National Low Carbon Cities Masterplan

1. Pursue a systematic approach - i.e. establish documented strategies and action plans;

2. Employ area wide strategies - i.e. cover all potential emission sectors within city boundary; and

3. Set ambitious GHG reduction target - i.e. establish baseline/peak as well as short and long term reduction targets. Note: 'ambitious' refers to GHG reduction target that surpass the national GHG target and towards carbon neutrality. Essentially, low carbon cities are defined as cities with specific strategies, plans and targets on how to reduce GHG emissions that covers all potential emitting sectors within the city boundary. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTER P LAN 3.0 The 3M Approach The 3M Approach is introduced to guide cities to position themselves as major players in climate change mitigation, as well as set an exam pie for the development of emission reduction strategies at the local level. The 3M Approach consists of three (3) actions below: MEASUREMENT MANAGEMENT MITIGATION • 11;..~ ►• of the GHG emissions by ~ establ1sh 1ng a base line and •(-, •-• of the low carbon development 1n terms of pol icy, targets and ■-• - ■• • of the GHG emissions through design and 1mplementat1on of providing period ic monitoring - - planning • • ■ programmes and proJects It is essential that cities measure and ■ It is also imperative that cities ■ Mitigation is being referred to establish an inventory of their GHG develop as well as update measures and actions taken to emissions for: strategies/action plans to serve as reduce GHG emissions. ■ Assessing and monitoring their a guide in the implementation of efforts in addressing climate change mitigation measures at local level. Note : ■ Evaluating mitigation options Adaptation is not directly part of the in assessing the effectiveness of ■ These documented strategies or 3M Approach as adaptation addresses policies and measures action plans signify the systematic the impacts of climate change. All ■ Making long-term emission approach in carrying out the cities' adaptation measures are based on projections (i.e. setting targets) reduction strategies. reducing vulnerability to climate impacts. But adaptation can be part of the mitigation effort to establish a more resilient city. 4.0 Key Challenges Seven (7) Key Challenges were recognized as barriers to low carbon pathway in most Malaysian cities. i ~ PJ tt Policies Implementation Source of Funding Low Carbon Development and Direction and Execution and Financing in Urban Planning ■ Inconsistent ■ Inconsistent ■ Insufficient and still ■ Weak integration between implementation implementation lacking low carbon reduction ■ Gap in transition from top ■ Not mandatory ■ No dedicated fund strategies and existing to bottom ■ Absence of dedicated ■ Legal barriers for local development's document ■ No specific reference to unit/entity at all levels government to generate ■ Conflicting and competing low carbon agenda additional income development priorities ■ Intensity versus absolute ■ Lack of incentives targets •• j! Iii ~ Community Capacity, Capability Data for Participation and Readiness GHG Inventory ■ Weak in public ■ Shortage of capable ■ Weak in availability and appreciation and people access understanding ■ Lack of skills and ■ Lack of proper data ■ Lack of opportunities to understanding ■ Weak in accuracy participate ■ Lack of subject matter ■ Inconsistent methodology experts NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 5.0 Framework of National Low Carbon Cities Masterplan The strategic framewo rk of Nationa l Low Ca rbon Cit ies Masterplan intends to t ransfo rm Ma lays ian Cit ies into low ca rbon wh ilst push ing the low ca rbon development in Ma lays ia to the next level. Transforming Malaysian Cities into Low Carbon Key Drivers Governance and Urban Community Implementation Framework Planning Participation Streamline the governance and Institutionalise low carbon Get community to actively implementation framework for elements in urban planning participate in green initiatives low carbon development Key Enablers Funding and Capacity Data Collection Built Environment and Building and Analysis Physical Infrastructure Source for funding, financing and Develop a single window and Strengthen the built environment investment system in low carbon seamless link to data, information and physical infrastructure development, as well as and resources as well as provide to ensure low carbon and increase capacity a common set of performance sustainable development at management metrics to be used urban level for emissions evaluation Key Directions, Key Actions and Targets KEY DRIVERS KEY ENABLERS Are nee ded t o effect t ransfor mati ve change Ass ist in prov idin g great er im pact Governance and Implementation Framework Funding and Capacity Building The strategies and actions developed are related to The strategies and actions developed are related to streamlining the governance and implementation ensure sustainable development at urban level. framework for low carbon development in Malaysia. Data Collection and Analysis Urban Planning The strategies and actions developed are related to The strategies and actions developed are related to putting an effort in developing a single window and instituting low carbon and carbon sink elements in seamless link to data, information and resources urban planning. as well as providing a common set of performance management metrics to be used for carbon Community Participation evaluation. The strategies and actions developed are related to getting community to actively participate in green Built Environment and Physical Infrastructure initiatives. The strategies and actions developed are related to strengthening the built environment and physical infrastructure to ensure sustainable development at urban level. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 6.0 Synopsis of the Action Plans In shaping the pathway of low carbon development in Malaysia, the following action plans are recommended to drivethetran~ormation . 3 KEY DRIVERS AND 9 KEY 24 KEY 3 KEY ENABLERS DIRECTIONS ACTIONS KDl KD2 Governance and Streamline and Strengthen the Implementation Integrate Related Low Institutional Framework Framework Carbon Policies and and Implementation z Regulations Mechanism at All Levels 0 al c::: Vl <C c:: KD3 u w :=: Mainstream Low s c:: C > Carbon Urban Planning and Development 0 w ...J ~ 0 1- z KD4 V) Increase Community -w Participation in Low Carbon Development - 1- u z -<C V) KDS KD6 ~ Provide Funding Invest and Build and Financing to Capacity to Act ...J Facilitate Low Carbon <C Development :E C, -:Ez Vl c:: w ..J KD7 KDS c::: ea c:( Improve Low Carbon Information and Data Measure Low Carbon Performance 0 z w Management u.. > V) w z ~ <C c::: I- KD9 Develop Citywide/ Sectoral Development Strategies on Low Carbon IMPLEMENTATION PLANS AND TARGETS »»»»»»»»»>»»»»»»>»»»»»>»> NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 9 Key Directions and 24 Key Actions Key Drivers for Low Carbon Development KDl: Streamline and Integrate Related Low Carbon Policies and Regulations Action 1.1 Align Existing Regulation and Laws to Support Low Carbon Cities Development Action 1.2 Align National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) to Support Low Carbon Cities Development Action 1.3 Establish Absolute Carbon Reduction Targets for Targeted Cities (202 1 - 2050) Action 1.4 Establish Policies to Enable Top Down Approach for Low Carbon Implementation at State Level Action 1.5 Integrate Low Carbon Guidelines and Components into Existing and New Planning Development Documents Action 1.6 Promote Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) as Part of GHG Reduction Measures KD2: Strengthen the Institutional Framework and Implementation Mechanism at All Levels Action 2.1 Improve the Governance and Implementation Structure at Federal and State Levels Action 2.2 Strengthen the Implementation Mechanism at the Ground Level KD3: Mainstream Low Carbon Urban Planning and Development Action 3.1 Embed Low Carbon Elements in Urban Planning and Development Action 3.2 Develop Standard Guideline of GHG Emission Reduction Strategies for Easy and Consistent Implementation at Ground Level KD4: Increase Community Participation In Low Carbon Development Action 4.1 Nurture Active Participation and Awareness through Effective Communication Plan Action 4.2 Use Education to Foster Human Behavioural Changes to Sustainable Practices Key Enablers for Low Carbon Development KDS: Provide Funding and Financing to Facilitate Low Carbon Development Action 5.1 Create Specific Low Carbon Development Fund and Budget to Implement Low Carbon Programmes and Initiatives Action 5.2 Create Alternative Funding to Finance Low Carbon Initiatives and Programmes at Local Level KDG : Invest and Build Capacity to Act Develop and Place Dedicated Officers at State and Local Levels to Increase Productivity and Create Holistic Manpower Action 6.1 Support System Action 6.2 Develop and Nurture Knowledge, Expertise and Skills in Low Carbon Development Area at State and Local Levels KD7: Improve Low Carbon Information and Data Management Action 7.1 Establish Proper and Efficient System of Data Collection and Management for GHG Inventory Purposes Action 7.2 Develop Central Online System on GHG Emission Reporting and Data Management to be Used at All Levels KDS: Measure Low Carbon Performance Action 8.1 Align Performance-Based Tools to Global Protocol For Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC) KD9: Develop Citywide/Sectoral Development Strategies on Low Carbon Action 9.1 Spatial Planning and Development Action 9.2 Energy Action 9.3 Transportation Action 9.4 Waste NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN

7 .O Target Cities A total of 33 local and regional government has been selected as Target Cities. The main criteria for the selection is the total number of population in the city/area must exceed 300,000 - based on the 2010 census data by the Department of Statistics of Malaysia - with exception for Putrajaya Corporation, Kulai Municipal Council, Pasir Gudang City Council, Ponti an District Council, Se pang Municipal Council and Hang Tua h Jaya Municipal Council. Category Selection Justification City Council 18 out of 18 ■ All City Councils are selected as they meet the 2010 census data criteria of population exceeding 300,000 ■ Under the Ministry Of Housing & Local Government requirement, City Council must have a total number of population exceeding 500,000 Municipal Council 12 out of 36 ■ 12 local authorities are selected based on the selection criteria - with the exception of Kulai Municipal Council, Pasir Gudang City Council, Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal Council and Sepang Municipal Council. District Council loutof95 ■ Ponti an District Council (part of lskandar Malaysia and participating city of the GTALCC project). Economic Region loutof5 ■ lskandar Malaysia (participating city of the GTALCC project). Modified Local Authority l outof5 ■ Putrajaya Corporation (participating city of the GTALCC project). Total Number Selected 33 ■ Note: The source for the population criteria is based on the number of population retrieved from Key Summary Statistics For Local Authority Areas, Malaysia, 2010. Details of 33 Selected Target Cities Group 1 Group2 Group3

1. Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal 1. Alar Setar City Council 1. Kata Bharu Municipal Council Council 2. Am pang Jaya Municipal 2. Kata Kinabalu City Hall 2. lskandar Malaysia Council 3. Kuala Terengganu City Council 3. lskandar Puteri City Council 3. lpoh City Council 4. Kuantan City Council

4. Johar Bahru City Council 4. Kajang Municipal Council 5. Sandakan Municipal Council

5. Kuala Lumpur City Hall 5. Klang Municipal Council 6. Sungai Petani Municipal 6. Kulai Municipal Council 6. Kuching North City Hall Council 7. Melaka Historic City Council 7. Kuching South City Council 7. Tawau Municipal Council 8. Pasir Gudang City Council 8. Miri City Council 9. Penang Island City Council 9. Selayang Municipal Council 10. Petaling Jaya City Council 10. Seremban City Council ll. Ponti an District Council ll. Su bang Jaya City Council 12. Putrajaya Corporation 13. Seberang Perai City Council 14. Sepang Municipal Council

