National Export Strategy (NES) of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar 2015-2019

2 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 ƒƒ Low product quality levels. Product quality levels are and other border regions) are a potentially destabilizing the result of outdated national quality infrastructure factor that could lead to open conflict and threaten the characterized by the inadequate presence of key ele- country’s fragile economic reforms. ments such as legal metrology, standards, regulations, ƒƒ Export development will accelerate economic activity certifications, inspections, scientific capacity, etc. and industrialization, thereby amplifying environmen- ƒƒ Low productivity, underemployment and low educa- tal sustainability issues. Accordingly, it is necessary tion levels. The country’s education system is consid- to implement better methodologies for sustainability ered to be outdated and largely inadequate to support impact assessments to understand possible trade-offs the growth rates envisaged in national development associated with investments and trade projects. plans. On the market entry side, the principal issues identified are: PRIORITY SECTORS ƒƒ Market access conditions are becoming more fa- AND FUNCTIONS vourable. Myanmar benefits from preferential ac- The following priority sectors were selected based on their cess to developed country markets through the capacity to contribute to export growth, socio-economic WTO’s Generalized System of Preferences ( GSP ). development goals and employment generation through Opportunities for diversification of export markets will their current and potential trade performance. also improve thanks to the easing of sanctions. ƒƒ Insufficient information on market demand prevents NES priority sectors exporters from tapping promising markets. Although Myanmar enjoys preferential market access to a num- 1. Rice ber of advanced countries and is in addition a sig- 2. Beans, pulses and oilseeds natory to the ASEAN agreements, including ASEAN 3. Fisheries agreements, market information knowledge on stand- ards and procedures for exporting remain low among 4. Textiles and garments exporters. 5. Forestry products ƒƒ There is no export promotion agency in Myanmar. The trade promotion services currently provided are 6. Rubber largely inadequate to assist exporters along the export 7. Tourism development pathway. This leads to a lack of export promotion activities in international markets creates limited visibility for Myanmar’s enterprises and brands. The elaboration of individual strategies for priority sectors is not intended to imply that other sectors in Myanmar will From a development perspective, key issues are: not benefit from the NES. In fact, the NES also includes cross-sector functional strategies aimed at strengthening ƒƒ Poverty rates remain high but have been decreasing. the business environment for enterprises and exporters. Myanmar is among the poorest nations in South-East The following cross-sectors were selected as priorities. Asia. Although poverty rates fell by 6% between 2005 and 2010, roughly 25% of the population still lives under the poverty line. Poverty remains highly concentrated in rural areas with large disparities between states. NES priority cross-sector functions ƒƒ Gender mainstreaming in the formal sector is required to strengthen gender equity. Overall, gender equal- 1. Trade facilitation and logistics ity is undermined by a number of discriminatory laws concerning marriage, property ownership and inherit- 2. Quality management ance rights. 3. Access to finance ƒƒ Business activity is concentrated around few geo- graphic locations. According to the list of active mem- 4. Trade information and promotion bers of UMFCCI, which contained just over 4,300 firms in 2012, 90% were located in Yangon, 4% were located in Mandalay and 6 % in other locations. ƒƒ Ethnic conflicts create obstacles for economic stabili- ty and export development. Internal political and social tensions (such as the continued unrest in Rakhine state EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 VISION AND STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES In addition to prioritizing a limited number of sectors and functions the following vision statement was adopted to guide the NES design and implementation, and reflects the aspirations of the many public and private sector stakeholders in the NES. “ ” Sustainable export-led growth and prosperity for emerging Myanmar.

4 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 This vision sets the overall orientation of the export strat- In addition to market development, the NES will contribute egy and captures its spirit. It is supported by five national to the development of export competitiveness through strategic objectives that provide the overall direction for structural enhancements to the priority sectors’ value export development. chains. Each sector strategy of the NES proposes struc- tural enhancements which will result in strengthened link- 1. To foster sustainable, inclusive and equitable export- ages within and between sectors, or the introduction of led growth for the socio-economic development of the new linkages. The projected structural changes to the people of Myanmar. This objective is aligned to the sectors are based on efficiency gains identified through Framework for Economic and Social Reforms ( FESR ) the four gear analysis of each sector’s performance and and the National Development Plans and is a pre- through the identification of opportunities for value addi- requisite for social and economic equity. tion and creation. 2. To ensure a consistent, predictable and transparent policy, legal and regulatory framework. This objective At the national level, implementation of the cross-sector addresses many concerns expressed by the private strategies of the NES will contribute to an overall enhance- sector in terms of being unaware of policy changes or ment of the business environment for export develop- new regulations deriving from new legislations. ment. Each cross-sector strategy contains specific targets 3. To develop competitive, diversified and branded ex- it aims to improve at the national level. ports by expanding productive capacities and fos- tering innovation. Building economic productive capacity through skills development, training and in- IMPLEMENTING THE NES vestment promotion is expected to boost competitive- ness and value addition. The need to become more The NES document is only the initial step towards export competitive and move up the value chain by diversi- development. To achieve the vision laid out by the NES, fying into downstream activities is required. Finally, a concerted effort needs to be undertaken on a variety of introducing branding strategies is required in order fronts by all NES stakeholders. The effective contribution to create value and create customer awareness and of the NES to export development will largely depend on loyalty. the ability of Myanmar to plan, mobilize resources, coor- 4. To build modern, enabled and supportive institutions dinate activities and monitor its implementation. Special to respond to the diverse needs of current and emerg- attention needs to be given to building and reinforcing ing exporters. Some consolidation and coordination of strategy implementation management capacities. institutions services is required. Capacity building to strengthen the institutions and more export-oriented The broad range of activities, together with the complex services should be provided. nature of integrated interventions, requires careful imple- 5. To build up physical trade infrastructure. Trade in- mentation that efficiently directs resources and monitors frastructure and transportation corridors are required results at both the micro and macro levels. In particu- across the country. The NES provides the country with lar, the NES will ensure that existing development efforts, the necessary strategy to build and capitalize on trade both national and donor driven, do not occur in isola- infrastructure development. tion and instead are aligned with Myanmar’s needs in the broader context of export growth for socio-economic development. STRATEGIC DIRECTION OF THE NES The strategic direction of the NES is structured along three CONCLUSION main axes: market development, structural enhancements to sector value chains, and cross-sector improvements. As the first National Export Strategy of Myanmar, this doc- ument contributes to structuring trade development in line For the priority NES sectors, market development analy- with the ambitions of the country to bring the economy on sis follows a phased approach: a short-term perspec- par with dynamic Asian economies. The NES is a road- tive to capitalize on opportunities that are within reach map to coordinate export-led growth in order to reduce of the existing capabilities of exporters; and a mid- to poverty, increase productivity, build up key areas in the long-term outlook, based on enhanced capabilities result- business environment and develop trade performance. ing from the implementation of the NES plans of actions. The implementation of the NES will likewise build public This phased approach is aimed at staging interventions and private institutional capacities to sustain export-led in alignment with the evolving capacities of trade sup- growth and prosperity for an emerging Myanmar. port institutions and sector enterprises as the NES im- plementation moves forward. Each sector strategy of the NES details specific results to be achieved through their implementation. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 NOTE TO THE READER The NES is the result of a multi-dimensional design process, which followed a participative, collaborative and stakeholder-driven approach aimed at unlocking Myanmar’s export potential. The core focus of this ini- tiative lies not only in diversifying the export basket of products, services and destinations, but also in providing significant socioeconomic impact. In particular, the NES ensures that existing development efforts, both national and donor driven, do not occur in isolation and are instead aligned in the broader context of trade-related technical assistance. This focus exists to avoid fragmentation of development efforts, which would lead to an overall low impact and challenges in implementation. The NES initiative is the beneficiary of the highest level of support from the Government of the Republic of Myanmar. the views and interests of those operating in the sectors, Official support and endorsement for the NES initiative but also the wider interests of the community, in terms of was confirmed by the Government in November 2012. In socio-economic development, environmental sustainabil- April 2013, a formal decision was adopted to formulate ity and equitable growth. an NES, appoint the NES team and assess options for establishing a Myanmar Trade Development Committee Multiple documents ( MTDC ). The MTDC will spearhead the NES implementa- tion and manage the sustainability of the implementation process in terms of monitoring, reporting, project selec- The NES is composed of twelve documents, each con- tion, funds allocation, and donor liaison. taining specific analyses and opportunities for strength- ening the export sector in Myanmar. A fundamental feature of the NES design process that speaks to the sustainability of the resulting strategy is the ƒƒ The NES document provides the overarching analytical public–private partnership and dialogue which guided framework, key recommendations and national level the development of the NES at both strategic and op- action plan. erational levels. At the strategic level, the high level team ƒƒ The seven individual sector strategies provide detailed which oversaw the development of the NES is comprised diagnostics of performance, market development ori- of private and public stakeholders who ensured equita- entations and specific plans of action ( PoAs ) to guide bility in the strategic design process. At the operational the export development efforts of sector stakeholders. level the strategy development process hinged on three ƒƒ The four cross-sector functional strategies analyse the important pivots, which were the first, second and third institutional and enterprise level challenges of the func- stakeholder consultations held in Yangon and Nay Pyi tions and provide PoAs to be implemented by relevant Taw. These consultations had equitable participation stakeholders. between private and public sectors. The broad range of stakeholders ensured that sector prioritisation and activi- The sector and cross-sector functional strategies form an ties for addressing supply side issues have encompassed integral part of the country’s NES. INTRODUCTION 7 INTRODUCTION In the last three years, Myanmar has undergone rapid po- and promoting exports, establishing a better trade en- litical and economic reforms, with a number of initiatives vironment and guaranteeing a competitive environment, aimed at driving a more dynamic private sector, by im- strengthen human capital and achieve poverty reduction proving the business-enabling environment. Despite the through trade expansion. To achieve this goal, Myanmar sanctions faced by Myanmar, it recorded strong export has decided to unlock Myanmar’s export potential by de- growth, though this has been based on a narrow export signing a National Export Strategy ( NES ). In November basket and relatively few export markets. The removal of 2012, the GRUM submitted a formal request for support sanctions and re-instatement of preferences by major and technical guidance in the development of a NES. markets such as the EU in 2013 and expected by the US in 2014 presents major opportunities to diversify the coun- The NES is viewed as an important step towards improv- try’s export base. Moreover, Myanmar’s efforts to integrate ing the country’s export competitiveness. It represents a and implement its commitments for the ASEAN Economic roadmap to address supply-side, business environment, Community will provide opportunities to tap into regional market entry, and development constraints surrounding production networks and global supply chains. This is Myanmar’s trade environment. A key step in the NES pro- therefore an opportune moment for Myanmar to define cess is the identification of targeted export sectors and its National Export Strategy. The private sector is facing associated needs and priorities. These sectors and their a number of binding constraints such as a lack of finan- needs and priorities are established based on technical cial intermediation, costly and irregular provision of utili- analysis and consultations undertaken by the International ties, expensive telecom infrastructure and a poor trade Trade Centre together with Myanmar stakeholders rep- infrastructure in general, which are currently being ad- resenting the country’s leading public, private and civil dressed by the Government of the Republic of the Union society groups. Ultimately, this information guides the of Myanmar ( GRUM ). design of sector and cross-sector strategies, complete with action plans. National strategies such as the Framework for Economic and Social Reforms place emphasis on broad based in- Following consultations and analysis, seven sectors were clusive and sustainable economic growth for Myanmar. selected to be included in the NES design initiative: rice; The framework, issued in December 2012, sets out a pulses, beans and oilseed; fish and crustaceans; textiles phased approach to development, with individual min- and garments; rubber; tourism; and forestry products. istries advancing the development agenda and propos- Cross-sectors representing broader capacity issues have ing their own priorities. It encompasses, among others, also been selected: access to finance; trade information; trade and economic policies, environmental protection, quality management; and trade facilitation and logistics. labour standards and cultural preservation. The GRUM’s objective is to foster economic development while en- Elaborated in close collaboration with the Government suring national recognition, broad-based and inclusive of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar ( GRUM ) and growth, and preservation of cultural identities. It proposes the private sector, the final NES recommendations will to “pursue an active policy of encouraging the diversifi- serve to guide Trade-Related Technical Assistance cation of export products while promoting value-added ( TRTA ) programmes based on the identified priority ar- processes for primary commodities, including focusing eas. Accordingly, the NES will contribute to repositioning on improving support services in areas of trade financ- Myanmar exports on world markets and boosting export ing, market access and trade facilitation”. The yearly competitiveness. The NES will also strengthen private- plan set by the Ministry of Commerce, called the “Trade sector competitiveness and contribute to attracting Aid Sector Development Plan”, has the goal of expanding for Trade as well as investment in priority export sectors. MACROECONOMIC OVERVIEW 9 MACROECONOMIC OVERVIEW According to Myanmar authorities, GDP has grown by between 10 - 12 % per annum over the last five years ( Figure 1 ). The IMF estimates GDP growth to be about half this amount, at between 3.6 % ( 2008 / 9 ) and 6.3 %1 between the period 2007 / 8 and 2012 / 132. With a GDP per capita estimated at only $860 in 2012 / 133, the coun- try remains one of the poorest in South East Asia. On a purchasing power parity basis, the GDP of Myanmar ranks below that of Bangladesh and marginally higher than Nepal. It appears that Myanmar’s recent growth has not been suf- ficiently broad based to alleviate poverty on a big scale, though noticeable improvements have been recorded. Myanmar has a population of just over 60 million, with a labour force of 29.5 million.4 Of the total employment, 57 % was engaged in agriculture, 11 % in manufacturing, 4 % in mining, power, energy and construction, and 28 % in services, of which 16 % are in trade ( retail and whole- sale trade ).5 The country’s most comprehensive poverty assessment, conducted by the UNDP in 2009/2010, does show a reduction in absolute poverty from 32% in 2005 to day, the survey shows that more than 85 % of the popula- 26 % in 2010, with a poverty line set just above USD $1.04 tion is poor.7 Nearly 60 % of the population lives between per day6. While the reduction in absolute poverty is en- $1.04 per day and $2 per day. couraging, the income distribution shows that the majority of people live marginally above the poverty line. Using the Since 2008, Myanmar has experienced a current account World Bank’s measure of moderate poverty set at $2 per deficit, driven by a trade deficit (see Figure 2). In compari- son to Myanmar’s peers, these increasing imbalances in seems to be accentuating and are expected, by 2017, 1. Fiscal years in Myanmar run from April 1 to March 31. See IMF ( 2013 ) Myanmar: Staff Monitored Program, IMF Country Report to reach around 6 % of GDP, one of the highest deficits No.13 / 13, Washington DC, January. in the chart. A long-standing trade deficit is usually a 2. 2008 / 9 was an exceptional year, average growth being generally source of political concern and can create a drain on the around 5-6 % per annum. Central Bank’s international currency reserves and gold. 3. Author calculations based on IMF and ADB figures Currently, FDI have been a driving force for financing the 4. Asian Development Bank ( ADB ), “Myanmar in Transition” current account deficit. Also, disaggregating further the August 2012, p. 2; and Department of Investment and Company sources of imbalance in the trade balance reveals a more Administration ( DICA ), 2012, http: /  / www.dica.gov.mm 5. DICA 2012. A census planned for 2014 – the first in over 30 years – positive outlook for Myanmar in terms of the sustainability will provide more accurate information about the size and distribution of such deficits. of the population. 6. United Nations Development Programme Myanmar, “Integrated Household Living Conditions Assessment: Poverty Profile Report,” 2011, p. 16, http: /  / www.mm.undp.org / ihlca / index.html, Calculations made assuming a market exchange rate of 990 kyat / USD, informal rate 7. UNDP 2011 p. 23, Table 11. Table 11 contains information on taken at the time of surveying ( Dec 2009 ). income distribution deciles.

10 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Figure 1: Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) & Regional Comparison Source: IMF ( 2012 ) World Economic Outlook Database; World Bank ( 2012 ) World Development Indicators Database Figure 2: Current Account and Capital Inflows for Myanmar and Selected Countries Source: IMF ( 2013 ) World Economic Outlook Database; Balance of Payment Statistics Yearbooks. We expect some increases in imports as the country de- Figure 3 ). However, consumer goods are also creeping velops, imports capital and technology equipment, and in. Trade Policy will need to be carefully calibrated to en- as investment surges, which is the case for Myanmar. sure that consumer goods are not growing in dispropor- Provided the country is investing to increase the future tion to other types of goods, namely capital goods and production capacity of Myanmar, then larger imports intermediate goods, which will play a major role in indus- can translate into an investment into the future. Based trial transformation of the country and enhancing export on the data, it appears that capital goods ( technology competitiveness. and equipment ) account for the bulk of imports ( see MACROECONOMIC OVERVIEW 11 Figure 3: Trade Flows and Balance & decomposition of trade Source: Author calculations based on Comtrade trade data The level of exchange rate influences the external com- facilitates the emergence of production links within the petitiveness of a country and the Myanmar Kyat has been region. The level of openness to trade can even be fun- appreciating noticeably. In general, the real effective ap- damental to affect FDI in several ways. Lower import bar- preciation of the exchange rate makes it more difficult to riers can reduce FDI, which tries to overcome high tariffs, export8. This can therefore influence the trade balance. but may increase vertical FDI by facilitating the imports of Over a fifteen-year period, one notices significant volatil- inputs and machinery. Lower export barriers attract verti- ity in the nominal and real exchange rates and a gradual cal FDI by facilitating the re-export of processed goods; appreciation since 2000 9. There is therefore a need to they attract horizontal FDI by expanding the market size. align macroeconomic stabilization policies with trade, in- dustrial and export policies. In this light, in April 2012, with An indicator of openness is to compare the ratio of export- IMF technical assistance, the exchange rate peg was re- plus-import to GDP. Figure 4 shows every country’s level placed by a managed float. Also, a new foreign exchange of integration with the rest of the world. Openness is pre- management law has also been passed, with a view to lift sented on the vertical axis. Countries are ranked in the all restrictions on current payments and transfers abroad. horizontal axis according to their level of GDP per capita. Some key exchange restrictions on current internation- The median GDP per capita for the world is the dashed al payments and transfers were immediately lifted, in line. Two snapshots are provided, one for each three-year particular the requirement to use only export proceeds period, corresponding to 2003-05 and 2009-11. Myanmar for imports ( which was over-ridded and abused in any is marked in red and the neighbouring / peer countries in case in the past ). The full implementation of the new law blue. Singapore is an outlier with its substantial GDP per awaits secondary legislation to be drafted in order to ren- capita and high openness ( highest in the chart ). der it fully operational. Financial sanctions in the US have also eased thereby facilitating cross-border payments, Myanmar appears as one of the least open countries in which were hitherto difficult to achieve, except through the world and at the same time one of the poorest. An Singapore registered businesses. interesting observation is that Myanmar has increased GDP per capita ( between the first and second period ) despite experiencing no increase in openness. This is in THE ROLE OF TRADE stark contrast to the peer countries. A yellow line shows a “best fit” regression line, which indicates the average level IN MYANMAR’S ECONOMY of openness expected given a level of income. As we can Openness and integration towards international markets note, Myanmar is very much below this expected level. is essential for export competitiveness for a number of reasons. For example, openness with the rest of the world Therefore, Myanmar´s trade regime is best described as is critical to attract know-how and investment capital to a relatively closed economy. The results of this analysis the country. Also integration of factor and product markets are not altogether surprising given that the two largest economies in the world had placed sanctions against Myanmar, and the adoption of complicated licensing 8. The effect that exchange rates have on import and export growth schemes, foreign exchange restrictions and a restrictive depend on the elasticities of demand and time lags for supply and demand to adjust to new prices. foreign investment regime resulted in an underutilisation 9. Kubo, K. ( 2012 ) Sources of Fluctuation of Exchange Rate and Policy of trade resources. All of these elements are currently be- Reform in Myanmar, IDE Discussion Paper, 388, IDE-JETRO, February ing addressed by the Government.

12 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Figure 4: Openness to trade ( left, 2003-05; right, 2009-2011 ) EXPORT PERFORMANCE 13 EXPORT PERFORMANCE EXPORT BASKET: PRODUCTS Natural gas has dominated Myanmar’s exports over the products which account for large shares include wood last decade. The share of natural gas had actually in- products and agricultural products. There is a remarkably creased from 30 % in 2002-4 to 40 % in 2009-1110. Other similarity between the export structure in the early 2000s and that in the late 2000s ( See Table 1 ). 10. Two periods have been compared, each based on a three-year average, in order to smooth out any exceptional transactions which took place on a non-recurring basis. Table 1: The Top Ten Exported Products, 2002-04 and 2009-11 Averages Top Export Products ( 2002-2004 ) Top Export Products ( 2009-2011 ) Product Product Description Value Share in Product Product Description Value Share in Code (US$ Exports Code (US$ Exports Rank Million) (  %) Rank Million) (  %) 1 271121 Natural Gas 843.09 30.2 1 271121 Natural Gas 2,737.05 39.6 2 440349 Logs, Tropical 189.65 6.8 2 071331 Beans of the species 494.32 7.2 Hardwoods vigna mungo 3 440399 Logs, Non- 143.01 5.1 3 440349 Logs, Tropical 365.28 5.3 Coniferous Hardwoods 4 030613 Shrimps and Prawns 122.38 4.4 4 440399 Logs, Non-Coniferous 330.74 4.8 5 611030 Pullovers, cardigans 95.65 3.4 5 710399 Precious / semi- 302.52 4.4 of man-made fibres precious stones, further knitted worked 6 071390 Leguminous 85.72 3.1 6 071390 Leguminous 249.09 3.6 vegetables dried, vegetables dried, shelled shelled 7 611020 Pullovers, cardigans 80.55 2.9 7 071339 Beans, dried, shelled 114.57 1.7 of cotton, knitted 8 440729 Lumber, tropical 76.38 2.7 8 400121 Natural rubber in 109.00 1.6 hardwood, sawn smoked sheets 9 620193 Men anoraks, of 49.95 1.8 9 100630 Semi-milled or wholly 94.04 1.4 man-made fibres, milled rice not knitted 10 740311 Cathodes and 40.93 1.5 10 620193 Men anoraks, of man- 93.51 1.4 sections of cathodes made fibres, not knitted Top ten products’ share in total exports: 61.9 Top ten products’ share in total exports: 71.00 Source: ITC’s calculations based on 6-Digit Comtrade, HS 2002, mirror trade data

14 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Exports of shrimps and prawns, which used to be ranked for goods but still represent a major source of income. as the third highest export items, were no longer in the top The greatest increase in exports of services has been in ten by 2009-11, whereas beans and semi-precious stones travel ( tourism ) and in services linked to manufacturing have emerged as major export items. The level of con- ( see Figure 5 – left hand chart ). The travel sector has centration accounted for by the top ten exports has also undergone a boom since the relaxation of sanctions and increased between the first and second period. The top easing of visa requirements for visitors. ten exports accounted for 62 % in 2002-4, whereas they accounted for 71% by 2009-11. Unprocessed wood in the In analysing exports of services, a distinction between form of logs have remained a top export for Myanmar over modern and traditional services is useful. Modern Services the period, as have some garment items. include communication, insurance, finance, computer & information, royalties and license fees and other business services, whereas traditional services include Transport, EXPORT BASKET: SERVICES Travel, Construction, Personal, cultural and recreational services. The great majority of services exports are cat- From 2005-07 to 2009-11 exports of services have in- egorized as traditional services ( see Figure 5 – right hand creased by roughly 50 % ( from US $ 0.93 billion to US $ 1.4 chart ). Moreover, growth in exports of services has been billion). The increase has been less phenomenal than more significant for traditional sectors. Figure 5: Exports of Services Source: ITC’s calculations using IMF Balance of Payments Yearbook data. EXPORT PERFORMANCE 15 EXPORT DESTINATIONS Exports are concentrated on a few destinations. Table 2 A number of indicators and models exist to indicate po- shows the top ten export markets of Myanmar in 2002- tential markets, which Myanmar could export to. One 04 and 2009-11. Over 40 % of exports go to one single such indicator is the trade complementarity index, which market, Thailand, suggesting not only that proximity is compares the good that one country exports with the the main determinant of supply but also that Myanmar is goods that another country imports. It matches the sup- extremely vulnerable to shifts in Thai market conditions. ply and demand for same products to see where there Exports to Thailand increased threefold in the five year in- is complementarity for trade between two countries. terval. Exporting substantially to Thailand is not a cause of The outcome of the calculations for Myanmar reveal concern in itself, but the lack of exports to other markets a number of countries which account for a low share should be addressed in order to increase exports and in Myanmar’s exports but which have a revealed trade reduce dependence on a single market. complementarity There are a number of countries, which have a high complementarity for trade with Myanmar Prior to sanctions, Europe and the US were significant and yet which do not have any significant actual trade, markets for Myanmar, particularly for garment exports such as the EU, USA, Pakistan and Turkey. Applying a ( these two regions account for up to 90 % of exports at gravity model11 for Myanmar to assess whether Myanmar their peak ). After sanctions, Asian countries occupy 9 out trades as much as would be predicted with potentially of the top 10 destinations. Myanmar intensified its trade important partners, it is apparent that Myanmar trades with Thailand, China, Japan and India, while reducing in- less than would be expected with notably large countries tensity with the EU countries, Singapore and Indonesia. like the USA and EU Member States, and has a stronger The increase in exports to China is notable and consists export relationship with its neighbouring countries and primarily of gas, semi-precious stones, and wood prod- some West African countries ( owing to rice exports ) than ucts. Exports to other ASEAN countries also gained prom- would be expected. inence over this period. Exports destined to the top ten export markets account- ed for 85 % of total exports in 2002-2004. This share in- creased to 92 % in 2009-2011. If we compare Myanmar’s 11. The model plots actual export amounts ( divided by 1,000 and then export market concentration with that of its peers in converted to log ) earned in those markets against amounts that were predicted by a regression model. Log value of 10, for example, is a US Asia, it ranks amongst the least diversified, alongside dollar amount equivalent to exp( 10 ) * 1,000, which is approximately Cambodia. US $ 22 million. Table 2: The Top Ten Export Destinations for Myanmar, 2002-04 and 2009-11 Average Top Export Destinations (2002-2004) Top Export Destinations (2009-2011) Rank Country Value Share in Rank Country Value Share in (US$ Million) Exports (%) (US$ Million) Exports (%)

