of Statistics

10 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 11 INGD National Institute of Disaster Management N2O Nitrous oxide INP National Petroleum Institute NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change NDC Nationally Determined Contribution IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use ODS Sustainable Development Goal kTOE Thousand tons of oil equivalent PBUR Mozambique's First Biennial Update Report (equivalent to thousands of tons of oil) PETROMOC Mozambique National Petroleum Company LA Level Assessment POCA Agricultural Marketing Plan LDC Least Developed Countries PODA Agrarian Development Plan LEAP Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System PQG Government's Five-Year Plan M&A National Monitoring and Evaluation System QNFTM National Strengthened Transparency Framework MADER Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation MEF Ministry of Economy and Finance and forest Degradation MGC Matola Gas Company REF Reference scenario MICOA Ministry for Coordination of Environmental RI-AAMMC Report on the Implementation Action of the Determined National Contribution MIREME Ministry of Mineral Resources and Energy RI-ENAMMC Report on the Implementation MISAU Ministry of Health of the National Strategy for Mitigation and Adaptation MIT Mitigation Scenario to Climate Change MOPHRH Ministry of Public Works, Housing RIN National Inventory Report and Water Resources SEN National Statistical System MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification TA Trend Assessment MTA Ministry of Land and Environment UEM Eduardo Mondlane University MTC Ministry of Transport and Communication UNEP United Nations Environment Programme MtCO2 Millions of tons of carbon dioxide UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention MW Mega Watts on Climate Change

12 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 13 MOZAMBIQUE submitted its Intended Nationally Deter- mined Contribution (iNDC) to the UNFCCC on 1 October 2015 which became Mozambique's First Nationally Deter- mined Contribution (NDC 1) 2020 - 2030 on 04 June 2018, the date on which the country became Party to the Paris Agreement. This document presents Mozambique's NDC 1 Update, which was prepared following a participatory approach in which the public and private sectors including civil society and academia were also involved with technical assistance from various international partners. The process INTRODUCTION of updating NDC 1 took place in the context of the spread of TO MOZAMBIQUE'S COVID-19, combined with the cli- NDC 1 UPDATE matic shocks that affected the south of the country at the beginning of 2021 and the military insecurity in some locations in the cen- tral and northern regions of the country, combined with weak global demand, led to a downward revision of the economic outlook initially outlined for 2021, with the growth rate falling from 2.1% to 1.5%. In this way, reflecting the expected progress in vacci- nation and the extension of fiscal support in the major

14 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 15 economies, with repercussions associated with the global Furthermore, it should be noted that Mozambique is economy and the maintenance of monetary policies, the a country that is already facing the adverse impacts of global economy is expected to grow around 4.9% by the global climate change and in view of the great national year 2022, and the Mozambican economy is expected to socio-economic vulnerabilities, the losses and damages as- recover slightly, growing at a rate of 2.8% conditioned by sociated with extreme climate events are generating addi- the prices of the main commodities on the international tional difficulties and challenges to the development of the market that may boost economic growth in the country. country and the fight against extreme poverty. Since the This scenario is based on continuing to respond to Public latest data presented in NDC 1, the National Institute for Health Emergencies as part of the response to the nega- Disaster Management (INGD) has conducted a preliminary tive impact of COVID 19, with the implementation of the analysis of the costs required for reconstruction following COVID-19 Response Plan through vaccination of 80% of extreme climate events and other emergencies since 2016. the target population by 2022, providing health assistance The figure below graphically presents the annual and to displaced populations and strengthening the Health accumulated figures from 2016 to 2021 of the country's Emergency Operational Centre. needs regarding the costs necessary for reconstruction Meanwhile, it should be noted that the State's economic after extreme climatic events linked only to the Rainy Sea- planning points to the need to incur increased expenditure son, considering the sectors of Education (classrooms), to deal with the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandem- Health, Agriculture, Miscellaneous Infrastructure and ic and climate events (costs beyond those foreseen in this Assistance, as well as the amounts allocated and the defi- NDC for adaptation). This will require increased external cits identified during the period analysed. This analysis borrowing to fund investment projects linked to national shows a growing financial deficit process related to the development. Estimates based on current trends indicate impacts linked to extreme climatic events and emergen- that to meet these needs external credit should increase cies, which during the period under review has already from 39,904.0 million ZZM in 2022 to 64,805.9 million reached over 8.2 billion meticais. ZZM in 20241.

16 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 17 Figure 1 ANNUAL AND ACCUMULATED COST DEFICITS SINCE 2016 FOR RECONSTRUCTION 9.000,00 Thus, Mozambique indicates that the implementation of the adaptation and emission reduction actions foreseen 8.000,00 in NDC 1 are conditional to international climate support. 7.000,00 The country received from the NDC Partnership support that made it possible to budget the proposed NDC actions 6.000,00 and identify the commitments whose realization already Millions of Meticais 5.000,00 had international climate support secured. This document, as well as Mozambique's NDC 1, includes 4.000,00 contributions on adaptation and mitigation, and identifies 3.000,00 the financial, technological and capacity building barriers that the country has for its implementation. In terms of 2.000,00 both adaptation and mitigation, this document has incor- 1.000,00 porated dozens of adaptation, mitigation and cross-cut- ting actions, measures, projects and policies that together 0,00 would represent a total investment demand from 2020 to 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21 2025 of around USD 7.586 billion. For comparison purpos- Annual Deficit Accumulated (since 2016) Annual Need Annual Cost es, according to the World Bank, the country's nominal Fonte: Instituto Nacional de Gestão de Desastres, 2021 GDP in dollars in 2020 was about USD 14 billion2 . On one hand, regarding the specific contribution on The commitment to actions to address global climate adaptation, this update has considered several docu- change is real, measurable and grounded in genuine na- ments elaborated under the Convention and that have tional sovereignty, however, the large and growing barri- relevant information on vulnerability and adaptation ers of finance, technology transfer and training & capaci- measures, namely, the Mozambique National Strategy for ty building faced by Mozambique are undeniable. Climate Change (ENAMMC), Technological Action Plan

18 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 19 (for Adaptation covering agriculture and coastal zones and drafting the Plan for Adaptation of the Health Sector to infrastructure and mitigation the energy and waste sec- Climate Change. tors), the Local Adaptation Plans (123 districts with local On the other hand, the contributions associated with the adaptation plans formulated by October 2021), the Second mitigation theme count on the implementation of actions, National Communication of Mozambique and other stra- measures, projects, policies and programmes that contem- tegic documents including consultations with sectors and plate the sectors of Agro-livestock and Sustainable Land other relevant entities, the adaptation contribution is pre- Use, Waste Management, Energy Security and Sustainabil- sented in this document. ity of Industries. Mozambique is recognized as one of the In chapter 2 below, details on Contribution on Adap- countries that has been most dedicated to and developed tation are presented, including specific sections on Vul- national systems for scaling up emission reductions from nerabilities of Mozambique, Climate Scenarios, Adapta- deforestation and forest degradation and increasing car- tion & Resilience Measures, and Climate Risk Reduction. bon sinks (REDD+), as evidenced by the fact that it is one Among the main sectors that are included in the portfolio of the first countries to receive payment for results under of adaptation actions, measures, projects and policies are: the Forest Carbon initiative with the World Bank. Thus, for Early Warning System, Agriculture and Fisheries, Water Mozambique REDD+ was included in this updated NDC 1 Resources and Sanitation, Health, Biodiversity, Forestry, as a key means of implementation to operationalise miti- Social Security, Infrastructure, Urban Areas, Settlements gation ambitions. and Tourism and Coastal Zones, Communication, Edu- Finally, Mozambique proposes to carry out a se- cation, Capacity Building and Awareness, among other ries of mitigation actions that in aggregate expect to cross-cutting ones. It should be noted that in relation to achieve a reduction of GHG emissions by about 40 mil- the Health sector, the World Health Organization (WHO) lion tCO2 eq between 2020 and 2025 (see graph below). is supporting the Ministry of Health (MISAU) and the Na- These reductions are estimates with a significant level tional Institute of Health in strengthening the National of uncertainty and will be updated with the results of Health System to the Impacts of Climate Change and in the BUR to be available in 2022. It should be noted

20 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 21 that, it was decided not to include as part of the mitiga- parency and understanding (ICTU) of the mitigation con- tion contribution of this updated NDC 1 the removals and tribution of this NDC 1 Update, following the requirements emissions from the commercial-scale tree planting (af- and guidelines set out in Decision 1/CP.21. forestation) component, due to the uncertainties of how The emission reductions proposed in Mozambique's such emissions and any emission reductions achieved by mitigation contribution would represent a mitigation the activities of this component will be accounted for un- effort of about 1.2 tCO2 eq per capita by 2025, a very rel- der the Paris Agreement. evant figure when compared to Mozambique's total GHG In addition to the uncertainties already identified, we emissions per capita which were respectively 0.6 tCO2eq also highlight the lack of clarity on how the accounting in 1990 and about 2 tCO2eq today (total emissions with rules used to comply with the NDCs will be, especially on LULUCF). Just for comparison purposes the per capita the interpretations of how such rules will reflect on the emissions of developed countries (listed in Annex I of scope of articles 5 and 6, especially on the implications the UNFCCC) in the base year (1990) and in 2019 were linked to the cooperative approaches provided for in Ar- respectively 16 tCO2eq and 12 tCO2eq (total GHG emis- ticles 6.2 and 6.4, and possible accounting processes for sions per capita without LULUCF). Globally these values are the so-called "corresponding adjustments". Although they 6 tCO2eq and 7 tCO2 eq when accounting for total GHG are not included, Mozambique clarifies that it reserves the emissions per capita with LULUCF. Figure 03 below, graph- right to reconsider their inclusion. The implementation ically presents such values presented above to facilitate of any proposed reduction is conditional on the provision visual comparison between emissions and emissions re- of financial, technological and capacity building support ductions per capita and comparison of what would be the from the international community. Finally, in chapter 3 approximate per capita emissions scenarios for mitigation below, information is presented to facilitate clarity, trans- routes to achieve temperature rise of up to 1.5oC and 2oC.