15. Shah Alam City Council NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTER P LAN 8.0 Other Cities Cities that are not selected as Target Cities, but are keen in implementing mitigation measures to reduce GHG emissions can undertake the following actions as vital steps in paving the pathway to low carbon cities or low carbon development. l @ i-----------t•• Action 01 Planning ■ Develop climate change or low carbon action plan ■ Set target to reduce GHG emissions Action 02 ••1■----------1@ Capacity Building ■ Set dedicated resources and implementation mechanism •• Iii @ i - - - - - - - - - 4 • - Action 03 Implementation ■ Devise and implement community-based carbon reduction initiatives Action 04 ••1■----------1@ Monitoring ■ Set and develop reporting and monitoring system to measure GHG emissions NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 9.0 Absolute Carbon Reduction Targets The timeline and absolute carbon reduction targets for Target Cities by 2030 until 2050 are as follows: 2021 & 2022 Group 1 cities have developed GHG Inventories that include baseline emissions and established 33% reduction target in absolute GHG emissions by 2030 Groupl ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ 12th Malaysia Plan 2021- 2025 2026 2030 Group 2 cities have Group 1 cities achieved 33% developed GHG Inventories reduction in absolute GHG and established a 33% emissions and declared the reduction target in absolute year of carbon neutrality GHG emissions by 2035 Group 2 Groupl 0 0 13th Malaysia Plan 2026 - 2030 NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 2050 2045 Group 1 cities achieved carbon neutrality Group 2 cities achieved 66% Group 3 cities achieved 66% reduction in reduction in absolute absolute GHG emissions and would be carbon GHG emissions and neutral by 2060 would be carbon neutral by 2055 Group 1 Group 3 Group2 0 00 0 ff 17th Malaysia Plan 2046 - 2050 16th Malaysia Plan 2041- 2045 2031 2035 2040 Group 3 cities have Group 2 cities Group 1 cities achieved 66% reduction in developed GHG achieved 33% absolute GHG emissions. Inventories including reduction in absolute baseline emissions GHG emissions and Group 3 cities achieved 33% reduction in and established 33% declared year of absolute GHG emissions and declared year of reduction target in carbon neutrality carbon neutrality absolute GHG emissions by 2040 Group3 Group2 Group 1 Group 3 0 0 14th Malaysia Plan 2031- 2035 15th Malaysia Plan 2036 - 2040 NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 10.0 Managing Implementation The proposed governance structure as shown in the In ensuring that the masterplan is being implemented diagram below plays an important role to ensure at all levels, the role of Project Management Office that multi-level and cross-sectoral participation and (PMO) as the Secretariat in this structure is crucial . collaboration take place at all levels in pursuing low There is an apparent need to continue the role of PMO ea rbon development efforts. Entities such as National for the purpose of improving existing coordination and Action Council, State Action Council and Specia I/ managing the implementation collectively. Dedicated Unit are proposed to be a part of the key actions in this masterplan . Details of their roles are explained in Chapter4 under Action 2.1 and Action 2.2. I ,-------------------- Malaysia Climate Action Council (MyCAC) ·--------------------, \ • Secretariat for NLCCM Implementation: Ministry of Environment and Water (Dedicated Project Management Office) Ministry of Energy Ministry of Ministry of Housing Ministry of and Natural Environment and Water State Government and Local Government Federal Territories Resources (KASA) KeTSA Economics Planning Ministry ofTransport Ministry of Works Ministry of Finance Others Unit (EPU) FEDERAL LEVEL ~\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\~ ~\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ State Action Council ''-------------------➔ A dedicated action council or committee at state level. For example: ~-------------------~~ Johor Low Carbon Council EXCO I UPEN/BPEN ! State Special Purpose Vehicles Local Authorities / corporations STATE LEVEL ~\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\~ ~\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Local Authorities Special/ Dedicated Unit on Low Carbon City LOCAL LEVEL ~\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 22 Introduction Climate Change and Its Impact Cities, Urbanization and GHG Emissions Global Efforts in Addressing Climate Change Malaysia's Efforts in Addressing Climate Change NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 1.1 Climate Change and Its Impact Climate change is a long-term change in the earth's change threatens 1.2 billion jobs (Source: The World climate that occurs either naturally or by human EmploymentandSocialOutlook2018) . The industries interference. The main reason for recent climate most at risk are agriculture, fisheries, and forestry. change is due to the accumulation of heat trapping greenhouse gases (GHG) mainly produced by human Social Consequences activities. Because of this, the atmosphere is trapping more heat, causing average temperature to rise, in turn With regards to social impact, climate change is altering the climate. A warmer and unstable climate causing mass migration around the world. This also results in increased frequency in extreme events is because people are leaving flooded coastlines, such as floods and droughts, regardless of latitude. drought-stricken farmlands and areas of extreme These various and different natural disasters have natural disasters. It has been recorded that extreme shownthattheoverallclimate isnotonlywarming up weather has displaced 22.5 million people since year but has also been disrupted . 2008 (Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) . Fundamentally, social progress will be The largest element in GHG is carbon dioxide or greatly affected if the natural environment is being CO 2 - comprising more than 80% of all GHG . As CO 2 degraded continuously. Therefore, environmental emissions are very much linked to human activities, damages must be minimized via the way the economy they must be limited. Increase in GHG emissions operates. has been responsible for the recent climate change phenomena such as the global warming of the Looking at the economic, social and environmental atmosphere. A continued increase in warming will lead impact of climate change, there is a need for new to more extreme conditions which in turn generate a patterns of development in order to ensure growing wide range of economic and social consequences . human demand is no longer met at the expense of the environment, but instead embraces the restoration Economic Consequences and protection of ecological systems. Climate change has caused extreme weather like Mitigating the impacts of climate change requires tornadoes, wildfires, hurricanes, flood and droughts, an eclectic approach as this is a complex dilemma that in which the loss created by these extreme condition cannot be solved from just one angle. The government in terms of monetary value is monumental. Scientist can play an instrumental role by accounting for estimated that GDP would fall 15% if temperatures the impacts of climate change when designing and rose by 2 degree Celsius. It is estimated that climate implementing policies, programmes and investments NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Figure 1.1 How Climate Change Could Impact the World Pollution and 250,000 pollen season will Deaths from disease increase leading to more allergies $2-4bn by year2030 and asthma Cost by year 2030 Warmer wa ters and Vector borne Hunger and famine flooding will diseases like 7 million w ill increase as increase exposure malaria and Deaths by air pollution food production is to diseases in dengue virus will de-stabilised by drinking and increase with more drought recreational water humidity and heat Source: World Health Organisation Figure 1.2 Composition of Global GHG 8% o---------- Nitrous Oxide -------------0 3% l. .____ C_a-rb_o_n_D-io ~,: e (O~ : 14% o i - - - - - - - - o Methane Fluorinated Gases 17% o i - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ o 57% carbon Dioxide (Deforestation, Carbon Dioxide Decay of Biomass, etc) (Fossil Fuel Use) Source: Environment Canada data NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 1.2 Cities, Urbanization and GHG Emissions Cities are the main engine for a dynamic economic also contributed to 60% and 70% of global energy growth and the focal points of population . Cities' consumption and waste respectively. services and industrial sectors are the major contributors to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) . In Peninsular Malaysia, cities and towns occupy less However, human and economic activities in urban than 10% of the total land . However, as being reported areas tend to consume more energy, water and food . in the Malaysia Third National Communication 2018, GHG emissions for year 2014 accounted for Urbanisation refers to an increasing proportion approximately 317,626.83 C02eq (Gg); and 95% of it of a population residing in urban areas or cities in was from urban activities or sectors such as energy comparison to rural areas. Obviously, the promise of consumption, industry and waste disposal. jobs and prosperity, among other factors, pulls people to cities . Currently, halfofthe global population already It is apparent that urban activities are contributing live in cities, and by 2050 two-thirds of the world's significantly to the increase of emission in GHG. Thus, population are expected to live in urban areas. For fostering urban development in the most sustainable Malaysia, the urbanisation rate in 2015 was recorded manners can reduce energy demand/consumption at 75% and projected rate for 2020 and 2040 are at 78% and GHG emissions. As a result, it makes cities more and 84% respectively. efficient in energy consumption and carbon reduction while simultaneously enhances economic productivity However, urbanisation also bring along some threats; and improves the well-being of urban residents. of which is an increase in CO 2 emissions which directly impacted the GHG emissions and climate change. A study cited that a 1% increase in urbanisation correlates with a 0.95% increase in emissions. (Source: resea rchgate.net). Cities today occupy approximately 2% of the total land, however cities contributed to 70% of global GHG emissions (Source: www.c40 .org) . Not only that, cities NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Figure 1.3 Cities and Urbanisation Increase the Proliferation of CO, and GHG Emissions Human Activities in Climate Change Main Climate Change Urban Areas Processes Characteristics • Energy • Industrial Consumption • Transportation from Build ings • Waste • Land Use Change Cities Occupy 2% of EmitGHG Total Land but Contributed to : and CO, into the • 70% of Globa l Greenhouse Gas atmosphere • 60% of Global Energy Consumption • 70% of Global Waste Major Threats and Impacts Source: Adopted from UNEP NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 1.3 Glo bal Efforts in Addressing Climate Change a) International Policies and Agreement meet the ambitions of addressing climate change and reducing GHG emissions. Among notable efforts at the global level were the formulation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) In 2016, The New Urban Agenda (NUA) was and the New Urban Agenda (NUA) . However, the adopted at the Habitat Ill Conference in Quito, Ecuador concept of low carbon development was rooted in the as part of a global framework for sustainability. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate NUA represents a shared vision to create equitable, Change (UNFCCC) adopted in Rio de Janeiro Earth prosperous, low-carbon and resilient cities. Summit in 1992. It has been generally introduced by using the term low-emission development strategies (LEDS) which is also known as low-carbon development strategies. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) The initial proposal to introduce LEDS was put forward SDGs are action plans to end poverty and hunger, in Conference of the Parties (COP15), Copenhagen promote good education, health and well-being, in 2009 which recognized LEDS as indispensable to achieve clean water and sanitation, promote affordable and clean energy, and reach gender equality as well as sustainable development. In the context of conference, increase effort in combating climate change and GHG COP15 recognised that climate change is one of the reduction. present day greatest challenges and actions should be ta ken to keep any tern peratu re increase to below 2°C. Thus, LEDS is crucial to reduce vulnerability to climate New Urban Agenda (NUA) change impacts and also to address and integrate climate change with development objectives. NUA outlines how cities should be planned and managed to best promote sustainable urbanisation. The effort of LEDS has been further promoted It is a roadmap for building cities that can serve as engines of prosperity and centres of cultural and social and linked to The Paris Agreement and the 2030 wellbeing while protecting the environment. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to serve as the catalyst for enhancing country-level action to NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Figure 1.4 Integrated and coordinated manner at all levels with the partcipation of relevant actors and sectors for a sustainable urban development. United Nations Sustainable Climate Change Development Goals Conference COP15 Key Outcome Emphasis on integration of Key Outcome climate change measures Emphasis on efforts into national policies, to keep global strategies and planning as temperature rise well as to increase more below 2 °C and LEDS 0 ~ - - - - - -... investment in low-carbon is indispensable development to sustainable development Paris Climate New Urban Agreement Agenda --------o Key Outcome Key Outcome Each country must Sustainable urban determine, plan, and development as a regularly report on critical step for realising their contribution sustainable development that it undertakes to in an integrated and mitigate global warming coordinated manner at a 11 levels, with the participation of all relevant actors and sectors NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN b) Cities Commitment Cities are economic powerhouse that contribute to Many cities are committing and making progress 70% of the world's GHG emissions. With nearly 68% in reducing their greenhouse gas footprints. For of the world's population projected to live in cities the purpose of sharing knowledge and pushing for by 2050, cities are going to be where the battle for change, cities have resorted to forming alliances as climate change is lost or won . Across the globe, cities a commitment to implementing ambitious climate are scaling up their collective efforts to tackle climate goals. A few notable alliances by cities are briefly change. discussed below: C40 is a city-level NGO active on climate action, a global network of the world's megacities (i.e. large metropolitan areas with population of more than 10 million people) committed to addressing climate change by developing and implementing policies and programme that generate measurable reductions in both greenhouse gas emissions and climate risks. The organisation supports cities to collaborate effectively, share knowledge and drive meaningful, measurable and sustainable action on climate change. C40's portfolio now counts with more than 90 mega cities acting to hinder climate change. It is estimated the C40 actions have already reached more than 650 million people and prevented the emission of 2.4 Gt CO 2 equivalent. ICLEI ICLEI- Local Governments for Sustainability, founded in 1990 as the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, is a global network of cities, towns and regions committed to building a sustainable future. The international network was established when more than 200 local governments from 43 countries convened at its inaugural conference, the World Congress of Local Governments for a Sustainable Future, atthe United Nations in New York in September, 1990. Today, the ICLEI network includes more than 1,750 local and regional governments in 100+ countries. 100 RESILIENT CITIES (l00RC) Pioneered by The Rockefeller Foundation, (l00RC) is dedicated to helping cities around the world become more resilient to the physical, social and economic challenges that are a growing part of the 21st century. l00RC supports the adoption and incorporation of a view of resilience that includes not just the shocks - earthquakes, fires, floods, etc. - but also the stresses that weaken the fabric of a city on a day to day or cyclical basis. Examples of these stresses include high unemployment; an overtaxed or inefficient public transportation system; endemic violence; or chronic food and water shortages. By addressing both the shocks and the stresses, a city becomes more able to respond to adverse events, and is more able to deliver basic functions in both good times and bad, to all populations. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Some of the cities are doing the most to address Figure 1.5 climate change. According to bloomberg.com, the Pushing Green Ambition following cities are setting out the most rigoro us plans Emission Carbon to achieve carbon or climate change neutrali ty by 2050. cuts against /Climate baseline Neutrality 2020 2030 2040 2050 Melbourne Australia ' ' ' ' The Hague Netherlands Sydney Australia Barcelona Spain London United Kingdom New York United States Paris France Toronto Canada Taipei Taiwan Note: Includes only cities with target of 50% or more cut in emissions from their respective baseline year Source : CDP Climate A Li st, Bloombe rg NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 1.4 Malaysia's Efforts in Addressing Climate Change a) Policies Addressing Climate Change Malaysia has been very supportive in terms of formulation and implementation of policies that address climate change. Several related policies are developed by the government to ensure that climate resilient development is able to fulfil the national agenda of sustainability. The first attempt took place in 2002 when the government implemented the national policy on the environment that laid out principles and strategies for Malaysia to exploit its natural resources in a more sustainable manner while developing its economy at the same time. Subsequently, more policies emerged as the government realised that climate change does not involve environmental issues alone but also affects economic growth and social aspect. Table 1.1 briefly discussed the related policies formulated by the government. These policies provided guidelines and directions for government agencies, NGOs and the public in general on issues and challenges related to climate change. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Table 1.1 Local Policies that Address Climate Change Vear Policy Description 2002 National This policy aims to achieve a clean, safe, healthy and productive environment Policy on the for the present and future generation. It also aims to conserve the country's Environment unique and diverse cultural and natural heritage through active participation of all society. 2009 National Green This policy involves several sectors that have direct impact on the environment; Technology namely energy, building, transport, water and waste management. It is based on Policy four (4) pillars: ■ Energy - promote energy effi ciency; ■ Environment - conserve and minimise impact on the environment; ■ Economy - enhance growth through green technology application; and ■ Social - improve quality of life. 2009 National Policy This policy aims to achieve the following: On Climate ■ Mainstream climate change through wise management of resources and Change enhanced environmental conservation resulting in strengthened economic competitiveness and improved quality of life; ■ Integrate responses into national policies, plans and programmes to strengthen the resilience of development from arising and potential impacts of climate change; and ■ Strengthen institutional and implementation capacity to better harness opportunities to reduce negative impacts of climate change. In this policy, the main action is to come out with relevant adaptation and mitigation strategy to speci fi cally addresses issues in the agriculture sector as agriculture and climate change are inter-related. 2010 National This policy aims to effectively reduce GHG emissions and environmental Renewable pollution. It facilitates the growth and development of renewable energy Energy Policy and while maintaining the environment. It also aims to enhance the utilisation of Action Plan indigenous energy resources to contribute towards national electricity supply security and sustainable socio-economic development. 2011 Renewable This policy aims to stimulate the renewable energy industry by providing Energy Act 2010 appropriate economic incentives. The incentive in place is the Feed- In Tari ff (FI T) system. This system is expected to reduce carbon emissions and pollution, encourage energy effi ciency measures and reduce dependency on fossil f uels. Thus this act is also one of the mitigation measures towards climate change. 2016 National This policy aims to minimise municipal solid waste through 3R, promote waste to Solid Waste energy projects and improve waste management in general. It has targeted that Management 18% of waste generated is to be treated by high technology applications such as Policy thermal heat plants and that recycling rate by 2020 is at 22%. 2016 National Policy This policy aims to improve carbon stocks and promote green/carbon tax and On Biological carbon offset scheme. It has targeted that at least 20% of terrestrial areas as well Diversity as 10% of coastal and marine areas are to be conserved. 2016- 2025 NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN b) Commitment that Addressing Climate Change Malaysia has been very committed in addressing climate change related issues and has been actively involved in international conventions. Table 1.2 below shows a summary of activities that Malaysia has actively participated. Table 1.2 List of Activities participated in Addressing Climate Change No Vear Commitment 1 1989 Ratification of Montreal Protocol 2 1992 Participation at Earth Summit 3 1994 Ratification of United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 4 1994 Establishment of National Committee on Climate Change s 2000 Submission of Initial National Communication 6 2002 Ratification of Kyoto Protocol and Participation at Earth Summit 7 2008 Establishment of Cabinet Committee on Climate Change 8 2009 • Participation in UNFCCC COP lS ■ Malaysia Pledged to Reduce GHG Emissions Intensity per GDP by 40% by 2020 as Compared to 2005 Level 9 2009 Establishment of National Policy and Climate Change 10 2009 Establishment of Green Technology and Climate Change Council 11 2011 Submission of Second National Communication 12 2012 Participation in the United Nation Conference on Sustainable Development 13 201S ■ Participation in COP 21 and Paris Agreement ■ Malaysia Pledged to Reduce GHG Emissions Intensity per GDP by 45% by 2030 as Compared to 2005 Level 14 2016 Submission of Third National Communication and Biennial Update Report (BUR) lS 2016 Ratification of Paris Agreement 16 2017 Ratification of Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN c) National Documents Addressing Climate Change To date, the government has produced severa l documents that tack led climate change issues, both directly and indirectly. Table 1.3 shows a summary of said documents. Table 1.3 List of Documents Addressing Climate Change Document Vear Key Focus/ Proposals Related to Commitment Climate Change The Eleventh 2016 ■ Strengthening the enabling By 2020: Malaysia environment for green growth ■ Up to 40% of reduction in CO 2 emission Plan (11 MP), ■ Adopting the sustainable intensity of GDP compared to 200S level 2016-2020 consumption and production concept ■ 2,080 MW in renewable energy installed ■ Conserving natural resources capacity ■ Strengthening resilience against ■ Recycling rate of household waste at 22% climate change and natural disasters Mid-Term 2018 ■ Increasing contribution of renewable By 2020: Review of energy in power generation ■ At least 10% of coastal and marine areas the Eleventh ■ Optimising energy use through gazetted as protected areas Malaysia Plan demand side management practices ■ At least 17% of terrestrial and inland ■ Encouraging low-carbon mobility water areas gazetted as protected areas ■ Promoting green buildings ■ 4S% of reduction in GHG emissions ■ Strengthening waste management intensity to GDP by year 2030 relative to ■ Expanding green markets the level in year 200S ■ Developing agricultural low-carbon ■ 8,88S MW renewable energy installed system for crops and livestock as well capacity as analysing carbon sequestration of ■ Recycling rate of household waste at 30% crops ■ Applying carbon sequestration principle through conserving natural resources Third National 2016 ■ Addressing the effects of climate ■ Reduction of carbon dioxide (CO,) Physical Plan change through the reduction of emissions intensity - 40% target by 2020, (NPP-3) greenhouse gases with the use 4S% target by 2030 and SO% target by of sustainable infrastructure and 2040. development of low-carbon cities ■ To achieve SO% forest coverage by the ■ Emphasizing on low carbon and 2040 green infrastructure development ■ Target Share of Public Transportation (2040) Peninsular Malaysia - 50% Kuala Lumpur- 60% Putrajaya/Cyberjaya - 60% Joh or Bahru - 50% Georgetown - 50% Kuantan - 50% Kata Kinabalu - 40% Labuan - 40% NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Table 1.3 List of Documents that Addressed Climate Change (cont'd) Document Vear Key Focus/ Proposals Related to Commitment Climate Change National 2016 ■ Promoting healthy low carbon N/A Urbanization lifestyle and environment Policy 2 (NUP 2) ■ Reducing carbon emission through green infrastructure development ■ Applying carbon sequestration principle through more green spaces and environment protection Green 2017 ■ Mainstreaming green technology By 2030: Technology development Renewable Energy (RE) - 30% Master Plan ■ Providing a conducive environment Energy Efficiency-15% of reduction in 2017 - 2030 for green technology development electricity consumption Public Transportation share - 40% (All cities) 28% Recycling rate Build 3 Waste-to-Energy (WTE) thermal plants 20% of NRW ■ 100% sludges to be recycled ■ 33% treated effluent to be recycled NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN d) City Level Actions/Efforts Many municipalities in Malaysia understand and • GCOM - Seberang Perai City Council, lskandar recognise that cities are a key contributors to climate Malaysia, Putrajaya Corporation, Tawau Municipal change as urban activities are the main sources of Council, Kuala Lumpur City Hall and lskandar greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, local authorities are Puteri City Council. at the forefront in addressing emerging environmental issues. With regards to local guidelines/framework, the Low Carbon City Framework and Assessment System In addressing climate change, most local authorities (LCCF) was formulated by the government in 2011. are either guided by local guidelines/framework or rely LCCF aims to initiate Local level actions at local to on international organisations/bodies related to low reduce GHG emissions via the implementation of carbon development to implement of GHG reduction low carbon strategies and measures at city level . measures at city level. As of June 2019, a total of 52 local authorities have adopted or joined the LCCF programme. A few cities are members of city alliances such as C40 (C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group), ICLEI (Local Nevertheless, some cities have developed their own Government for Sustainability) and GCOM (Global action plans to reduce GHG emissions as shown in Covenant of Mayors) in committing and making Figure 1.6. these cities are proven examples for other progress in shrinking their GHG emissions. cities in pursuing low ea rbon development. Members of the alliances are as follows: • C40 - Kuala Lumpur City Hall; ■ ICLEI - Langkawi, Seberang Perai City Council, Mela ka State Government, Mel aka City Cou nci 1, Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal Council and Alor Gajah Municipal Council; and NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Figure 1.6 Cities with Low Carbon Development Action Plans 0 Low Carbon Island Model • Shah Alam City Council Langkawi as First Low Carbon Island Shah Alam Low Carbon City Action Plan (2017) 0 Seberang Perai City Council 0 Ampang Jaya Municipal Council Low Carbon Projects and Programmes Low Carbon City Action Plan 2017- 2022 (2017) 0 Putrajaya Corporation G Kajang Municipal Council Towards Putrajaya Green City 2025 (2011) (Bandar Baru Bangi) Bandar Baru Bangi Low Carbon City Action Plan 2035 G Kuala Lumpur City Hall (Draft) Kuala Lumpur Low Carbon Society Plan 2030 (2018) 0 Sepang Municipal Council (Cyberjaya) G Petaling Jaya City Council Cyberjaya Smart and Low Carbon City Action Plan 2030 MBPJ Low Carbon City Action Plan 2015- 2030 (2017) City Climate Action Plan (2015) 0 Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal Council Hang Tuah Jaya Green City Plan (2017) 8 Melaka City Council Melaka Green City Action Plan (2014) G, lskandar Regional Development Authority Low Carbon Society Blueprint for lskandar Malaysia 2025 (2013) G) Miri City Council Making Miri a Green, Sustainable City NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 38 Defining Low Carbon Cities Definition The 3M Approach Focus Sectors of Low Carbon Cities NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 2.1 Definition There is no single or universal definition for low ea rbon The definition emphasizes on three (3) main elements: development or low carbon cities . In general, many global organisations (such as The World Bank, United ■ Pursue a systematic approach - i.e. establish Nation Environment Programme (UNEP) and ICLEI to documented strategies or action plans; name a few), cities and government authorities have ■ Employ area wide strategies - i.e. cover major defined the above terms based on their differing focus potential emission sectors within city boundary; areas and targets. As such, the definition eventually and becomes subjective as it is being derived from the ■ Set ambitious GHG reduction target - i.e. perspective of different organisations or entities, and establish baseline/peak as well as short and very much dependent on area of interest of the said long term reduction targets . Note: 'ambitious' entities. However, in general, most of the organisations refers to GHG reduction target that surpass did mention about the needs to lower GHG emissions the national GHG target and towards carbon as their ultimate goal. neutrality. Even though there is no common definition to Cities are required to fulfil! the three (3) requirement constitute what low carbon cities are, the masterplan above to be on the path towards low carbon cities. has defined Low Carbon Cities as follows: The following section on the 3M Approach shows how the above elements intertwined and how cities can employ the approach to change their carbon emission trajectories. Essentially, low-carbon cities are Definition of Low Carbon Cities cities that have comprehensive actions and definitive targets to reduce their environmental impact and GHG A low carbon city is defined as a city that implements low carbon strategies to meet the emissions, as well as contribute minimally to climate environmental, social and economic needs change. of the city. The city measures, manages and mitigates greenhouse gas emissions to reduce its contribution to climate change. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Figure 2.1 Varying Definition of Low Carbon Development/Cities United Nation Environment The World Bank ICLEI Programme (UNEP) The term Low-Emission Definition for low carbon A low-carbon city recognizes its Development Strategies (LEDS) development is centred around responsibility to act. It pursues a first emerged under the United using less carbon for growth step-by-step approach towards Nations Framework Convention and is a common feature among carbon neutrality, urban on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in low carbon development initiatives. resilience and energy security,