1 Thailand 1,051 34.7 1 Thailand 2,955 42.7

2 India 385 12.7 2 India 1,186 17.2

3 USA 337 11.1 3 China 1,097 15.9

4 China 171 5.7 4 Japan 439 6.3

5 Japan 143 4.7 5 Malaysia 202 2.9

6 UK 133 4.4 6 Korea, Rep of 179 2.6

7 Germany 105 3.5 7 Singapore 94 1.4

8 Malaysia 87 2.9 8 Vietnam 84 1.2

9 Singapore 87 2.9 9 Germany 81 1.2

10 France 83 2.7 10 Other Asia 64 0.9 Source: ITC calculations based on UN COMTRADE statistics

16 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Figure 6: Myanmar’s market reach of exports Source: ITC’s calculations based on Comtrade, HS2002 trade data. The very high level of trade intensity with few partners suggests difficulties in diversifying trade relationships. TECHNOLOGICAL Many of Myanmar’s trade relationships have become SOPHISTICATION more intense in the period between 2002-2004 and 2009- 2011, as a result of sanctions. The concentration of ex- Myanmar’s exports are concentrated in commodities and port partners is unusually high for Myanmar. Myanmar natural resource-based manufacturing. These product ranks amongst the most highly concentrated exports ( in groups do not generally generate high knowledge spill- terms of markets and number of products ) in the ASEAN overs or linkages to other production. There is a small region12. Figure 6 provides a comparison in two points in amount of low technology manufactures which are also time of the number of markets reached by each product. exported, but their trade value has significantly declined The number of markets reached is another measure of over the decade. Indeed, exports of low technology goods export diversification since it indicated how many markets have almost completely disappeared from Myanmar’s ex- are reached by a single product group. The horizontal axis ports ( see Figure 7 ). The greatest increase in value of presents the number of markets reached; whereas the exports has been in commodities and natural resource vertical axis shows the value of the export flow ( in logs ). based exports ( with no technology embodiment ). The red colour has been used for the products that are in the picture in 2002 but not in 2010, in other words, those The low levels of technological embodiment in exports products which have become extinct. Products which are a cause of concern since the exports of sophisticat- were not exported by Myanmar in 2002 but are now ex- ed products have been shown to be important to broad ported are coloured in green. based economic development. The export basket has shown that with the exception of light manufacturing ( gar- It appears that Myanmar’s exports have managed to ments ), Myanmar does not export any large quantity of reach a larger number of markets over the last decade. manufactured products. Over the period of analysis, Myanmar has moved from a maximum number of destinations of 49 to 52. However, Revealed Comparative Advantage ( RCA ) Myanmar’s one also observes that there is a high mortality rate of comparative advantage is concentrated in sectors with export flows ( those products which are now extinct ) and some potential for forward and backward linkages to the high number of new products. This suggests high inter- rest of the economy. As a consequence of these linkages mittency in the export relations, which could be a sign of to the rest of the economy, these growing export sectors poor quality. In other words, an explanation for this could could offer some scope to serve as engines of diversi- be that exports are launched into new markets but rap- fication and broader based growth. The computed RCA idly ceased to be exported, which could be explained by values demonstrate that Myanmar enjoys comparative problems linked to supply, quality, price or distribution specialization in agricultural products, wood products relationships. and clothing and footwear ( see Figure 8 ). 12. World Bank World Trade Indicators. EXPORT PERFORMANCE 17 Figure 7: Technology Content of Myanmar Exports Source: ITC’s calculations based on Comtrade. Figure 8: Normalized Comparative Advantage ( RCA ); averages 2002-04 and 2009-11 Source: ITC’s calculations based on 6-Digit Comtrade, HS2002 trade data.

18 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Myanmar’s specialization may be considered promis- until the second year is 46 per cent, and maintaining a ing because the capabilities developed in those sectors relationship for more than three years is less than 20 per can be easily redeployed to other industries, fostering cent (18%). For many of these pairs, trade takes place just the process of economic diversification. Sectors with a once or for a single spurt of consecutive years. more limited capacity to provide engines of diversifica- tion include minerals. Identifying patterns in the death of exports is important because attempts by developing countries to introduce new exports in new or incumbent markets are surrounded SUSTAINABILITY with challenges. These observations should raise ques- tions surrounding the reasons why exports become ex- OF EXPORT RELATIONSHIPS tinct more frequently in Myanmar than every other market The survival rates of Myanmar exports and peer Asian in the chart ( with the exception of Laos ). Exploring why countries at the HS2 six-digit level are assessed for the countries succeed in penetrating foreign markets but fail 10-year period from 2002 to 2011 in Figure 9. The chart to sustain those flows can help explain the varying export ( Kaplan-Meier survival function ) shows that the probabil- performance across countries. Empirical exercises with ity of a country’s export relationship to survive until the firm-level data could shed light on whether firm character- second, third, fourth, up to the tenth year. The probabili- istics such as age, size, and type of ownership can influ- ties ( shown in the vertical axis ) are calculated using six- ence export longevity. At a more aggregate level, Brenton, digit disaggregated trade data. The years are presented Pierola, and von Uexkull ( 2009 ) find that the size of the on the horizontal axis. initial export flow explains subsequent duration of flows, as do search and information costs and exchange rate A striking feature of the chart is that China is in a league of volatility. The doing business survey results of the World its own. In contrast, Myanmar’s performance is very me- Bank and some firm level samples should be able to shed diocre. The probability of an export relationship surviving light on this. Figure 9: Survivability of export relationships in selected Asian countries Probability of export survival for the ten highest ranking exported products Source: ITC’s calculations based on Comtrade trade data. EXPORT PERFORMANCE 19 Figure 10: Decomposition of Export Growth – Intensive and Extensive Margins, 2002-2011 Source: ITC’s calculations based on Comtrade, HS2002 trade DECOMPOSITION INTEGRATION IN GLOBAL OF EXPORT GROWTH PRODUCTION NETWORKS Identifying sources of growth, through the disaggregation The share of imports of parts and components in of effects causing this growth, can help pinpoint whether Myanmar has been declining over the past ten years, and Myanmar has benefited from tapping into new markets or Myanmar’s share of parts and components in global or re- consolidating existing ones. gional supply chains have actually declined13. To explore the extent of Myanmar’s participation in global production According to a body of the empirical trade literature, networks, it is useful to classify trade data into parts /com- export diversification has a strong, positive impact on ponents and final goods. Figure 11 shows the evolution economic growth. The decomposition of export growth of export and import of parts over time. As indicated, the indicates that Myanmar exporters have experienced great share of parts and components in total manufactured ex- difficulty in diversifying their product base in new markets, ports for Myanmar declined quite significantly between and the growth is mainly driven by exporting traditional 2002 and 201214. products to existing markets in larger quantities. Figure 10 shows the decomposition of export growth during the past decade. Export growth is decomposed between traditional products and markets ( in red ) and diversifi- cation into new products and markets ( in green ). 83 % 13. Analysing the share of parts and components in trade can be of the growth in exports is linked to exporting traditional very informative when it is difficult to trace and assign value added products to traditional markets but on a more intensive to different phases of production. Rising imports of parts and scale ( for example oil to Thailand or beans to India ). 33 % components normally indicate a country’s increased assembly activity, whereas a rise in their export suggests its growing importance in the of growth arises from exporting the same products to global supply chain. See Tirole ( 2011 ). new markets while a mere 1 % of the growth is linked to 14. The share of trade in parts and components is calculated by exporting new products to new markets. Figure 10 also classifying the different Comtrade categories as either “final goods” highlights where there has been a negative contribution or “parts / components”. It should be noted that some imports of to growth, which arises from a decline in exports of tradi- parts refer to parts used to repair appliances in Myanmar in contrast to being part of a regional manufacturing network. An exception to tional products to traditional markets (7%) or goods which this concerns garments and textiles, where Myanmar is part of global are no longer exported ( 12 % ). manufacturing operations.

20 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Figure 11: Share of Parts and Components Source: ITC’s calculations based on 6-Digit Comtrade, HS2002 trade data. BUSINESS AND INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT 21 BUSINESS AND INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT The quality of the business environment is a key deter- The economy’s rankings on the topics included in the minant of export competitiveness and is assessed along ease of doing business index provide another perspec- various dimensions. According to the 2014 Myanmar tive and allow for a better understanding of the major con- Doing Business Survey Myanmar is ranked 182 out of straints faced by the private sector. While the country’s 189 countries, far behind the East Asia & Pacific Regional performances appear to be relatively low on all ten topics, Average ( 88 ), which shows an overall poor performance several indicators show that urgent measures should be of the country’s business environment relative to com- taken by policy makers to improve the ease of starting a parator economies and relative to the regional average business, enforce contracts, protect investors and facili- ( Figure 12 ). tate the access to credit ( Figure 13 ). Some of these indi- cators will be further investigated in this section. Figure 12: How Myanmar ranks on the ease of doing business index Source: Doing Business database

22 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Figure 13: How Myanmar ranks on Doing Business topics Source: Doing Business database Note: numbers are economy and regional average rankings, with 1 denoting the highest ranking on a topic and 189 the lowest. It should also be noted that there is a significant geo- TRADE RELATED graphic concentration of firms in Myanmar. According to the list of active members of UMFCCI, in 2012, which con- INFRASTRUCTURE tained just over 4,300 firms, 90 % were located in Yangon, Access to reliable and affordable electricity is vital for 4 % were located in Mandalay and 6 % in other locations. businesses. In Myanmar, the limited level of electrifica- These figures relate to actual numbers and do not repre- tion appears to be insufficient to support the economic sent the value added of economic activity, which would activity as only about 26 % of the population had access likely increase the share for Mandalay quite significantly. to electricity in 2011 with frequent power outages ( Figure Nevertheless, it indicates a strong agglomeration of ac- 14 ). In addition, the level of rural electrification where tivities in Mandalay ( linked to trade with China ) and in large proportion of production takes place is still limited Yangon ( linked to trade with the rest of the world ). with an average ratio of electrification of only 16 %, while Yangon benefits from an average rate of 67% (ADB, 2011). Globally, Myanmar stands at 126 in the ranking of 189 economies on the ease of getting electricity, far behind the regional average ( 79 ). Figure 14: Access to electricity (  % of population ) in 2009 ( Myanmar: 2011 ) Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators ( 2013 ) BUSINESS AND INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT 23 Figure 15: What it takes to obtain an electricity connection in Myanmar Source: Doing Business database According to data collected by Doing Business, getting A direct consequence is that, in Myanmar, teledensity electricity in Myanmar requires 5 procedures, takes 91 ( both fixed and mobile ) and internet access are among days and costs 3175.5% of income per capita (Figure 15). the lowest in the region: for every 100 people in the coun- try, only 1.26 has access to fixed telephone lines and 0.03 More generally, even though Myanmar enjoys vast energy has broadband internet subscriptions ( Figure 16 ). The resources, the existing energy facilities are isolated, unreli- World Bank also reported that, on average over the pe- able and costly resulting in the country having one of the riod 2006-2009, only 10 % of the population was covered lowest domestic consumption rates of energy in the re- by a mobile cellular network, compared to 62.1 % in the gion. To counter weak electricity supply, many firms have East Asia-Pacific Region. Over the same period, Internet to rely on self-supply, often at a prohibitively high cost users represented only 0.08 % of the population ( 10.6 % (electricity from generators costs approximately ten times regionally ). the rate which can be obtained from the national grid ). Since reforms began, telecom penetration has improved but remains very low. The Ministry of Communication ACCESS TO and Information Technology is offering two licenses to boost telecom coverage to as much as 80 % of the coun- TELECOMMUNICATIONS try by 2016. In January 2013, Myanmar had 5.44 million Similarly, the country suffers from weak telecom service, mobile-phone subscribers ( equivalent to a 9 % penetra- telecom infrastructure, and weak reliability of supply. tion rate, compared with 70 % in Cambodia, 87 % in Laos Currently, the sole provider of basic telecommunica- and more than 100 % in Thailand ). The Ministry stated tion services is the state-owned Myanmar Posts and that Myanmar’s fixed-line penetration rate is around 1 % Telecommunication ( MPT ) and the main provider of in- in 2013. ternet services is a joint venture between domestic pri- vate companies and the MPT. Provision of value-added services through interconnection with the MPT is not yet developed; the only value-added service, accord- ing to the authorities, is a call centre service provided by the YTP.15 15. WTO ( 2014 ), Trade Policy Review: Myanmar

24 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Figure 16: Communications Indicators Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators ( 2013 ) Figure 17: Quality of trade and transport-related infrastructure ( 1=low to 5=high ) Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators ( 2013 ) BUSINESS AND INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT 25 TRANSPORT TRADE FACILITATION INFRASTRUCTURE The Logistics Performance Index (LPI)18 2014 confirms the The transport infrastructure ( road, air, water ) is largely very poor performance of logistics in Myanmar (the coun- inadequate and considerably underdeveloped, hamper- try was ranked 145th with an overall LPI score of 2.25 ). ing the movement of goods and people and constraining As illustrated in Figure 18, for each of the six dimensions economic activity. A recent report published by the Asian specified in the LPI19, Myanmar presents scores that are Development Bank16 identified the main constraints that largely inferior to the East Asia & Pacific average and even Myanmar has to surmount including the transport infra- below the low income countries average, with the excep- structure. Some of the results of this report have been tion of the timeliness dimension. This poor overall logis- used to compile this section. tics performance translates into relatively high trade costs and unpredictable delays hence representing a significant Currently, most shipments to / from exit Myanmar are obstacle to Myanmar benefitting from its trade potential. shipments by sea. However, because of past sanctions and absence of adequate infrastructures, there is no In addition, uncertainty in customs decision-making, infor- Main Line Operators calling in Myanmar resulting in all mal costs (including corruption), and backlog in tranship- the shipments Myanmar transiting in either Singapore ment ports ( Singapore and Port Klang ), among others, or Port Kelang. To date, there is no deep sea port which also hinder trade facilitation. uses feeder vessels, preventing Myanmar to benefit from a more effective use of coastal shipping. In this regard, According to data collected by Doing Business, sending the construction of the Dawei deep-sea port in Myanmar’s a container abroad from Myanmar requires 9 documents, Tanintharyi region, when completed, is expected to help takes 25 days and costs US $ 670, which is lower than the connect Myanmar to international shipping routes. Inland East Asia & Pacific Regional average ( US $ 856 ). waterways transportation also appears to be largely un- derdeveloped as there is no proper terminal to handle Finally, the UNCTAD Liner Shipping Connectivity Index containers for intermodal transportation17. The 5,000 km ( LSCI ), which provides a measure of an economy’s level of inland navigable waterways also needs to be modern- of integration into the existing global liner shipping net- ised as most of the vessels in circulation are old and river work 20, indicates that Myanmar’s maritime connectivity ports underdeveloped. has been relatively poor on average compared to other ASEAN economies ( Figure 19 ). The lack of connectivity Road and rail logistics also need to be upgraded. Roads limits Myanmar’s access to markets and freedom to trade are the dominant transport subsector in Myanmar despite across borders. the weakness of road access across the country. The country has a total road network of about 130,000 km with a low road density of 2 km per 1,000 people com- pared with about 11 km for South-East Asian countries. In addition, only 20 % of the roads are paved to all-weather standard making it difficult to circulate across the coun- try, even if substantial efforts for improvement have been made. The ADB report also indicates that while Indonesia and Thailand have about 250 and 370 motor vehicles per 1,000 people respectively, Myanmar has just 18. The rail transportation is also limited with a railway network in a very poor condition despite its expansion from about 2,000 miles in 1988 to about 3,500 miles in 2010. Finally, despite the rapid growth of the demand for air trans- 18. Based on a survey of operators, such as global freight forwarders port services in Myanmar in recent years, the country faces and express carriers, the World Bank Logistics Performance Index challenges expanding capacity to meet increased demand. measures the logistics “friendliness” of 155 countries. To date, Myanmar’s civil aviation only consists of three in- 19. The six variables specified in the LPI are: ( i ) efficiency of ternational airports at Yangon, Mandalay, and Nay Pyi Taw the clearance process, ( ii ) quality of trade and transport related infrastructure, ( iii ) ease of arranging competitively priced shipments, plus over 70 local airports. Domestic air services are pro- ( iv ) competence and quality of logistics services, ( v ) ability to track vided by Myanmar Airways, a state enterprise, with aircrafts and trace consignments, and ( vi ) timeliness of shipments. that are, most of the time, very old by aircraft standards. 20. The LSCI is an index for efficiency in shipping which combines components: a) number of ships; (b) the container carrying capacity in 20-foot equivalent units (TEUs) of those ships; (c) the number of 16. Asian Development Bank – ‘Myanmar in Transition, Opportunities companies; (d) the number of services; and (e) the maximum ship size, and Challenges’, August 2012 always referring to ships that are deployed to provide liner shipping 17. Myanmar International Forwarders’ Association ( MIFFA ) services to an economy’s port(s). The score ranges from 0 to 100.

26 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Figure 18: LPI and LPI’s six dimensions scores ( 2014 ) Source: World Bank – Logistics Performance Index ( 2014 ) Figure 19: Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, annual, 2004-2012 Source: UNCTAD, UNCTAD stat BUSINESS AND INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT 27 Table 3: Top 5 Individual Business Environment Obstacle Scores Source: Jared Bissinger, ‘Firm Perceptions of Myanmar’s Business Climate: Electricity and the Quick Win of Progressive Power Pricing’, 2012 Figure 20: How Myanmar and comparator economies rank on the ease of starting a business Source: Doing Business database REGULATORY One small sample sized survey of 150 firms was conduct- ENVIRONMENT ed for Myanmar through AUSAID funding21, and included questions related to a firm’s perception obstacles to doing Regulations, administrative procedures and documen- business effectively and problems liked to competitive- tation requirements represent and important element of ness. According to the survey, the top five obstacles in the the business environment as they govern how business business environment were electricity, political instability, is done in the country. A review of regulatory environment is consequently necessary to increase efficiency and re- 21. Jared Bissinger, ‘Firm Perceptions of Myanmar’s Business Climate: move hurdles that discourage private investments. Electricity and the Quick Win of Progressive Power Pricing’, 2012

28 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 corruption, foreign sanctions and skills of the workforce with a regional average for the East Asia & Pacific region ( see Table 3 ). The scale ran from 0 to 4, with 0 being “no standing at 92. obstacle” and 4 being “very severe obstacle.” To date, no property registration reforms have been un- High transaction costs due to the complexity of national dertaken in Myanmar and efforts have to be made to administrative procedures, inspection charges, insurance make it easier for entrepreneurs to register and transfer premiums and the licensing system represent signifi- property. Computerising land registries, introducing time cant costs for companies. Increasing cost of real estate limits for procedures and setting low fixed fees could be as well as high telecoms and Internet costs also affect envisaged. competitiveness. The indicators presented below illustrate some of the dif- PROTECTING INVESTORS ficulties related to the regulatory environment faced by the private sector entities in Myanmar. While attracting FDI is widely recognised as a one the crucial need to develop Myanmar’s trade performance and competitiveness, this can only be achieved if the nec- STARTING A BUSINESS essary protection is guaranteed for investors. Protecting investors matters for the ability of companies to raise According to data collected by Doing Business, the situ- the capital they need to grow, innovate, diversify and ation of the country is alarming as Myanmar stands at compete. the last position in the ranking of 189 economies on the ease of starting a business. It requires 11 procedures, Based on three dimensions of investor protections ( i.e. takes 72 days, costs 176.7 % of income per capita and re- ( i ) transparency of related-party transactions, ( ii ) liability quires paid-in minimum capital of 7016.0 % of income per for self-dealing and ( iii ) minority shareholders’ access to capita to start a business in the country. In Myanmar, the evidence before and during trial ), the Myanmar Doing registration fees costs 1 million MMK plus an additional Business Survey 2014 measured the strength of minority 200,000 MMK stamp duties for the permanent incorpo- shareholder protections against directors’ use of corpo- ration certificate and it takes, on average, two months to rate assets for personal gain - or self-dealing. obtain the permanent incorporation certificate from the Company Registration Office. The rankings for compar- The alarming results indicate that globally, Myanmar ator economies and the regional average ranking pro- stands at 182nd in the ranking of 189 economies on the vide other useful information for assessing how difficult strength of investor protection index with a score of 2.3 it is for an entrepreneur in Myanmar to start a business on a scale of one to ten, where the higher score indicat- ( Figure 20 ). ing stronger protections. Myanmar has not taken significant steps to make it easier This low score indicates that Myanmar’s regulations offer to start a business yet. Streamlining procedures by setting extremely weak investor protections against self-dealing up a one-stop shop, making procedures simpler or faster in the areas measured. Investors may consequently be by introducing technology and reducing or eliminating reluctant to provide funding to companies through the minimum capital requirements could represent potential purchase of shares unless they become the controlling solutions to so. shareholders. Urgent regulations are needed to establish the right conditions to attract private investment. REGISTERING PROPERTY ENFORCING CONTRACTS Ensuring formal property rights is fundamental for busi- nesses and effective administration of land is part of that. The efficiency of dispute resolution in commercial courts Ensuring that property is adequately administered with in Myanmar is an essential indicator for entrepreneurs as reasonable property transfer costs is indeed crucial to Courts supposedly interpret the rules of the market and prevent titles from going informal. protect economic rights. In Myanmar, however, effective commercial dispute resolution is lacking as demonstrated To date, it is extremely complicated for an entrepreneur in by the data collected by Doing Business. According to Myanmar to transfer property. According to data collected the survey, contract enforcement takes 1160 days, costs by Doing Business, registering property there requires 6 51.5 % of the value of the claim and requires 45 proce- procedures, takes 113 days and costs 7.2 % of the prop- dures in Myanmar ( Table 4 ), making the country the sec- erty value. Globally, Myanmar stands at 154 in the rank- ond lowest globally on the ease of enforcing contracts ing of 189 economies on the ease of registering property (Myanmar stands at 188 in the ranking of 189 economies). BUSINESS AND INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT 29 Table 4: Summary of procedures, time and cost for enforcing a contract in Myanmar Source: Doing Business database To date, businesses cannot rely on the courts for commer- cial disputes. In addition, the time needed for contract en- LEGAL FRAMEWORK forcement ( 1160 days ) is prohibitive for small enterprises, Inappropriate or unfair competitive practices and behav- which may lack the resources to stay in business while iour of businesses, which affect trade and international awaiting the outcome of a long court dispute. competition, can be controlled by anti-trust policy. There is no competition law in Myanmar as it is only at the stage Policy makers in Myanmar have to take urgent measures of a draft bill. A consumer protection bill has been drafted to establish effective commercial dispute resolution as under the leadership of the Ministry of Commerce but the efficient and transparent courts would encourage new legislation has yet to be enacted. Its provisions include business relationships. Speedy trials are also needed. matters related to foodstuff as well as other things such as refrigerators and cars. PAYING TAXES On January 31, 2013, the Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development ( MNPED ) released the Globally, Myanmar stands at 107 in the Doing Business new Implementing Regulations for the Myanmar Foreign ranking of 189 economies on the ease of paying taxes, Investment Law, which repeals the previous 1988 Law which is inferior to the Regional average for the East on foreign investment. The new legislation, sets out in- Asia & Pacific region but outperforming Lao PDR ( 119 ) centives for FDI, land-use terms and legal structures to and Indonesia ( 137 ). In Myanmar, according to Doing address concerns expressed by foreign investors, which Business data22, on average, firms make 31 tax payments may, for instance, be granted up to five years of tax holi- a year, spend 155 hours a year filing, preparing and pay- day with possible extension. ing taxes and pay total taxes amounting to 48.9% of profit. Consequently, the level of tax rates needs to be carefully The development of SEZs would also help improve reviewed and needless complexity in tax rules dramati- Myanmar’s business environment as they will have better cally reduced in order to prevent businesses sliding into infrastructure, utility provisions, tax incentives and eventu- the informal sector, where businesses pay no taxes at all. ally simplified customs procedures are likely to influence some geographic transformation in Myanmar. New SEZ laws have been passed in this regard but the SEZs are not yet operational. 22. Using a case scenario, Doing Business measures the taxes and mandatory contributions that a medium-size company must pay in a given year as well as the administrative burden of paying taxes and contributions.