22 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 23 Figure 2 Figure 3 BAU, ANNUAL AND ACCUMULATED GHG COMPARISON OF EMISSIONS EMISSION REDUCTION ESTIMATES 2020-2025 PER CAPITA 60 18,0 16,4 GHG emissions reductions per capita (t CO2eq/person BAU (2020-2025) 16,0 50 14,0 Emission reductions (Mt CO2eq) 40 12,3 40 12,0 10,0 30 8,0 6,5 6,8 20 6,0 5,4 4,6 4,0 10 2,1 2,0 0,5 0,7 0,6 0 - 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Annex I Global Mozambique Mozambique -2,0 (without LULUCF) (without LULUCF) (without LULUCF) (with LULUCF) -1,2 Anual reductions Accumulated GHC reductions 2020-2025 -4,0 1990 Atual Accumulated 2025 Global 1.5 ºC Global 2.0 ºC This document is thus the result of the process of pro- from COVID-19, natural disasters and military instability gression of ambition in various aspects such as adaptation, in some locations in the centre and north of the country. mitigation, transparency and international support. It is The country recorded a negative real growth of 1.2% in also reiterated that this updated NDC 1 document was pre- 2020, this reflects the negative effects of COVID-19 on eco- pared in an environment of uncertainty due to the meas- nomic activity during the second quarter, with the sectors ures imposed by the emergence of new waves of infections that were most affected being hotel and restaurant services 24 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 25 (-35.8%), extractive industries (-25.6%), trade (-5.7%), man- Economy and Finance, supported by the World Bank and ufacturing (-5.3%), transport and communications (-4.7%). NDC Partnership. One of the technical outputs was the as- In addition to the budgeting of mitigation and adaptation sessment of the public budget investments related to cli- contributions contained in this document, we highlight the mate change already disbursed and proposed for the years cooperation received under the NDC Partnership, which sup- 2020 to 20224. Such dynamics demonstrate that Mozam- ported the mobilization and coordination given to the coun- bique is in a process of defining budget lines that aims to try aimed at updating this updated Mozambique NDC 1. It ensure that at least a small portion of the adaptation and is important to highlight Mozambique's participation in the mitigation actions and programs foreseen in this NDC are Initiative for Climate Action Transparency - ICAT that sup- captured and already included in the State budgets. This ported the development of the Strengthened Climate Trans- dimension of mainstreaming climate change into the Pub- parency Framework. It is also reiterated that the existence of lic Investment Management Assessment system will con- a robust response presented in this updated NDC 1 in terms tribute to the authorities adopting the guidelines includ- of mitigation transparency is evident by contemplating the ing climate considerations aligned with the new law on the content of the ICTU table (presented in the next chapter). State Financial Administration System (SISTAFE). Additionally, this update of NDC 1, also represents a These advances will contribute to increased fiscal and significant progression in terms of expanding the coun- climate transparency, increasing the efficiency of public try's ambition towards climate action in aspects of its ad- spending through the process of pre-assessment and ap- aptation commitments, comprising that dozens of actions proval of projects planned by the State of Mozambique will be implemented, among others, through the emerg- before they are funded on social and economic impact, as ing Public Investment Management (PIM) Climate Smart well as, in particular, on vulnerability considerations and PIM assessment system coordinated by the Ministry of other aspects of global climate change. 26 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 27 CONTRIBUTION TO ADAPTATION cal cyclones, droughts including epidemics are the events This chapter describes the adaptation and risk reduction that most affect the population, who live in prone areas. actions that the country commits to undertake in the pe- Floods are the most frequent event followed by tropical cy- riod 2020 - 2025, aimed at making Mozambique more re- clones. This trend has changed a little in recent analyses silient to the impacts of climate change, reducing climate covering the period 1980 - 2019, which show tropical cy- risks to people and goods as much as possible, restoring clones as the most frequent event, followed by floods and and ensuring the rational use and protection of natural followed by droughts (see graph below). This small change and built capital (MICOA, 2012). is influenced by the phenomenon that occurred during It should be noted that the strategic actions presented in the 2018/2019 rainy season during which the country was the adaptation component of Mozambique's NDC are part affected by two tropical cyclones IDAI and Kenneth and of the adaptation and climate risk reduction pillar of the tropical depression Desmond. ENAMMC, which covers the following sectors and/or are- Figure 4 as considered vulnerable to the impacts of climate change: TOTAL NUMBER OF EXTREME EVENTS FROM 1980 – 2019 climate risk reduction; water resources; agriculture, fisher- 25 ies, food security and nutrition; social protection; health; Cyclone, 21 Flood biodiversity; forests; and, infrastructure, urban areas, oth- 20 20 Mumber of occurences er settlements and tourist and coastal zones. 15 Drought VULNERABILITY 12 OF MOZAMBIQUE 10 5 The previous version of Mozambique NDC 2020-2030 an- alysed the extreme events that occurred in the country in 0 the period 1980 to 2016 and indicated that floods, tropi- Source: data from DeSinventar and reports from INGD 28 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 29 According to the previous figure, it can be concluded IDA and Kenneth, which occurred in the 2018/2019 rainy that on average, the country is affected by a tropical cy- season, these resulted in losses in livestock due to the clone or flood event every two years and a drought event death of 5,428 cattle, 10,305 small ruminants, 3,191 pigs and every three years. Tropical cyclone and flood events ac- 124,498 poultry; in fisheries, 2,189 vessels were destroyed count for about 77% of the total events that occurred in the and 77 engines damaged, 2,387 fishing gear units lost and period under review. The direct impact of these events is 5,210 tonnes of fish lost; in fish farming, 562 ponds and often expressed by the number of human lives lost, people 228 cages totally destroyed and 396 tonnes of fish lost. Wa- affected through loss of personal property and livelihoods, ter supply and sanitation was affected by cyclone IDAI in destruction of the country's critical infrastructure such as 2019 and according to assessment by the expert team, 705 roads, bridges, water supply system, schools, hospitals, as water supply boreholes and wells were destroyed affecting well as the outbreak of water borne diseases (e.g. malar- about 211,500 people, 47 water supply systems of cities and ia, cholera, diarrhoea etc.). However, the lack of systematic secondary towns were paralysed which created restriction and homogeneous recording of events and their impacts in water supply to 1,639,244 people. Some 189,953 house- and, on the one hand, the persistence in considering only hold latrines and septic tanks were submerged, forcing large-scale and high-impact disasters over a short period 416,047 people to return to open defecation with serious of time have hidden thousands of small and medium-scale consequences for public health. disasters that occur every year in the country. Consequent- Regarding the agriculture, water and energy sectors, ly, Mozambique does not know the real value of direct and/ these were also affected by events during the rainy seasons or indirect economic losses associated with these events. from 2016/17 to 2019/2020. According to the table below, It is observed that the events that struck the country in about 2,960 power poles, 95 water sources were destroyed the 2018/2019 rainy season are those that caused the most and 1,529,389 ha of crops were affected. suffering in people's lives and those that recorded the most On the other hand, more than 30 districts are prone losses and destruction. For instance, the tropical cyclones to drought and the population living in these districts 30 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 31 Table 1 IMPACTS OF THE EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS DURING RAINY SEASONS FROM 2016 TO 2020 AT HUMAN LEVEL Destroyed Destroyed Affected Affected Houses Flooded Worship Health Classrooms Affected Affected Season Event People Families Injured Deaths Houses Locations Units Schools Students Partially Totally Partially Totally 2016-17 --- 1,054,707 216,319 379 73 83,500 43,781 89,078 26 108 486 2,413 693 184,507 2017-18 Heavy rains 152,246 31,146 51 61 14,461 7,313 9,099 44 18 463 201 42 10,088 and winds, strong winds, rains with lightning and gales 2018-19 Drought, 2,855,417 574,361 1,872 714 153,274 146,482 30,125 1,144 138 1,801 3,109 699 445,404 rain and strong winds, sometimes accompanied by lightning, and Desmond, Idai and Kenneth 2019-20 Heavy rains, 195,449 40,892 68 57 11,864 6,221 44,809 89 8 --- --- --- --- strong winds, lightning and floods Total 4,257,819 862,718 2,370 905 263,099 203,797 173,111 1,303 272 2,750 5,723 1,434 639,999 Source: reports on the rainy seasons from INGD 32 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 33 is deprived of water supply sources for human consump- allocated resources that should fund socio-economic de- tion, for the irrigation of small vegetable gardens and for velopment activities for search, rescue, human assistance watering livestock. The lack of access to potable water and and reconstruction actions aimed at alleviating the suffer- the exposure and frequency of droughts on the one hand, ing of the affected people. These actions are supported by and the existence of deep aquifers in the interior of the national citizens, the private sector, civil society organisa- country with fresh or brackish water on the other hand, tions and cooperation partners. make it difficult to access safe water supplies and limit the The support needs accumulate from event to event and development and well-being of families living in these re- year to year due to the frequency and intensity with which gions. The country needs infrastructures to develop Water extreme events occur. Figure 01 (introduction chapter Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Systems that are sustain- above) shows the amounts required for search and rescue, able, safe and resilient to the risk of climate change, in- responding to the needs of the affected and post-disaster cluding the taking of measures aimed at protecting public reconstruction, the amounts mobilised and the shortfall health, preserving the water supply systems and, to this in the sectors of education, health, water supply, sanita- end, the country must develop Water Safety Plans, the ex- tion, various infrastructures and, mainly, for assistance to ploration and development of deep aquifers as an alterna- the affected. tive water supply in areas affected by drought and the con- struction of small water storage infrastructures for human CLIMATE consumption and irrigation, as well as the establishment of an optimum network for Water Resources Monitoring. SCENARIOS It should be noted that the occurrence of extreme events The vulnerability analysis done in the Second National has affected the environment and ecosystems, areas that Communication considered the climate projections de- are rarely evaluated for the damage caused. veloped by INGC "Studies on Climate Change Impacts on In addition to the losses and damages registered with Disaster Risk in Mozambique Synthesis Report - Second the occurrence of extreme events, the country has annually Version" in 2009. 