2008. LEDS are generally used to Low carbon development in cities or supporting an active green describe forward-looking national low carbon city development allows economy and stable green economic development plans or municipalities to take advantage infrastructure. strategies that encompass low- of integrated planning in a manner emission and/or climate-resilient that ensures emission reduction economic growth. strategies and socio-economic growth are not mutually exclusive. Low Carbon Cities Framework United Nation Environment (Malaysia) Programme (UNEP) Low Carbon City can be defined Definitions of a low-carbon city as a city that comprises societies focus on how cities change their that consume sustainable carbon emission trajectories green technology, green independent of their initial practices and emit relatively carbon endowments, but in low carbon or GHG as ways that do not compromise compared with present day economic development and practice to avoid the adverse liveability. impacts on climate change. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 2.2 The 3M Approach Low carbon cities are defined as cities that have specific strategies, plans and targets on how to reduce GHG emissions, covering all potential emission sectors within the city boundary. The global trend now is more people living in cities than in rural areas. People living and economic activities in urban areas tend to contribute significantly to carbon emissions, which are the main component and driver of GHG emissions and climate change respectively. By taking the lead on low carbon development, cities are able to directly address local issues and contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions. Under this masterplan, the 3M Approach is introduced to guide cities to position themselves as major players in climate change mitigation, as well as set an example for the development of emission reduction strategies at the local level. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN The 3M Approach consists of three (3) actions as shown in Figure 2.2 below. Figure 2.2 The 3M Approach ,,-------------0 The 3M Approach 0-------------,, I I Mitigation Measurement of the GHG Mitigation refers to measures and actions taken to emissions by establishing a reduce GHG emissions. As such, mitigation attends to baseline and providing periodic the causes of climate change (i.e. the accumulation of monitoring GHG in the atmosphere). a Management of low Note: carbon development in Adaptation is not directly part of the 3M Approach as terms of policy, targets and adaptation addresses the impacts of climate change. planning All adaptation measures are based on reducing vulnerability to climate impacts. But adaptation can I be part of the mitigation effort to establish a more Mitigation of the GHG resilient city emissions through design and implementation of programmes and projects The 3M Approach in the development of low carbon I \ I cities provides cities with a common framework to '-----------------------------------------------~ identify, implement, monitor and measure low carbon interventions that will not only lower GHG emissions, Measurement but will also balance urban development needs and environmental impacts. It is essential that cities measure and establish an inventory of their GHG emissions for: ■ Assessing and monitoring their efforts in Cities are to focus on systematic processes and how addressing climate change; they can change their carbon emission trajectories by ■ Evaluating mitigation options in assessing the using the 3M approach - Measurement, Management effectiveness of policies and measures; and ■ Making long-term emissions projections (i.e. setting and Mitigation . targets). Management It is imperative that cities develop as well as update strategies/action plans to serve as a guide in the implementation of mitigation measures at local level. These documented strategies or action plans signify the systematic approach as previously discussed, in carrying out the cities' reduction strategies. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 2.3 Focus Sectors of Low Carbon Cities Low carbon transition for the cities requires them to develop mitigation measures that cover a II potential emitting sectors. This masterplan focuses on four (4) key sectors that cities need to address, which are essential in their own rights and are indispensable features of a truly low carbon city. Spatial Planning and Development Transportation ■ Incorporation and integration of low carbon reduction ■ Incorporation of strategies that increase the usage strategies and carbon sink elements into all stages of of public transportation and improving public development, programme planning, implementation transportation infrastructure are essential part of an as well as all aspects of policy making. effective urban development strategy. ■ Incorporation of strategies that prioritise lower emission vehicles or lower emission options (such as walking, cycling, etc.) as the alternative of carbon intensive transportation modes. 4 FOCUS SECTORS ■ Incorporation of strategies that give attention to green ■ Incorporation of strategies that view municipal waste technology and smart city application when striving as a resource represents an important opportunity for energy and resource efficiency. The application of to both reduce emissions and achieve economic technology can produce significant economic, social gains. It also signals good governance to citizens by and environmental benefits in urban areas. improving local environmental conditions. ■ Incorporation of strategies which encourage and support desired changes in the behaviour and performance of the water industry, its suppliers and end-users for the purpose of reducing carbon emission attributed to energy use. ■ Incorporation of strategies that emphasize on improving energy and environmental performance of building construction and operations are an opportunity to reduce significantly energy consumption and GHG emissions. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 44 Low Carbon Pathways for Malaysian Cities Recognising the Challenges Shaping the Pathway of Low Carbon Development in Malaysia NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 3.1 Recognising the Challenges The current global phenomenon is shifting rapidly illustrated in Figure 3.1. towards ensuring cities to adopt clean and green development. As discussed previously, Malaysia Further deliberation on the key challenges indicated has also jumped into the green bandwagon since that they ea n be categorized as primary and secondary 2009 when the national target of 40% GHG intensity issues. They are interconnected and it is found that reduction by 2020 was first set, and then further secondary issues arise from the primary issues. pledged to reduce by 45% by 2030. Figure 3.2 illustrates the relationship between the key challenges. However, implementing and carrying out low carbon development initiatives in Malaysian cities proved to be a challenge at all levels (i.e. at federal, state and local levels) . Feedback from key stakeholders related to low carbon development were compiled in a series of focus group discussions (FGDs). Seven (7) key challenges identified in the FGDs as barriers to low carbon pathway to most Malaysian cities are: ■ Policies and Directions; ■ Implementation and Execution; ■ Data for GHG Inventory; ■ Source of Funding and Financing; ■ Capacity, Capability and Readiness; ■ Community Participation; and ■ Low Carbon Development in Urban Planning. The summary of these seven (7) key challenges is NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Figure3.1 Summary of Key Challenges to Low Carbon Pathway i ~ PJ A Low Carbon Policies Implementation Source of Funding Development in Urban and Direction and Execution and Financing Planning ■ Inconsistent ■ Inconsistent ■ Insu ffi cient and still ■ Weak integration implementation implementation lacking between low carbon ■ Gap in transition ■ Not mandatory ■ No dedicated fund reduction strategies from top to bottom ■ Absence of ■ Legal barriers for and existing ■ No speci fi c reference dedicated unit/entity local government to development to low carbon at all levels generate additional document agenda income ■ Conflicting ■ Intensity versus ■ Lack of incentives and competing absolute targets development priorities •• j! @ Iii Community Capacity, Capability and Data for Participation Readiness GHG Inventory ■ Weak in public ■ Shortage of capable ■ Weak in availability appreciation and people and access understanding ■ Lack of skills and ■ Lack of proper data ■ Lack of opportunities understanding ■ Weak in accuracy to pa rti ci pate ■ Lack of subject ■ Inconsistent matter experts methodology Source: Findings From NLCCM Focus Group Discussions, 2018-2019 NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN It is important to understand the relationship of these key challenges as solving the primary issues may resolve or lessen the effect of secondary issues to the whole landscape of low carbon development in the country. Figure3.2 Inter-Connected Relationship among Key Challenges Policies and Directions ■ Inconsistent implementation ■ Gap in transition from top to bottom ■ No specific reference to low carbon agenda ■ Intensity versus absolute targets Since the policies and direction are fragmented at the national/ federal level, repercussions are exemplified in the following areas: 1 . . . . . . . . . "' o._ ■ Inconsistent implementation ■ Insufficient and still lacking ■ Weak integration between low ■ Not mandatory ■ No dedicated fund carbon reduction strategies and ■ Absence of dedicated unit/entity ■ Legal barriers for local government existing development document at all levels to generate additional income ■ Conflicting and competing I____J ■ Lack of incentives development priorities l_ _ _ _ _ Primary issues are seen to bring about or cause the following to occur : . . Data for GHG Inventory Capacity, Capability and Readiness V) w ■ Weak in availability and access ■ Shortage of capable people ::::, V) V) ■ Lack of proper data ■ Lack of skills and understanding >- Weak in accuracy ■ Lack of subject matter experts "'c§ ■ Inconsistent methodology z 0 uw Some of the above limitations have affected the level of V) community participation on the ground: . Community Participation ■ Weak in public appreciation and • Primary Issues understanding ■ Lack of opportunities to participate • Secondary Issues NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Summary of findings of each key challenge are briefly discussed below: ■ At present, there is a lack of policies integration from top to bottom . Some policies even work a) Policies and Directions in silo and do not incorporate or make reference to low carbon agendas, although they are ■ At present, existing policies are too broad and principally aligned . It is also important to note all-encompassing and do not necessarily make that different states have different agenda or direct (and specific) reference to low carbon priorities; cities agenda. The inclusion of low carbon cities agenda in separate or related policies would help ■ Local authorities may have limited scope on to propagate and expedite the understanding some low carbon matters which are under and implementation of low carbon cities agenda federal authorities; as a whole; ■ The effectiveness of low carbon policies largely ■ Most of the targets and initiatives for low carbon depends on local implementation in which the initiatives and programmes are ending soon federal government has indirect control . The (mostly in 2020), therefore, continuity plans state structure plan and local plan are important (e.g. deployment of new targets and initiatives) for the transition of low carbon efforts in the need to be formulated and implemented at the local implementation; soonest; ■ The mapping of contributions to national ■ PLANMalaysia and local authorities are among commitment is unfocused which also leads to the key players in low carbon efforts, thus there unclear scope and entity of enforcement; and is a need to invite additional members such as Ministry of Federal Territories (KWP), Ministry ■ Intensity versus absolute targets . of Housing and Local Government (KPKT) and Ministry of Transport (MOT) to ensure better governance, coordination and implementation in the future; ■ It is also apparent that there is low 'buy in ' or support from the State level to propagate low carbon implementation at the local level; ■ The national carbon reduction target needs to be cascaded down to the state and local authority levels; NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN b) Implementation and Execution c) Data for GHG Calculation ■ Directions and communications on low carbon ■ The accuracy and availability of data are development a re currently im ba la need. presently still very low. Nevertheless, Directions and communications are often one some progress were achieved through the way (from top to bottom) without agencies at improvement of methodologies, guidelines and the lower tier able to question or contest; standards for GHG calculation; ■ The coverage of data collected is very low. For ■ There is also a lackoftransparencyand reporting example, data collected for waste stands at (both bottom and top). Information pertaining only 50% from total existing data. to ensure to resources are often kept within the agencies; better coverage, agencies/entities responsible for collating and analysing the data need to be ■ The mandate for low carbon implementation identified; from the state down to local government is lacking and weak; ■ In addition, the obstacles for data collection- especially on the lack of funds and data ■ The implementation of low carbon initiatives transparency between loca I governments and is non-mandatory which makes it optional stakeholders- need to be removed due to the to the local authorities whether to adopt issues of data mismatch and incompatibilities; the implementation or not, thus making the ■ Currently, there is a serious shortage of subject implementation haphazard; matter experts on GHG Calculation. Apart from Malaysian Green Technology and Climate ■ The local authorities motivation/interest to Change Centre and a few cities, many do not implement low carbon initiatives comes from the have the expertise to ea lcu late their GHGs; mayor and not from fed era I or state government. Mayors have limitations in term of influence and ■ Also, identifying data activity and emission power; factors for GHG inventories has been a major challenge; ■ The current structure of implementation ■ Tools redundancy is also a challenge as there mechanism at the loca I level shows that there are currently too many tools available which is no single or universal structure to lead low resulted in overlaps and confusion . In aligning carbon initiatives . In addition, it should involve (the results from the tools) with GPC reporting all agencies instead of relying solely on local structure, there must be a standard tool for local authorities; authorities and other stakeholders to use; ■ There is a lack of manpower and designated ■ Emphasis should be given to performance agencies to monitor low carbon initiatives based tools as they seem to be more effective to performance; and measure carbon quantitatively; and ■ LCCF ea lcu lation does not consider the inclusion ■ There is no ownership in driving the initiatives of forest and agriculture. It is also not aligned and lack of continuity in carrying low carbon with GPC method of GHG accounting. initiatives. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN d) Source of Funding and Financing e) Low Carbon Development in Urban ■ Funds are still lacking and insufficient - despite Planning some allocations from various sources (both local and international) - the total amount of ■ Lack of integration between low carbon money accrued is still too small and at ad-hoe reduction strategies and existing development basis, and therefore not strong enough to push documents such as Structure Plans and Local the low carbon agenda to the intended level; Plans; ■ The sectoral funding for low carbon initiatives ■ Most cities and towns find themselves in is still weak and the limited financial support conflict with competing socio-economic goals makes it challenging to start low ea rbon projects; while pursuing the path to an environmentally sustainable and low-carbon future; ■ There is presently no central body to regulate funds at the federal level. Even though some ■ In general, the urban development strategy efforts have been taken by some states and cities and policies are prone to be affected by various on this matter, the overall progress however is external factors, including sudden changes still very slow; in political environment and development opportunities. This makes it difficult for local ■ Many cities are unable to generate additional councils to maintain a long-term vision of low- incomes (e.g. from the reviewing of parking fee, carbon urban development that is socially and taxes, and charges) to finance their low carbon economically sustainable; initiatives and programmes. There are many reasons for this - but the most significant one is ■ There is a weak scientific basis in designing the interference of the state and politicians; and integrating urban functions, facilities and resource allocation . This makes it difficult for ■ Public-private partnership helps to fund low local authorities to address it during the earlier carbon cities programmes in many cities all stages of development; over the world. Unfortunately in Malaysia, the number of partnerships is still very small, and ■ Many cities and towns struggle to integrate inclined towards bigger cities and urban areas; emerging urban functions and facilities related and to energy, transport and waste to efficiently deliver basic services. Additionally, challenges ■ The absence of incentives (monetary and such as lack of technical and financial capacity in-kind) for local authorities, developers and hinder their ability to respond to these community for them to participate, monitor and challenges in a timely manner; and measure the initiatives. ■ Lack of technical support and advise to regenerate old township areas towards low carbon township development. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN f) Capacity, Capability and Readiness g) Community Participation ■ There is a lack of inter-department and inter- ■ The public awareness and appreciation towards agencies collaboration in low carbon initiatives. low carbon efforts are still weak, which affect For example, at state level, local authorities their participation in the implementation of low usually champion the initiatives, and planning carbon initiatives at the ground level; and department usually leads the implementation at local authority level; ■ The lack of community participation has resulted in less opportunities for public-private ■ Apparently, there is a lack of human resources partnership initiatives. and skills when it comes to implementing and driving the initiatives; ■ The supply of human resources that is capable of developing and implementing low carbon is limited. Government through Public Service Department (J PA) shou Id encourage/provide more positions for low carbon career path especially in the audit and carbon calculating areas; ■ The lack of skills, awareness and expertise might lead to slow 'buy-in' from the state and local government; and ■ Shortage of subject matter experts has also posed a challenge to implement relevant programmes and initiatives. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 3.2 Shaping the Pathway of Low Carbon Development in Malaysia it is essential to address the key challenges discussed Another factor that also helped in the development of in the previous chapter to propagate transition of the low carbon cities in Malaysia is the Green Technology cities in the country to low carbon cities. However, Application For The Development of Low Carbon the level of efforts done by some of the cities shou Id Cities (GTALCC) Project. GTALCC is a 5-year project be taken into consideration before putting forth / that facilitates the implementation of low carbon formulating proper measures and actions that will initiatives in Malaysian cities with an aim to generate cata pu It the pathway to low carbon cities .. GHG emissions reductions of 346,442 tonne CO 2 eq by the end of the project in 2030. There are five (5) The pathway to low carbon cities development is participating cities in this program me. They a re: guided by various blueprints and action plans at the city level. As local governments are mostly responsible ■ lska nda r Region a I Development Authority for leading the low carbon initiatives, some of them (Five (5) local authorities in lskandar Malaysia); have developed blueprints or action plans to serve as ■ Petaling Jaya City Council; a guide in the implementation . ■ Putrajaya Corporation; ■ Sepang Municipal Council; and Some cities have engaged in low carbon initiatives ■ Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal Council. without having action plans as guidance. As being discussed in Chapter 1, other cities used Low Carbon As illustrated in Figure 1.6 of Chapter 1, a total of 13 cities Cities Framework and Assessment System (LCCF) to have developed their own low carbon action plans to help implement impactful initiatives. Currently, a total systematically implement low carbon initiatives in of 52 local authorities have joined the LCCF program their cities. These include five (5) participating cities implemented by Malaysian Green Technology and and eight (8) other cities that are not included in the Climate Change Centre. GTALCC project. The numerous number of action plans and programmes/projects at the city level indicate support towards the development of low carbon city at the ground level. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN The action plans are structured in a way so that it will first address the key challenges mentioned in the previous sections. Applicable to all cities, the objective of the action plans are to accelerate and amplify low carbon development in the cities .. However, the masterpla n has identified respective cities, which are deliberated in Chapter 5, to advance the cities to the next level in terms of opportunities and strategies for low carbon development and transformation . Figure 3.3 shows the formulation of key actions under this masterplan in a nutshell. The framework is discussed in detail in Chapter 4. Figure3.3 Formulation of Key Action Plans Key Challenges Key Drivers Key Enablers NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 54 Key Actions Plan Framework of National Low Carbon Cities Masterplan Key Directions and Targeted Outcomes Summary of Key Actions Details of Key Actions Under Key Drivers Details of Key Actions Under Key Enablers NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 4.1 Framework of National Low Carbon Cities Masterplan Analysis from numerous engagements with 4. Funding and Capacity Building stakeholders identified six (6) pertinent areas that need significant shift from the current way of implementing The strategies and actions developed under this area low carbon development. They are essential steps are related to sourcing for funding, financing and that key stakeholders need to consider in paving the investment system in low ea rbon development, as well pathway to low carbon cities. as increasing/building capacity and ability to drive the low carbon implementation and development The six (6) areas are as follows: efficiently.