30 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 FINANCIAL SECTOR inflation rate was historically high and variable in Myanmar during the last decade with the price level nearly quadru- The financial sector remains largely underdeveloped, pling between 2001 and 2007 at an average annual infla- hampering effective mobilisation of domestic savings for tion rate of 25.3 % ( ADB, 2012 ) creating a highly uncertain investment. Access to finance in Myanmar is limited with a and risky environment for investments. These fluctuations number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults are shown in Figure 21. of only 1.69 in 2011. In comparison, the ratio was 4.33 in Cambodia, 8.07 in the Philippines, 11.29 in Thailand, and The level of financial intermediation is also low ( see 3.63 in Viet Nam ( IMF–FAS 2013 ). Rural areas are par- Figure 22 ) compared to Myanmar’s peers. This matters ticularly isolated in this regard. because capital is required to invest in technology/equip- ment to become competitive. Inventories are needed to Inflation stood at 4.2 % for 2011 and is expected to rise to be able to ensure delivery, and access to trade finance is 6.2 % in 2012. These figures however hide the fact that the a vital part of increasing exports. Figure 21: Inflation rates, 1998-2011 ( consumer prices ) Source: Asian Development Bank – ‘Myanmar in Transition, Opportunities and Challenges’, August 2012 Figure 22: Credit to the Economy ( in percent of GDP ) Source: IMF ( 2013 ) Myanmar Country Report, January BUSINESS AND INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT 31 World Bank’s Myanmar Doing Business Survey 201423 also The rankings for comparator economies and the regional provides us with valuable information on the country’s average ranking also demonstrate the poor performance situation regarding access to credit. of the country, Myanmar standing at 170 in the ranking of 189 economies on the ease of getting credit with a The alarming results of the survey indicate that the econ- Regional average standing at 81 and Malaysia ranking 1. omy has a score of 0 on the depth of credit information index ( 0-6 ) and a score of 4 on the strength of legal rights Improvements have however been made within the finan- index ( 0-10 ), where higher scores indicate more credit cial system. In 2012, the Central Bank of Myanmar re- information and stronger legal rights for borrowers and placed a pegged exchange rate with a managed floating lenders ( Figure 23 ). Clearly, regulations and institutions exchange rate for the national currency. It is now expected in Myanmar do not support lending and borrowing hence that multiple exchange rates of its national currency, which severely hampering the economic development of the have been an important obstacle to international trade country. and foreign direct investment for more than 50 years, will finally be solved24. Moreover, Myanmar’s current low 23. The survey identifies two types of frameworks can facilitate access rates of inflation are expected to promote stability and to credit and improve its allocation: 1 ) credit information systems and reduce risks. borrowers and lenders in collateral and 2 ) bankruptcy laws ( Myanmar Doing Business Survey 2014 ). Doing Business assesses the sharing of credit information and the legal rights of borrowers and lenders with respect to secured transactions through 2 sets of indicators: the depth 24. UN / ESCAP, ‘’Myanmar: Opening up to its Trade and Foreign Direct of credit information index and the strength of legal rights index. Investment potential’’ ( 2012 ) Figure 23: Strength of legal rights index & depth of credit information index Number of economies with each score on strength Number of economies with each score on depth of legal rights index (0–10), 2013 of credit information index (0–6), 2013 Source: Doing Business database

32 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 FOREIGN DIRECT with most of those in the textile and clothing sector. 25 According to the latest available data in Figure 25, tour- INVESTMENT ism has attracted $ 1.8 billion since 1988. However, during From 1988, when Myanmar’s first Foreign Investment Law the same period only $ 569 million was drawn to the total was passed, until 2006, annual FDI inflows grew at a slow of sectors of agriculture, fisheries, and livestock. Although pace but followed a general upward trend, as shown in data specific to wood products is not available, anecdo- Figure 24. FDI flows peaked at around $ 900 million in tal evidence suggests very low FDI inflows. This is con- 1997, just as U.S. sanctions were heightened. For the fol- sistent with the low number of FDI projects in this sector lowing decade, sanctions depressed the inflow of foreign worldwide and the fact that FDI is restricted to various investment, and annual inflows remained in the range of levels of minority shareholding in wood production and $ 200-$ 300 million per year. However, a new and unprec- processing. edented boom, which continues today, began in 2007, with annual FDI inflows exceeding $ 2 billion by 2012. By value of approved investments, China is Myanmar’s largest foreign investor. Its $ 14.2 billion in approved pro- The large majority of this investment has been in power jects accounts for 31 percent of Myanmar’s cumulative generation, which accounted for nearly half of all FDI ( 47 approved FDI. This is mostly due to China’s participa- percent ), followed by extractive sectors ( 41 percent ), as tion in large projects for power generation and resource shown in Figure 25. Relatively little has been directed to extraction. For example, the Myitsone hydroelectric dam the productive and agricultural sectors. Although abso- project alone is valued at $ 3.6 billion.26 lute flows remain significant in the extractive and energy sectors, the number of projects approved is high in the By number of projects, however, which indicates a manufacturing sector. breadth of interest within each country’s business com- munity, eight countries stand out among a total of 33 FDI According to the MNPED, around half of the FDI projects sources. They are the “first-tier” FDI sources shown in approved in FY 2013 were in the manufacturing sector, Table 5. 25. ( Reuters, 2013 ) 26. ( Kha, 2013 ) Figure 24: Historical FDI inflows to Myanmar–Approved and Implemented Note: Left hand axis in number of projects; right-hand axis in US $ millions Source: OECD Investment Policy Review BUSINESS AND INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT 33 Figure 25: Cumulative approved investment in Myanmar, as of 31 January 2014, by sector ( US $ million ) Source: Department of Investment and Company Administration, Myanmar Table 5: First-tier and second-tier FDI source countries for Myanmar, by number of projects Source country Number of projects Total value ( US $ million ) First-tier Singapore 103 3,802 Republic of Korea 86 3,047 Thailand 70 9,995 Hong Kong, China 68 6,477 British overseas territories 67 3,149 China 56 14,228 Malaysia 46 1,626 Japan 43 321 Second-tier Canada 16 42 United States 15 244 Australia 15 100 India 12 300 Indonesia 12 241 Vietnam 7 513 Netherlands 7 249 Source: DICA

34 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 The Republic of Korea and, to a lesser extent Japan Western ( US ), Accor ( France ), Hoang Anh Gia and CT and China, are the major sources of investment in the Group (Viet Nam).28 Such companies are good targets for garment sector.27 Major foreign investors in Myanmar’s reinvestment, especially considering the rapid expansion tourism sector include the world’s major hoteliers, includ- that is already underway in these sectors. ing Hilton International, Marriott International and Best 27. NES sector team for textiles and garments 28. ( Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2014 ) Figure 26: Control of corruption ( 2011 ) Source: Worldwide Governance Indicators ( 2013 ) BUSINESS AND INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT 35 QUALITY OF INSTITUTIONS MYANMAR’S TRADE As shown in Figure 26, the control of corruption remains SUPPORT NETWORK ( TSN ) a major concern in Myanmar. It should also be noted that on Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions RELEVANCE OF TRADE SUPPORT Index 2012, Myanmar ranked fifth last ( 172 out of 176 ) NETWORK IN NES and on the Heritage Foundation’s 2013 index of economic freedom, Myanmar was ranked 172 out of 177 countries. In the context of promoting exports, Trade Support Institutions ( TSIs ) play a vital role. They provide essen- If the new political context seems likely to progressive- tial intelligence about trade development, support enter- ly bring more stability in Myanmar, World Governance prises by providing trainings, tools and assistance, and Indicators ( WGI ) 1996-201129 reveal insufficient levels of represent the interests of the business community for governance in the country necessary to build confidence introducing business friendly policies. TSIs are among and attract FDI. the principal contributors to export development and are ultimately responsible for the implementation of the 29. WGI project reports aggregate and individual governance NES. They are therefore engaged throughout the design indicators over the period 1996-2011, for six dimensions of process. governance, covering i ) Voice and ccountability, ii ) Political Stability and Absence of Violence, iii ) Government Effectiveness, iv ) Regulatory Quality, v ) Rule of Law, and vi ) Control of Corruption. Box 1: ITC Survey of TSIs in Myanmar As part of the NES inception phase, a mapping and analysis of the trade support network was completed to better assess the capacity of TSIs and the TSN to actively support export development. A TSI survey was completed in April 2013 by 42 institutions (see categories surveyed in Box 2) to collect information about their mission, mandate, strategic objectives, as well as a SWOT analysis. Each institution completed a checklist of the trade and export related services they provide with a view to define the services Myanmar’s TSIs provide to the export sector. Results of the analyses will guide the key strategic planning aspects of the NES. Box 2: Categories of TSIs surveyed Policy Support Network-These institutions represent ministries and authorities responsible for influencing or implementing policies in the country, such as ministries. Trade Services Network-These institutions or agencies provide a wide range of trade related services to both government and enterprises, such as Trade Promotion Organizations, Cham- bers of Commerce, Trade Associations, Sector Associations, National Standards Organiza- tions, Vocational Training Centres, Free Trade Zones, Development Banks, Export/Import Banks, etc. Business Services Network-These are associations, or major representatives, of commer- cial services providers used by exporters to effect international trade transactions, such as association of commercial banks, insurance companies, freight forwarders, transport provid- ers, commercial information or packaging providers. Civil Society Network-These institutions are not explicitly engaged in trade related activities. They often represent the interests that have a bearing on the country’s export potential and socio-economic development. Examples of such institutions include: the media, academia, labour and employers’ unions, women’s organizations, environmental groups, and various NGOs.

36 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 The Trade Support Network ( TSN ) is the aggregate insti- The majority of the TSIs surveyed focus their work for the tutional framework in the country, and is comprised of the services and manufacturing sectors (see Figure 30). Over individual TSIs. The TSN brings together all those institu- 60 % of TSI which are policy support orientated support tions that have bearing on export development. Effective service sectors ( including tourism ). export development can in part be attributed to coordina- tion and efficiency of the TSN in covering and responding The vast majority of the funding for trade institutions is to the needs of exporters. public ( see Figure 28 ). Even in business service provid- ers, half of funds originate from the public sector. Policy Based on the results of the surveys, 45 % of TSIs perceive institutions allocate the largest share of budget to opera- themselves as policy institutions. This would suggest that tional costs, although all service providers have a large they are public sector in kind and influence and imple- proportion of their running costs linked to operational ment policies. The fact that there is a relatively limited costs. Functional costs account for a mere 22 % of policy number of institutions which consider themselves trade support institutions costs. support institutions, indicates a gap in services provision. BUSINESS AND INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT 37 Figure 27: Numbers of TSIs by service area and sector Figure 28: Sources of funding and expenditures of TSIs Figure 29: Breakdown of services provided by TSIs

38 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Overall, the kind of services which are provided by TSIs services, which have very few TSIs provided services in include training, trade information, and trade facilitation this area. services ( Figure 29 ). A fair number of providers also pro- vide quality management services. There are a relatively In terms of the provision of services ( see in Annex II de- small number of TSIs which provide research and de- tailed graphs presenting the results of the analysis ), there velopment support services and export / trade finance. are possible duplications of some services such as the Finally, there are no TSIs which provide packaging sup- provision of training in production, quality services, in- port. This would therefore suggest the need to develop vestment promotion and R&D is government; investment further TSI services related to R&D, packaging, export promotion services from 5 different institutions; and a high credit and trade financing. concentration of TSIs providing training in production, and quality services to local enterprises. There are possibly Related to the provision of services, if one looks at the some gaps in TSIs which provide support to foreign en- number of different services provided to clients, the ma- terprises ( currently five institutions provide domestic in- jority of TSIs appear to provide up to 10 different servic- vestors support, and only two institutions provide foreign es to clients. Some TSIs appear to be providing a broad investors with support ). The survey reveals that most of range of services, thereby losing focus and diluting the the training on production, and quality services, are pro- institutions’ expertise. Accordingly, 42 % of TSIs provide vided by policy institutions and that investment promotion more than 10 different services to their clients. A refocus- appears to be supported by the business services provid- ing of support may therefore be necessary. ers ( which are private entities ). Finally, there are few trade support institutions which offer supply-side services, ex- cept training on production and some quality services. TSI SERVICE DELIVERY ANALYSIS Based on the initial results, it is possible to draw prelimi- SERVICE CATEGORY 2: ENHANCING THE nary findings to be further explored and analysed in the QUALITY OF THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT NES design. The findings are categorized according to the 4 gears framework of the NES design process. In The survey considered whether the following services this section, we provide a more detailed evaluation of the were provided by existing TSIs: characteristics of services provided by TSIs according to four broad categories, namely whether they support ƒƒ Transport and cargo handling services ( i ) the building of capacity of exporters; ( ii ) enhance the ƒƒ Communications services business environment; (iii) improve market entry; and, (iv) ƒƒ Certification services promote sustainable development. ƒƒ Customs clearance and related administrative and trade facilitation services ƒƒ Export credit SERVICE CATEGORY 1: BUILDING ƒƒ Insurance services THE SUPPLY CAPACITY OF EXPORTERS ƒƒ Regulatory reform The survey considered whether the following services Based on the survey results, it appears that there is a were provided by existing TSIs: number of TSIs which provide support related to regula- tory reform and certification services. There are additional ƒƒ Training and advisory services to increase production providers of transport and handling services, communi- and or production efficiency cation services, and customs clearance. The very limited ƒƒ Services to improve production quality and standards number of TSIs which provide trade finance and export and to raise value addition credit, and insurance services, indicates a possible gap ƒƒ Financial services to facilitate capital investment in the market. Some other key findings of the surveys ƒƒ Investment promotion services include that the limited number of services provided by ƒƒ Services to increase awareness, including training in institutions of the Trade support category; the limited pol- business / export management icy institutions provide transport and handling services; ƒƒ Research and development ( production ) private TSIs provide policy reform services ( six in total ); and four private business service institutions provide cer- Based on the responses presented in Figure 30, there tification services. appear possible duplication of some services, such as training for production and support for improving quality. More limited support is given for investment promotion, business training and research and development. Finally there appears to be some gap with respect to financial BUSINESS AND INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT 39 Figure 30: Types of services provided by TSIs ( supply capacity of exporters ) SERVICE CATEGORY 3: institutions which provide market research ( seven in to- ENABLING MARKET ENTRY tal ); and the number of policy institutions provide trade information, market promotion and buyer identification The survey considered whether the following services services ( four in total ). were provided by existing TSIs: ƒƒ Market research SERVICE CATEGORY 4: ƒƒ Trade information services PROMOTING DEVELOPMENT ƒƒ Market promotion services ƒƒ Buyer identification and “in-market” assistance The survey considered whether the following services ƒƒ Branding were provided by existing TSIs: ƒƒ Policy reform ( trade agreements ) ƒƒ Poverty reduction and employment generation Based on the results of the survey, there appear a large ƒƒ Employment generation number of TSI providing services such as market re- ƒƒ Development of economically or socially disadvan- search; trade information; market promotion; and policy taged localities reform. There is more limited support related to transport ƒƒ Regional Integration and handling services; communication services; and cus- ƒƒ Involvement of women in Export Processes toms clearance. Finally, there may be some overlap in the ƒƒ Environmental sustainability and Climate Change services provided by TSIs when it comes to trade infor- mation and promotion services from government; there The key findings from the survey results include: is a concentration on market research, trade information and market promotion for local enterprises; and market ƒƒ In some instance, up to 30 % of institutions are provid- entry services to foreign enterprises. There appears to be ing some kind of services related to development. less TSIs which offer buyer identification and branding ƒƒ There are few institutions having a focus on involving services to enterprises. women in export processes ƒƒ The focus on environment is strong Some of the key results of the analysis on TSIs in this ƒƒ Most of the support for development is provided by category include the few services provided by institu- policy institutions tions in the Trade support category; the number of policy POLICY OVERVIEW 41 POLICY OVERVIEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY FISCAL POLICY According to a recent report published by McKinsey Taxes play an essential role as they fund the public infra- Global Institute ( MGI )30, the share of the industry in GDP structure and services that are crucial for a properly func- reached 38% in 2010, a sharp increase to the 13% in 1965. tioning economy. Myanmar, however, has a very low tax to GDP ratio, which has resulted in persistent fiscal deficits. Industrialisation is currently one of the priorities in the au- The Government stated that its goal of broad-based growth thorities’ new national economic plan. Up till now, despite and poverty alleviation would require increased spending its low wage advantage, the manufacturing sector has which in turn would require fiscal space. The authorities been stifled by poor infrastructure and know-how, low in- are focused on increasing the tax to GDP ratio as well as vestment, and extensive administrative controls limiting modernizing the overall tax administration system and private sector development ( IMF 2012 ). processes. In this respect, the authorities have committed to setting up a large taxpayer office ( LTO ) by April 2014. To date, the main feature of the domestic industry is the scattered private ownership, most industrial sectors be- The tax-to-GDP ratio stands at 3.6 %, among the very ing completely dominated by one form or another of state lowest in emerging Asia. While the government also has ownership. State enterprises ( 794 in 2008 ) and large in- relatively stable sources of revenues from remittanc- dustrial conglomerates administered by the military (such es of profits by state-owned enterprises and royalties as the Myanmar Economic Holdings Corporation and from offshore gas fields, government revenues are only the Myanmar Economic Corporation ) play a large role in around 6-7 % of GDP according to estimates by the IMF Myanmar’s economy 31. ( Figure 29 ) If Myanmar has a planning ministry, there is little evidence that the Government has any control over the various state MONETARY POLICY and military owned firms other than those that might be di- rectly under its authority. This situation makes it difficult to The currency has also been at the top of the econom- envisage a successful industrialisation drive in Myanmar ic reform agenda and the exchange rate reform is an- as private businesses cannot compete with these state other major step that has been taken. On 1 April 2012, and military industries, given that the latter often have mo- a managed-float exchange rate system has been offi- nopoly rights over their markets or benefit from other bar- cially adopted by the Central Bank of Myanmar replac- riers to competition from the private sector32. Excessive, ing a restrictive fixed official exchange rate. Currently the unclear and arbitrary regulations also significantly affect reference exchange rate is determined by a daily auc- the development of the domestic industry and prevent tion mechanism and the determined rate is allowed to new operators from operating. In this context, attracting fluctuate within a daily band of 0.8 %. In addition, certain FDI in the industrial sector is virtually impossible, most for- exchange restrictions such as the requirement to use ex- eign investors concentrating their activities on the natural port earnings to fund imports, were also lifted. Private resource sectors, mainly oil and gas. commercial banks were also issued licences to engage in international transactions and open foreign currency accounts33. 30. McKinsey Global Institute ( MGI ). ( 2013 ). Myanmar’s moment: Unique opportunities, major challenges. McKinsey. 31. Perkins, D. H. ( 2012 ) Industrial Policy Reform in Myanmar, Harvard Ash Centre for Democratic Governance and Innovation, April 32. Ibid 33. WTO ( 2014 ), Trade Policy Review: Myanmar

42 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Figure 31: Myanmar Government revenue and per capital GDP, 2011 Source: IMF 2012, World Economic Outlook. From: OECD, Multi-Dimensional Review of Myanmar ( 2013 ) The new law, the ‘The Foreign Exchange Management Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management ( VFVLM ) Law’, allows commercial banks, including private banks, Law authorises allocation of large concessions of 5,000 to to undertake and execute foreign exchange transactions. 50,000 acres on lands deemed by the state to be vacant It is now expected that multiple exchange rates of its na- or unutilized. Concerning crop production, if the cropping tional currency, which have been an important obstacle choice is officially free, in practice, government enforces to international trade and FDI for more than 50 years, cropping plan for paddy. will go some way to resolve issues linked to international transactions. To date, the institutions supporting agricultural growth have reformed slowly and the key government institutions supporting agriculture have retained structures embed- AGRICULTURAL POLICY ded in the old system of state controls. In general, the structure of key public support institutions, and especially Myanmar is traditionally an agricultural country and ag- the MoAI, has not changed to reflect the public goods riculture sector remains, with a 40 % share of exports and services needed to support a liberalised agricultural earnings, a major contributor to GDP and provides em- sector. Profound institutional reforms are needed to re- ployment to more than 60 % of work force. In addition, structure Myanmar’s line agricultural ministries in ways food security for the people and raw material production that enable them to provide key public goods and ser- for domestic agro-based industries are heavily dependent vices that enable farmers to improve their productivity on the agricultural sector ( FAO, 2011 ). Agricultural devel- and competitiveness 34. opment in the country is suppressed by poor access to credit, lack of private land ownership, and inadequate in- According to the FAO, major issues on the future devel- frastructure and inputs. Lifting agricultural productivity will opment of agriculture sector in Myanmar include regional be essential for rural development and inclusive growth food security, extension of agricultural land, enhancing ( IMF 2012 ). Accordingly, the main institutions in charge participation of private entrepreneurs in agricultural ac- of policy formulation and implementation in Myanmar’s tivities, income generation activities through introducing agriculture sector – MoAI, MOEACAF and the Ministry of new crops, and encouraging farmers to cultivate environ- Livestock, Fisheries, and Rural Development – have identi- mental friendly crops ( FAO, 2010 ). fied the increase of crop production as the main objective of Myanmar’s agricultural policy. Looking more closely at land rights in Myanmar, the new Farmland Law of 2012 has legalised the transfer and mort- gaging of land tillage rights allowing households as well as private investors to purchase tillage rights, however 34. Working Paper – A Strategic Agricultural Sector and Food subject to government control over production decisions. Security Diagnostic for Myanmar, Draft prepared for USAID / Burma by Michigan State University ( MSU ) and the Myanmar Development Importantly, the State ownership of all agricultural land re- Resource Institute’s Center for Economic and Social Development mains under the Law. Another recent legislation, the 2012 ( MDRI / CESD ). POLICY OVERVIEW 43 Figure 32: Myanmar’s applied tariffs on top 200 imports ( 2011 ) Source: Baker et al ( 2012 ) TRADE POLICY Community ) by 2015 and implements its obligations un- der AFAS. Regarding Myanmar’s tariff policy, although average im- port tariff rates applied are relatively small, and below Import and Export Regulations have also been revised those of other ASEAN members, trade protectionism is in September 2012 allowing 19 previously banned prod- substantial in the country with the application of some ucts to be imported. Also the Ministry of Commerce an- tariff peaks as well as a high level of trade restrictive non- nounced in February 2013 that 166 import products and tariff measures ( see Figure 32 ). According to the WTO 152 export products will be allowed to trade without li- Trade Policy Review of Myanmar conducted in 2013, the censes from March 1, 2013. By April 1, 2013 all import and average bound tariff rate was 87.2 % in 2013. Myanmar export products were allowed to be conducted without a has bound 18.5 % of its tariff lines at the HS 8-digit level. special license. Changes in regulations include, but not All agricultural lines are bound, compared with only 5.7 % limited to, the following: of non-agricultural lines. Final bound tariffs range from 0 % for electrical machinery and transport equipment to ƒƒ A number of relevant food laws and regulations that 550 % for chemicals, beverages and tobacco, and cere- have recently been adopted in Myanmar in the context als and preparations. of food safety and SPS measures; ƒƒ Customs regulations that are largely inadequate for The average applied MFN tariff was 5.5 % in 2013. The a modern customs administration are also being re- significant difference between the average applied MFN viewed with a view to introducing a Customs Single tariff and the average bound rate, and the fact that less Window; than 19 % of the tariff lines are bound, gives the authori- ƒƒ A number of initiatives are being taken to streamline ties considerable scope to raise tariffs. Almost 95 % of the public sector processes with regard to trade including applied MFN tariff ranges from duty free to 15 %, while the the liberalisation of states owned enterprises in several modal or most common tariff rate is 1 %35. sectors; ƒƒ Improvements in labour laws and other regulations, are As a member of ASEAN, Myanmar will also have to adapt also expected to improve the opportunities, transpar- to the new common external tariff regime and to liberalise ency and predictability of the business environment; its tariff schedule with other ASEAN Members. The coun- ƒƒ Stricter Measures in the timber industry to preserve try is committed to advancing the AEC (ASEAN Economic the environment, to protect rural communities which depend on forestry resources and to a longer-term return through the exportation of higher value added 35. WTO ( 2014 ), Trade Policy Review: Myanmar products.