34 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 35 The methodology of the INGC study was based on cli- increase in maximum and minimum temperatures; matological modelling (temperature and rainfall) with the The oceans - with a rise in average sea levels and a change main purpose of understanding how Mozambique's cli- in the distribution and availability of fish stocks and mate may already be changing and how it may be expect- effects on marine ecosystems (such as corals); ed to change in the future. This study details the observed changes in the country's seasonal climate over the period PRECIPITATION PATTERNS 1960 to 2005, in terms of temperatures and rainfall pat- • With irregular rainfall behaviour in terms of starting terns (INGC, 2009). and ending times, rainfall load (intense precipitation Both historical trends and future projections were de- phenomena in a short space of time) and duration of the rived from daily temperatures (maximum and minimum) rainy season (drought), disfiguring the notions of "official and recorded rainfall values since 1960 from 32 synoptic start" and "real start" of the agricultural campaign, which weather stations within Mozambique (INGC, 2009). may result in some regions in a reduction of current Seven general circulation models: ECHAM, GFDL, IPSL, potential yields in the order of 25%; CCCMA, CNRM, CSIRO and GISS were used to project fu- • With the growing reduction in potential agricultural ture climate (temperature and rainfall) scenarios for the yield levels of up to 20% in the main crops that constitute country, focusing on the mid-century (2046-2065) and the basis for food security and an indispensable condition late-century (2080-2100) periods. for improving the per capita income of Mozambican INGC (2009) projections anticipate that CC in Mozam- families; bique will manifest itself mainly in the following: • Increased frequency and intensity of extreme events (droughts, floods and tropical cyclones); TEMPERATURE STANDARDS • Persistence of the extraordinary flood situation in The atmosphere - with an average increase between 1.5oC identifiable places in the country that can be referred to and 3.0oC in the period between 2046 and 2065 and a as "risk areas"; record of more warm days and fewer cold days, with an • Cyclones and other strong winds; 36 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 37 • Prolonged droughts; ADAPTATION AND Sea level rise: 15 cm, 30 cm and 45 cm as a consequence RESILIENCE MEASURES of thermal expansion and 15 cm, 110 cm and 415 cm as a consequence of the reduction of the continental ice caps IN RESPONSE TO in the years 2030, 2060 and 2100, respectively; CLIMATE CHANGE • Identified areas with increased risk potential due to Following is the summary table containing the strategic the emergence of other adverse natural phenomena such actions and respective measures that implemented will as the loss by submergence and erosion of coastal areas, build climate resilience in communities and natural and saline water intrusion and desertification; • Reduction of areas available for agriculture in green or built capital in the country. low-lying areas; • Many of the country's main coastal urban centres, including Maputo, Beira and Quelimane, are already in a critical situation in terms of vulnerability (human lives, property, social infrastructure, etc.) to the effects of climate change. 38 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 39 Table 2 SUMMARY OF ADAPTATION AND CLIMATE RISK REDUCTION MEASURES AND TRANSVERSE ACTIONS SISTEMA DE AVISO PRÉVIO Strengthening the Early Strengthening INAM's capacity to provide dedicated and adequate meteorological information to each user, including fisheries (development of products appropriate to the specific needs of meteorological Warning System 4.6.1.1.1 information users) 4.6.1.1.1 Increasing the scale of the early warning system, reaching district 4.6.1.1.2 Strengthening of systems for storage, data processing and dissemination of timely meteorological and hydrological information (increasing accessibility and quality of meteorological and hydrological information) 4.6.1.1.1.3 Strengthening the role of INAM in coordinating the collection and monitoring of climate data (standardization of the method of collecting hydro-meteorological data under the tutelage of various intuitions/organizations, increasing the number of hydro-meteorological stations in the most vulnerable locations) Setting standards for the development and coordination of multi-event early warning systems (development and approval of an effective coordination mechanism between key SAP actors) Strengthening of the climate and meteorological information system to anticipate the occurrence of droughts (operationalisation of tools to monitor droughts and issue warning notices on the eminence of droughts) The dashboard for the INS National Health Observatory for climate sensitive diseases (Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, cholera and diarrhoea) (WHO) was developed. The pilot for integration of climate and epidemiological information and development of early warning system in 4 provinces (Nampula, Sofala, Inhambane and Maputo) is underway. Strengthening Climate Risk Enhancing preparedness on impending climate disasters (Strengthening provincial and district bodies' capacity on disaster preparedness including response capacities) - 4.6.1.1.2.1 Preparedness and Response Capacity 4.6.1.1.2 Strengthening the role of the INGC in coordinating response and recovery operations to climate disasters (Expansion of the coverage of Early Warning Systems of climatic phenomena to communities at higher risk; Ensuring an effective top-down and bottom-up communication system, Adopting a unified sustainable disaster recovery plan and operationalising tools for assessing the level of resilience at local level) - 4.6.1.1.2.2 Strengthening the coordinating role of the INGC and its partners in reducing vulnerability to drought in arid and semi-arid areas (ensuring a reliable flow of information on the eminence of drought and the dissemination of timely response measures to communities) - 4.6.1.1.2.3 Strengthening the role of the Multiple Use Resource Centres (CERUM) in supporting local communities 4.6.1.1.2.4 Increase and strengthen the capacity of CLGRCs and their equipment with preparedness kits (Promoting the establishment and capacity building of local disaster risk management committees and strengthening local communication capacity in the dissemination of warnings and alerts 4.6.1.1.2.5 Improved early warning dissemination system at local level (Strengthening the capacity and involvement of information and media outlets, including community radios, in the dissemination of early warning information and raising community awareness on climate change and disaster risk management issues) Strengthening the role of CLGRCs in climate risk reduction at local level (Drafting the terms of reference of CLGRCs, including actions for their sustainability; Strengthening their capacity and involvement in the flow of information alerting and sensitizing communities on matters of climate change and disasters; Promoting the exchange of experience among local communities on local knowledge of managing extreme events including actions undertaken to minimize their effects) 40 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 41 AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES Increasing the resilience Availability of appropriate technologies and inputs to climate change 4.6.1.3.1.2 of agriculture and livestock 4.6.1.3.1 Expansion of the electricity grid and improvement of power quality to enable agrarian enterprises and encourage investment in the six agricultural development corridors Transition to a resilient Blue Economy in the western Indian Ocean region Dissemination of improved technologies for agricultural production, agroforestry systems, natural resource management, conservation agriculture, irrigation, vaccinations, artificial insemination, reduction of post-harvest losses and processing of plant and animal products, and food and nutrition education - new Encouraging seed production and conservation: Implementation of the Action Plan for Seed Production and Conservation and Promotion of Low Cost Grain and Seed Storage Systems contained in the Adaptation Technology Action Plan for Agriculture. Increasing the resilience Regeneration of mangroves and implementation of protective measures for seaweed and seagrass, corals and other breeding and feeding areas for fish 4.6.1.3.2.2 of fisheries 4.6.1.3.2 Development of tools for the integration of adaptation into the planning and budgeting process in fisheries - new Development Promotion of conservation agriculture/climate-smart agriculture for fodder and food production 4.6.2.3.1.1: Implementation of the Conservation Agriculture Action Plan and the Rainwater Harvesting of low carbon and Conservation Action Plan (Technological Adaptation Action Plan for Agriculture) agricultural practices 4.6.2.3.1 Promotion of the use of integrated agroforestry systems to recover areas degraded by shifting cultivation 4.6.2.3.1.2 Promotion of use of methane from rice cultivation systems for energy production/ improved low emission rice production systems 4.6.2.3.1.2 Promotion of renewable energy use for irrigation/water pumping systems 4.6.2.3.1.3 Prevention of uncontrolled burning associated with shifting cultivation WATER RESOURCES AND RESILIENT WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SYSTEMS Increasing water r Improving knowledge on the quality and quantity of water resources 4.6.1.2.1.3 esources management capacity 4.6.1.2.1 Establishment of the Optimal Water Resources Monitoring Network Exploration/development of deep aquifers as alternatives for water supply in drought affected areas Increased access and capacity Increasing storage capacity at all levels 4.6.1.2.1.3 (Promoting construction of surface and sub-surface water storage infrastructure) for water collection, storage, treatment PACA II - Community Adaptation Action Plans and distribution 4.6.1.2.2 CUAPA III - Community Adaptation Action Plans Construction of multi-purpose water supply systems including desalination for arid and semi-arid areas using clean energy sources Promotion of the Water Safety Plans and Institutional Capacity Building of the main actors Development of Small Infrastructure for Water repression/storage Promoting more resilient rural Development of more appropriate infrastructure construction technologies for rural sanitation from the point of view of environmental protection and preservation sanitation solutions for floods Conservation of rainwater Rainwater conservation in excavated and underground reservoirs mainly in the South (improvement of rainwater harvesting, conservation and management through capacity building and promotion in excavated and underground of appropriate technologies) 4.6.1.2.4 reservoirs mainly in the South 4.6.1.2.4 42 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 43 Construction of agro-hydraulic Construction of agro-hydraulic infrastructure on the main surface watercourses and small dams which are easy to maintain for irrigation and animal watering (rehabilitation, construction and maintenance infrastructure on major surface of dams and water reservoirs) 4.6.1.2.6 watercourses 4.6.1.2.6 Promotion of low water Promotion of low water