1. Governance and Implementation Framework 5. Data Collection and Analysis The strategies and actions developed under this The strategies and actions developed under this area are related to streamlining the governance area are related to putting an effort in developing a and implementation framework for low carbon single window and seamless link to data, information development in Malaysia . and resources as well as providing a common set of performance management metrics to be used for

2. Urban Planning carbon evaluation . The strategies and actions developed under this area 6. Built Environment and Physical Infrastructure are related to instituting low carbon and carbon sink elements in urban planning. The strategies and actions developed under this area are related to strengthening the built environment

3. Community Participation and physical infrastructure to ensure sustainable development at urban level. The strategies and actions developed under this area are related to getting community to actively participate in green initiatives. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN The key areas a re further categorised into "DRIVERS" Figure 4.1 outlines the strategic framework for National and "ENABLERS". Drivers are needed to effect Low Carbon Cities Masterplan that aims not only to transformative change. Enablers assist in providing transform Malaysian Cities into Low Carbon, but also greater impact in accelerating and amplifying low push the low carbon development in Malaysia to the ea rbon development in cities throughout the country. next level. Figure4.1 Framework of National Low Carbon Cities Masterplan Governance and Urban Community Implementation Framework Planning Participation Streamline the governance and Institutionalise low carbon Get community to actively implementation framework for elements in urban planning participate in green initiatives low carbon development KEY ENABLERS Funding and Capacity Data Collection Built Environment and Building and Analysis Physical Infrastructure Source for funding, financing and Develop a single window and Strengthen the built environment investment system in low carbon seamless link to data, information and physical infrastructure development, as well as increase and resources as well as provide to ensure low carbon and capacity a common set of performance sustainable development at management metrics to be used urban level for emissions evaluation KEY DIRECTIONS, KEY ACTIONS AND TARGETS NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 4.2 Key Directions and Targeted Outcomes This section outlines the Key Directions under each Driver and Enabler. Key Directions serve as guide and outline measurable goals. Targeted outcomes are the desired impact from the execution of actions. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Table 4.1 Summary of Key Directions and Targeted Outcomes Key Drivers Key Directions Targeted Outcomes and Key Enablers Key Drivers Governance and KDl Streamline and ■ An umbrella policy that integrates and Implementation Integrate Related aligns other sectoral policies and regulations Framework Low Carbon ■ A specific policy document that is directly related to low Policies and carbon-built environment at the national level Regulations ■ Clear targets for low carbon initiatives and GHG emissions reductions post year 2020 at various levels • Integration of key ministries (i.e. MESTECC, KPKT, KWP) in pursuing low carbon development ■ Strong support from state government in implementing low carbon initiatives at the local level KD2 Strengthen the ■ Strengthened top-down and bottom-up approach in the Institutional implementation of low carbon initiatives Framework and ■ Clear universal structure or mechanism at state and local Implementation levels Mechanism at All ■ Clear Champion(s) at all levels Levels Urban Planning KD3 Mainstream Low ■ Clear and integrated approach in low carbon urban Carbon Urban development and planning Development and Planning KD4 Increase ■ Active and higher participation rate of community in low Community card on development initiatives Participation in Low Carbon Development NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Table 4.1 Summary of Key Directions and Targeted Outcomes (cont'd) Key Driver Key Directions Targeted Outcomes and Key Enablers Key Enablers KDS Provide ■ Ample and available funding and financing for low Funding and carbon development and investment from both public Financing to and private sectors Facilitate ■ Easy access to low carbon development funds Low Carbon ■ Leverage both local and international funds Development ■ Attractive incentives for low carbon initiatives KD6 Invest and Build ■ Apparent increase in capacity and skills to drive the Capacity to Act low carbon implementation and development at various levels KD7 Improve ■ A single window and seamless link to data, information Low Carbon and resources for GHG inventory purposes Information and Data Management KDS Measure ■ A common set of performance management metrics to Low Carbon be used for GHG inventory and evaluation Performance Built KD9 Develop ■ A systematic and user-friendly urban development Environment Citywide/ approach or guideline to help cities, townships and and Physical Sectoral urban areas to reduce GHG emissions Infrastructure Development Strategies on Low Carbon NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 4.3 Summary of Key Actions The summary of all the Key Actions under each Key Directions is outlined in this section . Details of each of the Key Actions are elaborated next. Each key action is then assessed using the following two (2) parameters and scales: The level of corn plexity in implementing the key actions o--o•-----o-~ o- - o Easy Hard The main driver(s) for each action 0 0 0 Fed era I State Local Federal State and and State Local NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Table 4.2 shows the assesment of the key directions and key actions based on the two (2) parameters. Table 4.2 Summary of Key Action s Ease of Key Key Directions and Key Actions Implementation Champion(s) KDl: Streamline and Integrate Related Low Carbon Policies and Regulations Align Existing Regulation and Laws to Support Low Carbon Cities Action 1.1 Development 0 0 Action 1.2 Align National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) to Support Low Carbon Cities Development 0 0 Action 1.3 Establish Absolute Carbon Reduction Targets for Targeted Cities (2021 - 20S0) 0 e Action 1.4 Establish Policies to Enable Top Down Approach for Low Carbon Implementation At State Level 0 e Action 1.5 Integrate Low Carbon Guidelines and Components Into Existing and New Planning Development Documents 0 e Action 1.6 Promote Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (A FO LU) as Part 0 0 of GHG Reduction Measures Action 1.7 Align Definition and Approach for Low Carbon Cities at All Levels 0 0 KD2: Strengthen the Institutional Framework and Implementation Mechanism at All Levels Action 2.1 Improve the Governance and Implementation Structure at Federal and State Levels 0 e Action 2.2 Strengthen the Implementation Mechanism at the Ground Level 0 e KD3: Mainstream Low Carbon Urban Planning and Development Action 3.1 Embed Low Carbon Elements In Urban Planning and Development 0 0 Develop Standard Guideline of GHG Emissions Reduction Strategies Action 3.2 for Easy and Consistent Implementation at Ground Level 0 0 KD4: Increase Community Participation in Low Carbon Development Action 4.1 Nurture Active Participation and Awareness Through Effective Communication Plan 0 0 Action 4.2 Use Education to Foster Human Behavioural Changes to Sustainable Practices 0 0 NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Ease of Key Key Directions and Key Actions Implementation Champion(s) KDS: Provide Funding And Financing To Facilitate Low Carbon Development Create Specific Low Carbon Development Fund and Budget to Action 5.1 Implement Low Carbon Programmes And Initiatives 0 0 Action 5.2 Create Alternative Funding to Finance Low Carbon Initiatives and Programmes at Local Level 0 KD6: Invest and Build Capacity to Act Action 6.1 Develop and Place Dedicated Officers at State and Local Levels to Increase Productivity and Create Holistic Manpower Support 0 0 System Action 6.2 Develop and Nurture Knowledge, Expertise and Skills in Low Carbon Development Area at State and Local Levels 0 KD7: Improve Low Carbon Information and Data Management Action 7.1 Establish Proper and Efficient System of Data Collection and Management for GHG Inventory Purposes 0 0 Develop Central Online System on GHG Emissions Reporting and Action 7.2 Data Management to be Used at All Levels 0 0 KDS: Measure Low Carbon Performance Action 8.1 Align Performance-Based Tools to Global Protocol for Community- Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC) 0 0 KD9 : Develop Citywide/Sectoral Development Strategies on Low Carbon Action 9.1 Spatial Planning and Development 0 0 Action 9.2 Energy 0 0 Action 9.3 Transportation 0 0 Action 9.4 Waste 0 0 NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 4.4 Details of Key Actions Under Key Drivers The Framework of Low Carbon Cities Masterplan has identified three (3) Key Drivers that are needed to affect transformative change in the landscape of Malaysia's low carbon development. The Key Actions identified under this section are guided by these Key Drivers, and are further described in the following pages. Transforming Malaysian Cities into Low Carbon Key Drivers KEY DRIVER 1 KEY DRIVER2 KEYDRIVER3 Governance and Implementation Urban Planning Community Participation Framework ■ Key Direction 1: Streamline and ■ Key Direction 3 : Mainsteam ■ Key Direction 4: Increase Integrate Related Low Carbon Low Carbon Urban Planning and Community Participation in Low Policies and Regulations Development Carbon Development ■ Key Direction 2: Strengthen the Institutional Framework and Implementation Mechanism at All Levels Addressing the Following Key Challenges Policies and Implementation Community Low Carbon Directions and Execution Participation Development in Urban Planning • Inconsistent ■ Inconsistent ■ Weak in public ■ Weak integration between implementation implementation appreciation and low carbon reduction ■ Gap in transition from top ■ Not mandatory understanding strategies and existing to bottom ■ Absence of ded icated unit/ ■ Lack of opportunities to development document ■ No specific reference to entity at al l levels participate ■ Conflicting and competing low carbon development development priorities ■ Unclear national target (intensity rather than abso lute) NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN KEY DIRECTION 01 Streamline and Integrate Related Low Carbon Policies and Regulations Targeted Outcomes ■ An umbrella policy that integrates and aligns other sectoral policies and regulations; ■ A specific policy document that is directly related to low carbon-built environment at the national level; ■ Clear targets for low carbon initiatives and GHG emission reductions post-2020 at various levels; ■ Integration of key ministries (i.e . KASA, KPKT, KeTSA etc.) in pursuing low carbon development; and ■ Strong support from state government in implementing low carbon initiatives at the local level . Key Direction 1 has been developed to address the following issues: 01 Existing policies are too broad and all-encompassing and do not necessarily make direct (and specific) reference to low carbon cities development 02 Inconsistency in the sectoral targets at the national level 03 Most of the targets for low carbon initiatives and programmes will end soon (mostly in 2020), therefore, continuity plans (e.g. through the employment of new targets and initiatives) need to be formulated and implemented at the soonest 04 Low buy in or support from State level to propagate the implementation of low carbon cities development at local level 05 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) are not part of the criteria for Low Carbon reduction strategies even though major land use activities for certain towns in Malaysia are AFOLU Key Actions : Action 1.1 Align Existing Regulation and Laws to Support Low Carbon Cities Development Action 1.2 Align National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) to Support Low Carbon Cities Development Action 1.3 Establish Absolute Carbon Reduction Targets for Targeted Cities (2021 - 2050) Action 1.4 Establish Policies to Enable Top Down Approach for Low Carbon Implementation at State Level Action 1.5 Integrate Low Carbon Guidelines and Components into Existing and New Planning Development Documents Action 1.6 Promote Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) as Part of GHG Reduction Measures Action 1.7 Align Definition and Approach for Low Carbon Cities at All Levels NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES M1\ S T ERPL1\ N Measures to be Taken