44 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 The main trade policy measures and practices directly or indirectly affecting Myanmar’s exports are listed below, with an appreciation given as to whether the policy has a positive or a negative effect on export promotion and competiveness. Table 6: Trade policies directly or indirectly affecting Myanmar’s exports Positive Effects Export promotion and marketing assistance While the new Foreign Investment Law ( involving a “negative list” rather than a “positive list” approach ) is a major step in the right direction, barriers to inward FDI ( and associated know-how and technology ) by export-oriented multinational enterprises remain Special Economic Zones and associated tax concessions Export taxes and cess encourage their downstream processing Income tax relief in respect of profits earned on exports Negative Effects Tariffs (and non-tariff barriers to imports levied on imports of raw materials or intermediate inputs used in the production of goods and services for export, insofar as they are not fully offset by drawbacks Lack of GATS commitments and thus openness of key services sectors ( e.g., energy, telecommunications and finance ) is a deterrent to trade in services, especially by means of commercial presence, and therefore to competition and thus productivity, which is a key determinant of export competitiveness Export procedures, including licensing, pre-shipment inspection, valuation, etc. Export taxes and cess restrict mainly exports of raw materials Export prohibitions State trading arrangements ( notably monopolies ) Advance income tax levied on exports ( as well as imports ), insofar as they are not fully creditable or refundable ( in the case of non-tax paying enterprises ) immediately Transit fees not commensurate with services provided Technical barriers to trade, including lack of international standards and SPS measures Insufficient protection of IPRs, which constitutes a deterrent to inward FDI ( and associated technology and know-how ) by export-oriented multinational enterprises Likewise, internal indirect taxes on goods and services ( e.g., consumption tax ) insofar as they are not fully rebated on exports Like other impediments to competition, absence of a comprehensive anti-trust law constitutes a deterrent to competition, to the detriment of productivity and export competitiveness Source: Interpretation of Draft WTO Trade Policy Review COMPETITION POLICY INVESTMENT POLICY Myanmar is drafting a competition law, which is expected The lifting and suspension of several economic sanc- to be promulgated before 2015. According to the draft, tions imposed by the United States, the European Union there will be a Competition Commission, which will act as and Canada opens new opportunities for trade and in- the enforcement authority to control and monitor compe- vestment with Myanmar. A new Foreign Investment Law tition. The Competition Law is to cover all sectors in the ( FIL ) – replacing the “The Union of Myanmar Foreign economy.36 Investment Law of 1988”– was signed on 8 November 2012 by the President of Myanmar. The current version of the law sets out incentives for FDI, land-use terms and 36. WTO ( 2014 ), Trade Policy Review: Myanmar POLICY OVERVIEW 45 legal structures that address concerns expressed by for- foreign investors to invest in Myanmar. In order to obtain eign investors and national private sector37. the benefits of investment as listed in the 2012 Foreign Investment Law, companies are required to receive a per- Table 8 provides an overview of the FIL and the sectors mit from the MIC. which it covers according to the level of ownership permit- ted by foreign investors, with a particular focus on those The DICA is mandated to act as the government’s lead sectors of relevance to the NES. investment promotion institution. The new FIL delegates a number of other tasks to the MIC, giving it broad dis- The Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC) is expected cretion and raising concerns about capacity and con- to play a pivotal role in channeling foreign investment to sistency. New responsibilities include determining a build local trade capacity and competitiveness. The MIC is minimum amount of investment for foreign investors to the approval body for foreign investors entering Myanmar. approving otherwise legal sales of investments ( or own- It was established by the 1988 Foreign Investment Law, ership stakes ). DICA’s stated promotional functions cov- revised in 2011, and received additional powers with the er aspects of investment facilitation and advocacy for passage of the new foreign investment law in November investment climate reform, but not investor-targeting or 2012. The members of the commission, according to the investor aftercare. It also performs regulatory functions, 2011 revision, include:38 such as scrutinizing applications to establish and reg- ister companies, examining joint venture agreements, ƒƒ Chairman – Union Minister, Ministry of Industry and ensuring requirements ( e.g. minimum paid-in capi- ƒƒ Member – Union Minister, Ministry of Rail Transportation tal ) are met. ƒƒ Member – Union Minister, Ministry of Finance and Revenue As part of the NES design process, interviews were con- ƒƒ Member – Union Minister, Ministry of Electric Power ducted with DICA management to assess DICA’s prepar- No( 1 ) edness to act as the country’s lead IPI. The assessment ƒƒ Member – Attorney General of the Union, Union covered 10 topics, 6 dealing with structural characteristics Attorney General’s Office and 4 dealing with specific investment promotion activi- ƒƒ Secretary – Union Minister, Ministry of National ties, as shown in Figure 33. Planning and Economic Development ƒƒ Joint Secretary – Deputy Minister, Ministry of Rail DICA’s greatest strengths are in its strategic plan and in Transportation its investment facilitation work. DICA’s strategy has clear sector priorities, sets specific targets (e.g. FDI generated), The MIC is supported by a Secretariat hosted in the and clearly outlines the facilitation and advocacy activi- Department of Investment and Company Administration ties by which it expects to meet its targets. In its facilitation (DICA), in the Ministry of National Planning and Economic work, DICA provides potential investors with introductions Development, located in Nay Pyi Taw. The MIC is tasked to a range of stakeholders, step-by-step guidance to ap- with accepting, reviewing and granting permission for plication for approval, intervention on behalf of investors to help smooth government processes, and guidance 37. See Baker, P. Page, C., Rimeicans, C. & V. Zabolotnas ( 2012 ) Trade through start-up, such as securing office space and duty Mission Final Report, IMG, 26 November exemptions on imports of capital goods. 38. Notification No( 82 / 2011 )

46 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Figure 33 : Overview of results: DICA’s investment promotion preparedness DICA’s most fundamental weakness is in its structure, ƒƒ An up-to-date electronic library of business information staff, and proactivity. DICA is a ministerial department that can easily be shared with and digested by inves- tasked with both regulatory and promotional functions. tors to influence their location decisions Studies on the characteristics of best practice IPIs show ƒƒ Standard operating procedures for handling investor that ministerial subunits have great difficulty implement- inquiries ing best practices,39 and that no dual promoter-regulator ƒƒ Directories and databases of business service provid- is performing at best practice levels.40 Success in invest- ers ( e.g. lawyers, accountants, consultants ), available ment promotion depends on private-sector-minded staff land, industrial space, and office facilities, availability with deep sector knowledge working within strong internal of labour skills and wages, suppliers systems,41 characteristics which government offices are ƒƒ Customer relationship management system notoriously poor at nurturing. ƒƒ A web site with: –– Direct contact information for account managers or The better DICA can understand investor needs, the bet- sector specialists ter it can persuade them to select Myanmar over compet- –– Information in the languages of major groups of tar- ing investment locations. IPIs are better able to do this, get investors when they can hire staff outside the civil service, based –– Promotional value added on their private sector experience, sector-specific experi- –– Necessary information and forms available for ence, sales skills, foreign language skills, and project / ac- download count management skills. –– Links to other useful web sites ƒƒ An M&E system by which to measure the performance With these skills, DICA would be better able to pursue of DICA and individual staff, with indicators for conver- the critical, proactive elements of investment promotion, sion ( e.g. leads to announced FDI, announced FDI to which it is now missing: investor-targeting and investor implemented FDI ) impact ( e.g. FDI implemented, jobs aftercare. created, value chain enhancements ) ƒƒ Fully implemented partnership agreements with: Other areas of weakness at DICA include weak internal –– Sector associations for all DICA and NES priority systems, including a monitoring and evaluation ( M&E ) sectors system, and the under-utilization of partnerships. Notable –– Ministries and subnational governments deficiencies are: –– Government representation overseas 39. ( Whyte, Ortega, and Griffin, 2009 ) 40. ( Whyte and Griffin, Investment Regulation and Promotion: Can They Co-exist in One Body?, 2011 ) 41. ( Whyte, Ortega, and Griffin, 2009 ) TRADE AGREEMENTS 47 TRADE AGREEMENTS As a full member of ASEAN since 1997, Myanmar has Under the ATIGA, ASEAN members must apply a tariff ratified the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement ( AFTA ) and is rate of 0-5 % for goods originating within ASEAN, with a member of ASEAN-level agreements on trade in goods flexibility granted to LDCs, including Myanmar. Myanmar’s ( ATIGA ), services ( AFAS ), investment ( AIA ) and other ar- average tariff under the ATIGA was 0.6 % in 2012.42 eas of ASEAN Economic Community ( AEC )-related in- tegration and cooperation. The country is also signatory of the five ASEAN+1 agreements in force with Australia- ASEAN FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT New Zealand, China, India, Japan, and the Republic of ON SERVICES ( AFAS ) Korea. Myanmar is also part of the Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries ( GSP ). The AFAS, signed in 1995, aims to eliminate restrictions to trade in services and enhance cooperation in services within ASEAN. The AFAS involves three key measures, ASEAN FREE TRADE namely service equity liberalisation, negotiation of spe- cific commitments and mutual recognition arrangements AGREEMENT ( AFTA ) ( MRA ). The AFTA came into force on 1 January 1993 with the main objectives to ( i ) create a single market and an in- Under this framework, Member States agreed to draw up ternational production base, ( ii ) attract foreign direct a plan from 2007 to 2015 to liberalise the services sector investments, and ( iii ) expand intra-ASEAN trade and in- to complement the goods sector. The whole economy vestments. The main implementing mechanism of AFTA is of Myanmar would benefit from the liberalisation of the the Common Effective Preferential Tariff ( CEPT ) Scheme, sector as better access to high-quality services would signed by the Member States in 1992, designed to elimi- increase productivity in all sectors helping building up nate tariffs and non-tariff barriers in the region. Signatory productive and export capacity throughout the economy. countries were to apply a tariff rate of 0 to 5% by 2010 with Currently, however, the service sector is highly protec- additional time given, i.e. 2015, to Myanmar, Cambodia, tive 43. Under the AFAS, restrictions on services trade are Laos, and Vietnam to implement the reduced tariff rates. to be removed in 2015-18 for Myanmar. THE ASEAN TRADE IN GOODS THE ASEAN INVESTMENT AREA ( AIA ) AGREEMENT ( ATIGA ) The ASEAN Ministers also signed the Framework The ATIGA, which entered into force on 17 May 2010, is Agreement on the ASEAN Investment Area ( AIA ) in 1998. an enhancement of the CEPT-AFTA into a more com- The AIA encourages investors to adopt a regional invest- prehensive legal instrument. With this, certain ASEAN ment strategy and network of operations. It will provide agreements relating to trade in goods, such as the CEPT greater scope for division of labour and industrial activi- Agreement and selected Protocols would be supersed- ties across the region, creating opportunities for greater ed by ATIGA. The ATIGA value-adds to the CEPT-AFTA industrial efficiency and cost competitiveness. Agreement of 1992 in terms of inclusion of disciplines on Technical Barriers to Trade ( TBT ), Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) as well as temporary mod- 42. WTO ( 2014 ), Trade Policy Review: Myanmar ification and suspension of concessions. 43. Myanmar’s GATS commitments restrictiveness index score for the period 2006-2009 is very low, only reaching 4.9 out of 100. UNESCAP 2012.

48 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 If these agreements have considerable potential to en- ASEAN-JAPAN hance international trade and investment by Myanmar, the country’s integration into ASEAN has been undertaken at COMPREHENSIVE a variable geometry, with, for instance, some uneven pro- ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP gress being made in the trade chapter of AEC. Myanmar has been given longer periods to adapt to the new com- ( AJCEP ) mon external tariff regime and to liberalise its tariff sched- ule with other ASEAN Member States. It is committed to The AJCEP was signed in April 2008 and entered into advancing the AEC by 2015, and possibly beyond if re- force in December of the same year. The Agreement is quired. With the exception of Thailand, its trade integra- comprehensive in scope, and includes chapters on Trade tion with other ASEAN Members is very limited, due to a in Goods, SPS, TBT, Trade in Services, Investment and poor trading environment and its weaknesses in govern- Cooperation and Trade Facilitation. ance. The ambitions and commitment of Myanmar to the ASEAN process should also be seen in the light of the fact Under the trade in goods chapter, ASEAN-6 have to elimi- that Myanmar will assume the ASEAN Presidency in 2014. nate 90 % of its tariff rates based on the tariff lines and trade value for goods within 10 years of entry into force of the Agreement to establish the ASEAN-Japan FTA. For ASEAN-CHINA FREE TRADE Myanmar, Lao PDR and Cambodia certain flexibility was provided, each country having to eliminate 90% of its tariff AREA ( ACFTA ) rates, based on either tariff line or trade value for goods, A Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic in the ‘Normal Track’ within 13 years of entry into force. Cooperation between ASEAN and China was signed by For sensitive products, tariff rates have to range between all the ASEAN Member States and the People’s Republic 0 and 5 % after 10 years from entry into force. of China in 2002, leading to the creation of the ASEAN- China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) on 1 January 2010. China Trade facilitating Rules of Origin ( RoO ) have also been is currently the second largest trading partner of Myanmar established under the AJCEP to help encourage regional after Thailand, and is the major source for imports. In cumulation of inputs benefitting ASEAN industries. terms of consumer market size, the ACFTA is the biggest FTA in the world. Both Trade in Services and Investments chapters in the AJCEPA provide aspirational and endeavour clauses for The ACFTA comprises a trade in goods agreement, the liberalisation and facilitation with provisions for continuing ASEAN-China Trade in Goods Agreement ( ACTIGA ), discussions and negotiations among ASEAN, and Japan. signed in 2004, laying down the modality for tariff reduc- Negotiations involving the respective sub-committees are tion and elimination for tariff lines categorised in either the now underway. ‘Normal Track’ or the ‘Sensitive Track’ under which prod- ucts are subject to specific timeframes for tariff reduction. Tariff lines for non-sensitive products have been eliminated ASEAN-KOREA FREE TRADE by ASEAN-6 and China as of 1 January 2010 with a flexi- bility until 2012 granted for a list of products not exceed- AREA ( AKFTA ) ing 150 tariff lines. For Myanmar, Cambodia, Lao PDR, In 2005, ASEAN and the Republic of Korea signed the and Vietnam, tariff elimination will have to be completed Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic by 1 January 2015, with flexibility to eliminate tariffs on Cooperation. This Framework called for the conclusion products not exceeding 250 tariff lines by 1 January 2018. of key agreements including trade in goods, trade in ser- vices, investment, and dispute settlement mechanism. An Agreement on Trade in Services between ASEAN and China, the ASEAN-China Trade in Services Agreement The ASEAN-Korea Trade in Goods Agreement provides ( ACTISA ), has also been signed in 2007. It aims to liberal- for progressive reduction and elimination of tariffs by each ise and eliminate discriminatory measures with respect to country on almost all products. While the tariff elimination trade in services in various services sectors. The Parties schedules for ASEAN-6 were due to be completed by are in the final phase of negotiations on the second pack- 2010 ( with flexibility for 5 % of products to have their tariffs age of commitments. eliminated in 2012 ), Myanmar, together with Cambodia, Lao PDR and Vietnam benefited from a longer transition The third main Agreement under the ACFTA is the ASEAN- period. Under this scheme - and under the ‘Normal Track’ China Investment Agreement signed in 2009 aiming at scheme - at least 50% of Myanmar’s tariff lines will enjoy a creating a more transparent and facilitative environment 0-5 % tariff rate not later than 1 January 2015. These tariff for the investors and their investments from ASEAN and lines will reach 90 % coverage by 2018, the full market ac- China, and giving companies from ASEAN a competitive cess being scheduled for 2020. edge to tap on thriving opportunities in China. TRADE AGREEMENTS 49 An Agreement on Trade in Services was signed in 2007 ASEAN-AUSTRALIA-NEW providing for the progressive liberalisation of the services sector. Services suppliers and providers in the region will ZEALAND FREE TRADE enjoy improved market access and national treatment in AREA ( A ANZFTA ) sectors, or subsectors, where commitments have been made. The Agreement is expected to attract more invest- The Agreement represents ASEAN´s most ambitious FTA ments, particularly in the power sector, shipbuilding and to date, covering 18 chapters including trade in goods railway transport from which Myanmar could benefit. and services, electronic commerce, movement of natu- ral persons ( MNP ), investment, economic cooperation, The Investment Agreement, signed in 2009, seeks to en- dispute settlement mechanism and specific provisions hance the promotion, facilitation, liberalisation and pro- on customs procedures, SPS measures, standards and tection of covered investment. ASEAN and Korea are technical regulations, intellectual property rights and com- currently pursuing the completion of built-in-agenda items petition. It is also the first comprehensive single undertak- ( to be concluded within five years from entry into force of ing agreement negotiated and signed by ASEAN with a the Agreement) which include the development of market Dialogue Partner and the first plurilateral Agreement for access commitment or schedules of reservations. ASEAN. The AANZFTA was signed in 2009 and entered into force on 1 January 2010. Finally, for any disputes that may arise between Parties from the interpretation, implementation or application of all The Chapter on Trade in Goods provides for the substan- the AKFTA Agreements, a Dispute Settlement Mechanism tial reduction or elimination of tariffs and other barriers was signed in 2005. to establish the FTA by 2013 for ASEAN-6 under vari- ous tracks, namely the ‘Normal Track’ and the ‘Sensitive Track’. Under the ‘Normal Track’ scheme, Myanmar will ASEAN-INDIA FREE TRADE have to reduce 54 % of its tariffs lines to 0-5 % in 2014 and is to eliminate tariffs for 90 % of tariff lines by 2021. AREA ( AIFTA ) ASEAN and India signed a Framework Agreement on Provisions on Trade in Services outline the progressive Comprehensive Economic Cooperation in 2003. The liberalisation of the services sector through four modes Agreement envisages the establishment of an ASEAN- of supply, namely cross-border, consumption abroad, India Regional Trade and Investment Area ( RTIA ) as a commercial presence and movement of natural persons. long term objective including FTA in goods, services, and investment. India being the third largest trading partner of The ANZFTA also includes an Investment Chapter focus- Myanmar after Thailand and China, the AIFTA could serve ing on the enhancement of transparency measures for as the vehicle to help sustain the growth of the country. investors in the region through a regime of post-establish- ment investment protections including an investor-state Signed in 2004 and entered into force on 1 January 2010, dispute resolution mechanism 44. the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement ( TIG ) is the first step towards the creation of an open market providing for a progressive tariff reduction or elimination of originat- GLOBAL SYSTEM OF ing goods. For several ASEAN Member States, under the Normal Track, tariffs imposed on originating goods will be PREFERENCES ( GSP ) eliminated by 2016. For Myanmar, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar is also a member of the Global System of and Viet Nam, a longer time frame has been given to elim- Trade Preferences ( GSP ) among developing countries, inate tariffs with a complete elimination of tariffs sched- signed by 43 countries. The Agreement was established uled for 2018 ( ‘Normal track 1’ ) and 2021 ( ‘Normal Track as a framework for the exchange of trade preferences 2’ ). Tariffs for products covered by the ‘Sensitive Track’ among developing countries in order to promote trade will have to be eliminated by 2021 with a flexibility of 5 %. amongst developing countries. The GSP is reserved for the exclusive participation of members of the Group of ASEAN and India also agreed to commence the negotia- 77 and China and the benefits accrue to members of the tions on services and investment. Currently, the respec- agreement. To provide a stable basis for GSP preferen- tive Committees are engaged in negotiations on the two tial trade, tariff preferences are bound and form part of Agreements. A number of issues have been raised by the Agreement 45. ASEAN on India’s negotiating principles which have led to substantial delays in negotiations. 44. Source: Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 45. UNCTAD ( 2004 ) Global System of Trade Preferences, Press Release, UNCTAD / PRESS / IN / SPA / 2004 / 001, 16 June.

50 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Box 3: Myanmar and the WTO Myanmar was a founding party of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) in 1947 as well as a member of the group of countries that established the WTO in 1995. The partici- pation of Myanmar in the world trading system was affected by the introduction of sanctions from successive Member States of the WTO. The participation of Myanmar in the WTO trade rounds has been limited, even though interest in the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) has been expressed. OTHER REGIONAL TRADE flows, both in terms of products exported and the choice AGREEMENTS of trading partners. However, with the new civilian-led Government in place since 2011, Myanmar’s former trad- ing partners have started to dismantle the sanctions. BAY OF BENGAL INITIATIVE ON MULTI-SECTORAL TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION MYANMAR AND USA TRADE ( BIMSTEC ) RELATIONS The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical Before the economic sanctions imposed in 2000, the and Economic Co-operation (BIMSTEC), which Myanmar United States were Myanmar’s largest trading partner, joined on 22 December 1997, is not yet functioning. accounting for 26.7 % of the total share of the country’s exports that year ( World Bank ). Sanctions led to the de- BIMSTEC is a forum to facilitate and promote trade, in- cline of Myanmar’s clothing cluster as the United States vestment, and technical cooperation among participating were the major importer of garment industry’s export47 countries: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, ( ADB, 2012 ). Myanmar, and Thailand. As Myanmar undertook economic reforms, trade restric- The Initiative provides a link between South Asia and tions have become less restrictive and the United States Southeast Asia offering a significant potential in terms of of America have started to slowly dismantle the sanctions. trade creation as well as a considerable amount of com- The Obama administration suspended most sanctions plementarities. This ambitious initiative covers 13 priority on Myanmar in 2012 with imports of most goods from sectors including trade and investment, energy, transport Myanmar now being authorised. Sanctions on banks and and communication, tourism, fisheries, agriculture, and financial transactions have also been eased. public health, among others. In May 2013, an important step has been taken as the In 2004, BIMSTEC parties agreed to establish a BIMSTEC United States and Myanmar signed a Trade and Investment Free Trade Area Framework Agreement in goods, ser- Framework Agreement ( TIFA ) aiming at promoting bilat- vices, and investment. Myanmar had tariff reductions eral dialogue and cooperation on trade and investment and eliminations for its fast track products before June issues between the two governments. The United States 2011, and the tariffs on its normal track products are to be also announced it is considering duty-free access for reduced or eliminated before June 2017. Rules of origin Myanmar. have not yet been agreed among BIMSTEC countries.46 According to the United States Trade Representative, fol- lowing the easing of sanctions in 2012, bilateral trade is MYANMAR’S OTHER MAJOR increasing but still remains small. Through the first three months of 2013, bilateral trade totalled US $ 90 million, in- TRADING PARTNERS cluding US$ 89 million in U.S. exports to, and US$ 1 million The introduction of economic sanctions after 2000 on in U.S. imports from Myanmar. imports from Myanmar and on the provision of financial services to national firms affected the country’s trade 47. The United States imported 60% of the total Myanmar’s exports of apparel and clothing accessories (knitted) and 44% of total export of 46. WTO ( 2014 ), Trade Policy Review: Myanmar apparel and clothing accessories (not knitted) in 2000. UNESCAP, 2012. TRADE AGREEMENTS 51 If improvements have been made, it is however important to note that several sanctions are still in place. The US Treasury Department, for instance, still prohibits invest- ment in entities with ownership connections to the Ministry of Defense or any military group. MYANMAR AND EU TRADE RELATIONS Trade between the European Union and Myanmar is small and concentrated in a limited range of products. In 2011, Myanmar exported €153 million worth of goods to the EU ( only 2.6 % of Myanmar’s total exports ), and import- ed €145 million. Myanmar’s major export was clothing, worth €111 million or 67.6 % of total exports to the EU. Its major imports from the EU in 2012 were machinery and transportation equipment, worth €153 million, and chemicals, worth €31 million48. The removal of Myanmar from the list of countries eligible for GSP in 1997, due to the widespread use of forced labour, did lead to a drop in Myanmar’s total exports to Europe, and exports did fall from €262 million to €168.5 million after the sectoral bans It should be noted however, that not only does the EU introduced in 2007. adopt some of the highest levels of standards in the world, particularly in areas of interest to Myanmar ( SPS meas- Since the beginning of 2012, trade restrictions have be- ures for fisheries and private sector standards in the gar- come less restrictive as the European Union started to ment sector ), but also that the EU applies a restrictive dismantle the sanctions and significant steps have recent- set of rules of origin which often prevent many countries. ly been taken to reinstate trade preference with Myanmar. On 22 April 2012, recognising the country’s recent “de- The EU is also preparing to negotiate a European wide velopments towards democracy, a strong Parliament, free- investment agreement with Myanmar, which would be dom of expression, and the government’s efforts against the first of its kind, to secure investment provisions and corruption, as well as the efforts towards the release of double taxation exemptions, in an effort to promote invest- remaining political prisoners”49, European Union foreign ment from the EU to Myanmar. Ministers permanently decided to lift all sanctions against Myanmar, with the exception of the embargo on arms which will remain in place. MYANMAR AND CANADA TRADE RELATIONS Following this declaration, an important resolution has been adopted by the European Parliament on 23 May Similarly, Canada has welcomed Myanmar’s recent re- 2013, recognising “the significant steps taken by President forms, and supports a peaceful transition in Myanmar that Thein Sein and other reformers in Burma / Myanmar in in- respects human rights, democracy, and the rule of law. troducing democratic reforms over the past year which On 24 April 2012, Canada eased its economic sanctions have led the European Commission to propose the rein- against the country. Most prohibitions of the 2007 “Burma statement of Burma/Myanmar’s access to the Generalised Regulations” were suspended, including those pertaining Scheme of Tariff Preference (GSP)”. The country now would to exports, imports, financial services and investment. have duty and quota-free access for all products except Myanmar has also been removed from the Area Control for arms and ammunition to the EU market retroactively List, meaning that most exports of goods and technol- from April 2012. The re-instatement of Myanmar’s partici- ogy to the country no longer require an export permit. pation in the GSP is expected to lead to a positive shift However, the amended Burma Regulations still include in the low levels of trade between Myanmar and the EU. sanctions against certain listed individuals and entities and forbid trade in arms and related material along with related technical and financial assistance50. 48. European Commission / DG Trade, EU Bilateral Trade and Trade with the World – Myanmar, 2013 49. Council of the European Union, Council conclusions on Myanmar / Burma, 3236th Foreign Affairs Council meeting, Luxembourg, 50. http: /  / www.canadainternational.gc.ca / thailand-thailande / bilateral_