consumption systems and reduction of existing waste in the urban water distribution network (Adoption of lower water consumption irrigation technologies) 4.6.1.2.1.8 consumption systems and waste reduction 4.6.1.2.1.8 HEALTH Reducing people's vulnerability Strengthening the capacity to prevent and control the spread of vector-borne diseases by correctly mapping their distribution and spatial mobility 4.6.1.5.1.1 to climate change disease vectors 4.6.1.5.1 Conduct baseline study on diseases that are favoured by climate change 4.6.1.5.1.3 Establishment of a surveillance system and specific control measures on climate change diseases 4.6.1.5.1.4 Elaboration of the Health Sector Climate Change Adaptation Plan and finalization is expected by the end of November 2021. The elaboration of the H-Nap is based on the results and recommendation of the assessment of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change of the health sector in Mozambique conducted in 2019. The Plan is being developed with collaboration of MISAU, INS, Eduardo Mondlane University with technical and financial support from WHO through funds from the Government of Flanders. BIODIVERSITY Planning and management Rehabilitation of deforested areas for pasture creation, agriculture practice, forest resources exploitation 4.6.2.3.3.1 of biodiversity and coastal ecosystems 4.6.2.3. Ensuring the protection Applying management practices that increase the adaptive capacity of ecosystems - 4.6.1.6.1.5; (linked to the national biodiversity strategy, target 10: By 2035, place at least 20% of ecosystems critically of biodiversity (4.6.1.6.1 affected by climate change under adaptive ecosystem management) Identification and replication of lessons and good practices on mitigation and adaptation (Target 10.3 of the National Biodiversity Strategy) Establishment of cross-border conservation areas to maintain ecosystem functions and allow wildlife migrations - 4.6.1.6.1.3 Reclassification and re-dimensioning of conservation areas, identifying areas at risk of biodiversity loss Promotion of the survey of knowledge on the contribution of biodiversity to the increase in the carbon stock, with a view to mitigating and adapting to climate change (based on Target 15 of the National Biodiversity Strategy) FORESTS Reducing the rate Establishment and increased adoption of integrated agroforestry systems (agro-silvo-pastoral); use of multiple-use forest species: shade/nitrogen fixing/forage (REDD+, MozBIO, FIP, Sustenta, Payment for of deforestation Carbon Credits in Zambezia) - new and uncontrolled burning 4.6.2.3.2 Rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems and grasslands through landscape rehabilitation (REDD+, MozFIP) - new 44 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 45 SOCIAL SECURITY Increasing the adaptive Develop and implement approaches for community-based adaptation through Local Adaptation Plans 4.6.1.4.1.1 capacity of vulnerable people 4.6.1.4.1 Strengthening basic social protection MEASURES in relation to climate change so that it contributes to the resilience of vulnerable populations 4.6.1.4.1.2 Strengthening the capacity for targeting and orientation of the Productive Social Action programme to increase the resilience of vulnerable groups 4.6.1.4.1.3 Strengthening links between the social protection system and the natural disaster response system, including linkage with early warning systems 4.6.1.4.1.4 INFRASTRUCTURE, URBAN AREAS, SETTLEMENTS AND TOURIST AND COASTAL ZONES Developing resilience Drafting and updating climate-robust planning and spatial planning instruments and strengthening their implementation 4.6.1.8.1.1 mechanisms for urban areas and other Mapping of vulnerable infrastructure or infrastructure at risk according to the type of climatic phenomenon (floods, cyclones, sea level rise) 4.6.1.8.1.2 settlements 4.6.1.8.1 Reformulation of building codes for transport, telecommunications, energy distribution, buildings, water and wastewater treatment infrastructures to make them climate resilient 4.6.1.8.1.3 Ensuring that investments, particularly public, in risk areas are climate-proofed 4.6.1.8.1.4 Promoting the design and implementation of potential climate risk insurance mechanisms in the built heritage 4.6.1.8.1.5 Strengthening the resilience of the cities of Quelimane and Nacala in relation to flood and erosion control 4.6.1.8.1.6 Mapping of regions prone to soil erosion and landslides 4.6.1.8.1.7 Drawing up projects for the construction of water supply infrastructures taking into account the occurrence of the main natural phenomena 4.6.1.8.1.8 Adoption of resilient measures to natural hazards during the implementation of water supply infrastructures (abstraction, storage, transport and distribution) 4.6.1.8.1.9 Suitability of tourist areas Assessment of the main climatic risks for resources and areas of interest to tourism 4.6.1.8.2.1 and coastal zones development to reduce climate Advising operators on appropriate building codes 4.6.1.8.2.2 change impacts 4.6.1.8.2 Promoting good practices among operators and tourists, through public-private partnerships, aimed at the resilience of the sector and the conservation of ecosystems 4.6.1.8.2.3 Development of conservation and coastal protection practices 4.6.1.8.2.4 Promoting the adoption of climate insurance for tourism activities and infrastructures 4.6.1.8.2.5 Implementation of the Technological Action Plan and Project Ideas for Coastal Zone and Infrastructure COMMUNICATION, EDUCATION, TRAINING AND AWARENESS-RAISING (TRANSVERSAL ACTIONS) Implementation of the communication and awareness raising plan for climate change adaptation and mitigation Mainstreaming climate change issues and curriculum development in school curricula from grade 1 to 11 Formulation and implementation of a technical-institutional capacity-building plan for NDC implementation under the Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT) of the Paris Agreement Promoting studies and research on climate change aimed at reducing climate risk and potential for low-carbon development 46 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 47 Mainstreaming climate change issues and programmatic content development at the technical staff training institute Establishment of infrastructure and human resources to support laboratories dedicated to research, monitoring and verification of climate change adaptation and mitigation projects Maintenance and feeding of the NDC transparency portalDC Institutionalising the GIIMC, the CGCMC and the Climate Change Network and strengthening them with a view to their sustainability National Climate Change Conference to be held every two years Development of at least 2 national emission factors to achieve the use of TIER 2 in priority sectors (e.g. energy and waste) Updating climate scenarios and downscaling the results to cover the Mozambican territory 48 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 49 Table 3 INFORMATION TO FACILITATE CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY AND UNDERSTANDING (ICTU) 1. INFORMAÇÃO QUANTIFICÁVEL SOBRE O 1. QUANTIFIABLE PONTO DE INFORMATION REFERÊNCIA (COM ON THE SE REFERENCE INDICAÇÃO, POINT APLICÁVEL, (WITH DE UM INDICATION, IF APPLICABLE, OF A BASE YEAR): ANO BASE): a) Reference years, base years, reference It is understood that there is no base year and that the results will be compared with the BAU emissions scenarios of the implemented measures, considering two years to reach the target one periods or other starting points; from 2020 to 2025, made based on the last GHG Inventory provided in PBURM. b) Quantifiable information Mozambique developed the BAU scenario based on the sum of mitigation actions for the period 2020 to 2025, proposing expectations for annual emission reductions. on the benchmarks, their values in the In the year 2016, total emissions without LULUCF were estimated at about 35 MtCO eq 2and, using data and methodologies appropriate to national circumstances, estimates of projections corresponding reference years, base years, of each mitigation action and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, it is projected that in 2025, if the policy actions and programmes presented in this NDC reference periods or other starting points are not implemented, emissions in 2025 will be about 54 MtCO2eq without LULUCF. Based on assumptions of economic and population growth and, it is expected that the country can and, as the case may be, cumulatively mitigate about 40 MtCO eq 2in the period 2020 - 2025. in the reference year; The contributions associated with the theme of mitigation count on the implementation of actions, measures, projects, policies and programmes, which include the sectors of Agro-livestock and Sustainable Land Use, Waste Management, Energy Security and Sustainability of Industries. Mozambique is recognized as one of the countries that has been most dedicated to and developed national systems for scaling up emission reductions from deforestation and forest degradation and increasing carbon sinks (REDD+), as evidenced by the fact that it is one of the first countries to receive payment for results under the Forest Carbon initiative with the World Bank. Thus, for Mozambique REDD+ was included in this updated NDC 1 as a key means of implementation to operationalise mitigation ambitions. Finally, Mozambique proposes to carry out a series of mitigation actions that in aggregate expect to achieve a reduction of GHG emissions by about 40 million tCO2 eq between 2020 and 2025. These reductions are estimates with a significant level of uncertainty and will be updated with the results of the BUR to be available in 2022. It should be noted that, it was decided not to include as part of the mitigation contribution of this updated NDC 1 the removals and emissions from the commercial-scale tree planting (afforestation) component, due to the uncertainties of how such emissions and any emission reductions achieved by the activities of this component will be accounted for under the Paris Agreement. c) In the case of strategies, plans and Mozambique reserves the right to apply this paragraph in the future, including to adjust the information contained in item 1b) above. measures referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6 of the Paris Agreement5 or policies and measures incorporating nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties shall provide other relevant information; d) Target in relation to the baseline With the implementation of the identified actions, measures, projects, policies and programmes, Mozambique expects to reduce its GHG emissions by about 40 Mt CO2eq between 2020 indicator, expressed numerically, and 2025. The indicators are the tons of CO2eq reduced following the baseline parameters and mitigation actions calculated by measures and accounted in annual results, for example as a percentage or quantity which will be aggregated and compared to the quantities committed in 2025. of reduction; 50 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 51 e) Information on the data sources DATA VALUE used to quantify the benchmarks; Year of the last GHG inventory 2016 Population 27.9 million inhabitants6 in 2017. The 2017 National Census indicates that the total number is expected to increase from that year to about 34 million in 2025, or a net increase of about 6 million in the total population. Annual population growth 2.8% for the 2 periods (2020-2025). PIB Nominal (milhões de meticais) 2020: 974,649; 2021: 1,037,665; 2022: 1,124,306 Crescimento de PIB. Taxa de Crescimento Real de1.5% (2021) e 2,8% (para 2022) com taxa de inflação média anual de 5,5%. As fontes para os dados acima são: PSOE 2022 e o documento ”CAEP Support: Mozambique’s Long-term low greenhouse gas emissions development strategy (LT-LEDS) INTERIM REPORT”7 f) Information on the circumstances The BAU scenario values may be adjusted in the future, considering possible improvements in GHG emissions calculations covering sectors and gases, and evolutions in inventory techniques, in which the Party may update as well as different national circumstances and methods of defining baselines for actions included as part of the NDC. the benchmarksa) 1. INFORMAÇÃO QUANTIFICÁVEL SOBRE O PONTO DE REFERÊNCIA (COM 2. DEADLINES INDICAÇÃO, SE AND / OR DE PERIODS APLICÁVEL, UM OF APPLICATION: ANO BASE): (a) Timeframe and/or period of The reference period for operationalization is from 2020 to 2025, so the mitigation results should be achieved by the year 2025. implementation, including start and end dates, in accordance with any other relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); b) Whether it is a one-year target or a multi- Cumulative targets considering annual reductions but accounted for a single year in 2025. As indicated in 2a) above, they imply comparisons between the emissions of the proposed mitigation year target, as appropriate. actions and the emissions of the BAU scenarios of the specific actions. 