1. Enhance and make prov1s1on with regards to low carbon development in the regulations and laws thro ugh the following: Acts Recommendations Loca l Aut hori t ies Act Written statement on the role of local authorit ies in 1976 (Act 171) low carbon development (Under Section 101). Town and Cou nt ry Written statement on low carbon and climate Plannin g Act 1976 resilient development in development plans (Under (Act 172) Section 6B, 8, 12 and 16B). Federal Territory Written statement on low carbon and climate (Pl annin g) Act 1982 resilient development in development plans (Under (Act 267) Section 10 and 13). So lid Waste and Written statement on GHG emission reduction Publi c Clea nsin g though waste reduction strategies (Under Section Ma nageme nt Act 101). 2007 (Act 672) En vironme nta l Written statement on prohibition and control of Qua lity Act 1974 (Act pollution (such as GHG emission) (Under Section 21 127) and 22). Undertaken environmental audit to prevent, reduce or control the adverse impact of GHG emission on the environment (Under Section 33A and 34A). Street , Drain age And Written statement on low carbon and climate Buildin g Act 1974 resilient development in Development Plans (Under (Act 133) Part 1-V). NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Measures to be Taken

1. Re-position National Policy on Climate Change as the umbrella policy Level Recommendations Federa l ■ Written statement on GHG emission reduction through low carbon cities initiatives and climate-resilient development as the key principles and action in the policy. ■ Facilitate the harmonisation of existing relevant national policies (i.e. waste management, energy, natural conservation, urbanisation and rural development policies) and development plan (i.e. National Physical Plan) to address climate change adaptation and mitigation as well as to promote climate-resilient development. ■ More promotion and engagement to emphasis on the translation of policy from federal level to state and local level. ■ Set an absolute target for GHG emissions in year 2030 and beyond. and framework in low carbon development:

2. State and local levels can provide support by playing the following Level Recommendations State ■ Facilitate the harmonisation of existing state policies and development plan to address climate change adaptation and mitigation as well as promote climate-resilient development. Loca l ■ Facilitate the harmonisation of existing local plan to address climate change adaptation and mitigation as well as promote climate-resilient development. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Measures to be Taken

1. Conduct performance evaluation on current GHG emission reduction achievement to ensure better implementation and governance in new policies and initiatives for the period of 2021 - 2030 and 2030 - 2050.

2. Align low carbon targets according to sectors at all levels. Level Recommendations Federa l Conduct performance evaluation on existing low carbon and sustainable target and initiatives: GHG emission reduction by sectors (energy, transportation, water, waste, agriculture and industry sectors); Renewable energy regeneration; Recycling rate; and Use of public transportation (modal split) by major cities. Re-align and consolidate low carbon targets according to sectors at national level for the period of year 2020 - 2030. These targets include the following: GHG emission reduction for energy sector (electricity, transportation, water, waste, agriculture and industry sectors); Renewable energy regeneration; and Recycling rate target. State Conduct performance evaluation on state's existing low carbon and sustainable targets and initiatives. Establish new targets to facilitate low carbon development at state level.

3. Local level can provide support by playing the following roles: Level Recommendations Loca l Conduct performance evaluation on existing low carbon programmes and initiatives at municipal level. Establish new targets to facilitate low carbon development and implementation at municipal level. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Measures to be Taken

1. Engage state government to get buy-in at state level.

2. Ensure clear implementation plans at state level. Level Recommendations National ■ Relevant federal agencies to engage state government to get buy-in and support on low carbon development and implementation at state level. ■ Develop implementation framework as guideline to streamline low carbon development at state level. State ■ Establish a low carbon reduction action plans and policies to ensure better low carbon development and implementation at state level. ■ Align all low carbon reduction strategies and policies with national targets and priorities.

3. Local level can provide support by playing the following roles: Level Recommendations Loca l ■ Establish a low carbon reduction action plans and policies to ensure better low carbon development and implementation at municipal level. ■ Align all low carbon reduction strategies and policies with state targets and priorities. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Measures to be Taken Streamline and adopt an integrated planning approach in order to embed Low Carbon Cities' policies, targets and roadmap into existing and new development system (e.g. National Physical Plan, Regional Plan, State Structure Plan and Local Plan) . Identify key strategies in GHG emission reduction through development plans. Ensure the consistency of low carbon strategies, priorities and targets at a 11 levels. • Policies • Strategies Directions • High Level Targets • Policies Development Plan, • Strategies Directions Policies and • High Level Targets Guidelines for low carbon development: Recommended areas for GHG • Policies emission • Strategies Directions i--0 reduction: • State Targets a. Urban Planning Guidelines Enviro nment; b. Urban Transportat ion; • Land Use Zoning and c. Urban Activities District Wide Infrastructure; • Intensity Control Local Planning and • Special Area Control Authority d. Building. • Planning Guidelines • Tree Preservation Order • Land Use Zoning and Special Activities Area Wide • Intensity Control Local Planning • Special Area Control Authority • Planning Guidelines • Urban Design Guidelines ....., ---, I I I I I I • Planning Permission to ! Development : control: Develop Land Planning Permission to ! • Layout planning l---0 and design; and Erect a Building • Planning Permission for ! • Building design I I Earthwo rks I I I I I I I I ___ ,II NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Measures to be Taken

1. Promote AFOLU as one of t he criteri a fo r low ca rbo n reduct ion strategies. Level Recommendations Nati onal ■ Recognise and incorporate AFO LU as one of the criteria for low carbon action plans. ■ Identify and incorporate key strategies and actions on GHG emission reduction through AFO LU in the national and state policies as well as in the development plans.

2. State and loca l leve ls ca n provide support by playing t he fo llow ing roles: Level Recommendations State ■ Identify and incorporate key strategies and actions on GHG emission reduction through AFO LU in the state policies and development plans. Loca l ■ Identify and incorporate the key strategies and actions on GHG emission reduction through AFOLU in the development plans at municipal level. Agriculture, Forestry and other Land Uses (AFOLU) are among major sources of GHG emissions. However, AFOLU play an important role in economic growth for some of the cities and towns in Malaysia. Thus, the recommended strategies for AFOLU are as follows: Agriculture ■ Increase the carbon storage capacity of soil; ■ Restrict the use of nitrogen fertilizers; and ■ Adopt modern technologies in farming and livestock activities to reduce pollution and GHG emissions. Forestry and Other Land Uses ■ Increase carbon stocks of the forest areas through better forest management; and Reduce land conversion from development. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Measures to be Taken

1. Streamline low carbon cities definition to ensure consistency in the implementation of GHG emission reduction measures.

2. Ensure the development of comprehensive action plans and set definitive targets to reduce GHG emissions and contribute minimally to climate change.

3. Align and integrate low carbon cities methodology of '3M Approach' (i.e. Measurement, Management and Mitigation) at all levels to ensure consistency in the implementation of GHG emission reduction measures. Level Recommendation Fede ral Streamline low carbon cities definition in Low Carbon Cities Framework, National Physical Plan, National Urbanisation Policy and other relevant national documents. Align the existing low carbon cities methodology with '3M Approach' in national policies and development plans.

4. State and local levels can provide support by playing the following roles: Level Recommendation Sta te Align the existing low carbon cities methodology with '3M Approach' in state policies and development plans. Loca l Align the existing low carbon cities methodology with '3M Approach' in relevant development plans at municipal level. 1 ,---------------0 The 3M Approach 0---------------,\ I I Measurement of the GHG emissions by establishing a baseline and providing periodic monitoring a Management of the low carbon development in terms of policy, targets and planning I Mitigation of the GHG emissions through design and implementation of programmes and projects I I \ I '-------------------------------------------------------' NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MAST E RP L AN KEY DIRECTION 02 Strengthen the Institutional Framework and Implementation Mechanism at All Levels Targeted Outcomes ■ Strengthened top-down and bottom-up approach in the implementation of low carbon initiatives; ■ Clear universal structure/mechanism at state and local levels; and ■ Clear Key Champion(s) at all levels. Key Direction 2 was developed to address the following issues : 01 Lack of po li cies integration horizonta lly (i.e. among many ministries and agenc ies) and vertica lly (i. e. from federa l to state and loca l level). In add ition, some po li cies work in silo and do not incorporate or make reference to low carbon development 02 No ded icated un it or comm ittee for low carbon imp lementation and development at many state and loca l levels 03 The mandate for low carbon implementation from state down to loca l government is lacking and weak 04 Low buy in from key stakeho lders Key Actions : Action 2.1 Improve the Governance and Implementation Structu re at Federal and State Levels Action 2.2 Strengthen the Implementation Mechan ism at the Gro und Level NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES M1\S T ERPL1\ N Measures to be Taken

1. Leverage on Malaysia Climate Action Council (MyCAC) as the National Action Council to strengthen multi-level and cross-sectoral participation in low ea rbon development efforts at the fed era I level.

2. Establish State Action Council to effectively implement and monitor all directions received from the federal level on low carbon development (i .e. strengthen the top down approach). Recommended Key Roles and Members of National Action Council Key Roles: Members Setting up policy and YAB Deputy Prime Minister - Chairman; development directions YB Minister of the Ministry of Environment for low carbon; and Water; Securing, providing YB Minister of the Ministry of Finance; and allocating specific YB Minister of the Ministry of Housing and budget/funds for low Local Government; carbon development; YB Minister of the Ministry of Federal; and Territories; Evaluating and YB Minister of the Ministry of Energy and approving strategic Natural Resources; development framework YB Minister of the Ministry ofTransport; for low carbon YB Minister of the Ministry of Works; development. YB Minister at the Prime Minister department (EPU); Chief Secretary of the Government of Malaysia; and YB State EXCOs. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERP L AN Proposed Governance and Implementation Structure at Federal and State Levels ✓--------- - - - - - - - - - - - · Malaysia Climate Action Council (MyCAC) .... , / I Ministry of Ministry of Energy Ministry of Housing Ministry of Environment and Water State Government and Natural and Local Government Federal Territories {KASA) Resources (KeTSA) Economic Planning Ministry of Transport Ministry of Works Ministry of Finance Others Unit (EPU) FEDERAL LEVEL ~\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\~ ~\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ State Action Council A dedicated action council or Committee at state level. For example: Johor Low Carbon Council EXCO I UPEN/BPEN l State Special Purpose Vehicles Local Authorities State Technical Agencies / Corporations STATE LEVEL ~\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\' ,\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Local Authorities Special/ Dedicated Unit on Low Carbon City LOCAL LEVEL ~\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Measures to be Taken

1. Ma nd ate th e State Action Cou ncil to champi on and monitor low ca rbo n developme nt at State leve l.

2. Estab lish or set up a Special/Ded ica ted Unit at Loca l Auth oriti es leve l to strength en the mu lti-leve l and cross-sectoral co llabo rati on in pu rsu in g low ca rbo n developme nt effo rts. Recommended Key Roles and Members of State Action Council Key Roles: Champions: Implementing directions from National YB State EXCO; and Action Council and MN KT on low carbon UPE N/BPEN . development; Setting up special state policies and Working Committee and development directions on low carbon; Members: Securing, providing and allocating speci fi c budget/f unds for low carbon Local Authorities; and development; and Technical Agencies. Monitoring the progress and performance of low carbon development at state level. Recommended Key Roles and Members of Special/Dedicated Unit Key Roles: Champions: Carrying out development directions City Mayor/ YDP from State Action Council on low carbon - Chairman; development; Municipal Secretary; Setting up implementation plans of low Director of Low Carbon carbon development at municipal level; Special/ Dedicated Unit; Securing, providing and alloca t ing and speci fi c budget/f und for low carbon Bet ween t hree (3) t o fi ve (5) development; and dedicated offi cers. Monitoring the implementation of low carbon development programmes and project s at local level. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Proposed Implementation Mechanism at Ground Level State Action Council Chaired by YAB State (A dedicated action council or committee at state level. For example: Chief Minister Johor Low Carbon Council EXCO I UPEN/BPEN State Special Purpose Vehicles Local Authorities State Technical Agencies / Corporations City Council/ Municipal Council/ PLAN Malaysia, JPS, Menteri Besar Incorporated, etc District Council IWK, JKR, etc STATE LEVEL ~\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\~ ~\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Chaired by City Mayors/ YDPs Special/ Dedicated Unit on Low Carbon City LOCAL LEVEL \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN KEY DIRECTION 03 Mainstream Low Carbon Urban Planning and Development Targeted Outcome ■ Clear and integrated approach in low carbon urban planning and development Key Direction 3 was developed to address the following issues : 01 Some proposals on low carbon action plans are difficult to implement at local level - no clear guideline for GHG emission reduction strategies and intervention in design and planning stages 02 Lack of integration between low carbon reduction strategies and existing development documents such as Structure Plan and Local Plan 03 Apparent weakness in designing and integrating urban functions, facilities and resource allocation in the early stages of development Key Actions : Action 3.1 Embed Low Carbon Elements in Urban Planning and Development Action 3.2 Develop Standard Guideline of GHG Emission Reduction Strategies for Easy and Consistent Implementation at Ground Level NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES M1\ S T E R PL 1\N Measures to be Taken Include low carbon development in planning approval submission: ■ Set of standards on low carbon approval in OSC; and ■ Technical agencies are also expected to utilize green tools to test and analyse the development. For applicants - prior to submission of Building Approval, it is essential that the establishment of low carbon guidelines is to be introduced in design and planning stage: ■ To establish awareness on low carbon development to developers and private owners before Planning Permission Approval . Introduce incentive schemes on low carbon development at Planning Permission approval: ■ Property Tax Rebate Scheme for implementing green initiatives. b 6 6 lo Required Building and Planning Approvals Special/ Dedicated Unit on Land Matters, PTG Building Department, PBT Low Carbon Landscape Engineering Building Department, PBT Department, PBT Department, PBT Technical Agencies Approval NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Measures to be Taken

1. Develop national standard guidelines for GHG em1ss1on reduction strategies and intervention in design and planning stages for easy reference by local authorities and other stakeholders.

2. Determine sectoral targets for low carbon action plans: ■ All approved and mandated targets set by the National Action Council and State Action Council are to be aligned at the state and loca I levels.