22 April 2013 relations_bilaterales / canada-burma-birmanie.aspx?view=d

52 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ( ODA ) TRENDS Myanmar made a request in 2012 to the Secretariat of implementation of the EIF, a multi-donor trust fund is usu- the Enhanced Integrated Framework ( EIF ) to access to ally established to ensure that activities proposed in the the EIF. Myanmar is eligible for the EIF and is currently DTIS are implemented. preparing a Diagnostic Trade Integration Study. The EIF is a multi-donor initiative of some of the key donors in- The NES provides solid diagnostics and detailed plans of volved in trade. One of its primary objectives is to main- actions that will contribute to the elaboration of the DTIS. stream trade in the country’s poverty reduction strategy framework. The EIF process is working alongside the Multi-donor trust funds are an important mechanism for NES in particular during its implementation phase and aid delivery. The most significant in Myanmar ones are will be sharing a joint implementation framework. For the the following : OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ( ODA ) TRENDS 53 ƒƒ Multi donor Education Fund Phase II ( MDEF II ) ƒƒ Livelihoods and Food Security Trust Fund ( LIFT ) (around US$ 65m 2012-2016). (US$ 170m 2009-2016). The Fund addresses the need for equity, quality and LIFT tackles extreme poverty and hunger by target- management of basic education in Myanmar, in line ing food security and income generation activities. with Millennium Development Goals. It is supported by It is supported by Australia, Denmark, European Australia, Denmark, EC, Norway, UNICEF, UNESCO, Commission, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, and the UK. Switzerland, and the UK. ƒƒ 3 Diseases Fund ( 3DF ) ( around US $ 138 millions 2006-2012) Beyond the multi-donor trust funds there are numerous The Fund aims to reduce the burden of HIV and AIDS, multilateral and bilateral assistance programmes, the larg- tuberculosis (TB) and malaria in Myanmar. The Fund is est being by the Asian Development Bank and the World supported by Australia, Denmark, EC, the Netherlands, Bank. These are reviewed in the sector and cross-sector Norway, Sweden and the UK. reports of the NES. Table 7 provides an overview of the ƒƒ Three Millennium Development Goal ( 3MDG ) Fund key characteristics of ODA in Myanmar, which has exhib- (around US$ 300 millions 2012-2016) ited a rapid increase since the easing of sanctions and The Fund aims to expand basic health services to vulner- political reforms. The most important donors are Japan, able populations. It is supported by Australia, Denmark, followed by EU Member States and the Commission. EC, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the UK. Table 7: Key ODA characteristics in Myanmar as at February Source: OECD-DAC ( 2014 ) http: /  / www.oecd.org / dac / stats / documentupload / MMR.JPG NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS AND STRATEGIES 55 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS AND STRATEGIES An examination of national development plans is im- tection, labour standards and cultural preservation. The portant to understand the directional thrust and level of objective of these measures is to ensure economic de- momentum generated by existing initiatives. As noted velopment while ensuring national recognition, broad throughout this paper, the NES will align itself, where based and inclusive growth, and preservation of cultural possible and relevant, to these plans so as to maximize identities. results in specific areas. A review of existing national de- velopment plans and strategies is therefore useful and The FESR indicates the GRUM has already achieved a has been carried under the different sectoral and cross- first set of reforms, “which were primarily targeted at po- sector reports. At a more macro level, Myanmar’s ap- litical and governance changes to achieve peace and na- proach towards development partners complements the tional unity”. According to the GRUM, a second stage of implementation strategy adopted by ITC for the National reforms should now be initiated with the objective to ob- Export Strategy. tain an “immediate improvement of economic and social well-being of the citizen”. Finally, a third stage of reforms will look at longer term capacity-building activities, civic NATIONAL COMPREHEN- participation, human resources development, transpar- ent use of financial resources, sustainable regional de- SIVE DEVELOPMENT PLAN velopment and decentralization. The FESR proposes a ( NCDP ) five-year implementation plan, to deliver these objectives. Myanmar is currently in the process of elaborating a 20- In the short-term, the GRUM insists on the need to de- year long-term plan to bring the country’s economy on a liver “immediate and tangible benefits for the People of par with the dynamic Asian economies. The NCDP will Myanmar”. Policies concerned are mainly macroeconom- provide direction to a series of four five-year plans cover- ic reforms ( improved fiscal and monetary policies, deficit ing the period from 2011-2031. The NCDP is still in pro- reduction ), education, health, rural development, tourism cess of being elaborated and should be available by the development, good governance, generalized access to end of 2014. telecommunication services ( mobile telephony and inter- net ) and improved infrastructure in Yangon. FRAMEWORK FOR In the mid-term, the GRUM intends to focus on “moving the reform process forward and making it irreversible” by ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL identifying and implementing sectoral industrial strate- REFORMS ( FESR ) gies, pursuing privatizations, building infrastructures and achieving the regulatory and administrative reforms that The FESR covers a very wide range of policies related are required to consolidate Myanmar as a modern, effi- to sustainable development51. It encompasses, among cient and market-oriented economy. others, trade and economic policies, environmental pro- In the long term, the GRUM intends to complete the 51. Baker, P. & D. Luff ( 2013 ) Long Term Trade and Private sector most difficult governance and structural reforms, such Development Programme: Formulation Report, Draft, EU Delegation, May as decentralization, and Myanmar’s full integration in

56 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 the international economic community. In particular, Focus on achieving national priorities the GRUM intends to fully adopt the ASEAN Economic Community ( AEC ) by 2015. ƒƒ Strengthen the rule of law and improve access to justice and to information The National Development Plan ( 2013-2014 ) linked to ƒƒ Create an enabling environment for civil society to con- commerce concerns three ambitious goals, namely to tribute to policy formulation, budgetary processes and reduce the development gap between rich and poor, pro- delivery of services at the grass roots level mote living standards and improve policy governance. ƒƒ Pursue market based, inclusive growth, equitable and Focus of the plan is made on building sustainable de- sustainable development with a pro poor focus to ac- velopment of agriculture towards industrialization, pro- celerate achievement of the MDGs, including by secur- mote equitable and proportionate development among ing property rights. Regions, States and populations, and improve the quality of statistics and statistical system. Enable effective decision making The Government proposes to also promulgate the neces- ƒƒ Build and use an evidence base for decision making, sary Laws in trade ( Export-Import Act, Competition Law, including by increasing the quality of statistics and sta- Consumer Protection Law ); enhance competition, relax tistical systems export taxes, allow new export items and import items, ƒƒ Integrate capacity enhancing objectives into all devel- import motor cars, palm oil and heavy machinery freely opment plans and develop appropriate strategies to and establish a Trade Training Institute ( TTI ). unleash and develop capacities ƒƒ Publish costed and prioritised national, sub-national and sector development plans with specific results NAY PYI TAW ACCORD FOR frameworks, and reflect national priorities in budget al- locations and public policy decisions EFFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION (NAEDC) Work to strengthen institutions, build capacity, reduce transaction costs and increase aid effectiveness The Ministry of National Planning and Economic Develop­ ment ( MNPED ) presented the Nay Pyi Taw Accord for ƒƒ Be fully transparent in developing, designing and deliv- Effective Development Cooperation (NAEDC) to develop- ering assistance, wherever possible through untied aid ment partners on 20 January 2013 at the First Myanmar ƒƒ Provide timely and accurate programming and financial Development Cooperation Forum. The NAEDC was ap- information to the Government and other partners proved “by acclamation”. The NAEDC sets forth the com- ƒƒ Ensure that technical cooperation is well coordinated mitments of both GRUM and the development partners and focused on strengthening national policies, institu- with respect to develop aid and technical cooperation. tions, and systems and in building local capacity, not substituting for it Among several commitments, it is worth noting the fol- ƒƒ Work through country led programming approaches lowing commitments of the GRUM, which are rele- and wherever possible avoid a proliferation of stand- vant to Myanmar’s efforts at Trade and Private Sector alone activities and separate project implementation Development. They confirm the government’s commit- units ment to foster the rule of law and improve the business ƒƒ Move as quickly as possible to work within Myanmar environment : implementation systems and structures on the basis of sound, jointly-undertaken analysis, identifying and Continue to deepen consultation on development priori- rectifying problems in the process ties and plans All these commitments are consistent with the principles ƒƒ Develop systems for dialogue and knowledge sharing of aid effectiveness embodied in the Paris and Busan across all levels of government: national, state, regional Declarations. These commitments are founded on the and local levels principles of ownership, effectiveness, inclusiveness, co- ƒƒ Engage strongly with civil society in participatory ap- ordination, coherence and transparency of aid provided. proaches, including providing greater voice to women, The government’s approach is in line with ITC’s approach minorities and marginalised people – Seek and con- towards implementing effective technical assistance, by sider the views of development partners building an inclusive and measurable programme of support to ensure sustainable results for a strategic pro- gramme for export development. EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS ISSUES (FOUR-GEAR ANALYSIS) 57 EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS ISSUES (FOUR-GEAR ANALYSIS) The export constraints analysis uses a four gears frame- ƒƒ Market entry issues are essentially external to the work presented below to determine the major concerns country ( but may also be manifested internally ), such to export development. as market access, market development, market diver- sification and export promotion. The analysis presents those constraints that are currently Border-In Issues Border Issues major export competitiveness bottlenecks in Myanmar. However, the assessment also explores issues limiting Capacity Cost of socioeconomic spillovers of exports to the larger society: Development Doing Business d d ƒƒ Social and economic concerns include poverty reduc- an an ls kil hip g s urs Div Cap ers aci re rm ctu efo Fa Trad cil e tion, gender equity, youth development, environmental ini ne ific ty tru R ita es r y lop re ve rep ati on ra ato Inf egul tio n sustainability and regional integration. De Ent R The results of this comprehensive analysis are analysed and detailed below. These overarching constraints are detailed and scrutinized throughout the NES document. Poverty Alleviation Market Access and Gender Issues and Policy Reform THE BORDER-IN GEAR Re t E n en Su nvir tio Tra pm s o Cli taina nme mo d Se e Su elo on ro ing ev ati ma bi nta l P nd r vi pp ( SUPPLY-SIDE ) l D gr te lity l na ra ce or t na Inte Ch an an d tio d B s gio nd ge Na an a The restrictive licensing system has generated difficulties in importing production inputs and capital equipment. To Development Issues Border-Out Issues tackle this issue, the Ministry of Commerce ( MoC ) intro- duced an automatic licensing system for exporting and importing into Myanmar in March 2013. The past policies ƒƒ Supply-side issues affect production capacity and created difficulties to import since a company had to ex- include challenges in areas such as availability of port before a company was allowed to import the equiva- appropriate skills and competencies; diversification lent amount. Though the policy was often circumvented, capacity; technology, and low value addition in the it created confusion, additional costs for business and sector’s products. uncertainty. The policy environment made intra-industry ƒƒ The quality of the business environment are con- trade difficult. The reforms of licencing requirements is straints that influence transaction costs, such as regu- expected to bring a greater ease to source inputs and latory environment; administrative procedures and intermediary inputs, although the private sector still re- documentation; infrastructure bottlenecks; certification ports some bottlenecks in the transparency of engaging costs; Internet access; and cost of support services. in trade. These issues are presented in this section.

58 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 gas exploration and extraction. Services fell drastically, Capacity Development issues from 52 % in 1965 to 18 % in 2010 52. • Sanctions led to a market orientation geared to the neighbouring countries, and a move from light The agricultural sector in Myanmar has a relatively di- manufacturing ( in particular textiles and clothing ) versified production structure, with favourable climatic to lower value added products conditions for vegetable and pulses, fruits and seasonal • Low levels of FDI outside of the energy sector plantations. The lack of access to water and electricity limited access to capital, knowledge and new limits the potential for irrigation and increase vulnerabili- technologies ties to climatic conditions. • Weak integration in global supply chains, with the exception textiles and garments, limited Industrial zones and special export processing zones, the adoption of higher standards and best which would provide reliable and cheaper electrification, manufacturing practices affordable infrastructure provision of simplified adminis- tration procedures ( from customs to other providers of Capacity Diversification issues services within a trade facilitation framework ) likely to also • Myanmar’s export basket is concentrated on a boost manufacturing competitiveness. Finally addressing few products, with little value addition and weak financial intermediation constraints are also expected to embodiment of technology boost investment and thus productivity gains, innovation • Previous policies restricted access to foreign and diversification. investment and technology, and limited the importation of machinery • The dominant position of some state owned IMPORT RESTRICTIONS ON PRODUCTS enterprises weakened domestic competition and USED AS PRODUCTION INPUTS IMPACTED thwarted entrepreneurship, which are seen as important determinants of export diversification ON THE PRODUCTIVITY, RANGE AND GROWTH OF MYANMAR’S ENTERPRISES Skills and Entrepreneurship related issues Despite the abundance of labour, low levels of labour Myanmar’s businesses were very much restricted on their productivity are weakening the export potential access to inputs, technology, equipment or intermediary • Increasing investment in education, health and goods, owing to the pervasive use of import licensing skills are expected to boost productivity and systems. In 2013, the Government had eliminated many address private sector requirements, as witnessed requirements, although it remains still unclear for many in other Mekong region countries. operators how easy it is to engage in trade. Continued reforms are required to facilitate trade and ensure that economic operators have access to the right inputs for their businesses to become globally competitive. CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT ISSUES LOW PRODUCT QUALITY LEVELS ARE DRIVEN BY A LOW NATIONAL QUALITY MYANMAR’S UNDERDEVELOPED ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND EXPORT STRUCTURES ARE THE OUTCOME OF PAST SANCTIONS The adoption of internationally recognised standards, quality management, certification and testing are chal- Sanctions played a role in altering the development path lenges for businesses in Myanmar. Key elements from which Myanmar was embarking upon during the late the national quality infrastructure, from legal metrology, to 1990s and early 2000s. Not only did the destination of its standards, from regulations to certifications, are all weak exports changed dramatically, but its export structure also or absent in Myanmar. According to the authorities stated regressed towards a similar pattern to the early 1990s, that Myanmar has 65 existing standards and are devel- with the exception of the booming gas exports. Contrary oping a standards law and creating a National Standards to most developing economies, the share of agriculture Council (NSC) to revise these existing standards. A stand- in Myanmar has increased significantly over the last dec- ards committee, to be set up under the NSC, will establish ades. Between 1965 and 2010, the share of agriculture 19 technical committees covering various sectors 53. The increased from 35 to 44%. Agriculture also dominates em- technical committees, which are expected to comprise ployment, accounting for 52% of jobs. Manufacturing also registered a strong increase in its contribution to econom- 52. Figures from CSO and World Development Indicators, reprinted ic output, accounting for 38 % of GDP in 2010, up from in McKinsey ( 2013 ) Myanmar’s moment: Unique opportunities, major 13 % in 1965. A large proportion of this increase relates to challenges, MGI, June 53. WTO ( 2014 ), Trade Policy Review: Myanmar EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS ISSUES (FOUR-GEAR ANALYSIS) 59 government officials, academia, chambers of commerce, manufacturing and commodities – product groups that private sector industries, and professionals, will draft na- do not generally generate high knowledge spillovers and tional standards and regulations in their respective areas. value addition. Moreover, more generally Myanmar’s ex- port basket is concentrated on a few products and a few Looking at SPS measures, Ministries in charge ( i.e. markets. Such weak diversification increase vulnerability MoAI and the Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rural and lowers export growth potential. Development are responsible ) are adopting SPS stand- ards following those of CODEX, ASEAN, and the OIE. So The analysis also discovered that the level of sophistica- far, however, the WTO has not received any notification tion of Myanmar’s exports has fallen over the last dec- concerning SPS measures from DICA, the national en- ade. In recent years, exports have increased in sectors quiry point to the WTO. requiring minimal technology / sophistication and have fallen in sectors requiring greater technology / sophistica- To date laboratories are usually under-equipped and per- tion. Value addition in manufactured products will contrib- sonnel under-qualified to operate modern testing equip- ute to increase revenues, reduce vulnerability to external ment, competent authorities have not gained the trust of shocks, improve export penetration into new markets customs administrations in third countries, and the dis- and support the development of differentiated products. semination of standards, rules and regulations for third Improvements in value added and quality are also expect- markets remains inadequate. At the enterprise level, dated ed to lead to improved sustainability of export markets, capital equipment, and lack of product and process qual- which have been identified as being extremely low and ity management are partly to blame for the prevalent low the lowest amongst its Asian peers. product quality levels. A number of donor initiatives, from the EU, UNIDO and GIZ SKILLS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP are expected to address some of these key bottlenecks for RELATED ISSUES Myanmar’s to move up the value chain with its products. LOW PRODUCTIVITY, UNDEREMPLOYMENT LOW INVESTMENT LEVELS CONSTRAIN AND LOW EDUCATION LEVELS WEAKEN CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT COMPETITIVENESS AND DIVERSIFICATION The education system is considered outdated, relies on Net Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) outside of the sector rote learning rather than instilling the tools for analytical of gas, has remained very low, with a small exception for thinking and does not equip the population with the nec- the garment and textile sector. The main reasons for the essary skills for entering the workplace. Technical skills historically low investment levels concern the existence of learning centres are also outdated and do not respond sanctions against Myanmar, low regulatory environment, to the requirements of the private sector. As a result, the inadequate provisions for investor protection, prohibitive percentage of the population aged 25 and older with at taxation for the repatriation of profits, uncertain political least secondary education only reached 18.0% for female and socio-economic environment, unfair trade practices and 17.6 % for male over the period 2006-201054. and lack of competition policies, restrictive trade licens- ing schemes, undeveloped financial intermediation, poor The Government has recently recognised these weak- physical infrastructure, etc. A number of these areas have nesses and is working with donors, in particular GIZ, to been addressed or are in the process of being addressed improve TVET and skills building programmes for indus- and are expected to lead to better domestic and foreign try and trade. The Ministry of Commerce has recently es- investment levels. Both FDI and domestic investment are tablished a Trade Training Institute ( in April 2013 ) and the seen as essential to accompany the ambitions of the NES. Ministry of Commerce has a SME Development Centre which provides skills training. Additional investment in skills will be necessary to promote greater productivity CAPACITY DIVERSIFICATION ISSUES and lead to greater value added per worker. According to a recent study by McKinsey, labour pro- MAIN EXPORTED PRODUCTS HAVE ductivity per capita in Myanmar ranks as one of the low- LOW VALUE ADDITION AND WEAK est in Asia and is particularly weak in comparison to its DIFFERENTIATION neighbours: China, India and Thailand. Figure 44 plots ITC’s technological content analysis of trade discovered that Myanmar’s exports are primarily concentrated in 54. United Nations Development Programme ( 2013 ) low technology manufacturing, natural resource based Human Development Report 2013

60 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 the different countries according to GDP per capita and particular, observing the decomposition of economic output per worker, using 2010 data. growth, it would need to increase by more than twofold over past performance ( see Figure 35 ). Such increases In order to reach the growth rates envisaged in nation- can only be met through significant investment in human al development plans, namely 8 % growth per annum, capital, through skills training and education, improving McKinsey estimates that the gains in productivity growth the management of businesses and the re-engineering per worker will need to increase by 7 % per annum. In of business processes. Figure 34: Labour productivity in Myanmar and selected economies Source: McKinsey ( 2013 ) Myanmar’s moment: Unique opportunities, major challenges, MGI, June Figure 35: Labour productivity targets for 8 % GDP growth EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS ISSUES (FOUR-GEAR ANALYSIS) 61 Box 4: Quality of the business environment issues in Myanmar Infrastructure and the need for regulatory reforms ƒƒ The regulatory structure is often outdated and burdensome for enterprises ƒƒ There is a lack of predictability and transparency of procedures by authorities Trade facilitation issues ƒƒ Customs procedures and practices are outdated and unpredictable ƒƒ There is poor inter-ministerial coordination to facilitate trade Cost of doing business issues ƒƒ Limited access to TI and weaknesses of the TSIs do not allow priority sectors to keep up with international market trends and technical requirements ƒƒ Inadequate infrastructure and business environment raise the cost of doing business ƒƒ Limited access to finance and inadequate export finance mechanisms constrain the expansion of the economy THE BORDER GEAR account the new business environment. Customs legis- ( QUALITY OF THE lation in particular requires updating. At the same time, the requirements of the AEC are such that they need to BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ) be inscribed in national legislation and the regulatory ap- paratus needs to be adapted to ASEAN requirements. There are significant trade facilitation challenges faced by Myanmar exporters at border crossings. These include delays at the border due to security checks, the lack of THERE IS A LACK OF PREDICTABILITY use of risk management techniques by customs officials, AND TRANSPARENCY OF PROCEDURES lack of transparent customs valuation techniques, etc. BY AUTHORITIES Access to finance ( export finance, risk guarantees, etc. ) is a challenge faced across the board by SMEs. Issues The current regulatory environment is one of control rather exist both on the supply side ( banks and other financial than facilitation. While regulation is necessary to uphold institutions ) and on the demand side ( inadequate collat- consumer protection and fair trade ambitions, the current eral, limited creditworthiness, etc. ). The regulatory struc- system seems inadequately geared towards generating a ture – ranging from high costs of utilities to processes for flexible and performance-oriented business environment. starting a new business to filling out custom forms – is The NES seeks to address the major constraints in the characterized by a lack of information and burdensome current regulatory environment. requirements. TSIs, especially the policy, trade services and business support networks, all suffer from redun- dancies and lack of capacities. In this regard, the quality TRADE FACILITATION ISSUES of institutional support requires significant improvement. CUSTOMS PROCEDURES AND PRACTICES INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE NEED ARE OUTDATED AND UNPREDICTABLE FOR REGULATORY REFORMS Trade facilitation is essential for improving export per- formance. It will reduce the time it takes to import and THE REGULATORY STRUCTURE IS OFTEN export goods, reduce the cost of cross-border transac- OUTDATED BURDENSOME FOR ENTERPRISES tions and improve transparency (and hence governance). Myanmar’s customs procedures lack transparency and Many of the laws and regulations date back to colonial are considered outdated. In addition, customs valuation, times and reflect British legislation of the time. In line with risk management and other customs methods do not advancements made by businesses, existing legislation match international standards, seriously hampering the must be updated or new legislation adopted to take into country’s international trade.