1. INFORMAÇÃO QUANTIFICÁVEL SOBRE O PONTO DE REFERÊNCIA (COM INDICAÇÃO, SE3. SCOPE ANDDE UM APLICÁVEL, COVERAGE: ANO BASE): (a) General description of the target; The emission reduction target presented by Mozambique is divided into cumulative annual efforts between the years 2020 and 2025, whereby the country commits to reduce its emissions by about 40 MtCO2eq between 2020 and 2025. The country expects to reduce these emissions in comparison to the BAU of the specific actions and, should Mozambique benefit from international climate finance, the total investment required to generate these reductions and the other actions foreseen in this updated NDC 1 is estimated to be around USD 7.586 billion (from 2020 to 2025). 52 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 53 (b) ) Sectors, gases, categories and sinks Sectors: The scope of the contribution covers the sectors of the national economy relevant for GHG emissions in the actions listed in item 1b above. covered by the nationally determined Gases: CO2, CH4, N2O contribution, including, as applicable, consistency with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; (c) How the Party has taken into account The sectors covered are those that cover the mitigation actions listed in item 1.b. paragraph 31 (c) and (d)8 of decision 1 / CP.21; (indicating how the Party is striving to include all sources and sinks and why all categories were excluded) (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Mozambique has not yet conducted mitigation co-benefit assessments for economic diversification plans. Parties' adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans, including the description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties' adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans. 4. PLANNING PROCESSES: (a) Information on the planning processes AFollowing the ratification of the Paris Agreement by Parliament in 2017, the then Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development submitted to Camões Institute for Cooperation the Party has undertaken to prepare and Language of Portugal the project "Roadmap for the Implementation of Mozambique's Nationally Determined Contribution - NDCMoz "with the aim of designing the roadmap its nationally determined contribution and, for the implementation of Mozambique's NDC, contributing to the implementation and success of the Paris Agreement, through a country with a low carbon and resilient development if available, on the Party's implementation and to the pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In parallel, the country benefited from the World Bank and NDC Partnership initiative through which it intended to support plans, including, as appropriate: the Government to prioritize the operationalization of Mozambique's NDC targets in the sectors of: agriculture, energy, water, transport and early warning system, aligning them with government policies and priorities. These two initiatives were harmonised to cover all sectors of the Mozambique NDC 2020 - 2030, and enabled a broad consultation process with stakeholders, including business sectors, provinces and civil society representatives to prioritise the actions to be included in the NDC and the format in which they should be presented. The implementation of these two initiatives resulted in the formulation of the Mozambique NDC 2020 - 2025, the Mozambique NDC Operationalisation Plan 2020 - 2025, which details the actions of the NDC. On the other hand, Mozambique has benefited from the support of the NDC Partnership which has resulted in the formulation of the NDC Partnership Plan that identifies both the project and capacity building needs for the implementation of NDC. 54 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 55 These documents were approved by the Council of Ministers at its 38th Session, held on 11 December 2018. However, some actions of the Mozambique NDC 2020 -2025 and the respective Mozambique NDC Operationalization Plan 2020 - 2025 lacked relevant information for the process of measuring/monitoring, reporting and verifying both the actions and the support. On the other hand, there was a need to have updated inventories, as the estimated contributions in NDC 1 were based on the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report 1995 - 2004. It is in this context that Mozambique has submitted in the two calls made by the NDC Partnership - Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP I and II), requests for assistance to adjust its NDC to the Transparency Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines. Under this support it was possible, amongst other results, to update the NDC budget and identify actions whose implementation is conditioned to international climate support and those that are not conditioned; formulate project ideas for priority actions conditioned to international climate support; formulate Mozambique's Long Term Low Carbon Development Strategy 2020 - 2050; update energy sector statistics; integrate NDC into planning and budgeting processes; detail NDC actions; formulate National Adaptation Plan for the Health Sector; develop Local Adaptation Plans; strengthen gender sensitivity in Mozambique's NDC actions; and, design terms of reference for developing emissions factors for the energy and waste sectors. Other initiatives that contributed to the improvement of Mozambique's NDC are: (i) the Initiative for Transparency in Climate Action - ICAT which supported in the formulation of the Strengthened Framework for Transparency including capacity building of technicians; and, the project to formulate the First Biennial Mozambique Transparency Report (PBTRM). (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, Since the approval of the ENAMMC, the Government has been strengthening the institutional framework in order to improve the coordination and implementation of climate change actions public participation and engagement with including the reporting process established in the UNFCCC. It is in this context that in 2020, the Ministry of Land and Environment was created, with the following competencies, in the area of local communities and indigenous peoples climate change, relevant to the implementation of the NDC: in a gender sensitive manner; 1. To propose the enactment of legislation, policies, development strategies and plans conducive to reducing vulnerability, building resilience and adaptive capacity to climate change, as well as promoting low carbon development and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in the context of sustainable development; 2. To promote and coordinate the implementation of the commitments assumed in the scope of the UNFCCC and Agreements, with emphasis on the Nationally Determined Contribution and other instruments that the country ratifies in the context of climate change; 3. Disseminate climate change issues with an emphasis on financial, technological and capacity building opportunities; 4. To coordinate and ensure the timely submission of reports required under the implementation of the Convention and signed Agreements; 5. Monitor, oversee and evaluate climate change adaptation and mitigation actions including support received and report on the status of implementation These competences are attached to the National Directorate of Climate Change which has in its structure the departments of adaptation and mitigation in the Ministry of Land and Environment. Considering the cross-cutting nature of climate change and the need for the involvement of state and non-state actors in both the formulation of national climate change response instruments and their implementation, including biennial reporting and review commitments, monitoring to support the production of national communication and regular updating of the NDC, the Inter-Institutional Group on Climate Change was established, composed of representatives from the public and private sectors and civil society relevant to the implementation of adaptation and climate risk reduction and mitigation and low carbon development actions including cross-cutting actions (capacity building, technology development and transfer, financing, awareness raising education, etc.). The members of the GIIMC have the responsibility to: • Represent the sector in the national climate change coordination body ensuring harmonization of national climate change actions and their sectoral integration • Report on the implementation of climate change actions in the sectors/areas they represent including challenges and needs encountered and • To technically approve the instruments, reports and other documents formulated in the context of climate change. 