3. Ensure the parameters to measure GHG comply with GPC standard: ■ Develop a template as a guideline for local authorities to refer to as different loca I authorities have different ea pabilities and capacities; and ■ Develop or customise user-friendly tools for measuring GHG em1ss1ons. Suggested Elements to Be Used in Developing/Reviewing Low Carbon Action Plans : Joint Efforts of Collaborative Partners Determining the Vision Formulation of Action GHG Emission Plans Reduction Target Objectives Principles/ Key Focus Areas/ Goals Climate Strategies and Actions Change Mitigation Policies and Monitoring System or Actions Special Unit Past and Current Low Carbon Initiatives NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN KEY DIRECTION 04 Increase Community Participation in Low Carbon Development Targeted Outcome ■ Active and higher participation rate of the community in low carbon development. Key Direction 4 has been developed to address the following issues : 01 The publi c awa reness and apprec iation towa rds low ca rbon effo rts are still wea k, whi ch affect their participation in the implementation of low ca rb on ini tiatives at the groun d level. 02 Outreac h and ed ucational programm es on low ca rb on lifestyles are still lackin g among co mmunit ies, students an d yo ut hs, As such, it is quite diffi cult to empower t he publi c to part icipate. Key Actions : Action 4.1 Nurture Active Parti cipation and Awa reness throu gh Effective Co mmuni cation Plan Action 4.2 Use Education to Foster Hum an Behav ioural Changes to Susta in abl e Practices NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES M1\ S T E R P L 1\N Measures to be Taken

1. Establish framework for communication plan to engage community at various levels to create awareness and encourage participation in low carbon practices and initiatives.

2. Actively utilise various communication tools to increase coverage in terms of area, gender, race and age. Some examples include: ■ Public Relations; ■ Social Media; ■ Printed Media; ■ Mass Media; ■ Advertising; ■ Sponsorship; and ■ Events.

3. Leverage and optimise the use of technology and social media for effective communication .

4. Publicise all pertinent information on low carbon development (such as action plans and GHG emission reduction targets) to create and increase awareness. Key role of each level in ensuring the communication plan works: Level Recommendation Federa l Highlight the application and importance of communication plans at all levels. State Translate the communication plans into actions. Loca l Devise and implement actions that involve community and local people. Devise and implement more outreach programmes Increase frequency of outreach programmes NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Measures to be Taken

1. Incorporate elements of low carbon/sustainable development in current school education, syllabus and/or co-curriculum activities.

2. Establish awareness and education on low carbon/sustainable development to developers and communities.

3. Im plementdemonstration projects for public and students to participate and appreciate a low carbon lifestyle. The aims are: ■ To influence lifestyle in order to nurture human behaviours to long- term sustainable practices; and ■ To allow people to practice and experience low carbon lifestyle through the projects so that they would be able to understand and appreciate the efforts. Key role(s) of each level in ensuring sustainable practices: Level Recommendation Federa l Emphasize in the National Blueprints on the importance of participatory planning and early education on low carbon development. State Provide various foundations and platforms on how community and students can be involved in helping the country and the city to achieve certain GHG emission reduction target. Loca l Create and use various platforms to engage with community, students and other key stakeholders for their idea, thoughts sharing and participation. Actively involve stakeholders and communities in any hearing process/involvement of low carbon planning. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 4.5 Details of Key Actions under Key Enablers The Framewo rk of Low Carbon Cities Masterplan has also identified three (3) Key Enablers that are needed to assist in providing greater impact in accelerating and amplifying low ea rbon development in cities throughout the country. The Key Actions identified under this section are guided by these Key Enablers, and a re further described in the followi ng pages. Transforming Malaysian Cities into Low Carbon Key Enablers KEY ENABLER 1 KEY ENABLER 2 KEY ENABLER 3 Funding and Capacity Data Collection Built Environment and Physical Building and Analysis Infrastructure Key Direction 5: Provide Key Direction 7: Improve Low Key Direction 9: Develop Fundin g an d Fin ancing Carbon Information and Data Citywide/Sectoral Development to Facilitate Low Carbon Management Strategies on Low Carbon Development Key Direction 8: Measure Low Key Direction 6: Invest and Carbon Performance Build Capacity to Act Addressing the Following Key Challenges Sources of Funding and Data for Capacity, Capability and Financing GHG Inventory Readiness In sufficient and still lacking Weak in ava il ability and access Shortage of capable people No dedicated fund Lack of prope r data Lack of skills and understanding Legal ba rri ers for Local Weak in acc uracy Lack of subject matter experts Au thorities to generate In cons iste nt methodology additi onal income Lack of incen tives Source: NLCCM Analysis, 2019 NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTER P LAN KEY DIRECTION 05 Provide Funding and Financing to Facilitate Low Carbon Development Targeted Outcomes ■ Ample and available funding and financing for low carbon development and investment from both public and private sectors; ■ Easy access to low carbon development funds; ■ Leverage both local and international funds; and ■ Attractive incentives for low carbon initiatives. Key Direction 5 was developed to address the following issues : 01 Lack of financ ial provision for low carbon init iatives is hampering the implementation of low carbon init iatives and plans. 02 No central body to regu late funds at the fede ral level. Even though some efforts are being taken by several States and cit ies to address th is issue, the overa ll progress is still very slow. 03 Many cit ies are unable to generate add itiona l income (e.g. from the reviewing of pa rking fee, taxes, and cha rges) to finance their low ca rbon init iatives and programmes due to po lit ica l and lega l constraints. 04 Publi c-p ri vate pa rtnersh ip helps to fund low ca rbon cities programmes in many cities all over the wo rl d. Unfort unately in Ma laysia, the number of pa rtnersh ips is still very sma ll and are incl ined towa rds big cities and urban areas. Key Actions : Action 5.1 Create Specific Low Ca rbon Development Fund and Budget to Implement Low Ca rbon Programmes And In itiatives Action 5.2 Create Alternative Fund ing to Finance Low Ca rbon In itiatives and Programmes at Loca l Level NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MA S TER PL A N Measures to be Taken

1. Allocate and secure yearly budget/funding and financing from the federal governmentto support low carbon development programmes.

2. Mandate the Malaysia Climate Action Council (MyCAC) with the task to secure these yearly budget and other source of fu ndingfor development, training and financing purposes.

3. Develop long term action plans and GHG emission reduction targets for low ea rbon development so that bigger amount of fund ea n be obtained from or und er the respective Malaysia Pian.

4. More active role by the government to seek and secure monetary and technical assistance from international donors to further support low carbon projects/initiatives.

5. Promote more Public-Private Partnership related to low carbon projects at federal, state and local leve ls to ease the financial burden.

6. Procedures relevant to budget allocation that hinder or slow down the implementation of low carbon programmes and initiatives.

7. Adopt policies that expedite the securing of local and international funds.

8. Ensure active involvement of National Action Council and State Action Council to support low carbon development.

9. Ensure that the State and Local Authorities wo uld also be able to allocate yearly budget for low carbon development.

10. Provide and develop transparent mechanism in distributing the funds secured to respective states/implementing agencies and projects. ll. Establish Climate Change Trust Fund to finance projects that improve climate resilience of the nation in key sectors. The proposed governance structure in Action 2.1 and 2.2 plays important role in securing funds and budget for low carbon development. Malaysia Climate Action Council Chaired by KSU FEDERAL LEVEL Chai red by State's Chief Minister or ExCo STATE LEVEL Local Authorities Special/ Dedicated Unit on Low Chaired by Carbon City City Mayors/ YDPs LOCAL LEVEL '''''"'''''''''''''''''"''''''''''"'''''''''''''''''"''''''''''"'''''''''''''''''"''''''''''"'''''''''''''''''"'"'''''''""''''''''''''''"' NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTER PL AN Measures to be Taken

1. Promote more Public-Private Partnership for low carbon initiatives at local level by giving incentives either monetary or in-kind .

2. Review the possibility of development charges in Town and Country Planning Act to be used for climate action plans.

3. Establish pollution charges for companies who contribute to pollution .

4. Establish long term mechanism like pollution tax and parking tax to fund low carbon programmes such as transport or waste management activities.

5. Explore international funding options for low carbon development.

6. Develop and introducethird party financing. Enabling " payasyou save" type of repayment that reduces capital constraints and cost pressure on industries while increasing potential demand for energy-efficient equipment and creating a profitable activity for new market players. Opportunities for Financial Assistance From International Organisations Fund Name Description Source Green Cli mate The Fund promotes paradigm shift UNFCCC Fund (GC F) towards low-emission and climate-resilient development pathways, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. As ia Pac ifi c Supports capacity building initiatives Voluntary Econom ic contributing to the promotion of energy contribution Cooperation efficiency and low carbon measures in the from APEC's (APEC) Support APEC region. Member: Fund Japan, Chinese Taipei and United States. Res ili ent Cit ies Resilient Cities Asia-Pacific series provides an NA As ia Pac ifi c Asia-Pacific platform for urban resilience and (RCAP) climate change adaptation where dialogues are conducted to forge partnerships, with the ultimate goal of identifying implementable solutions and creating lasting impacts for cities in the region Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme. EU Fund ing (2014- 2020) Un ited Na ti ons To assist in the protection of the global UN Indust rial environment and to promote environmental Development sustainable development. Orga ni sa ti o n (UN IDO) Cross-U K To help promote economic and sustainable UK Government growth in emerging economies. Government Prosperity Fund NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN KEY DIRECTION 06 Invest and Build Capacity to Act Targeted Outcome ■ Apparent increase in capacity and skills to drive the low carbon implementation and development at various levels. Key Direction 6 has been developed to address the following issues : 01 Shortage of subj ect matter experts or offi cers wit h good kn ow ledge on susta in able or low ca rbon developm ent to effectively impl ement and exec ute programm es and ini tiatives. 02 Lac k of reso urces and skill s to lead low ca rbon development init iatives, lead in g to diffi cult ies and un sui ta bl e perso nn el dri vin g the implementation. 03 Lac k of kn ow ledge, expert ise and techni ca l skill s. 04 Lac k of readin ess in term s of ca pacity and ca pabili ty among many loca l authori ties. Key Actions : Action 6.1 Develop and Place Ded icated Officers at State and Loca l Levels to In crease Prod uctivity and Create Holi stic Ma npower Support System Action 6.2 Develop and Nurture Knowledge, Experti se and Skill s in Low Ca rbon Developm ent Area at State and Loca l Levels NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MAS T E R P L A N Measures to be Taken

1. Develop multi-disciplinary officers at State Action Council and Special/Dedicated Unit at local level: ■ Ensure officers to take key tasks in planning, implementing and monitoring low carbon development and initiatives; ■ Set a common system, goal and language at every level of government for clear instructions and information; ■ Enhance human resources ' capability and capacity at Special/ Dedicated Unit for better implementation through bottom-up approach; ■ Set and develop dedicated personnel at various levels; and ■ Ensure State government's commitment to work with local authorities in managing shared responsibilities ranging from planning, implementing and monitoring of low carbon development.

2. Determine the right job scopes pertaining to the field of sustainability for officers with diverse backgrounds (ranging from environmenta I to planning): ■ Public Service Department (JPA) to set innovative positions for low carbon career path at local authority 's level and be put under the Special/Dedicated Units/ OS(; and ■ To include contractual job positions as well. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Potential Job Scopes for Sustainability or Environmental Planning Backgrounds at Local Level Level District Council Municipal Council City Council Sustainability ■ Sustainability representatives ■ Establishment of Special ■ Establishment of Special Officers and in each department Unit positioned above Unit positioned above Positions ■ Sustainability team is Departments or under Mayor Departments or under the positioned at the same level ■ Background of expertise in Mayor as departments. environmental, sustainability ■ Background of expertise in and climate change. environmental, sustainability and climate change. Collecting Data Data assumptions of per capita Efficient data retrieval from Data is real time information Malaysia to measure the city's sources such as TNB and shared by agency resources GHG consumption. others. which is easily accessible. Data gathered from the local authority's department to be shared with the special unit. GHG Inventory GHG inventory requires Dedicated Officers are able GHG inventory with more external assistance (e.g. to develop GHG inventory innovative simulation software. professionals). annually. Monitoring Monitoring of low carbon Monitoring of low carbon Monitoring can be translated blueprint or action blueprint or action into solutions to tackle or implemented on ground. implemented on ground enhance low carbon activities. together with GHG monitoring. Source: Malaysian Institute of Planners NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 2020 Measures to be Taken

1. Develop low carbon planning tools for cities: ■ Utilise existing or current practices for low carbon tools in Malaysia as guidance or benchmark; ■ Ensure that local authorities are provided with, assisted and taught about these planning tools by respective agencies/ organisations; and ■ Streamline all these tools with GPC.

2. Develop more training and workshops to facilitate learning opportunities related to low carbon development : ■ Establish period ica I and structured train ingwhere establishment of curriculum is crucial to support continuous learning; ■ Provide more training and workshops on low carbon development at city/town level; and ■ Ensure that experts in GHG inventory work with state and local authorities for the purpose of knowledge transfer. The need for calculating GHG emissions is crucial for the purpose of measuring progress.

3. Set up Low Carbon Cities Network to facilitate peer learning opportunities to impart knowledge to others within Local Authorities: ■ Special/Dedicated unit to engage in inter-department collaboration for implementing and monitoring low carbon projects, programmes and initiatives; ■ Establish innovative ways to ensure easy access to information and practices; and ■ Sha re among peers and practice new skills and knowledge that are obtained either from international or local organisation . Type ofTraining That Comes With Real -Life Practice to Sustain Knowledge and Skills District Municipal City Category Council Council Council Training Training with Periodical and Periodical and limited budget structured training structured training with higher knowledge on low carbon development Peer Learning Sharing knowledge from special unit Source: Ma laysian Institute of Planners NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN KEY DIRECTION 07 Im prove Low Carbon Information and Data Management Targeted Outcome ■ A sin g le w ind ow and sea mless lin k t o d at a, in fo rmatio n a nd resou rces fo r GHG in ve nto ry pu r poses . Key Direction 7 has been developed to address the following issues : 01 Lack of inter-agency co ll abo ration from loca l level up to fede ral level, making data co ll ection exercise very diffic ult. 02 The accuracy, ava ilabili ty and coverage of data are still very low. Lack of transpa rency and reporting stru cture on data reso urces from bottom to top level. 03 Some data reso urces and info rmation are often kept at the bottom level. 04 Lack of info rmation and reso urce shari ng between interna l depa rtment at loca l and state levels. Key Actions : Action 7.1 Establi sh Proper and Effic ient System of Data Co llection and Management fo r GHG Invento ry Purposes Action 7.2 Develop Central On li ne System on GHG Em issions Repo rt ing and Data Management to Be Used at All Levels NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MA S T ERPL A N Measures to be Taken

1. Establish framework for data collection and analysis for national, state and local levels.

2. Establish clear, transparent and standardised mechanism for data sharing among agencies and departments that can be used at state and local levels.

3. State government via the State Action Council to mandate all related technical agencies (both federal and state) to share and make available data required for GHG Inventory. Data required is to be based on city or local authority's boundary (i.e. geographical boundary).

4. For local authorities under the Federal Territories, Ministry of Federal Territories to mandate all related technical agencies to share and make available data required for GHG Inventory.

5. Establish innovative ways of data sharing and collection using web or apps for faster and smoother operation.

6. Establish more innovative ways of calculating GHG inventory using simulation software and data sharing system.

7. Establish reporting mechanism of GHG inventory that go through all levels (local, state and federal).

8. Establish common data sharing platform to facilitate flow of data.

9. High level engagement with data owners such as utility providers, oil and gas companies, waste management companies and public transport companies. Data owners must share disaggregated data within the boundaries of the loca I authorities. The Proposed Governance Structure in Action 2.1 and 2.2 Plays Important Role in Ensuring that Proper and Efficient Collection and Management of Data for GHG Inventory Can Be Established. Ministry of Environment and Water Responsible for measuring, reporting and moni toring of GHG Inven tory FEDE RAC LEVE, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\W I "-\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ STATE ACTION COUNCIL Acco untab le to coordina te t he col lection of analysed data from various local authorities and to report to Ma laysia Clima te Acti on Council (MyCAC) and KASA STATE " ' " \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\W I "-\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ SPECIAL/DEDICATED UNIT Accountab le to co llect and process data or information at local level and report to Mayor and State for compilation LOCAL LEVEL ~\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERP L AN Measures to be Taken

1. Develop a standardised template to enable local authorities to perform data collection and reporting based on Global Protocol forCommunity- Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC).