62 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 The above are problems that are common to many coun- INADEQUATE INFRASTRUCTURE tries, and the solutions are relatively straightforward. AND BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT RAISE Some of the solutions (deregulation ) are difficult to imple- THE COST OF DOING BUSINESS ment, others require substantial funding ( infrastructure ), and still others take time ( improving and expanding edu- A host of factors increase the cost of doing business in cation). Finding the right sequencing, priority and feasibil- Myanmar. Though an extensive survey has not yet been ity of these reforms will in itself be very challenging. The conducted, some limited, small-sample-based question- NES addresses some of the key trade facilitation issues naires raise some of the principal concerns for businesses which affect export performance. operating in Myanmar. These include high electricity costs linked to unreliable provision of services ( thereby requir- ing expensive electricity to be obtained through genera- THERE IS POOR INTER-MINISTERIAL tors ). Other factors include poor physical infrastructure, COORDINATION TO FACILITATE TRADE the high cost of finance, unpredictable procedures and administrative steps, labour productivity levels, taxes, and The level of inter-ministerial coordination in Myanmar telecommunication costs. is very weak. The reasons behind this relate to territo- rial battles between ministries and poor streamlining of government policies between ministries. Trade facilita- LIMITED ACCESS TO FINANCE tion measures are difficult for these reasons, since it re- AND INADEQUATE EXPORT FINANCE quires a coordinated effort to streamline administrative MECHANISMS CONSTRAIN THE EXPANSION processes at the port of entry or of exit. Myanmar is mov- OF THE ECONOMY ing to a National Customs Single Window ( and eventually an ASEAN Single Window ) operating system to reduce Myanmar’s economy is still largely cash-based, thus for- contact with different operators and simplify procedures. going the possibility of more efficient pooling of savings, Nevertheless, the business processes of different minis- risk sharing and maturity transformation through the for- tries have still not been streamlined, so further work will mal financial system. This has ramifications for the alloca- be required even after the adoption of the single window. tion of capital and hence the economic growth potential of Myanmar.55 A major World Bank programme for financial sector reform is under way. It will tackle issues related to deregulation Myanmar’s banking system, including the private bank- and improvements in collateral financing and risk man- ing sector, is small, poorly connected and segmented by agement, as well as addressing access to international industry, resulting in weak competition between banks. capital markets for refinancing. The NES serves to de- Moreover, lending by private banks is heavily constrained fine the priorities required for exporters to increase their as it is very difficult for the banks to determine the cred- access to financial instruments for export development. itworthiness of potential borrowers because financial information and auditing is very weak and small enter- prises are not required to produce financial statements. COST OF DOING BUSINESS ISSUES The Doing Business Survey 2014 illustrates this weak- ness, with Myanmar standing at 170 in the ranking of 189 Limited access to TI and weaknesses of the TSIs do not economies on the ease of getting credit, while the re- allow priority sectors to keep up with international market gional average is 81.56 As highlighted in the section on the trends and technical requirements business environment, financial intermediation is also the lowest in the region. As mentioned in the section on Myanmar’s TSN, the TSN is limited and is concentrated on the provision of servic- Myanmar’s banking system currently provides mainly lim- es of an often similar nature. There is room to broaden ited amounts of short-term credit for trade. The activities of the scope of activities to include such services as finan- banks are primarily geared towards financing the govern- cial services support ( access to finance, export and ment by buying government bonds in amounts far greater insurance credit and other financial intermediation in- struments ), investment promotion services, supply-side services ( including R&D ) and services provided to wom- en entrepreneurs. 55. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation ( 2013 ). Multi-dimensional Review of Myanmar, Volume 1. Initial Assessment. OECD Development Pathways, OECD Publishing. 56. World Bank ( 2013 ). Doing Business 2014: Understanding Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. DOI: 10.1596 / 978-0-8213-9615-5. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0. EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS ISSUES (FOUR-GEAR ANALYSIS) 63 than their credit to private business.57 The ability of enter- MARKET ACCESS CONSTRAINTS prises to access finance is therefore limited, companies AND NEED FOR POLICY REFORM usually obtaining their required capital through informal channels ( family or friends or informal credit institutions, rather than the banking sector ). SANCTIONS HAVE SKEWED MYANMAR’S EXPORT ORIENTATION THE BORDER-OUT GEAR Myanmar’s lack of diversification reflects to a great extent the sanctions imposed on its exports by developed coun- ( MARKET ENTRY ) tries. Such sanctions have made exports only possible via Sanctions have affected Myanmar’s access to third mar- a MFN basis, making it less competitive vis-à-vis other kets. Prior to sanctions, Myanmar had a fairly well bal- developing countries. More the financial sanctions ap- anced distribution of export markets, with its exported plied by the US also made it difficult to make payments to destined to ASEAN, EU and US markets. It took advan- and from Myanmar. These had to pass through unofficial tage of unilateral preferences for fishery exports and tex- channels like Singapore, through shell companies. This tile and garments. The introduction of sanctions affected not only raised the cost of business, but also made pay- its exports to the US, which fell to nil, and to the EU, which ments more difficult. US and EU investment completely fell to just €164 million in 2012. It is expected that the re- withdrew during this period ( except in the extractive in- instatement of preferences due to the relaxation or elim- dustries off-shore ). Japanese and Korean investment re- ination of sanctions will boost Myanmar’s utilisation of mained and increased during this period but the lack of preferences from 2013. a critical mass of international trade drove higher costs to trade across borders. Moreover, until recently poli- The ASEAN market and its neighbouring countries, in- cies to promote trade were relatively restrictive in nature cluding India, are likely to remain major markets for and made export diversification and tapping into supply Myanmar. With the exception of India, Myanmar enjoys chains extremely difficult. preferential arrangements with these markets. OVERDEPENDENCE ON NEIGHBOURING Market Access constraints and need for Policy MARKETS LEADS TO HIGH VULNERABILITY Reform OF THE ECONOMY • Sanctions have skewed the orientation of Myanmar’s exports The combination of sanctions, the geographical proxim- • Strong reliance on the neighbouring countries ity, the demand for its commodity and the exports of gas, for market access, with some limited exports to led to export orientation towards its neighbours. The con- developed markets centration is amongst the highest in South-East Asia and • Information on standards and market access leads to overdependence and vulnerability. A diversifica- requirements to access other markets will be tion strategy is therefore required. required Trade and Business Services Support INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION ON MARKET • No export promotion agency to assist Myanmar DEMAND PREVENT EXPORTERS TO TAP INTO exporters with information on emerging / current PROMISING MARKETS market trends, market entry requirements, opportunities etc. Although Myanmar can benefit from preferential market • Lack of export promotion activities in international access on a number of advanced country markets, as markets has limited the visibility of Myanmar well as is a signatory to the ASEAN agreements, including enterprises and brands ASEAN+ agreements, which include Korea and Japan, National Promotion and Branding market information, knowledge on standards and proce- • Development and Promotion of Myanmar Brand dures for exporting will be required in order to fully tap has important bearing on export competitiveness into these markets. The EU for example is unravelling a series of capacity building initiatives at the sectoral level to ensure that information on the EU is available. 57. Perkins, D. H. ( 2012 ). Industrial Policy Reform in Myanmar. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University.

64 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 INSUFFICIENT TRADE AND BUSINESS SERVICES SUPPORT NO EXPORT PROMOTION AGENCY There is no export promotion agency in Myanmar. Trade promotion is currently undertaken by the Department of Trade Promotion of the Ministry of Commerce and the Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry. The trade promotion services currently pro- vided are largely inadequate to assist exporters along the export development pathway and there is currently no one centralised service for potential or current exporters that provides information regarding documents, procedures and regulations for export and market access. The infor- mation gathered so far indicates a need to establish such a mechanism that can cater to the myriad needs of ex- porters ranging from trade information, market and com- mercial intelligence, help with document preparation etc. As Myanmar seeks to develop new export opportunities, stronger trade promotion activities will be required to pro- vide stakeholders with targeted and reliable advice and information. associated with and important to the Myanmar people. Section entitled The vision of the National Export Strategy LACK OF PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL sets out Myanmar’s vision for the NES which may also be TRADE FAIRS AND OTHER PROMOTIONAL taken into account for the national branding exercise. The ACTIVITIES LIMITS THE INTERNATIONAL brand will need to overcome some expected stereotypes OUTREACH OF NATIONAL PRODUCTS which may have been generated through media reports, such as poor labour conditions, ethnic violence and re- The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is proposing to post com- pression. A Myanmar brand should promote Myanmar’s mercial attaches in ministries in order to gather market values, ethnic diversity, strong workforce and ambitious intelligence and promote Myanmar interests abroad. In drive, the rapid speed of reforms towards a modern tech- order for this to be effective, such staff will need to be nological based economy, and ultimately the positioning trained and skilled in searching and gathering informa- of Myanmar at the crossroads of the most dynamic trad- tion and preparing logistical arrangements for exporters. ing economies of the world. Beyond commercial attaches, commercial diplomacy through a pro-active trade policy is also required to pro- mote market opening for sectors of interest in Myanmar. DEVELOPMENT GEAR Also participation in trade fairs and other activities is im- portant for promoting Myanmar products and knowledge Myanmar has made critical strides in reducing poverty on Myanmar. Participation in such fairs is a skilled opera- levels, though these remain high. More than one-fourth tion requiring significant effort, resources and rigour. of the population is living in a state of poverty. Inadequate access to capital, poor infrastructure, and underdevel- oped human capacity are the key causes of poverty in the LIMITED NATIONAL PROMOTION country. There are significant regional disparities in health AND BRANDING and wellbeing and ethnic groups in some parts of the country remain in armed conflict against the Government. This has increased the marginalisation of some regions POOR PERCEPTION OF THE SECTOR’S and will contribute to fragmentation in the distribution of IMAGE NEGATIVELY IMPACTS EXPORT the gains from market reforms and openness to trade. POTENTIAL The Government is aware of the need to incorporate in- clusiveness, and social and environmental concerns in There exists a requirement to develop a national brand its path towards development, but these targets need to for Myanmar products that conveys values such as prod- be monitored and evaluated continuously during the de- uct quality, diversity of products, and ultimately values velopment process. EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS ISSUES (FOUR-GEAR ANALYSIS) 65 POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND GENDER Poverty alleviation and gender inclusiveness INCLUSIVENESS RELATED ISSUES • Poverty rates remain high but have been decreasing and evidence suggests that inclusive growth is an expected outcome from policy reforms and POVERTY RATES REMAIN HIGH BUT HAVE economic growth BEEN DECREASING • Gender mainstreaming in the formal sector is important for gender equity. Senior levels of If the national rate has fallen by an encouraging 6 percent- government as well as national, political and age points in 2010 compared to 2005, Myanmar remains economic elites are dominated by men. Women’s one of the poorest low-income country (LIC) in Southeast access to services, land and water resources, Asia, with 26 % of the population living under the national finance, and infrastructure is highly limited poverty line in 2010, with a poverty line set just above • Economic capacity building and investment in the USD $1.04 per day 58 ( IMF, 2013 ). Using the World Bank’s development of women entrepreneurs can spur measure of moderate poverty set at $ 2 per day, the sur- gender equality and economic growth vey shows that more than 85% of the population is poor.59 Regional development and inclusion Nearly 60% of the population lives between $ 1.04 per day • Ethnic conflicts add complexity to creating cohesion and $ 2 per day. across regions but also underscore the need to promote inclusive and equitable policies across regional divides Figure 36: National Poverty Shares by State / Region, 2010 • Groups in the remote mountain regions are, generally speaking, economically, socially and politically marginalized, even though these groups have a disproportionate influence on conserving natural resources in protected areas and maintaining biological and cultural diversity • Many minority groups may speak a local dialect and lack fluency in the national language and English, which can lead to economic marginalization. Attempts should be made to deliver development programmes in local languages where possible Creating Youth Employment • The demographic profile of Myanmar is highly youthful, with a median age of just 27, but rural and urban youth struggle to find quality jobs • Job creation for rural youth is critical to the overall development of the country Environmental sustainability and climate change • Myanmar is a critical part of the Indo-Burma Biodiversity hotpot, with more than 10,000 species of plants and many critically endangered terrestrial and marine endemic species. Ensuring that economic growth is occurring sustainably is important. • Introducing better methodologies for sustainability impact assessments to determine the viability of investment and trade projects are necessary • Promoting climate adaptation strategies, as well as mitigation efforts through green energy and Source: SIDA / UNICEF / UNDP, Integrated Household Living Conditions. Survey in Myanmar ( 2009-2010 ) – Poverty Profile, payment for ecosystem services systems is June 2011 necessary 58. National estimates of the percentage of the population falling below the poverty line are based on surveys of sub-groups, with the results weighted by the number of people in each group. Definitions of poverty vary considerably among nations. 59. UNDP 2011 p. 23, Table 11. Table 11 contains information on income distribution deciles.

66 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Figure 37: Per Capita GDP ( PPP ), 2011 ( in US Dollars ) Source: IMF ( 2013 ) Myanmar: Staff Monitored Program, IMF Country Report No.13 / 13 A large concentration of poverty, 85 %, is located in ru- making. This is not always true for rural women and in ral areas ( see Figure 36 ). More generally, disparities are ethnic minorities and, more generally, women’s labour pronounced across states; the central state of Chin, for force participation rate remains lower with 75.0 % com- example, has poverty incidence of 73 %, contrasting with pared with 82.1 % for men 61. the 11 % incidence in Kayah, an eastern state near north- ern Thailand. However, these encouraging results fall short of showing how women are employed. In general, women are often To illustrate the precariousness of the country, UNOPS re- employed in low status, low paying, jobs, while leadership cently revealed that the average proportion of total house- positions are held by men. hold budget spent on food represents 68 %. Per capita GDP level is also alarming, at around US $ 900, making According to recent study published by ACTED62, women the country one of the poorest in the Region ( Figure 37 ). in Myanmar receive 61 % of the amount men receive for doing the same job. Gender equality is undermined by a number of discriminatory laws concerning marriage, CONSTRAINTS TO WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT property ownership and inheritance rights driven by the country’s traditional heritage which respects and deline- Another feature of Myanmar’s labour market is a high ates strong social roles between genders. As an example, share of women in the workforce, which reflects the high in Palaung tradition, when a man dies, the property cus- share of agriculture in economic activity, where all work- tomarily goes to his male relatives and not to his wife 63. ing hands are put to use. Notwithstanding the very high Female representation in positions of authority and man- share of women in the workforce, they still face certain dis- agement at all levels of national politics and governance advantages compared to males. Myanmar scored 0.437 still lags behind with, for instance, only 8.4% of the nation- on the Gender Inequality Index ( GII ), placing it 80th out al parliament seats occupied by women after the bi-elec- of 148 countries60. tion in April 2012. Though there are disparities between urban and rural areas and among geographical regions Although Myanmar lags behind many of its neighbors in Myanmar, neither overall labour market participation in terms of economic and social indicators, it is to be nor women’s share in the workforce seem to be major noted that the country fairs relatively well in terms of gen- contributors to inequality ( Figure 38 ). der equality. On socioeconomic grounds some educat- ed women, in urban areas, participate almost equally 61. United Nations Development Programme ( 2013 ) Human at home and private business and enjoy joint-decision Development Report 2013 62. ACTED ( 2014 ), Constraints to Women’s Economic Empowerment 60. United Nations Development Programme ( 2013 ) Human in Myanmar Development Report 2013 63. OECD, Multi-Dimensional Review of Myanmar ( 2013 ) EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS ISSUES (FOUR-GEAR ANALYSIS) 67 Figure 38: Participation of women in the labour force Source: OECD, Multi-Dimensional Review of Myanmar ( 2013 ) In education, enrolment ratios of girls and boys in primary REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND INCLUSION and secondary education have practically achieved par- IS A POTENTIAL THREAT TO ECONOMIC ity, with 18% of female aged 25 and older with at least sec- DEVELOPMENT ondary education, even exceeding male’s rate ( 17.6 % ) 64. Myanmar contains 7 regions and 7 states with more than Finally, it is to be noted that Myanmar is a signato- 135 officially recognised ethnic groups and 108 linguistic ry to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of groups.65 In addition, the country is also divided into 64 Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), Beijing Platform districts, 324 townships, and 65,148 villages66.creating of Action and the Millennium Declaration. However, inad- a complex plurality that needs to be factored in at every equate gender statistics provide an incomplete overview stage. of the gender situation and quality gender disaggre- gated data would be needed to benchmark the coun- Internal political and social tension remains a potential try internationally with regards to gender and women’s destabilising factor and may lead to open conflict hence empowerment. seriously threatening the fragile economic reforms. The draft National Strategic Plan for the Advancement As ethnic unrest recently continued to rumble on in of Women ( 2012-2021 ) provides for an integrated Rakhine and other border regions, the government is Government approach to improving the situation of wom- currently attempting to put in place individual ceasefire en and girls in Myanmar. The Plan aims to create enabling agreements with each of the country’s major ethnic-mi- systems, structures and practices for the advancement of nority groups. This will be a long and unsteady process women, gender equality, and the realization of women’s but necessary as the potential escalation of the ethnic rights, in accordance with Myanmar’s expressed commit- conflict state and other border regions could undermine ment to international standards, treaties, and agreements. investors’ confidence and seriously comprise the coun- try’s economic recovery. Inclusiveness is crucial to maintaining good growth mo- mentum as it strengthens social cohesion and contrib- utes to human capital accumulation. With many ethnic 65. Microfinance in Myanmar Sector Assessment, IFC, 2013 64. Ibid. 66. Ibid.

68 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 groups67, creating a harmonious society is a key chal- ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS lenge to provide a foundation for inclusive and sustain- able growth68. THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COULD REPRESENT A THREAT FOR THE ENVIRON- LIMITED QUALIFIED YOUTH MENTAL SUSTAINABILITY OF THE COUNTRY EMPLOYMENT In terms of species endemism and biodiversity, Myanmar is one of the richest countries in the world. This is due ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SHOULD to diverse ecosystems and microclimates resulting from BE COUPLED WITH THE CREATION changes in elevation from sea level to the high mountain- OF QUALIFIED JOBS FOR THE YOUTH ous region to the north. It is part of the Indo-Burma biodi- versity hotspot, with more than 10,000 species of plants Youth in Myanmar are often referred to as “a lost genera- and outsized diversity of birds, mammals, amphibians tion.” The main difficulties lie in a lack of quality control in and reptiles, with new species being discovered constant- the rural education system and a perceived lack of am- ly.69 Beyond the snub-nosed monkey, endemic turtle spe- bition on the part of youth. A practice within the educa- cies, and other charismatic species, Myanmar harbours tion system known as distance learning, where students many invertebrate and reptile species of huge ecosys- at the college level are only required to spend one week tem importance that have not yet been discovered. In of the year physically on campus, has led to an anaemic the northern portion of the country lies one of the largest and ineffective higher education system, leaving young remaining intact primary forests. As development occurs, people without the critical skills needed to fill the niche the population must be sensitized to the numerous eco- of skilled technical labour, with most youth bottlenecked nomic benefits which these habitats provide. at the base of the pyramid, competing for low skill jobs. Growing human population pressure, rapid economic One of the growing areas which has attracted young peo- growth, and unfettered expansion of fisheries and shrimp ple is “certificate courses” that take place in large cities to farms present the greatest threats to the country’s rich provide youth with training in English language and ac- habitats. Wide-scale conversion of forest area into indus- counting. More vocational training programs in this regard trialized cash crop fields has been largely responsible for are needed. However, the vocational programme itself the reduction in forest cover. Between 1990 and 2010, needs a mission embodying a commitment to the overall forest cover went from 39.2 million hectares or 58 % of development of the country. the country’s total land area to 31.8 million or 47 % of the total land area.70 Between 1989 and 1998 alone, total de- The situation for young women, who are encumbered by cline in forest cover in the cities of Yangon, Mandalay and household chores and traditional gender role allocations, Ayeyarwady was even more precipitous, falling by 40- is even more precarious. The lack of diversification of rural 50%, an annual decline rate of approximately 5%.71 It must agricultural and non-farm work opportunities has negative be ensured that as the country industrializes, the natu- consequences on rural youth. ral resources which give Myanmar a strong competitive edge in the region, be protected and sustainably used. While there are still many challenges to conducting busi- Promotion of non-timber forest products ( NTFP ) such as ness in the country ( low culture of entrepreneurship, medicinal plants, honeybee products, fruits, seed oils, constraining legal and administrative environment, un- fodder, fibre and fuel may be a way to simultaneously derdeveloped financial system, and predominance of the conserve forests and provide inclusive livelihood generat- informal sector ), there is now a growing space for innova- ing activities. Myanmar is endowed with more than 1,000 tion and start-ups in Myanmar, which can be filled by the different medicinal plants, many of which have growing country’s youthful population. global markets.72 Another critical area is payment for en- vironmental services ( PES ) schemes such as REDD+ that also help to link economic incentives with conserva- tion goals. 69. http: /  / www.cepf.net / Documents / final.indoburma_indochina.ep.pdf 67. According to Ekeh and Smith 2007, the country has 135 officially 70. OECD, Multi-Dimensional Review of Myanmar ( 2013 ) recognized ethnic groups with the Bamar representing 68 % of the 71. Ibid. population. 72. For more information on Myanmar’s NTFP, see: 68. Asian Development Bank ( ADB ), “Myanmar in Transition” August http: /  / www.fao.org / docrep / x5336e / x5336e0r.htm#the %20role %20 2012 of %20non %20wood %20forest %20products %20in %20myanmar EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS ISSUES (FOUR-GEAR ANALYSIS) 69 Cyclones, landslides, earthquakes, tsunami, fire and and poverty. According to the 2009-2009 Environmental drought are also very real natural threats to Myanmar’s Performance Assessment report ( EPA ), the priority con- environment, the devastating Nargis cyclone which struck cerns of environment activities are: Myanmar in 2008 being a tragic example. Enhanced vul- nerability of human populations to natural disasters as ƒƒ Deforestation, a result of loss of biodiversity and forest resources was ƒƒ Land degradation due to urbanisation and poor waste clearly observable in the case of Nargis, where reduced management mangrove forests, which act as a natural barrier, result- ƒƒ Water resource and quality status, ed in a much higher death toll than if the forests had re- ƒƒ Loss of biological resources, mained intact. ƒƒ Inadequate solid waste management, ƒƒ Impacts of mining industry on environment. Myanmar’s cities are increasingly struggling with solid waste management and air pollution issues as they de- According to the UNDP Environmental Thematic Working velop. Air pollution in Myanmar’s two major cities, Yangon Group, the country needs to address the following issues and Mandalay, is among the highest for major cities in in order to improve the sustainability of its environment: developing Southeast Asia, reflecting both the increase in the number of motor vehicles as well as the predominant ƒƒ Sustainable agriculture land use practices are unsus- use of low octane fuels suitable for the motorcycles and tainable and deforestation rate is increasing. other lower power vehicles73. There is little question that ƒƒ Scarcity of forest resources the share of Myanmar’s GDP derived from industrial ac- ƒƒ Lack of awareness on all aspects of environmental tivity will increase from trade liberalisation and economic conservation reform, making it imperative to draft and implement the ƒƒ Lack of integrated pest management necessary strategies for mitigating air pollution and sus- tainably managing solid waste. A huge percentage of Myanmar’s population relies on the fisheries sector for food and income. Myanmar is To protect its natural resources, the country applies the endowed with a vast array of oceanic environmental re- Myanmar Selection System ( MSS ) to manage its forests sources, including a number of unique and important and has adopted Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration on coral reefs. These resources form important habitats for environment and development. Myanmar however faces a variety of species while at the same time fulfilling valu- environmental problems arising from underdevelopment able roles such as, in the case of mangroves, pollutant sinks and sediment traps. Nevertheless, Myanmar has yet 73. OECD, Multi-Dimensional Review of Myanmar ( 2013 ) to fully appreciate the importance of such resources and

70 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 the effects of the fisheries sector upon them. The great- degree of species endemism because of its geographic est threat to coral reefs comes from overfishing, while isolation, has been lost, with local residents noting mas- destructive fishing, coastal development, sedimentation, sive declines in the number of fish and aquatic birds in and marine pollution are estimated to have smaller, yet still the lake. Managing Myanmar’s vast reserve of inland wa- concerning effects. Secondary mangrove forests mean- ter resources will be critical to the country’s sustainable while are threatened by the expansion of aquaculture farm- economic development. It is imperative that RAMSAR ing as stakeholders seek out new space for production. protected wetlands in the country be preserved, so that local people can also derive income through eco-tourism These natural resources are threatened by contami- in different regions. nation from aquaculture by products and processes. Aquaculture feed can lead to imbalances in the food chain by favouring certain species, while chemical treatments, CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION feed additives, and waste build up may have adverse im- AND MITIGATION 74 pacts on local populations and water safety. Moreover, high levels of nutrients found in feeds and faecal matter Worldwide, mountain and coastal ecosystems are hard- can result in eutrophication, reducing oxygen supply and est hit by the impacts of climate change. Myanmar has releasing toxins. Together, these issues can result in de- both. Melting of glaciers in the snow-capped northern creased biodiversity and resource contamination. region of Myanmar is already causing a decline in sur- face water availability.75 Freshwater fisheries and wetlands Despite the risks posed to ecosystems, habitats, and are among the most sensitive to shifts in temperature economic and environmental sustainability, the govern- and rainfall.76 Biodiversity in montane forest ecosystems ment has thus far developed only limited capacities to and lowland forest ecosystems are both likely to decline help it engage in harm reduction and sustainable man- due to climate change, presenting significant socioeco- agement. The FAO notes that there are no provisions for nomic challenges to communities that depend on this environmental impact assessment in fishery legislation. biodiversity. Moreover, there is limited knowledge among both public and private stakeholders as to the importance of these The agriculture and natural resources sector is particu- resources and the possible harms caused by the sector. larly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, notably Even where steps have been taken, for example with the the increasing risks of extreme weather patterns. Climate establishment of marine protection areas, enforcement change also reduces local resilience to disaster impacts capacities are lacking. Myanmar must develop a policy by degrading water and soil resources and diminishing framework that allows for the protection of these resourc- agricultural production. es in light of sector exploitation. Such a policy should provide for environmental impact assessments and cre- Myanmar has made international commitments under ate efficient monitoring and enforcement mechanisms. the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) and the related Kyoto Protocol, rati- With regards to animal resources, the long-term sustain- fied in 2013. However, financial resources and capacity ability of capture fishery activity will depend upon the suc- building will be required in order to ensure that the policy cessful management of fish populations. The government framework will be conducive to adapting to and fighting must take steps to better understand local population dy- climate change. namics and establish an effective system for implement- ing quotas in line with Maximum Sustainable Yield. Such management must consider both reproductive and car- The Four Gears analysis delivers a compelling rying capacities in order to accurately judge the impact of and well-rounded perspective of the constraints changing population sizes on the rest of the ecosystem. that affect the export value chain in Myanmar. The identified constraints support or reinforce the Similarly to marine capture fishermen, enterprises of the trade analysis presented in this paper by providing sector must improve their environment impact through the additional evidence of the causes of difficult export diversification, low survival rates of exports and their upgrading of their waste management and water treat- limited technology content. The identification and ment capacities. Potential solutions could include the up- thorough analysis of the major export development grading of water treatment technologies, the introduction constraints faced by Myanmar establishes the basis of natural treatment systems, and the expansion of water that guided the NES design process. and waste recycling. In this way, potential harms to the environment can be minimized, thereby guaranteeing that these resources continue to be available in the future. 74. UNDP Myanmar, “The State of the Environment in Myanmar“ With regards to inland water resources, much of the bio- 75. OECD, Multi-Dimensional Review of Myanmar ( 2013 ) diversity of Lake Inle, which is characterized by a high 76. http: /  / www.cepf.net / Documents / final.indoburma_indochina.ep.pdf INNOVATION PERFORMANCE 71 INNOVATION PERFORMANCE Technology and innovation are major drivers for sustain- as well as by the development of skilled human resources ing economic growth and national export development. in ICTs. Economic growth is a direct function of the availability of physical capital, human capital ( skills and education ), la- The limited access to formal financial services77 is also bour ( working population ) and technology. Innovation is constraining enterprises from investing in equipment and essential for improving productivity in agriculture, manu- from expanding activities into new markets. At this stage facturing and services; increasing value added locally; of development, expanding access to formal financial ser- and diversifying production, towards more knowledge vices remains a priority for exporters. Once the provision intensive activities. of regular financial services is consolidated, the develop- ment or promotion of specific instruments for financing in- Government and markets both play a crucial role in fos- novation ( e.g. innovation grants, fiscal allowances, credit tering innovation: subsidies, seed capital ) could be considered. ƒƒ Firms are at the centre of innovation. They innovate in response to incentives ( i.e. competition ) FIRM-LEVEL INNOVATION ƒƒ A supportive state is needed to correct market failures CAPABILITIES ( technology markets are imperfect and social returns are higher than private ones ) and systemic failures Enterprises ( firms and farmers ) are at the centre of in- ( that is, to ensure appropriate coordination among novation. They conduct innovation activities and invest different STI institutions ). in innovation based on incentives and their wider com- petitive environment. The level of their technological and management capacities ( including their access to quali- INNOVATION INFRASTRUCTURE fied human and financial resources ) and their ability to AND FINANCING INNOVATION learn and collaborate determine their capacity to innovate. Information and communication technologies ( ICTs ) are The technological capabilities of Myanmar’s export firms key enablers of private sector development and innova- seem to be limited. Myanmar’s exports concentrate in low tion, in particular by facilitating businesses communica- technology manufacturing, natural resource based man- tion and access to information and knowledge. Moreover, ufacturing and commodities ( products that require low the development of ICTs is vital for services sectors – in- levels of skill and are rather unsophisticated ( see Figure cluding tourism, a key exporting sector for Myanmar – and 7)) and the export of traditional services (transport, travel, the financial sector, a key enabling sector for the coun- construction, personal, cultural and recreational services) try’s economy. ICTs also play a key role in customs and dominate over modern ones ( communication, insurance, trade facilitation. finance, computer & information, royalties and license fees and other business services). Entrepreneurs and oth- Poor coverage of fixed and mobile telephony and the er stakeholders note great difficulties to access technical scarce use of Internet in Myanmar limits firms’ ability to information and services, and to locally recruit technicians communicate with clients, suppliers and the administra- and experts. Larger firms employ international experts to tion, to access information important for conducting their solve specific problems and/or train domestic employees. activities, to deliver services, and to innovate. Current ef- forts to expand ICT infrastructure need to be accompa- 77. WB ( 2012 ) International Development Association and International nied by the development of online content and services Finance Corporation. Interim Strategy Note for the Republic of the that facilitate the economic and export activities of firms, Union of Myanmar for the Period FY 13-14. 30 October 2012