56 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 57 It is important to mention that for the elaboration of Local Adaptation Plans, multi-sectoral teams have been created at provincial and district level that support local communities in the process of assessing their vulnerability and identifying and prioritising adaptation measures including the identification of potential local development partners. On the other hand, the Ministry of Land and Environment has established the holding of a National Climate Change Conference every two years as a forum open to public participation to, among others, share information, experiences and good practices in the area of climate change; promote education and public awareness on issues related to climate change; and, promote the dissemination and discussion of issues relevant to climate change. The First National Conference took place this year with the participation of actors from central, provincial and district levels and the second Conference will take place in 2023, the year in which the country will be preparing its First Biennial Transparency Report. (ii) Contextual issues, including, The Republic of Mozambique is a country located in the southern hemisphere, on the southeast coast of the African continent. It has an area of 801,590 km²2 of land and about 13,000 km² inter alia, as appropriate: of internal waters. The eastern part of the country is bathed by the Indian Ocean and has a coastline of approximately 2,700 km². Administratively, the country is divided into 11 Provinces. The provinces are currently divided into 154 districts which, in turn, are subdivided into 419 local administrative districts called Postos Administrativos. In addition to these subdivisions, a) National circumstances, such as there are 53 municipal autarquias, located in the main cities and towns throughout the country. Along the coast there are numerous islands, such as the archipelago of Quirimbas in the geography, climate, economy, sustainable province of Cabo Delgado, the Island of Mozambique and the islands Goa and Sena in the province of Nampula, the archipelago of Bazaruto in Inhambane, the islands of Inhaca, Portugueses development and poverty eradication; and Xefina in the province of Maputo. Data from the Anuário Estatístico 2015, estimates that Mozambique had about 25.7 million inhabitants, with about 52% being women and 48% men. According to the results of the last b) Best practices and experience related population census conducted by the National Institute of Statistics in 2017 indicate that the Mozambican population was 27.9 million, and the percentage of women and men remained to the preparation of the nationally the same. INE population projections indicate that by 2025 Mozambique will have about 34.1 million inhabitants, thus projecting a net population expansion of over 6 million inhabitants. determined contribution; With regard to the distribution of the population by age group (table below), particularly between 2017 and 2025, there is a decrease in the population aged between zero and 14 years old; a growth throughout the period in the population aged 15 - 64 years old as well as a growth in the population aged 65 years old and over. c) Other contextual aspirations and AGE GROUP 2017 2020 2025 priorities recognised when joining the 0 – 14 45% 46% 43% Paris Agreement 15 – 64 52% 51% 53% 65+ 3% 3% 3% The average life expectancy is 54 years, being 51 years for men and 56.5 years for women. Portuguese is the official language of the country, however, there are more than 40 languages spoken throughout the national territory. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Mozambican economy, employing more than 80% of the country's economically active population (PEDSA, 2011). Furthermore, it is the sector with the highest average share in GDP, with more than 20% of the total. Manufacturing is the second sector with the highest contribution to GDP (13%), followed by trade and transport and communications services with an average of 10% each. The national economy has considerable potential in the primary sector due to the existence of various natural resources capable of serving as a basis for creating a competitive advantage in various productive sectors. For example, ICF International (2012) and Biggs (2012) have documented that Mozambique has one of the world's largest reserves of natural gas (estimated at 250 trillion cubic feet) and coal (estimated at 25 billion tons). Other natural resources include forests, grasslands, inland waters, 2,400 kilometres of coastline and minerals (FAO, 2006). The main challenge is the development of industries that enable their sustainable exploitation and transformation. Diversification of the national economy is another challenge for more stable, comprehensive and sustainable growth. After several years of growth of around 7%, the national economy experienced a slowdown in 2016, growing by only 3.8%, down from 6.6% and 7.4% in 2015 and 2014, respectively. This decline was mainly due to the drought registered in the central and southern areas of the country, and the floods in the central and northern regions, having negatively affected the agriculture sector and electricity production, among other international and national conjunctural factors. 58 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 59 The climate of Mozambique is diverse. Due to its location in the inter-tropical zone, manifestations of the humid tropical, dry tropical, semi-arid tropical as well as altitude-modified climate can be found throughout the country. Of these, The most predominant climate is the humid tropical with some pockets of the semi-arid tropical, characterised by having two very distinct seasons, one hot and rainy from October to April and the other cold and dry from May to September (Gelcer et al., 2018). Average rainfall is variable from south to north. The north receives the highest averages, ranging from 800 mm to 1200 mm. In the centre and south, they are comparatively lower compared to the north and vary from the coast to the interior. The annual averages in the two regions range from 1000 mm to 600 mm and 800 mm to 300 mm, respectively. In Mozambique, the energy sector is experiencing a remarkable growth in the last two decades, both in terms of production and consumption of electricity and natural gas. However, despite this increase, the majority of the population (77%) continues to depend on forest biomass, such as firewood and charcoal, to meet its energy needs because it lives in rural areas and the electrification of the country, which is estimated at around 34%, is still below expectations. However, the government has been making efforts to reverse the current scenario through rural electrification, which is estimated to average 120 000 new connections per year over the last 15 years (MTA, 2021). Currently, the national electricity generating capacity is estimated at 2905 MW. Of these, 1045 MW are for domestic consumption and 1,860 MW are for export to neighbouring countries, indicating that the country produces more than it needs for its consumption. The vast majority of the energy generated in the country is from hydroelectric sources (90%) and the remaining 10% is from natural gas. Among the hydroelectric plants, HCB stands out the most with an installed generating capacity of 2075 MW, equivalent to 79.4% of the capacity of the other plants and 71.4% of national generation. Recent studies conducted in the country, indicate a huge potential for renewable energy production (Renewable Energy Atlas, 2014), with an estimated capacity of about 23,000 GW of solar resources, followed by hydroelectric sources with 19 GW, wind potential with 5 GW and biomass resources with 2 GW. Of this potential, the government has prioritized the production of 5,645 MW from hydropower sources, 600 MW solar, 1,146 MW wind, 128 MW biomass and 20 MW geothermal energy as a way to accelerate universal access of energy services by the population, climate change mitigation as well as for sustainable use of biomass resources (MTA, 2021). (b) Specific information applicable Not applicable. to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, which have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that have agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16-18, of the Paris Agreement; (c) How the Party's preparation Not applicable, as the Global Stocktake did not occur. of its nationally determined contribution was informed by the results of the global stocktaking, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; 60 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 61 (d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement consisting of adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social To date, Mozambique has not undertaken such assessments of how the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in the development of the NDC. consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; (ii) Specific projects, measures To date, Mozambique has only conducted preliminary assessments of the mitigation co-benefits of adaptation actions, supported by UNICEF for Resilient Water Supply and Sanitation Systems and activities to be implemented and Water Resources with funding from Green Funds for the time horizon 2022 to 2024. These activities propose to exchange diesel power generators for photovoltaic panels. Preliminary to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, calculations show that an emissions reduction of about 180 ktCO2eq annually. including information on adaptation plans that also generate mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries 62 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 63 5. METHODOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND APPROACHES, INCLUDING THOSE FOR ESTIMATING AND ACCOUNTING FOR ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND, AS APPROPRIATE, REMOVALS: (a) Assumptions and methodological Under the Initiative for Transparency for Climate Action - ICAT Mozambique formulated in 2018, in Phase 1 of ICAT, the Roadmap for establishing a Strengthened Transparency Framework approaches used to account for in Mozambique. This Roadmap came to be implemented in 2020 and resulted in the formulation and approval of the Mozambique National Strengthened Transparency Framework (QNFTM). anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions The process of formulating the NTSF was participatory involving public and private sectors and entities, civil society and academia through consultations to, among others, review and validate and removals corresponding to the Party's the monitoring elements of the NDC; present and validate the objectives of the institutional arrangements for the National MRV System; present the proposed Enhanced Transparency nationally determined contribution, Framework; present the model reports on climate change adaptation and mitigation actions; undertake group work to review the proposed Enhanced Transparency Framework and model in accordance with decision 1 /CP .21, reports, and achieve consensus on the documents under formulation in plenary discussions for validation. paragraph 31, and the accounting guidance Thus, the QNTFM was developed to systematically produce the following reports: Biennial Transparency Report (BTR), National Communication (CN) and the Implementation Report adopted by the CMA; UNFCCC VERIFICATION Concil of Ministers Nacional MRV System: - National Communications GIIMC Statistics - GEE Inventories Academia Sector - Biennial Transparency Reports - Report of Implementation of the ENAMMC ACADEMY TECHNICAL SUPPORT Coordination Instituion MEASURING AND REPORTING Healthy Finance Science Public Early Disaster Marine Biodiver- Energy IPPU AFOLU Waste Transport Natural Water Gender Tourism Sector Sector and Works Warning Manage- and sity Sector Sector Sector Sector Sector Resources Resources Sector Sector Tecnology and Sector ment Inner Sector Sector Sector Sector Housing Sector Waters Sector Resouces Sector PRIVATE SECTOR CIVIL SOCIETY GHG INVENTORIES NGOs RASTREIO DA IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DE ENAMMC E NDC 64 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 65 of the National Strategy for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change (RI-ENAMMC), including the following interim reports, the National Inventory Report (RIN), Implementation Report of the Nationally Determined Contribution (RI-AAMMC) and Adaptation Communication (AC) (Figure below). The QNTFM has the following systems: Measuring and Reporting System, Verification System and the Academy's Technical Support. In turn, the Measurement and Reporting System is sub-divided into two, one to Measure and Report GHG emissions and removals in the energy sectors including transport, IPPU, AFOLU and Waste - GHG Inventory and the second to Monitor and Report (track) adaptation and risk reduction, mitigation and low carbon development actions and the support received and required contained in the ENAMMC, NAP, NDC and LTS (the latter in formulation). ON INDICATOR UNIT RESPONSIBLE CALCULATION INDICATOR VALUE TARGET 2025 COMMENTS INSTITUTION METHODOLOGY IN THE BASE YEAR (2020) Allocated financial This is the sum of all resources allocated 1 Million MTA Specific 0 USD 7,586 resources thousand million to NDC actions