2. Create a platform to allow users to access and collect information under a single window.

3. Develop a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) tools to evaluate GHG emissions reduction for projects implemented in the cities.

4. Set up advanced and sustainable data system by integrating with various sectors, agencies and sources.

5. Set up inventory system for the collection of analysed data from various local authorities and report to technical working committee at national level.

6. Streamline the disclosure of data from technical agencies and utilities companies to promote consistency. Level Recommendation Federal Central online platform that further assist technical working committee to measure, report and monitor GHG Inventory for reporting to UNFCCC. State Central on line platform that enables State Action Council to coordinate the collection of analysed data from various local authorities and to report to technical working committee. Local Central online platform that enables Special/Dedicated Unit to collect and process data/information at local level and report to Mayor and State for compilation. Proposed Central Online System on GHG Reporting Inventory Reporting and Data Management Mechanism I ,----------------------------------, ' Database and Information Centre to Shape the Low Carbon and Central Online System Sustainable Development I I I I I I I I I I I I I I A Monitoring Data Centre and Platform at I I A Centra I Data I I Federal Level '•o and and Online o" Assessment System 0I Centre I 0 Data Centre and Platform at State Level 0I I 0 A Knowledge Technical Data Centre and Platform at Hub 0--' ---o Services Local Level , __________________________________ , ' I NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN KEY DIRECTION 08 Measure Low Carbon Performance Targeted Outcome ■ A common set of performance management metrics to be used for GHG inventory and evaluation. Key Direction 8 has been developed to address the following issues : 01 The accuracy and ava ilab ili ty of data are presently still very low. 02 Lack of data sha ri ng among stakeho lders espec ially at the Federal level. 03 No specific methodo logy or system in GHG Inventory or assessment. 04 Lack of eva luation and assessment on cu rrent status and ach ievement on low ca rbon development. 05 Need to standa rdize performance-based too ls to measure and mon itor ca rbon assessment. 06 Currently, there are too many redundant too ls for inventory and eva luation purposes. A standard too l that ali gn the resu lts with the GPC reporting structure for loca l authorit ies and other stakeho lders must be made ava il ab le. Key Actions : Action 8.1 Ali gn Perfo rmance-Based Too ls to Globa l Protoco l fo r Comm unity-Sca le Greenho use Gas Em ission Inventories (GPC) NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MA S TE R PL A N Measures to be Taken

1. Promote the usage of performance-based tools for calculating GHG Inventory at local level.

2. As for Low Carbon Cities Framework and Assessment System (LCCF): ■ Revise the existing sectoral elements in LCCF; and ■ Set up and appoint a team of experts or examiners to take lead in aligning LCCF with GPC

3. Identify sectoral breakdown in GHG emission reduction strategies at a state level.

4. Undertake research on low carbon strategies/ action plans and assist in data delivery at loca I level. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN KEY DIRECTION 09 Develop Citywide/Sectoral Development Strategies on Low Carbon Targeted Outcome ■ A systematic and user-friendly urban development a pproach / gu ideli ne to help cities, townships and urban areas to reduce GHG emission . Key Direction 9 has been developed to address the following issues : 01 Weak integration of urban plann ing with low ca rbon development strategies to red uce GHG em issions at cities and townsh ip level. 02 Weak progress in design ing and integrating urban functions, fac ili ties and reso urce allocation making it diffic ult for loca l autho ri t ies to address t hi s issue during the ea rly stages of development. Cities are the ma in engine of dynam ic econom ic growth but at the same time consume mo re than 60% of globa l energy consumption and contri bute to 70% each of GHG em issions and globa l waste. Thus, foste ri ng urban development in the most susta inable manner is utmost important. As disc ussed in Chapter 2, fo ur (4) foc us secto rs have been identified to help cit ies to develop mit igation measures coveri ng all potential em ission secto rs at the urban level. As diffe rent cities and townsh ips face diverse cha ll enges, cit ies must pri ori t ise their actions based on their own capabili t ies and targets. Key Secto ral Actions provide gui dance and aim to be t ranslated at loca l development plan level (i. e. Loca l Plan) and in any low ca rbon cit ies action plans fo r better implementation and impact. Key Sectoral Actions : Action 9.1 Spatial Plann ing and Development Action 9.2 Energy Action 9.3 Transpo rtation Action 9.4 Waste NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES M A S T ERPL A N 106 ACTION 9.1 No. Approaches Possible Interventions for the Next Five (5) Years Spatial Planning 1 Identification ■ Define the urban growth boundary (UGB) through land use of the Urban planning policy or any development plans to curb urban and Development Boundary sprawl into rural areas and natural conservation areas. 2 Infill ■ Undertake detailed study and development strategy plan for Developmen t brownfield and greyfield sites in urban areas. and Brownfield ■ Showcase infill and brownfield or greyfield regeneration or Greyfield project. Redeve lop ment 3 Urban ■ Promote urban regeneration within transit nodes and Regeneration corridors. ■ Promote urban regeneration at old residential, commercial and industrial areas. ■ Establish urban regeneration policy through land use planning policy or any development plans at the municipal level. 4 Development ■ Prioritise development within transit nodes and corridors. Within Transit ■ Promote TOD within transit nodes and corridors. Nodes and ■ Review land-use development and re-development policies Corridors to incorporate TOD concept. 5 Mixed-Use ■ Encourage intensity of land uses via mixed-use zone in and Compact development plans. Development ■ Ensure plot ratio control by limiting the floor area requirements for development types such as: commercial, industrial and mixed-use. 6 Urban Heat ■ Incorporate urban form guidelines to achieve natural Island (UHi) climate conditions in development plans. Effect ■ Encourage mixture of high-rise and low-rise buildings and innovative building orientation for sunlight and wind. ■ Encourage innovative building designs incorporating features such as roof gardens and vertical gardens. ■ Increase percentage of tree coverage and vegetation coverage. ■ Use water-retentive pavement or other pavement materials that help to reduce heat. ■ Develop green parking spaces to limit the impacts of urban heat island effect. ■ Use of light-colored concrete, white roofs and green roofing. 7 Natural ■ Preserve and conserve forests, wetlands and water bodies Assets and through land use planning policy or any development plans. Biodiversity ■ Conduct biodiversity enrichment and conservation programme to ensure the sustainability of the forest and mangrove ecosystem. ■ Enhance urban biodiversity through the enhancement of existing habitats and creation of new habitats. 8 Green Open ■ Gazette more green open spaces. Space ■ Enhance public open spaces and parks through more tree planting and better vegetation coverage. ■ Identify the strategies to increase open spaces and parks ratio to 2 hectares per 1,000 population. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN No. Approaches Possible Interventions for the Next Five (5) Years 9 Promote ■ Develop planning and building guidelines to encourage Shared multi use of public amenities and community centre Facilities and buildings. Amenities ■ Develop planning guidelines for multi use of public use spaces. 10 Industrial ■ Regenerate old industrial areas to a better and managed Development industrial parks. ■ Develop new managed industrial parks that adopts any concept relating to eco-industrial park or low carbon industrial park. ■ Adopt clean and green technology in industrial processes 11 Number of ■ Ensure more tree planting programmes and campaigns. Trees ■ Increase the percentage of tree coverage in urban areas. 12 Clean and ■ Adopt clean and green technology in manufacturing sectors. Green Technologies 13 Agriculture ■ Increase the carbon storage capacity of soil. ■ Restrict the use of nitrogen fertilisers. ■ Adopt modern technologies in farming and livestock activities to reduce pollution and greenhouse gases emission. 14 Forestry and ■ Promote the use of reducing emissions from deforestation Other and forest degradation and the role of conservation, Land Uses sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+) as a tool to combat climate change through reducing net emissions of greenhouse gases. ■ Increase carbon stock of the forest areas through better forest management. ■ Reduce land conversion from development. 15 Green Bui lding ■ Increase the number of buildings that have been certified as Recognition Green Building at municipal level. 16 Passive and ■ Prioritise the use of active and passive design solutions on Active Designs new buildings. ■ Adopt climate-resilient design solutions on new buildings. ■ Use of active and passive design solutions to retrofit the old buildings. 17 Sustainable ■ Demonstrate and develop SUDS to manage surface water Urban Drainage drainage and reduce flood risk. System (SUDS) 18 Water ■ Implement and enforce rainwater harvesting at the source. Harvesting ■ Encourage and provide incentives to install the rainwater harvesting system. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 2020 No. Approaches Possible Interventions for the Next Five (5) Years 1 Energy ■ Use energy efficient method and green technology to reduce Optimisation energy consumption at municipal level. ■ Establish renewable energy policies at municipal level. ■ Establish energy efficient policies and energy consumption reduction targets at municipal level. ■ Introduce development of Smart Grid system at city level. ■ Introduce Green Building requirement for all new buildings within Local Authority planning approval. ■ Reduce energy use and adverse energy-related environmental effects by employing district cooling strategies. 2 Minimum ■ Promote energy efficient lighting through awareness Energy programmes, enforcement of Minimum Energy Performance Performa nee Standards (MEPS) and labelling. Standards (MEPS) 3 Renewable ■ Encourage the use of renewable energy such as solar Energy energy, waste to energy, biomass, wind and geothermal heat through any policies and development plans. ■ Develop long-term plan for electricity tariff rate for higher renewable mix. ■ Enhance cross sectoral collaboration in research and development and commercialisation to develop localised technology. 4 Energy Audits ■ Introduce matching grants where free energy audit will be and Energy provided to large and medium sized commercial buildings, Management in industries, large Government facilities provided that the Buildings and business owner is willing to invest an amount of energy Industries saving measures equal to the cost of the energy audit. 5 Cogeneration ■ Promote COGEN in industries and commercial buildings by (COGEN)* implementing key strategic measures to reduce barriers. 6 Energy ■ Implement Energy Management System for buildings and Consumption certification either from SIRIM for MS ISO 50001 and AEMAS (under Malaysian Green Technology and Climate Change Centre) for Energy Management Gold Standard. ■ Adopt energy efficient building technology to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy consumption. ■ Encourage all large-scale commercial and government buildings to submit Energy Audit Report. ■ Monitor the energy consumption and performance through measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV). ■ Promote energy-efficient design of new buildings through Building Codes. ■ Retrofit the old buildings into energy efficient buildings. * Note: According to COGEN Europe, Cogeneration (Combined Heat and Power or CHP) is the simultaneous production of electricity and heat, both of which are used. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN No. Approaches Possible Interventions for the Next Five (5) Years 1 Development ■ Develop modes of public transportation services in urban of Public area. These modes of public transportation include city Transportation buses, trams, rapid transit (MRT/LRT/Commuter/Monorail) Services and and BRT. Networks ■ Provide feeder systems to/from public transport stations and stops. ■ Expand the existing transit service coverage in urban areas. ■ Improve public transit system accessibility and expand the coverage area in urban areas. ■ Provide public bus services in urban areas. ■ Increase public bus efficiency and coverage in urban areas. 2 Pedestrian and ■ Identify and demarcate areas for car free zone. Cycling Network ■ Provide dedicated and continuous pedestrian walkways and cycling lane in current and future developments. ■ Formulate a walkable city/pedestrian master plan for existing cities, centres and neighbourhoods. ■ Provide facilities for pedestrians and cyclists in urban areas. ■ Develop a comprehensive interconnected network of pedestrian and cycling facilities in order to connect to any of the key locations within urban areas as well as to transit stations. ■ Provide walking and cycling facilities to support access and mobility to/from public transit nodes. 3 Low Carbon ■ Promote low carbon and environmentally friendly buses. and Green ■ Promote low carbon and environmentally friendly vehicles Vehicles through policies and incentives provision. ■ Provide suitable infrastructure for cleaner vehicles and fuels. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Approaches Possible Interventions for the Next Five (5) Years Recycling ■ Implement segregation at source of construction waste. and Waste ■ Reuse and recycle some of the construction material and Separation waste. ■ Foster more partnerships with local NGOs to encourage the public to recycle waste and reduce waste generation. ■ Establish waste reduction policies at municipal level. ■ Establish municipal waste collection and recycling goals at municipal level. ■ Establish more recycling centres at community level. ■ Promote more awareness programmes on 3R campaign at community level. ■ Introduce waste composting programmes at community level. ■ Develop composting site near to supermarkets and farmers' markets to encourage composting of expired agriculture produce. Waste ■ Adopt cleaner production and green technology in industrial Reduction processes in order to reduce waste generation at industrial areas. Landfill ■ Introduce policies improvement and technology upgrading Operation in landfill operation. ■ Establish material recovery facilities (MRF) for further segregation process of waste collection from lorries to reduce landfill contribution. Resource ■ Promote waste and resource recovery in agricultural and Recovery forestry sectors. ■ Emphasize the efficient use of waste as a resource. ■ Promote resource recovery from other sources of organic waste. ■ Introduce Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) in facilitating growth in resource recovery. Waste To ■ Promote recovery of landfill gases and energy from waste. Energy ■ Encourage the use of waste to energy technology at municipal level. Wastewater ■ Construct recycled (non-potable) water infrastructure. Treatment ■ Promote and utilize recycled effluent. ■ Ensure all buildings and residential areas are properly connected to centralised sewerage treatment system. if \ ~- ' •~{lo 112 Implementation Plans Timeline For Key Actions Target Cities (Local/Regional Authorities) Other Cities Absolute VS Intensity Reduction Absolute Carbon Reduction Targets Managing Implementation Critical Success Factors NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 5.1 Timeline for Key Actions Implementation is a complex process, with The timeline is given in accordance to the priority of responsibilities and key deliverables to be shared project and divided into Short-Term and Medium-Long across three (3) levels of government (i.e. federal, state Term duration as follows: and local). Short Term Medium-Long Term The implementation process requires the setting of objectives/targeted outcomes, assigning roles and Implementation and impact Implementation and impact in less than 3 years in between 3 - 5 years responsibilities, building a feasible strategy and portfolio of interventions to meet the objectives/ Champion(s) targeted outcomes as well as setting the timeline for each intervention . In the end, the success of the implementation depends greatly at the outset of 0 Federal robust planning. 0 State 0 Local In this masterplan, the timeline is referred to the amount of time needed to implement certain action as well as the impact that can be seen within that specific time period. •• Federal and State State and Local NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Table 5.1 illustrates the timeline for all key actions. TableS.1 Tim eline for Key Action s Key Directions and Key Actions KDl: Streamline and Integrate Related Low Carbon Policies and Regulations 0 Action 1.1 Align Existing Regulations and Laws to Support Low Carbon Cities Development Medium-Long Term Align National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) to Support Low Carbon 0 Action 1.2 Cities Development Medium-Long Term Establish Abso lute Carbon Reduction Targets for Targeted Cities Medium-Long Term Action 1.3 (2021 - 2050) Medium-Long Term Establish Policies to Enable Top Down Approach for Low Carbon Action 1.4 Implementation at State Level Medium-Long Term Integrate Low Carbon Guidelines And Components into Existing and Action 1.5 New Planning Development Documents Promote Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFO LU) as Part of 0 Action 1.6 GHG Reduction Measures Medium-Long Term 0 Action 1.7 Align Definition and Approach for Low Carbon Cities at All Levels Medium-Long Term KD2: Strengthen the Institutional Framework and Implementation Mechanism at All Levels 4) Action2 .1 Improve the Governance and Implementation Structure at Federal and State Levels Short Term • Action2 .2 Strengthen the Implementation Mechanism at the Ground Level Short Term KD3: Mainstream Low Carbon Urban Planning and Development 0 Action3 .1 Embed Low Carbon Elements in Urban Planning and Development Medium-Long Term 0 Action3 .2 Develop a Standard Guideline of GHG Emission Reduction Strategies for Easy and Consistent Implementation at Ground Level Short Term KD4: Increase Community Participation in Low Carbon Development 0 Action4.1 Nurture Active Participation and Awareness through an Effective Communication Plan Short Term NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 0 Action4.2 Use Education to Foster Human Behavioural Changes to Sustainable Practices Short Term KDS: Provide Funding and Financing to Facilitate Low Carbon Development 0 ActionS.1 Create Speci fic Low Carbon Development Fund and Budget to Implement Low Carbon Programmes and Initiatives Short Term CD ActionS.2 Create Alternative Funding to Finance Low Carbon Initiatives and Programmes at Local Level Short Term KD6: Invest and Build Capacity to Act Develop and Place Dedicated Officers at State and Local Levels 0 Action 6.1 to Increase Productivity and Create Holistic Manpower Support Short Term System CD Action 6.2 Develop and Nurture Knowledge, Expertise and Skills in Low Carbon Development Area at a State and Local Levels Short Term KD7: Improve Low Carbon Information and Data Management 0 Action7.1 Establish Proper and Efficient System of Data Collection and Management for GHG Inventory Purposes Short Term 0 Action7.2 Develop Central Online System on GHG Emission Reporting and Data Management to Be Used at All Levels Short Term KDS: Measure Low Carbon Performance 0 ActionS.1 Align Performance-Based Tools to Global Protocol for Community- Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC) Short Term KD9: Develop Citywide/Sectoral Development Strategies on Low Carbon 0 Sector 9.1 Spatial Planning and Development Medium-Long Term 0 Sector 9.2 Energy Medium-Long Term 0 Sector 9.3 Transportation Medium-Long Term 0 Sector9.4 Waste Medium-Long Term NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 5.2 Target Cities (Local/Regional Authorities) Target Cities in this section are referred to the local Kulai Municipal Council, Pasir Gudang City Council and authorities that have been selected to implement Pontian District Council are part of lskandar Malaysia . mitigation measures or initiatives to transform their lskandar Malaysia, Sepang Municipal Council, cities, towns or urban areas into low carbon . A total Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal Council and Putrajaya number of 33 local/regional authorities have been Corporation - which are participating cities in the selected as Target Cities. These target cities are Green Technology Application for the Development of selected based on their number of population that Low Carbon Cities (GTALCC) Project- are included due have exceeded 300,000 based on 2010 census data to their advanced involvement in low carbon initiatives by the Department of Statistics of Malaysia. However, for the past several years. the rule excluded Kulai Municipal Council, Pasir Gudang City Council, Ponti an District Council, Se pang The breakdown of the target cities are as follows: Municipal Council, Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal Council and Putrajaya Corporation . TableS.2 Selected Target Cities Category Selection Justification City Council 18 out of 18 ■ All City Councils have been selected as they meet the selection criteria of having number of population exceeding 300,000 ■ Under Ministry Of Housing & Local Government requirement, City Council must have total number of population exceeding S00,000 Municipal Council 12 out of 36 ■ 12 local authorities have been selected based on the selection criteria - with an exception of Kulai Municipal Council, Pasir Gudang City Council, Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal Council and Sepang Municipal Council. District Council 1 out of 9S ■ Pontian District Council (part of lskandar Malaysia and participating city of the GTALCC project). Economic Region 1 out of S ■ lskandar Malaysia (participating city of the GTALCC project). Modified Local Authority 1 out of 5 ■ Putrajaya Corporation (participating city of the GTALCC project). Total Number Selected 33 ■ Note: The source for the population criteria is based on the number of population retrieved from Key Summary Statistics For Local Authority Areas, Malaysia, 2010. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN The selected Target Cities are grouped accordingly based on their advanced involvement in low carbon development for the past five (5) years: FigureS.1 Details of the 33 Selected Target Cities Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

1. Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal 1. Alar Setar City Council 1. Kata Bharu Municipal Council Council 2. Am pang Jaya Municipal 2. Kata Kinabalu City Hall 2. lskandar Malaysia Council 3. Kuala Terengganu City Council 3. lskandar Puteri City Council 3. lpoh City Council 4. Kuantan City Council

4. Johar Bahru City Council 4. Kajang Municipal Council S. Sandakan Municipal Council S. Kuala Lumpur City Hall S. Klang Municipal Council 6. Sungai Petani Municipal

6. Kulai Municipal Council 6. Kuching North City Hall Council

7. Melaka Historic City Council 7. Kuching South City Council 7. Tawau Municipal Council

8. Pasir Gudang City Council 8. Miri City Council

9. Penang Island City Council 9. Selayang Municipal Council

10. Petaling Jaya City Council 10. Seremban City Council ll. Pontian District Council ll. Su bang Jaya City Council

12. Putrajaya Corporation

13. Seberang Perai City Council

14. Sepang Municipal Council lS. Shah Alam City Council NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 5.3 Other Cities Cit ies that are not se lected as t he Ta rget Cit ies bu t are keen to reduce GHG em iss ions through miti gation measu res ca n emp loy th e fo llow in g acti o ns in charterin g t he path way fo r low ca rbo n cit ies o r low ca rbo n developme nt. @ i-------------•• Action 01 Planning ■ Develop climate change or low carbon action plan ■ Set targets to reduce GHG emissions Action 02 ••---------------1@ Capacity Building •• ■ Set dedicated resources and implementation mechanism Iii @---------t•• Action 03 Implementation ■ Devise and implement community-based carbon reduction initiatives Action 04 ••---------------1@ Monitoring ■ Set and develop reporting and monitoring system to measure GHG emissions 0 NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 5.4 Absolute vs Intensity Reduction There are two (2) ways to measure carbon emissions Figure 5.2 reduction - Absolute versus Intensity. Absolute Towards Carbon Neutrality by year 2050 reduction refers to the total quantity of greenhouse Emission Carbon gas emissions, whereas intensity is the volume of cuts against / Clim ate emissions per unit GDP. Reducing emissions intensity ba seline Neutralit y means that less pollution is being created per unit of 2020 2030 2040 2050 GDP. However, total emissions will grow parallel to GDP. Melbourne ' ' ' ' ~\\\\\\\\\\\).\\\\\\\\\\\\\'f\\\\\\\\\\\\\'f\~ Australia A more concrete measure of emissions reduction as it The Hague refers to the reduction of total quantity of emissions. Netherlands Total emissions must decrease to tackle climate Sydney change. Hence, the most relevant measure is absolute Australia reduction . Barcelona Spa in Developed countries, like the US and Europe, have London submitted absolute emissions reduction targets United Ki ngdom reflecting their intent to reduce their total emissions. New York United States Figure 5.2 illustrated the cities that have embarked on the most rigorous absolute reduction plans to achieve Paris France carbon neutrality by year 2050. Toronto Canada The masterplan outlined the selected cities' absolute reduct ion target in the following section . Taipei Taiwan Note: Includes only cities with target of 50% or more cut in emissions from their respective baseline year Source: CDP Climate A List, Bloomberg NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MAST E R PL AN 5.6 Managing Implementation The governance structure as proposed in Action 2.1 plays an important role in ensuring that multi-level and cross sectoral participation and collaboration takes place at all levels when pursuing low carbon development efforts. The Ministry of Environment and Water (KASA) as the secretariat for the implementation of NLCCM must be supported by a dedicated team to manage the implementation of the NLCCM at federal, state and cities level. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN FigureS.4 Proposed Governance Structure for the irnplernentation of NLCCM at Federal, States and Cities (local government) Levels Malaysia Climate Action Council (MyCAC) --------------------, . \ Secretariat for NLCCM Implementation Ministry of Environment and Water (Dedicated ProJectManagementOffice) Ministry of Ministry of Energy Ministry of Housing Ministry of Environment and Water State Government and Natural and Local Government Federal Territories {KASA) Resources (KeTSA) Economic Planning Ministry of Transport Ministry of Works Ministry of Finance Others Unit (EPU) FEDERAL LEVEL • State Action Council '-------------------➔ (A dedicated action council or committee at state level For example Johor Low carbon Council) ~-------------------~✓ EXCO I UPEN/BPEN l State Special Purpose Vehicles Local Authorities State Technical Agencies / Corporation STATE LEVEL ~\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\~ ~\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Local Authorities Special / Dedicated Unit on Low Carbon City LOCAL LEVEL ~\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 5.7 Critical Success Factors Clear Implementation Mechanism and Direction at These councils are tasked to set up policies and Federal and State Levels directions for low carbon development, provide incentives for strategic investments to promote low The establishment of National Action Council carbon development, and also guide implementation and State Action Council is vital to facilitate and plans and resources for each action to ensure better monitor nationwide low carbon development and deliverables and implementation of low carbon implementation . development at each stage and level. All parties have a key role in convening government agencies, fostering partnerships with private organisations, international bodies and local community groups as well as determining resource allocation to implement actions to make cities and townships more efficient in carbon emissions reduction and performance. Dedicated Funding and Resources Allocation in the Transition to Low Carbon Cities and Society The allocation of dedicated funding and resources to kick-start the low carbon strategies and actions is also vital as these funding and resources will support the following: ■ Setting up relevant and multi-disciplinary units and resources for low carbon implementation; ■ Implementing low carbon mitigation measures and demonstration projects; ■ Securing more expertise to advice and guide the technical implementation of low carbon development; NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN ■ Organizing and facilitating training opportunities related to low carbon development; and ■ Implementing community engagement initiatives and awareness. Dedicated Champions at Local Level A specia I unit at loca I level is crucia I to ensure better implementation by local authorities. This unit plays a key role as low carbon champions and are responsible for the following tasks at the local level: ■ Setting up development directions of low carbon; ■ Recommending incentives for strategic investments; ■ Evaluating and approving strategic development framework of low carbon development; ■ Ensuring the success of planning and implementation of low carbon development; and ■ Leveraging networks and resources to support the implementation of low carbon. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN Appendices

Appendix 1: Comparison of National Low Carbon Cities Masterplan (NLCCM) and other low carbon city policy tools/ framework in Malaysia The NLCCM is developed as a policy document to guide policymakers at all levels of government- federal , state and local authorities in the implementation of low carbon cities. This document is prepared to address the gaps in policies to meet the country's GHG reduction goals in mitigating climate change. The NLCCM does not intend to replace existing policy tools used by local authorities in pursuing low carbon city goals. This document is an extension of the National Climate Change Policy established in 2009. The masterplan outlines absolute GHG reduction targets for the 33 biggest cities and regions in Malaysia in 3 different phases on implementation . The ambitious GHG reduction targets which exceeds Malaysia's GHG reduction commitment is intentional to drive more impactful GHG mitigation projects in meeting the targets. The comparison between the NLCCM and other known low carbon cities policy framework and other reporting standards is summarised in the following table: Low carbon cities policy tools/ Description GHG reporting standards ■ Developed for Ministry of Environment and Water in 2019 by the Green Technology Application for the Development of Low Carbon Cities (GTALCC) Project with UNDP Malaysia/ Global Environment National Low Carbon Cities Facility (GEF) fund. ■ The 3M Approach - Measurement, Management & Mitigation Masterplan ■ Policy support for all levels of government (NLCCM} ■ A hybrid document of bottom up and top down policy measures ■ Roll-out plan in tandem with the 5-years Malaysia Plan (Rancangan Malaysia) ■ Target: Carbon neutrality for the 33 biggest cities and regions of Malaysia by 2050 and beyond ■ Launched in 2011; Version 2 launched in 2017 ■ Implemented by Malaysian Green Technology and Climate Change Center (MGTC) Low Carbon Cities Framework ■ Consists of a framework and assessment system which allows for performance of carbon reduction measures in a city or a township and Assessment System ■ MGTC introduced the LCC Challenge 2030 a programme to accelerate the transformation towards low carbon cities. The goal of the program is to establish 200 low carbon zones in state capitals {LCCF} and major urban areas by 2030. The LCCF document will be used as a reference in this program. Participating cities annual GHG emission reduction in energy, water, mobility and waste is assessed. ■ The Low Carbon Society (LCS) blueprints of Putrajaya, lskandar Malaysia and Kuala Lumpur incorporates a methodology using the internationally recognised Asia-Pacific Integrated Model (AIM) to project GHG emissions under various scenarios i.e. Business as Usual (BAU) and Counter Measure Low Carbon Society (CM) ■ The term "Low Carbon Society" in the LCS blueprints is created to project the blueprints as a people- (LCS) centric plan. ■ All the LCS blueprints were developed by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia-Low Carbon Asia Research Centre (UTM-LCARC) based on a research collaboration between UTM-LCARC, Kyoto University, Okoyama University and the National Institute of Environmental Studies ■ GHG Protocol standard developed by World Resources Institute (WRI), C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group Global Protocol for and Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI) Community-Scale ■ Launched in 2014 ■ The GPC is a robust framework for accounting and reporting city-wide GHG emissions. Greenhouse Gas Emissions ■ Local authorities and regional authority which have used GPC as a reporting standard: Majlis Bandaraya Petaling Jaya, Majlis Perbandaran Am pang Jaya, Majlis Perbandaran Hang Tuah Jaya, Dewan Bandaraya Inventories {GPC) Kuala Lumpur and lskandar Regional Development Authority (IRDA) ■ One of the key actions in the NLCCM is to align the existing GHG reporting format to GPC NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN The adoption and implementation of NLCCM and the use of other policy tools can be demonstrated through the following examples: Example 1 - Majlis Bandaraya Petaling Jaya (MBPJ) Majlis Bandaraya Petaling Jaya (MBPJ) with the assistance of Carbon Trust developed the MBPJ Low City Action Plan 2015 - 2030. MBPJ adopted NLCMM in which their GHG reduction targets are aligned with the masterplan's targets. As a Group 1 city, MBPJ is required to update their current GHG inventory by 2022 using the GPC standard and reduce GHG emissions by 33% in 2030, 66% in 2040 and becoming carbon-neutral in 2050. MBPJ may adopt the LCCF as a guide to develop programs to reduce GHG emissions. For example, the LCCF performance criteria B 2-1: Passive and Active Designs which require implementation of energy efficiency measures in new and existing buildings. MBPJ may also participate in the LCC Challenge 2030 and get recognise for their efforts in reducing GHG emissions. reducing GHG emissions. MBPJ is also encouraged to update their GHG inventory based on the GPC accounting and reporting principles from time to time. Example 2 - Majlis Bandaraya Pasir Gudang (MBPG) Majlis Bandaraya Pasir Gudang (MBPG) is a local authority in the lskandar Malaysia region whose low carbon city action blueprint is driven by the Low Carbon Society Blueprint for lskandar Malaysia 2025. MBPG also has their own Low Carbon Society Action Plan 2025 which outlines city specific programs and policy directions to reduce GHG emissions in Pa sir Gudang. MBPG and lskandar Malaysia adopted the 3M approach as well as realigned their GHG reduction targets accordingly. If MBPG wishes to adopt the LCCF and participate in the LCC Challenge 2030, their current LCS action plan is more than adequate to fit in the LCCF requirements. MBPG is also encouraged to report their city-wide GHG emissions based on the GPC accounting and reporting principles from time to time. Example 3 - Majlis Bandaraya Kuala Terengganu (MBKT) Based on the N LCCM, Majlis Bandaraya Kua la Terengga nu (MBKT) is part of Group 3 cities where they are required to establish a baseline of GHG emissions before 2031. MBKT will be provided with the necessary assistance to develop a low carbon city action plan based on the 3M approach in the NLCCM. MBKT may refer to LCCF or other low carbon city policy tools or framework during the development of their low carbon city action plans. They may participate in the LCC Challenge 2030 by identifying a low ea rbon zone within the city boundary and receive recognition for their GHG emission reduction measures. MBKT is also encouraged to report their city-wide GHG emissions based on the GPC accounting and reporting principles from time to time. NATIONAL LOW CARBON CITIES MASTERPLAN 11 I I