72 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 A number of issues are affecting organisational and mar- CAPABILITY TO GENERATE keting capabilities, including the scarce availability of KNOWLEDGE quality market information, the lack of export promotion activities and the limited support available for SMEs. Key Research activities are important, not only to generate technological capabilities required in Myanmar include new knowledge, but also to adopt existing technologies the following: and adapt them to local conditions. Firms, education, training and research institutions may conduct research ƒƒ Quality control and management ( e.g. to be able to and generate knowledge relevant for national economic export to new countries with more demanding qual- activities. ity standards or to participate in international supply chains ) Myanmar currently has a weak capacity to generate new ƒƒ Product design and development (e.g. computer-aided knowledge, as measured both by the number of research- design of jewellery, to develop agribusiness ) ers and the level of investment in R&D. The number of ƒƒ Business management ( including to be able to collab- researchers or level of investment in R&D is significantly orate with other firms ( e.g. to offer tourism packages ), lower than that of Thailand or Vietnam ( 39 ). Furthermore, adapt to a changing environment and face increasing there is no evidence of private investment in R&D and competition ) Research infrastructure is very limited and outdated. ƒƒ Market research and marketing ( to identify market needs and opportunities abroad and use appropriate ( a ) Thailand 2003 Source: International Telecommunica- marketing methods ) tion Union, World Telecommunication / ICT Development ƒƒ Identification of technological needs ( e.g. to identify Report and database, and World Bank estimates ( as re- appropriate farming or fisheries technologies ) ported by the World Bank, World Development Indicators) A detailed sector analysis has identifed the set of techno- Given the limited human and financial resources avail- logical capabilities to be developed as a priority. able, investments in R&D should focus on those areas more likely to produce significant economic and social Firm innovation is also largely dependent on the ca- benefit. Currently, research has focused on areas of im- pacity of firms to learn ( formal and informal learning ). In portant social and environmental importance such as Myanmar, learning has been constrained by the scarce health and ecology, but the contribution of research to- relevance of the training provided by education institu- wards other areas of significant economic ( and social ) tions and of the research conducted by academia to the impact such as agriculture, has been much more limited. activities of firms. The rare opportunities to participate Key economic ( and export ) sectors such as rice, pulses in international conferences and workshops or to form and beans and oilseed crops, fish and crustaceans, and joint ventures with foreign firms have also had reduced rubber, would benefit from increased research in these firms’ opportunities to acquire and develop technical and areas. To support innovation in exporter sectors, a num- managerial skills. ber of actions were considered during the elaboration of the NES documents : Finally, market factors play a fundamental role in hinder- ing or encouraging innovation. Decades of Myanmar’s ƒƒ Establishing sectoral innovation and technology cen- economic isolation and centralised management have tres aimed at supporting technology transfer, conduct- been detrimental for the development of local innovation ing research to respond to firms’ technological needs capabilities. Poor and unclear regulations ( including the and increasing awareness on innovation. Firms should large discretion given to officials ), monopolistic practices be at the heart of such centres, participating in the and extensive illegal trading in key economic sectors is identification of needs and in the generation and ap- distorting competition and hindering productive innova- plication of technological solutions. Innovation centres tion. A number of measures currently under considera- should link firms, farmers and entrepreneurs with train- tion ( e.g. Competition Bill ) are a step towards increasing ing and research institutions and with other enterprise competition and enhancing the businesses environment. support services. Increasing foreign direct investment and greater trade ƒƒ Encouraging the participation of firms / users in re- openness will also foster innovation by increasing compe- search through extensive consultations to identify re- tition, by facilitating access to technology (e.g. through the search needs and to design technological solutions, imports of equipment and inputs) and by widening the op- and / or through joint financing of research. portunities to deliver to new markets. However, too strong ƒƒ Relocating / establishing research and innovation cen- competition without absorptive capacities and supportive tres close to firms and users. framework conditions (access to finance, access to quali- fied human resources, well-functioning markets) may stall domestic innovation. INNOVATION PERFORMANCE 73 Figure 39: Research and Development indicators, South East Asia, 2002-2003 CAPABILITY TO LEARN GOVERNANCE OF INNOVATION AND DISSEMINATE KNOWLEDGE Government capacities in science, technology and in- Technical and vocational education and training ( TVET ) novation ( STI ) policies are required to identify policy pri- and Higher Education ( HE ) in Myanmar are facing signifi- orities, and to design and implement innovation policies cant challenges regarding its quality and relevance. The and instruments. Understanding how firms innovate in key issues concern curricula and materials, adequacy to Myanmar, and which are their main bottlenecks, is es- respond to labour market needs, quality control systems, sential. Information on businesses innovation activities and faculty qualification. There is also a need for a frame- and scientific and technological statistics are required to work that allows and governs the private provision of TVET be able to design appropriate policies and to monitor and and Higher Education ( HE ). evaluate them. The promotion of innovation capabilities require coordinated innovation policy efforts, both among The Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar STI policy instruments and with other policy areas that decided in 2012 to conduct a comprehensive education have an impact on STI capabilities ( for instance, educa- sector review. This review will provide a broad assessment tion policies ). of the education sector (from primary to higher education) and result in the adoption of a budgeted education sector plan that will guide Government’s and partner’s invest- ments and programmes in education. In addition to formal education and training, there is need for the provision of training related to business management and international trade, including training in business management, export activities, quality man- agement, product development, fair trade and organic trade. A number of new programmes have recently been put in place to address these training needs ( such as, the SME development centre or the Trade Training Institute ). Further support is likely to be required as some of these initiatives are insufficiently equipped to be able to respond to current needs. PRIORITY SECTOR SELECTION 75 PRIORITY SECTOR SELECTION Owing to the near autarky situation under which Myanmar operated, as well as the distortions in the national econ- omy, which arose as a result of the dominance of state owned enterprises, a complete drive towards competitive- ness and diversification of the economy is required. The challenges are numerous, yet the resources available are limited. In this light, a limited number of priority sectors for the NES have been selected. A set of criteria78 was used to pre-select sectors: ƒƒ Trade performance, including export dynamics and world demand dynamics for a given product; ƒƒ Domestic supply conditions captured by production capacity and RCA; ƒƒ Socioeconomic impact captured in the current employ- ment rate; and ƒƒ Other qualitative criteria determined by the NES team. The following priority sectors 79 were selected based on their capacity to contribute to sustainable export growth, employment generation, potential for broad-based so- cioeconomic development, and based on their ability to meet selected qualitative criteria. NES priority sectors Trade potential Socio-economic impact Product sectors Beans, pulses and oilseeds High High Rubber High High Rice Medium High Fishery products Medium High Textile and garments Medium High Forestry products Medium Medium Service sectors Tourism Medium High 78. These four filters combined a number of quantitative trade and economic indicators, as well as qualitative information drawn from desk research, surveys and stakeholder consultations. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses allowed for a balanced selection of high performing goods and services sectors, but also emerging sectors with future potential. 79. Sectors are groups of products or services that are closely related through their inputs, production and transformation processes, and that share a common value chain. Usually sectors are not limited to single products or single tariff lines but are built around clusters of products or services.

76 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Figure 40: Exports of Priority and Other Sectors 2002-2012 Figure 41: Exports, Imports and Trade Balance of Priority Sectors 2002-2012 PRIORITY SECTOR SELECTION 77 Figure 42: Revealed Comparative Advantage for Priority Sectors Figure 43: Normalized Revealed Comparative Advantage ( NRCA ) for Priority Sectors

78 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 It should be noted that sectors which have not been pri- will contribute to reducing the country’s trade deficit and oritized will nevertheless be supported by the National through the value chain approach, to improving its terms Export Strategy through the implementation of cross- of trade. sector strategies. In fact, the NES is also composed of cross-sector functional strategies addressing trade in- As illustrated in Figure 42 and Figure 43, the revealed com- formation and trade promotion, trade facilitation and lo- parative advantage ( RCA ) and normalized RCA in those gistics, quality management, and access to finance. In prioritised sectors is significant, particularly for seeds, addition, selected sectors offer strong potential for for- forestry products and fish and crustaceans, indicating the ward and backward linkages to the rest of the economy as relatively high level of productivity of these sectors. The capabilities gained in priority sectors can be redeployed computed RCA values demonstrate that Myanmar enjoys into other industries to foster the process of economic comparative specialisation in agricultural products, wood diversification. products and clothing and footwear. Such specialization may be considered promising because the capabilities Figure 40 and Figure 41 below show the important role developed in those sectors can be easily redeployed to that selected priority export sectors play in the overall eco- other industries, fostering the process of economic diver- nomic development and balance of trade of Myanmar. sification. Sectors with a more limited capacity to provide Figure 40 highlights the share of the selected priority sec- engines of diversification include minerals. tors in Myanmar’s total export basket. Figure 41 indicates the extent to which selected priority sectors contribute to Rubber is the only sector that moved from a comparative positive improvements to the trade balance. Given the disadvantage last decade to a situation of comparative significance of the selected priority sectors in Myanmar’s advantage recently. export basket, improved performance in these sectors PRIORITY SECTOR SELECTION 79 PRIORITY SECTOR SNAPSHOTS The priority sectors selected based on the four above- mentioned sets of criteria are presented and discussed in greater details in the following snapshots. Furthermore, it is to be noted that each sector is the subject of a distinct sector strategy. Once one of the top exporters of rice in the world, Myanmar’s rice exports now account for a negligible share of the world market and only accounted for 1.8 % of the national exports in 2011. The sector is currently the 8th most important export product of Myanmar with US $ 156 million exports. It has been growing at a 35 % rate while the world demand grew by 5 % in 2007-2011. The underexploited sector has a high potential for socio-economic impact, food security and a significant growth potential. Improvements have recently been observed both in terms of area cultivated ( from 6.3 million of ha in 2000 to more than 8 million in 2010 ) and production ( from 21 million tons to more than 33 million ), as a result of both expansion of cropped area and enhanced yields. If paddy rice yields have significantly improved over the past two decades, Myanmar’s performance remains relatively poor, mainly due to the lack of irrigation for most paddy fields. The global market for rice also offers promising perspectives for Myanmar imports increasing by 18 % increase compared to 2010. Indonesia is the main importer of rice in the world ( having imported US $ 1.5 billion in 2011 ) and an annual growth in quantity imported of 25 % between 2007 and 2011. At present, a key success element will be the improvement of seed quality and purity to ensure the varieties produced are aligned with market requirements. The policy of the Government is to work towards rural development and improvement in the quality of life, such that the promotion of rice is fully in line with these policies. Rice

80 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 As one of the largest cultivators of beans and pulses in the world, Myanmar harvested roughly 5.3 million tons in 2012 ( a 221 % increase over 2000, due to gains in yield as well as an expanded portion of arable land that is dedicated to beans and pulses ). Myanmar produces over 20 varieties of pulses and beans. Other essential crops for the edible oil sector include soya beans and palm oil. The availability of a large labour supply in smallholders has perpetuated reliance upon labour-intensive farming and hindered the development of more mechanized processes. Production relies upon traditional equipment, manpower, and draught animals. Enhanced sector competitiveness will require the introduction of modern farming techniques and machinery. The sector’s yield of 13,237 hg / ha is significantly above the world average ( 9,077 hg / ha ). Only 5 % to 10 % of beans and pulses are subject to any processing whatsoever. Myanmar exported 1.14 million tons of beans and pulses in 2012, or roughly one fifth of its total subsector production. These sales were valued at US $ 804 million and represented 9.6 % of Myanmar’s total exports in 2012. Exports of beans and pulses are highly concentrated, with more than 74 % of shipments going to India, and the top five countries accounting for over 90 % of subsector exports. As with pulses and beans, Myanmar is one of the world’s largest producers of oilseeds. In 2011, it was the largest producer of sesame seeds, the third largest producer of mustard seeds, the fifth largest producer of groundnuts, and the fifteenth largest producer of sunflower seeds. The most important oilseed crops are sesame, groundnut, and sunflower seeds. Other products including mustard and niger. Total sub-sector production grew by 115 % between 2000 and 2012, reaching 3.7 million tons. This can be attributed to both a 49.56 % increase in yield to 2,743 hg / ha as well as a 44.32 % increase in land dedicated to oilseeds ( 3.578 million hectares in 2012 ). Sesame accounts for approximately 94 % of Myanmar’s oilseeds exports in the oilseeds category. Although Beans, pulses and oilseeds sesame represents less than 1 % of Myanmar’s total exports, Myanmar is the 16th largest exporter of sesame and this represents 1.55 % of world exports for this product. Japan, China, and Taipei are the main destination markets for this category of oil seeds, and they together absorb 90 % of Myanmar’s beans and pulses exports. Myanmar has set up Crop Exchange Centers ( CEXCs ), which are voluntary membership associations whose role is to facilitate business transactions, mainly in this sector. PRIORITY SECTOR SELECTION 81 The seafood sector in Myanmar has a large potential to contribute to food security, employment and economic development. It is an important source of income for the domestic population as it employs approximately 3 - 4 million people. Seafood is also the main source of animal protein and an important part of the local diet. Myanmar’s abundant inland water resources and substantial fisheries in the major rivers provide a considerable potential for aquaculture development in river delta areas in the south and centre of the country. According to the FAO, the total catch of freshwater and marine fish almost tripled between 2002 and 2011, with expanded aquaculture development being the main factor behind this increase. The Department of Fisheries ( DoF ) reported that seafood exports from the 300 national exporters consist mainly of higher value products such as black tiger prawn, giant freshwater prawn, pangasius, tilapia and sea bass. The largest part is exported chilled through border trade for the regional market and smaller volumes are exported in frozen form. It is important to note that, out of the 300 exporters, only 120 are seafood exporters with processing and cold storage establishments. Despite the sector’s decreasing share in total exports ( from 9.8 % in 2000 to 3.5 % in 2011 ), the value of seafood exports increased from US $ 185 million in 2000 to US $ 282 million in 2011. These figures however differ from those of the DoF, since the later reports total seafood exports of US $ 653 million with fish accounting for 61 %, and shrimp accounting for 13 % of fish and crustacean exports. Myanmar records a significant revealed comparative advantage ( RCA ) in fish products but no RCA in processing. Fisheries

82 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 The forestry sector accounts for around 1 % of the national GDP. There are around 100 wood-based industries in Myanmar. The forestry products industry is composed of 258 sawmills, 9 plywood and veneer mills, 1,497 re-cutting mills and 1,588 small production units. In addition, under the state-owned Myanma Timber Enterprise ( MTE ), the wood-based industries for the manufacture of value-added wood products include five furniture factories, five plywood factories, two moulding factories and one flooring & moulding factory. While the MTE is wholly state-owned, the MTE usually contracts companies to log concessions, transport and export on its behalf. The company then must share an agreed percentage of their profits from exported timber to the MTE. From April 2014, the private sector will be only sector exporting finished products. Rural communities – accounting for 75 % of population – using mainly wood for energy, we can state that fuel-wood demand is likely far higher than official supplies. According to main stakeholders of the sector, 50 % of harvesting is for domestic use. According to the local authorities, production of hardwood logs reaches 1.1 million tons annually, including 600,000 tons for local use. Teak almost exclusively goes to foreign markets. The broader sector of “Wood and articles of wood” is Myanmar’s second largest export heading after mineral fuels, oils, and distillation products, accounting for 12 % of the country’s exports in 2012 with and exported value of US $ 1.2 billion. Myanmar’s exported forestry products consist mainly of tropical hardwood logs ( accounting for 44 % of Myanmar’s wood exports ) and non-coniferous logs ( 42 % ). Myanmar’s is the world’s leading exporter of tropical hardwood logs ( reaching 35 % in 2012 or $0.5 billion in value ), with a strong growth in value of 9 % yearly between 2008 and 2012. Myanmar is also the world’s largest exporter of non-coniferous logs, with a reported value of US $ 493 million worth of non-coniferous logs exported in 2012, accounting for 12.8 % of the world market. The country has outperformed the global annual growth of exports in value for this product with a 19 % growth over the Forestry products period 2008-2012, compared to global export growth of 4 %. There is still very limited processed wood ( furniture or wood derivative products ). One of the main issues faced by Myanmar’s forestry products sector in the international market is its inability to comply with the standards and certification requirements of developed markets. PRIORITY SECTOR SELECTION 83 The sector’s contribution to the national GDP is low ( less than 1 % ) but the development of the sector - and more particularly of its industry - could have a high socio economic impact and become a driver of job creation, revenue and strengthen the balance of payments with stronger exports. Currently, it is estimated that the sector employs between 350,000 and 400,000 workers ( 1.4 % of total employment ), mainly in the plantation or forestry sector linked to rubber. Looking at the production structures, it appears that in rubber plantations, smallholders with less than 20 acres of planting constitute 90 % of the total number of producers. The number of entrepreneurs working on the rubber plantations larger than 100 acres in size accounts for only 1 % of total producers. The sector is comprised of private sector operators, and some limited joint-partnerships with private investors. The majority of smallholders produce un-smoked sheets, which are supplied to the smoke house process to produce RSS. There are about 25 factories owned by private planters and companies that process RSS. Myanmar produces only low grades of RSS. The rubber sector, in general, remains relatively small in terms of value exported ( US $ 215 million ), only representing the ninth largest export product in Myanmar in 2012. Myanmar exports primarily natural rubber and value added manufactured rubber products are imported, mainly from China and Thailand. As a result, and partly due to the recent drop in natural rubber prices, the sector as a whole reported a trade balance deficit in 2012. Currently, 90 % of the rubber products exported consists of raw natural rubber, namely Ribbed Smoke Sheets ( RSS ) and Technically Specified Rubber ( TSR ). Although rubber exports grew by 21 % annually during the period 2008-2012, world imports of natural rubber are now facing a severe downturn with the world’s demand decreasing by 29 % in value in 2011-2012. Affected by this contraction of the market, natural rubber export prices dropped from around US $ 5,500 per ton in 2011 to US $ 3,000 in the first quarter of 2013. Myanmar is a small player in the global rubber market ranking 13th in world exports. Rubber

84 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Myanmar has a history in the apparel industry of making yarn, fabric and garment. It emerged in the 1990s and ranked as the highest export item in 2000. The industry declined over the following decade due in large part to sanctions imposed by the US, at that time Myanmar’s largest export market. The garment and textile sector however remains the main manufacturing industry with over 200 garment and textile factories, and offers a potential for diversification as it is currently mainly a cut, make, trim industry. Moreover, textiles and garments can positively encourage employment of women and is more generally a major driver of employment. The revealed comparative advantage is significant owing to an abundant and low-cost labour force that presents an opportunity to expand labour-intensive and export- oriented production. According to the Myanmar Garment Manufacturers Association ( MMA ), exports reached US $ 770 million in 2011, far from its 2009 peak of US $ 1.2 billion, meaning that utilizing its full production capacity could boost exports of the sector. To date key export markets are Japan ( US $ 348 million ) and South Korea ( US $ 232 million ). With the change in the political scenario, NES stakeholders consider this sector has an important potential for the country as good prospects are foreseen ahead with the lifting of the economic sanctions. The sector anticipates a large increase in demand in the coming years with promising perspectives related the lifting of most of the US trade sanctions on Myanmar and the recent reintegration of the country in the EU’s Generalised System of Preferences ( GSP ), granting duty and quota free access to the European market for clothing. Myanmar’s large and inexpensive labour market has caught the attention of global Textile and garments manufacturers, but it will need to upgrade logistics, improve power supply and infrastructure and ensure compliance with international labour standards to attract buyers from global brands. PRIORITY SECTOR SELECTION 85 Myanmar’s vast forestry reserves, snow-capped mountains, and pristine beaches combined with a rich cultural heritage ( including UNESCO World Heritage Sites ), present tremendous potential for tourism. That potential, however, remains highly underexploited. In 2011, tourist arrivals reached 816,400 whereas Cambodia, a much smaller country, received 2.8 million visitors and Thailand received more than 19 million visitors. As the only service export sector with a trade surplus, tourism is considered as a key export sector for Myanmar. Based on the World Travel & Tourism Council ( WTTC ) data, the sector has generated revenues of MMK636.5 billion ( 1.3 % of GDP ) ( US $ 714 millions ), making it in actual fact the 6th most important export sector in Myanmar. Also, FDI in tourism is expected to grow by 5 % yearly between 2013 and 2023 according to the World Travel and Tourism Organisation. In mid-2013, the Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar ( GRUM ), alongside the Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) and the Government of Norway, launched a Tourism Master Plan. The Plan outlines 38 development projects valued at nearly a US $ 500 billion, which will help increase Myanmar’s Tourism tourism competitiveness, while ensuring the safeguard of environmentally sensitive areas, and the cultural and economic interests of ethnic communities. The master plan forecasts that tourist arrivals will rise to 7.5 million in 2020 – a seven-fold increase from current levels and generate revenue of US $ 10.1 billion, which represents a 14 fold increase in revenue. The development of the sector could have a high socio economic impact since the sector can be a driver of job creation. The estimated contribution of the sector to employment was 711,500 jobs in 2012 ( 2.6 % of total employment ). This is forecast to rise by 3.3 % in 2013 to 735,000 jobs ( 2.7 % of total employment ). The master plan envisages that under a high growth scenario, the tourism industry could provide up to 1.4 million jobs by 2020. These figures relate to direct employment, but indirect employment generated from tourism activities will be significantly higher. In general terms, Tourism can hold a great potential for Myanmar and can generate investment in transport, hotels, restaurants, arts and culture, and travel. However, it will be important to accompany the development of the sector with adequate policies that can mitigate the potential negative effects of tourism ( i.e., environmental destruction, cultural loss, encroachment on habitat, unethical tourism, etc. ). PRIORITY CROSS-SECTOR FUNCTION SNAPSHOTS In addition to sector strategies aimed at improving the performance of key product / service sectors of an econ- omy, a National Export Strategy is also composed of cross-sector functional strategies, which target horizontal sectors that impact on the competitiveness and efficient functioning of specific product and service sectors. Due to their cross-cutting nature, functional strategies also benefit enterprises outside the priority sectors of the NES. As part of the Myanmar’s NES, the following have been selected as priority cross-sector functions.