USD 2 Avoided MtCO2eq MTA Soma 0 40 This indicator is the total cumulative GHG das emissões reduction of GHG emissions emissions de GEE evitadas pela implementação de acções de mitigação Share of renewable To be This indicator is not related to a single 3 % MIREME Specific To be energy in total defined action, it is the result of combined actions defined energy consumption and MIREME should develop specific (SDG7) method to calculate this indicator Burnt areas 40% reduction The purpose of this indicator is to monitor 5 ha/year MADER Specific 14,810,076 in the prevalence the reduction in the area burnt per year & MTA of uncontrolled fires 66 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 67 6 Restored area ha MIMAIP Specific 1,110 5,000 of mangroves Losses due This indicator is the result of combined 7 Million MTA, INGC Specific To be defined To be defined to climatic disasters actions by INAM, INGC, MADER USD & INAM by number of people and MOPHRH and can only be calculated per capita in affected areas by the MTA. The consistent methodology should be created with a description sheet One of the major challenges for the operationalisation of the QNTFM and the MRV System will be the strengthening of technical-institutional capacities of the different entities at various levels. In the first phase, technicians from the central and provincial levels will be trained on: use of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories; tracking of NDC adaptation and mitigation actions and support received and required. Considering the need for continuous capacity building of technicians and to cover the provincial level including institutional capacity building, the country is formulating the project proposal under the Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT) to be submitted later this year. (b) Assumptions and methodological See 5 (a) above. Mozambique will also apply specific principles and methodologies, where relevant, in accounting for various policies and measures in its Updated Biennial Report, Biennial approaches used to account for the Transparency Report or National Communication. implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; (c) If applicable, information on how As part of the PBURM formulation, the country prepared its third national greenhouse gas inventory covering the period 2000 to 2016. This was prepared following the 2006 IPCC Guidelines the Party will take into account existing for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC 2006), Good Practice Guidelines on Land Use and Land Cover Change (IPCC 2003) as well as the respective software. methods and guidance under the Convention To estimate the total emissions, the units of the other gases were converted into CO2equivalent (Gg CO2eq.), corresponding to the global warming potential of carbon dioxide in a period to account for anthropogenic emissions of 100 years. and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 149, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; GÁS SYMBOL GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (Gg CO2eq.) (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used Carbon dioxide CO2 1 to estimate anthropogenic greenhouse Methane CH4 28 gas emissions and removals; Nitrous oxide N2O 265 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC-134a) HFC 1.300 Sulphur hexafluoride SF6 23.500 Octafluoropropane C3F8 8.900 Source: IPCC AR5: Chapter 8: Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf 68 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 69 (e) Sector, category or activity specific The process of developing emissions scenarios was done using a combination of tools, including GACMO (Greenhouse gas Abatement Cost MOdel) (Heaps, 2016), the IPCC (2006) software assumptions, methodologies and for estimation of greenhouse gas emissions, and e-sheets developed in the African region for assessment of mitigation actions. The original structure of the e-sheets was modified to suit the approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, mitigation actions considered a priority in Mozambique, according to the procedure described above. The tools used allow projecting energy production and use and, in other sectors, industrial as appropriate, including as applicable: production (in IPPU), expansion of agricultural and livestock areas, land use changes (in AFOLU) and waste production (in the Waste sector) based on economic-social growth assumptions. Adaptation has also been done to accommodate the mitigation actions considered. (i) Approach to address emissions Emissions and removals from the Forestry/afforestation component (see item 1b), 5a), 5 b) and 5e and in the specific section on the topic in chapter 1) above) have not been included as part of and subsequent removals from natural the mitigation target in this updated NDC 1. The emission reductions included in the updated NDC 1 are estimates with a significant level of uncertainty and will be updated with the BUR disturbances on managed lands; results to be available in 2022. (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals of harvested wood products; (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age class structure in forests; (f) Other assumptions and methodological Refer to items 1b), 5a), 5b), 5d) and 5e) above. approaches used to understand the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimate the corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector, category or activity- specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; 70 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 71 (ii) For Parties with nationally Not applicable. determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse gas components, information on assumptions a nd methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; (iii) For climate forcings included Not applicable. Mozambique NDC Includes only forcings covered by IPCC 2006 Guidelines (see Section 3 b). in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how climate forcings are estimated; (iv) Additional technical information, Not applicable. as necessary; (g) The intention to use voluntary Mozambique recognises the experience gained from implementing the Clean Development Mechanism and wishes to be supported by market mechanisms with high environmental integrity cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris that contribute to sustainable development and establish strong incentives to harness the strength of the private sector. Agreement, if applicable. In the medium and long term it intends to plan and use the carbon market or new market mechanisms. Mozambique supports the use of market mechanisms including pre-2020 mitigation outcomes such as: • Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) generated by CDM projects and programmes; • Carbon market efforts, so as to make actions economically viable within the specific contexts of least developed countries, developing countries; and • The further development of accounting rules within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to ensure the environmental integrity of market mechanisms and avoid double counting. 6. HOW THE PARTY CONSIDERS ITS NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION TO BE FAIR AND AMBITIOUS IN LIGHT OF ITS NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES: (a) (a) How the Party considers Considering Mozambique's historical emissions, which are insignificant in the global calculation, the effort that the country needs to make to build adaptive capacity and the national challenges its nationally determined contribution of poverty reduction including the most vulnerable, we consider our contribution fair and appropriate in order to pursue the ultimate objective of the Convention. This NDC has been prepared to be fair and ambitious in light in an environment of uncertainty due to the measures imposed by the emergence of new waves of infections from COVID-19, natural calamities and military instability in some localities in the of its national circumstances; centre and north of the country. The country recorded negative real growth of 1.2% in 2020, this reflects the negative effects of COVID-19 on economic activity during the second quarter, (b) Justice considerations, including with the sectors that were most affected being hotel and restaurant services (-35.8%), extractive industries (-25.6%), trade (-5.7%), manufacturing (-5.3%), transport and communications (-4.7%). reflection on equity; The spread of COVID-19, combined with the climatic shocks that affected the south of the country at the beginning of 2021 and the military insecurity in some regions of the Centre and North (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, of the country, associated with weak global demand, led to a downward revision of the economic outlook initially outlined for 2021, with the growth rate falling from 2.1% to 1.5%. paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; In this way, reflecting the progress of vaccination and the extension of fiscal support in the major economies, with repercussions associated with the global economy and the maintenance 72 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 73 of monetary policies, a growth of the global economy of around 4.9% is forecast for the year 2022 and that the Mozambican economy will recover slightly, growing at a rate of 2.8% conditioned by the prices of the main commodities on the international market that may boost economic growth in the country. This scenario is based on continuing to respond to Public Health Emergencies as part of the response to the negative impact of COVID 19, with the implementation of the COVID-19 Response Plan through vaccination of 80% of the target population by 2022, providing health assistance to displaced populations and strengthening the Health Emergency Operational Centre. However, the need to incur expenses to mitigate adverse climatic shocks and the COVID-19 pandemic, makes it necessary for external credit to increase for investment projects. It is estimated by the growing trend of current external resources that these will increase from 39,904.0 million ZZM in 2022 to 64,805.9 million ZZM in 2024. It is recognised that the pursuit of resilient, low-carbon development can be a driver for poverty reduction, reduced inequities for the most vulnerable and post-COVID green economic recovery19. Thus, the implementation of the NDC will take into account the most vulnerable groups in communities, promoting climate-proof and inclusive development with increased access to efficient technologies and clean energy, prioritising environmental integrity, human health and the creation of green jobs. Thus, Mozambique's NDC is fair in that it responds to the country's vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, post-pandemic challenges of COVID19 and puts on the table its contribution as a developing country. It is also ambitious because it presents a reduction target to be achieved by the years 2020 and 2025, that is, an expected reduction of about 40 million tCO 2eq by 2025. The emission reductions proposed in the mitigation contribution of Mozambique would represent a mitigation effort of about 1.2 tCO2 eq per capita by 2025, a very relevant figure when compared to the total GHG emissions per capita in Mozambique which were respectively 0.6 tCO 2eq in 1990 and about 2 tCO2 eq today (total emissions with LULUCF). Just for comparison purposes the per capita emissions of developed countries (listed in Annex I of the UNFCCC) in the base year (1990) and in 2019 were respectively 16 tCO 2eq and 12 tCO2 eq (total GHG emissions per capita without LULUCF). Overall these values are 6 tCO 2eq and 7 tCO2 eq when accounting for total GHG emissions per capita with LULUCF. Figure 03 presented in this updated NDC 1, graphically presents such values presented above to facilitate visual comparison between per capita emissions and emissions reductions and comparison of what would be the approximate per capita emissions scenarios for mitigation pathways to achieve temperature rise of up to 1,5oC e 2oC10. (d) How the Party addressed Article 4, The evolution of Mozambique's emissions is insignificant compared to the global emission and in terms of emissions linked to the electricity sector it has the highest amount of generation paragraph 411 , of the Paris Agreement (e) from renewable sources until 2015 and continues to be an electricity exporting country. Therefore, in practice its historical and current contribution to global emissions is very small. (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, Mozambique reserves the right to apply this paragraph in the future, including to adjust the information contained in item 1b) above. paragraph 612 , of the Paris Agreement 7. HOW THE NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTES TO ACHIEVING THE OBJECTIVE OF THE CONVENTION AS SET OUT IN ITS ARTICLE 2 (a) How the nationally determined Mozambique as a least developed country has no obligation under the Paris Agreement to undertake NDC actions that are not conditional, particularly considering that due to the nature of its contribution contributes to achieving the development and land management, it has not historically contributed to relevant GHG emissions. objective of the Convention as set out in its Thus, part of Mozambique's contributions in the mitigation area are conditioned to international climate financial, technological and capacity building support to be received from abroad, as Article 2; well as capacity building. (b) The way in which the nationally Meanwhile, in the spirit of increased ambition and in order to demonstrate Mozambique's commitment to fighting global warming, the country has developed, with the support of the Climate determined contribution contributes Action Transparency Initiative - ICAT implemented by UNEP-DTU the national framework for strengthened transparency - the MRV System that will help the country measure, report and verify in relation to Article 2, paragraph 1 (a) 13, actions and support received and requested. and Article 4, paragraph 114 , Within this framework, Mozambique expects to prepare and submit, on time, national communications, biennial update reports, biennial transparency reports and update the NDC. of the Paris Agreement. 74 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 75 Table 4 SUMMARY OF MEASURES PRESENTED: MITIGATION AND LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT ACÇÃO DE MITIGAÇÃO MEDIDA META/LOCAL Improving access to renewable Promotion of the use of renewable energy sources - hydro 4.6.2.2.1.1 New capacity of Tsate (50 MW) energy 4.6.2.2.1 Moamba Major (15 MW) Luaice 0.5MW Majaua 595Kw Berua 1900Kw Technology Action Plan for Regular Hydro Turbine Technology Promotion of the use of renewable energy sources - wind 4.6.2.2.1.2 Namaacha (120MW) Manhiça (120MW) Promotion of the use of renewable energy sources - Photovoltaic 4.6.2.2.1.3 Metoro (40MW) Vilanculos (10 MW) Dondo (30 MW) Nacala (30 MW) Boane (30 MW) Cuamba (30 MW) Balama (10 MW) Checua – Maputo (60KW) Alto Changane – Gaza (100Kw) Changanine – Gaza (0.06MW) Zimane – Inhambane (0.06) MW Chiloane – Sofala (0.04 MW) Inhamuchindo - Sofala (0.060 MW) Chissinguana – Sofala (0.01 MW) Chicule – Manica (0/07) Mpego - Manica (40 MW) Garagua Manica (0.04 MW) Fortuna – Tete (20 MW) Mazogo Lualesse (0.04 MW) Chissimbi – Niassa (0.020 MW) Matchedje – Niassa (0.223MW) Ninga - Cabo Delgado (18MW) Ngapa - Cabo Delgado (0,200MW) Implementation of the Technological Action Plan for Regular-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants - TNA 76 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 77 ACÇÃO DE MITIGAÇÃO MEDIDA META/LOCAL Promoting the expansion Expansion of the urban network, making new connections; promoting 100% coverage in the connection Urban areas, in districts - nationwide of the national grid or the creation of domestic consumers in suburban areas, in the districts and interconnected to the national grid (SILE). of energy distribution micro-grids Development of projects and Installation of 50 000 photovoltaic or wind turbine lighting systems Mozambique, in areas isolated from the national electricity grid (SIE) programmes for micro-energy generation in commercial Installation of 5000 solar PV systems for pumping water for domestic, community or public use Areas isolated from the grid (SIE) or mixed (SILE/SIE) and residential buildings - Increase in isolated (SIE) or mixed (SILE/SIE) areas, including agricultural irrigation and livestock watering energy efficiency 4.6.2.1.2 Powering of 5000 glaciers for domestic use, through photovoltaic technology or with wind turbines, Residences in areas isolated from the national electricity grid (SIE). Promotion of the use of efficient in homes in areas isolated from the national electricity grid (SIE) household appliances Replacement of 2,500,000 incandescent lamps with efficient lamps in all domestic consumers Residences in all provinces of Maputo in the country Productive use of energy - construction of 8 centres for fish conservation Cabo Delgado Construction of 450 MW thermal power plant based on natural gas: Technological Action Plan Inhambane/Temane Promotion of low carbon for Combined Cycle Natural Gas Technology urbanisation 4.6.2.1.4 Massification of LPG - Increasing the number of people with access to cooking gas Cabo Delgado/Pemba, Zambézia/Mocuba, Nampula e Tete to around 309.02% compared to today Massification of Natural Gas Use: o Construction of ten (10) Compressed Natural Gas Supply Stations, Maputo, Gaza and Inhambane Province Massification of Natural Gas Use: o Construction of ten (10) Compressed Natural Gas Supply Stations, • Importation of one hundred and fifty (150) CNG Buses • Import of one thousand (1000) kits and respective conversion Cylinders for Natural Gas. • Conversion of 1000 cars to NG Repair of 150 NG buses for public transport Maputo 78 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 79 ACÇÃO DE MITIGAÇÃO MEDIDA META/LOCAL Increased energy efficiency in travel Expansion of Metrobus to the country's main capitals Maputo, Beira e Nampula Managing and Promotion of sustainable waste management in Mozambique (NAMA Waste) Whole country recovering waste 4.6.2.4.1 Implementation of the Technological Action Plan and Project Ideas for Solid Urban Waste Management and Treatment Enhance and expand conservation Application and expansion of agricultural production techniques of a conservationist and soil protection Whole country agro-livestock farming techniques nature, such as the use of direct planting. Increased efficiency in the production Application and dissemination of production techniques and improved use of firewood and charcoal Whole country and use of biomass fuels sustainability. Reducing GHG emissions Installation of solid waste recycling industries under PRONAL Not identified from Industry Creation of Industrial Research and Development Centers Not identified Encouraging investors to evaluate GHG emissions in investment projects Not identified Promotion of projects and programs of microgeneration of energy in the industrial sector Not identified 80 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 81 Ahmed, A.E. & Alam-Eldin, A.O.M. 2014. An assessment of mechanical vs manual harvesting of the sugarcane in Sudan – The case of Sennar Sugar Factory. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2013.1 Ajibola, C. A. A., John, J. A., Shaba, M. U., Owoniyi, A. C., & Jeremiah, T., 2017. 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Washington DC. 104 Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 105 1 The expected average annual exchange rates for the year 2022 is 66 MZM/USD 10 The bases used to calculate the per capita emissions figures for mitigation (Source: PSOE, 2021, the costs presented for external credit demand pathways to achieve temperature rises of up to 1.5oC and 2oC were derived go beyond the calculated and prepared investment needs to operationalise from the UNFCCC secretariat technical paper FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/8 the actions, measures and policies proposed in this updated NDC 1. supported by global population growth projections published 2 Source: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=MZ by the WorldoMeter platform. 3 Such values are 0.5 and 0.7 tCO2 eq for the same periods (1990 and present) 11 "4. developed country Parties should continue to take the lead when total per capita emissions without LULUCF are accounted for. by taking on absolute economy-wide emission reduction targets. Developing The current data refers to PBURM data. country Parties should continue to step up their mitigation efforts 4 This information will be updated after the final approval of the and are encouraged to move over time towards economy-wide emission PESOEs 2022 and onwards and will be presented in future national reduction or limitation targets in light of different national circumstances." communications under the FNCC and updated in the biennial 12 "6. Least developed countries and small island developing States reports. may prepare and communicate strategies, plans and actions 5 "Least developed countries and small island developing for low greenhouse gas emissions development, reflecting their special states can prepare and communicate strategies, plans circumstances." and actions for low greenhouse gas emissions 13 "This Agreement, by enhancing the implementation of the Convention, development, reflecting their special including its objective, aims to strengthen the global response to the threat FOOTNOTES circumstances." of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to 6 INE - Population Census, 2017. eradicate poverty, including (a) Maintaining the increase in the global average 7 Carbon Counts Company (UK) Ltd. temperature well below 2oC above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to October 2021 limit the temperature increase to 1.5oC above pre-industrial levels, recognizing 8 "(c)Parties shall endeavour to include all categories that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;" of anthropogenic emissions or removals in their nationally 14 "1. In order to achieve the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2, determined contributions and, once a source, sink the Parties aim to achieve the global peak in greenhouse gas emissions or activity is included, continue to include it; as soon as possible, recognizing that the peak will take longer for developing (d) Parties shall provide an explanation country Parties and to make rapid reductions thereafter in accordance of why any categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals with the best available science, so as to achieve a balance between are excluded;" anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse 9 "14. In the context of their nationally determined contributions, when gases in the second half of this century, on the basis of equity and in the recognizing and implementing mitigation actions with respect to anthropogenic context of sustainable development and poverty eradication efforts." emissions and removals, Parties shall take into account, as appropriate, existing methods and guidance under the Convention in light of the provisions of paragraph 13 of this Article."