86 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 The financial sector of Myanmar is made up of state-owned banks, private banks, finance companies and representative offices of foreign banks. With the country liberalizing its financial sector, foreign banks, Access to finance that were not allowed to obtain a branch licence for decades, will now be able to operate in the country. A new banking law is permitting licences for up to 19 domestic private banks to operate and permitting 32 foreign banks to open representative offices in Myanmar has been adopted in this regard. Looking at trade support institutions ( TSIs ), and according to a survey conducted with 42 domestic TSIs, there is only one institution which provides trade finance, export credit, and insurance services, suggesting that there would be room to develop such services. A recent study conducted by Price Waterhouse Coopers in 2012 also indicated that there is only one finance company operating in Myanmar, namely the Myanmar Orient Leasing Company, a subsidiary of the Myanmar Oriental Bank. Currently, there is no export promotion agency assisting Myanmar exporters and potential exporters with information on market trends, market entry requirements, opportunities, procedures and regulations Trade information for exports. There are a number of trade support institutions which exist in Myanmar but none of these provide accurate, timely and reliable trade information on third markets. As a result, it appears that Myanmar is not fully taking advantage of its preferential market access ( bilateral agreements as well as ASEAN and ASEAN+1 agreements ), partly due a lack of information on market demand, and knowledge on standards and procedures for exporting, required to tap into these markets. With new market access openings in the EU and US, the demand for such information will increase by potential exporters and export-ready enterprises. Many aspects surrounding Myanmar’s quality management infrastructure ( QMI ) – from legal metrology, to standards, and from regulations to certifications – are all weak or absent. The Myanmar Scientific Quality management and Technological Research Department ( MSTRD ) is responsible for the preparation of laws, rules and regulations on standards and conformance, cooperation with international standardization bodies, the provision of technical information on standardization, and the calibration of the measuring equipment used in standards department’s laboratories. In addition to MSTRD, various public ( MITA, MoC, DoF, etc. ) and private ( SGA, FIDSL, OMIC ) provide a variety of QM services. Numerous policy changes are planned such as the elaboration of new standards, the restructuring of metrology functions, the development of an accreditation system but many of these initiatives are moving slowly and with limited resources to effectively boast quickly the efficiency of the QMI in Myanmar. Inter-ministerial coordination in Myanmar is very fragmented, leading to poor streamlining of government Trade facilitation and logistics policies and procedures. This fragmentation creates obstacles throughout the trade facilitation system and ultimately encumbers administrative processes at the port of entry and / or exit. In addition, uncertainty in customs decision-making, informal costs ( including graft ), and backlog in transhipment ports ( Singapore and Port Klang ), among others, also hinder trade facilitation. Inadequate logistics performances ( such as maritime connectivity, cargo handling services, etc. ) also translate into relatively high trade costs, which limit Myanmar’s gains from trade. Levels of inter-ministerial coordination are being enhanced by a move towards a National Customs Single Window ( and an ASEAN Single Window ), which will simplify procedures for exporters. The country is also forming a task force to evaluate potential areas to reduce red tape PRIORITY SECTOR SELECTION 87 INVESTMENT DIMENSION as to use their unique positions to identify and advocate critical policy reforms. However, other IPIs are motivated Improving the value chains of the NES priority sectors in to fill that space when the lead body has low capacity. the way articulated by their strategies and plans of action will require considerable investment. Myanmar is a least In Myanmar, the Directorate of Investment and Company developed country ( LDC ) and classified as being in a Administration ( DICA ) is the body that plays a role in a fragile or conflict-affected situation ( FCS ). It has a transi- similar way to that of an IPA. However, it is a unit of the tion economy and a very weak financial sector. As such, Ministry of Planning and Economic Development with sig- domestic investment is unlikely to reach transformative nificant regulatory responsibilities, and private sector as- levels for the NES priority sectors in the foreseeable fu- sociations may perform more facilitation and targeting in ture. A comprehensive private sector development plan their respective sectors. is needed for domestic enterprises, but in the short to medium term the role of foreign direct investment ( FDI ) These three activities for generating FDI are progressively will be especially important. difficult to perform and are employed with groups of inves- tors that are progressively difficult to attract. From easiest FDI can have a transformative effect on a develop- to most difficult, these groups are illustrated in Figure 44. ing country’s home-grown, domestically oriented in- dustry, and help it to achieve significant export growth. International investors may be able to introduce a wide TARGET GROUP #1: EXISTING range of assets otherwise unavailable to local enterpris- INVESTORS IN MYANMAR’S NES es, such as large amounts of capital, better inputs ( e.g. PRIORITY SECTORS high-quality seeds ), technologies, skills, management practices, operational experience, economies of scale, Investors already operating in Myanmar successfully are and international distribution channels, among others. the most likely to make new investments, with “reinvest- ments” accounting for 60-70 percent of new investments in developed countries.81 Existing investors have the clear- INVESTMENT PROMOTION MEASURES est understanding of the country’s business opportunities IN NES PRIORITY SECTORS and risks. They almost invariably have growth aspirations. They have expressed a willingness and ability to navigate Myanmar’s ability to stimulate transformative levels of government procedures. And, they are the most cost-ef- private investment in the NES priority sectors lies in its fective to approach, as Myanmar’s investment promoters performance of three types of investment promotion activ- can visit them repeatedly, understand their actual opera- ities: investment facilitation, investor-targeting, and the im- tions, and establish personal relationships at very low provement of Myanmar’s investment climate. Essentially, cost, especially as compared to investor-targeting cam- “investment facilitation” is providing interested investors paigns conducted abroad. with the information and assistance that they need to take a serious look at Myanmar, perform their due diligence, Reinvestments made by investors already operating in complete government procedures, and start operations. Myanmar are likely to take the form of expanded produc- “Investor-targeting” is proactively identifying and ap- tion capacity, additional products, upgraded facilities, proaching companies that are deemed desirable 80 and additional locations, and new business activities ( e.g. likely to invest. And, “the improvement of Myanmar’s in- sales office, manufacturing, R&D, regional headquarters, vestment climate” entails the design and implementation shared services ), thereby strengthening the local value of policies and public investments that lead to better in- chain. IPI activities aimed at identifying this FDI potential frastructure, treatment of investment, business costs, and and helping investors to realize reinvestments are known availability of inputs and support services. as “investor aftercare.” A range of “investment promotion intermediaries” ( IPIs ) may play prominent roles in these three functions, includ- ing dedicated “investment promotion agencies” ( IPAs ), sector associations, sector line ministries, subnational governments, and chambers of commerce. Dedicated IPAs are commonly mandated to take the lead in a coun- try’s investment facilitation and investor-targeting, as well 80. For example, investors that are in priority subsectors, operating a part of the value chain that is weak in Myanmar, likely to create many jobs or have skill and technology spillovers, or that come from a country or sector with high FDI but little experience in Myanmar to date. 81. ( United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2007 ).

88 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Figure 44: Investor mix in Myanmar Table 8: Types of companies to be targeted for private investment Manufacturers Service providers Agricultural inputs, including seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, Hotel operators, three-star and higher equipment Food products made of rice, pulses, beans, fish, and Tourist attractions and services crustaceans Garments Financial services ( e.g. business loans, trade finance, insurance ) Furniture and other wood products Agricultural services, including warehousing, quality testing and certification, land preparation, machine maintenance Pulp and paper Construction Footwear Consulting services specific to the priority sectors Hoses, belts, and other rubber products Educational services in agriculture, hospitality, Products derived from agricultural by-products, such as engineering, machine operation and repair, business, animal feed and biofuel finance, and accounting Primary sector Large-scale crop production for rice, pulses, beans, and Large-scale fishing and aquaculture rubber trees Shading Activities in which foreign investors may only Activities in which foreign investors may only invest legend invest as joint ventures through joint ventures as minority shareholders Source: Myanmar’s 2013 Foreign Investment Law PRIORITY SECTOR SELECTION 89 Box 5: Summary of investment promotion terminology Facilitation: Providing information and assistance that helps an investor 1) make the decision to invest in a location, and 2) become operational Targeting: Proactively approaching investors identified as being desirable and likely to invest to present them with tailored business cases for selecting a location Aftercare: Identifying potential for reinvestment among existing investors and facilitating its realization Advocacy for investment climate reform: Identifying obstacles to competitiveness and sup- porting relevant decision-makers and stakeholders with the formulation and implementation of solutions IPI (Investment Promotion Intermediary): Any public or private body that performs one or more of the above functions as a deliberate effort to promote investment IPA (Investment Promotion Agency): A body, usually an independent public body, estab- lished with the primary mission of promoting investment and performing most of the above functions. TARGET GROUP #2: INVESTORS investment should have been implemented by now, three ALREADY CONSIDERING MYANMAR to four years later. These investors fall into three subcategories: ( i ) inves- Most other reasons have their roots in weak government tors that have received MIC approval but not yet started facilitation of investment projects. For example, slow, operations, ( ii ) investors that have applied for MIC ap- cumbersome, conflicting, or unpredictable government provals and not yet received them, and ( iii ) investors that procedures may raise investor costs and risk perceptions have approached Myanmar’s various IPIs for information beyond acceptable thresholds, leading projects to be about investing in Myanmar. Together these potential in- abandoned. Or, would-be investors may inflate the value vestors constitute Myanmar’s investment “pipeline.” DICA of planned investments in the hope of getting more at- does not systematically compile and track a comprehen- tention and smoother project facilitation from government sive pipeline. Losing track of these investors – even an- counterparts. nounced investors – allows them to withdraw investment plans without giving Myanmar’s IPIs a chance to under- Whatever the reason, Myanmar’s “conversion rate” of an- stand and deal with the reasons. Losing large numbers nounced investment to Myanmar’s investment facilita- of announced investors is a terrible waste and begs the tion should not end at investment announcement. DICA question of whether money spent on investor-targeting should help investors navigate government procedures won’t be wasted by ineffective facilitation. Therefore, es- and link investors to labour and service providers. tablishing a good pipeline, through a review of investor contacts at DICA and other IPIs ( i.e. ministries and sector associations), is an essential first step to tapping any form INVESTMENTS PENDING MIC REVIEW of potential investment. Starting a business in Myanmar typically requires 11 pro- cedures and 72 days, with unpredictable delays often ex- MIC-APPROVED INVESTORS NOT YET tending this timeline.82 National priority sectors, including OPERATIONAL those prioritized for export development under the NES, are not prioritized in the approval process. In fact, several The total value of MIC-approved investment in the past of the types of companies targeted for investment will take quarter century has been approximately double the longer because they are required to have environmental amount of implemented investment, as approximated by impact assessments, as detailed in Table 9. An intera- DICA statistics. There are many reasons for a gap be- gency working group should be established to fast-track tween announced investment and actual investment. The the project approval process and improve the pipeline fact that full project implementation can take several years conversion rate. is an acceptable reason, however this likely accounts for a minority of Myanmar’s gap. More than half of all invest- ment approvals were granted in 2010, and most of that 82. ( World Bank Group, 2013 )

90 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Table 9: Activities targeted for investment, which require environmental impact assessments Manufacturers Service providers Agricultural inputs, including seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, Hotel operators, three-star and higher equipment Food products made of rice, pulses, beans, fish, Tourist attractions and services and crustaceans Garments Financial services ( e.g. business loans, trade finance, insurance ) Furniture and other wood products Agricultural services, including warehousing, quality testing and certification, land preparation, machine maintenance Pulp and paper Construction Footwear Consulting services specific to the priority sectors Hoses, belts, and other rubber products Educational services in agriculture, hospitality, engineering, machine operation and repair, business, Products derived from agricultural by-products, such as finance, and accounting animal feed and biofuel Primary sector Large-scale crop production for rice, pulses, beans, and Large-scale fishing and aquaculture rubber trees Shading Does not require environmental impact Requires environmental impact assessment legend assessment Source: Myanmar’s 2013 Foreign Investment Law INVESTORS EXPRESSING INTEREST investors that are willing to invest in Myanmar’s current IN MYANMAR investment climate ( target group #3 ). Having a fast-track approval process ( in lieu of stream- lined, best-practice government procedures that equitably TARGET GROUP #3: NEW INVESTORS expedite all projects) not only assures better conversion of THAT HAVE NOT PREVIOUSLY SHOWN applicants to implemented investments, it also increases AN INTEREST IN MYANMAR the number of applicants by giving them the confidence that a decision to investment in Myanmar can quickly be The global publicity on Myanmar’s recent reforms has be- turned into a real project. gun to spread a sense of positive anticipation about the country’s business opportunities, a sense that Myanmar Another useful tool for kicking off a broad facilitation ef- may be poised to boom. For many investors that sense fort with a back-log of interested investors is an investor is not strong enough to obviate concerns over the current conference for NES priority sectors. Typically, this might difficulties of doing business and living in Myanmar, as consist of two or three days of presentations on invest- summarized in Table 10. ment opportunities; discussions with high-level officials on investment climate reforms; networking with authori- Although the world’s most respected, objective rankings ties, suppliers, JV partners, and business service provid- continue to present a strong negative image of Myanmar ers; and a demonstration of new capacity for investment to potential investors, certain investors remain potentially facilitation. Once an interested investor were re-engaged attracted to invest in Myanmar. However, these investors in this way, DICA could assign her to a project manager are, for the most part, likely to be concentrated in the four that would be responsible for following up until the inves- types listed in Box 5. These are groups that the World tor selected a location or suspended her expansion plans. Bank Group’s Investment Climate Department has identi- fied as having a high tolerance for the elevated risk levels Such an investor conference may also help to gener- that come with doing business in a fragile or conflict-af- ate some new interest among previously uninterested fected situation ( FCS ), such as Myanmar. PRIORITY SECTOR SELECTION 91 Table 10: International rankings of Myanmar as a place to do business and live Global Economic Corruption Quality of Life Ranking Doing Business Competitiveness Index Freedom Index Perceptions Index Index 2014 rank 182 out of 189 139 out of 148 162 out of 178 157 out of 177 Not ranked Change from 2013 No change Not applicable +10 +15 Not applicable Source World Bank World Economic Heritage Transparency Economist Group Forum Foundation International Intelligence Unit Box 6: Initial focus for Myanmar’s investor-targeting 1. “Fragile and Conflict-affected Situation (FCS)-accustomed” investors. These investors have a business strategy which depends on being the first entrant into a relatively untapped market. Coca-Cola is the prime example. Between 2005 and 2012, it announced 12 investment projects in six different FCS, more than any other company during the same period. This strategy is more common among particular sectors, most notably resource extraction and large-scale infrastructure. However, the NES priority sectors of large scale agribusiness and tourism are also populated by a relatively large group of companies seeking to be first entrants. 2. Regional investors. The leadership of regional investors in Myanmar’s FDI is evidenced by the fact that all “first-tier” FDI source countries in Table 5 are from East Asia. Generally, regional investors tend to trade more with FCS, get more frequent and detailed news and business information on them, have more personal contacts there, and have greater cultural affinity and understanding. One of the world’s top 10 investors in FCS, by number of projects, between 2005 and 2012, was Dak Lak Rubber Co. This Vietnamese manufacturer of rubber hoses and belts had six investment projects in neighbouring Laos but no investments in any other FCS. 3. Diaspora. Collectively, these investors may have the most information on how to conduct busi- ness in their country of origin and the strongest personal desires to do so despite any obstacles. It is estimated that 2-3 million Myanmar live outside of Myanmar. Their remittances were estimat- ed at approximately $ 2.75 billion in 2012. These funds may be harnessed for a powerful source of investment, especially in combination with the business and sector-specific experience (e.g. garment manufacturing in Thailand) many members of the diaspora bring to the endeavour. 4. Investors with non-financial motives for investing. These investors include state-affiliated investors, such as state-owned enterprises and sovereign wealth funds, which may have politi- cal goals or long-term considerations which outweigh risks that would ordinarily stop a purely profit-based calculus. Singapore’s Temasek, for example, has invested in the development of Myanmar’s human capital for hospitality industries, business education, finance, and accounting through the establishment of the Temasek International College in Yangon. This directly relates to tourism (an NES priority sector) and access to finance (an NES priority cross-sector). Another non-financial motive for investing is social impact, such as that sought by the Soros Economic Development Fund. SEDF invests in sustainable businesses and job-creating initiatives through its $200 million portfolio in the agribusiness, financial services, and logistics sectors of 28 post- conflict countries and countries transitioning to democracy. Types 1 and 2 are generally considered to have the most potential for transformative investment glob- ally. However, Type 4 has been known to have a large impact in some countries in some sectors. Source: ITC and (Whyte and Griffin, 2014 (forthcoming))

92 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Table 11: The top 12 sectors to attract FDI to FCS, 2005-2012 # of % of Sectors Leading subsectors ( # of projects ) projects total Financial Services 363 25 % Retail banking ( 316 ), corporate and investment banking ( 21 ), insurance ( 17 ) Coal, Oil and Natural 132 9.1 % Oil and gas extraction ( 54 ), gas stations ( 14 ), support activities for mining Gas and energy ( 14 ), natural, liquefied, and compressed gas ( 12 ) Food and beverages 125 8.6 % Food and beverage stores ( 22 ), sugar and confectionary products ( 22 ), soft drinks & ice ( 20 ), crop production ( 11 ), breweries & distilleries ( 9 ) Metals 121 8.3 % Mining of iron ore, gold, silver, copper, nickel, lead, zinc, and other metal ores ( 68 ), production and processing of alumina, aluminium, and nonferrous metals ( 27 ), steel products ( 12 ) Communications 106 7.3 % Wireless telecommunications carrier (41), communications equipment (21), radio and television broadcasting (17), wired telecommunications carriers (16) Business Services 91 6.3 % Advertising, public relations and related ( 14 ), legal services ( 12 ), professional, scientific, and technical services ( 12 ) Transportation 72 5.0 % Freight / distribution services ( 31 ), air transportation ( 12 ), water transportation ( 11 ) Textiles and garments 41 2.8 % Garments and garment accessories ( 30 ) Industrial machinery, 39 2.7 % Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery ( 14 ), general purpose equipment and tools machinery ( 9 ) Real estate 38 2.6 % Real estate services ( 15 ), commercial and institutional building construction ( 10 ), residential building construction ( 8 ) Building and 36 2.5 % Cement and concrete products ( 32 ) construction materials Alternative / renewable 35 2.4 % Hydroelectric power ( 19 ) energy Hotels and tourism 28 1.9 % Accommodation ( 19 ), travel arrangement and reservation services ( 9 ) Source: ( Whyte and Griffin, 2014 ( forthcoming ) ) A subsector-level analysis shows that most of the subsec- Myanmar as is but do not know it for lack of quality busi- tors prioritized in Myanmar’s NES have a weak record of ness information. DICA and its investment promotion part- attracting FDI projects. ners should elaborate business cases for NES priority sectors using the type of information and sector-specific Among the project types needed to facilitate NES imple- analysis described in the following section on target group mentation ( Table 11 ), the ones to attract the most FDI #4 and in the strategy for each NES priority sector. projects to FCS during this period are cement and con- crete products ( 32 ) and garments ( 30 ). To a lesser de- gree, the following seven subsectors have driven FDI in TARGET GROUP #4: PREVIOUSLY FCS: corporate and investment banking ( 21 ), accom- UNINTERESTED INVESTORS THAT modation ( 19 ); insurance ( 17 ); agriculture, construction, MIGHT CONSIDER MYANMAR WITH and mining machinery ( 14 ); professional, scientific, and CERTAIN INVESTMENT CLIMATE technical services ( 12 ); crop production ( 11 ); commercial and institutional building construction ( 10 ); and travel ar- IMPROVEMENTS rangement and reservation services (9). Within the current investment climate, DICA and its partners in investment Characterizations of Myanmar’s investment climate as a promotion could expect to be met with the most interest whole are a useful indication of the country’s overall com- in these sectors. petitiveness, but investment decisions are made based on the sector-specific data of greatest importance to each However, investors must have reliable business informa- company, given its particular activities, strategy, circum- tion to perform the cost-benefit analysis needed to con- stances, and list of candidate destinations. It is, therefore, clude that the current opportunities are attractive. There useful to think of the investment climate not as a single, will be many investors who could be willing to invest in monolithic factor to be improved, but as a collection of PRIORITY SECTOR SELECTION 93 factors which affect Myanmar’s attractiveness to different companies in different ways. Understanding which factors pose the biggest deterrents to targeted FDI would allow Myanmar’s IPIs to pursue a manageably small number of high-impact reforms and make a compelling case to influential stakeholders about the need for concerted reform efforts. Identifying such target reforms requires an understanding of the following: a. Which factors are critical to investors in Myanmar’s NES priority sectors b. Which countries represent Myanmar’s leading com- petitors for FDI c. How Myanmar and its leading competitors measure up in terms of the critical factors These factors are dealt with more specifically in the strategy for each NES priority sector. What follows here is a summary of major factors for the priority sectors collectively. Which factors are critical to investors in Myanmar’s NES priority sectors? Each of the following seven factors in investment deci- whether the FDI is export-oriented or domestic market- sion-making is among the most critical for a majority of oriented. However, comparable data for total domestic NES priority sectors: production across the region is not readily available, and the following analysis uses export data as a close proxy. ƒƒ Labour availability, skills, costs, and regulations ƒƒ Customs and trade regulation Table 12 presents the total 2012 export value of all NES ƒƒ Electricity and telecommunications infrastructure priority sectors,84 excluding tourism for which comprehen- ƒƒ Transportation, time and costs sive data is not readily available, for all major exporters in ƒƒ Complying with regulations, time and cost the region, excluding high-income countries which likely ƒƒ Access to land and / or natural resources export higher value-added forms of the products. ƒƒ Political risk Assuming that the distribution of total FDI inflows among Which countries represent Myanmar’s leading competi- exporting sectors roughly correlates to the global promi- tors for FDI nence of the goods exported, we would expect the re- gion’s biggest exporters of NES priority goods to be the The motive behind much of the FDI in NES priority sectors region’s biggest recipients of FDI in those sectors and, is proximity to target markets. Asia produces and con- therefore, Myanmar’s biggest competitors for future FDI. In sumes the majority of rice, and most international tourism fact, Figure 45shows the two figures to be very highly cor- is regional, placing Myanmar’s most obvious competitors related, with 75 percent of the variation in export volumes for these two sectors within the region. Regional com- being explained by variation in FDI ( i.e. an R2 of 0.75 ). petition is also significant for Myanmar’s remaining NES priority sectors, many of which are perishable commodi- Countries plotted above the trend line attract more FDI ties, whose largest markets are in Asia83 and for which low than predicted based on their exports of NES priority transportation time and costs are essential to maintaining sectors, while countries below the trend line attract less. profit margins. From this, Myanmar’s biggest competitors for FDI in the NES priority sectors overall appear to be China, India, Overall, therefore, Myanmar’s main competitors for FDI Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Viet Nam, the Philippines, are Asia’s hosts of the same value chains. This is true and Cambodia. Again, the relative competitiveness of a given country varies significantly when analysed sector by sector, and each sector strategy should be consulted 83. Oil seeds ( #1 China, #2 Japan, #4 Republic of Korea ), pulses for details. (#1 India, #2 China), fish and crustaceans (#1 Japan), wood products ( #1 China, #3 Japan ), rubber products ( #2 China ), and garments ( #3 Japan ) 84. HS codes 03, 0713, 1006, 1207, 40, 44, 61, and 62

94 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Table 12: Leading Low- and Middle-Income Exporters of NES priority products in Asia and the Pacific Exported value in 2012 Global rank by exports Global rank by 2012 FDI Exporters ( USD million ) of NES priority products inflows in all sectors World 866,131 n/a n/a China 195,563 1 2 Thailand 29,959 4 35 Viet Nam 26,859 6 36 India 26,057 7 15 Indonesia 23,906 8 17 Bangladesh 23,216 9 96 Malaysia 15,218 18 30 Pakistan 5,932 34 105 Sri Lanka 5,043 36 109 Philippines 4,660 37 62 Cambodia 4,609 38 80 Myanmar 3,577 46 69 Lao People’s Democratic Republic 651 82 134 Papua New Guinea 440 91 180 Source: ITC calculations based on UN Comtrade statistics, UNCTAD Figure 45: Regional FDI in NES Priority Sectors: Over-Performers and Under-Performers Sources: ITC calculations based on UN Comtrade statistics, UNCTAD PRIORITY SECTOR SELECTION 95 How Myanmar and its leading competitors measure up in Table 13 and its notes. Although data is available for all terms of the critical factors of Myanmar’s major competitors, at the publication of this document Myanmar’s first enterprise surveys remain on- Extending this aggregate analysis of the competitiveness going. In sector-specific analysis, each factor would be of NES priority sectors, Myanmar and its eight primary weighted according to its relative importance in invest- competitors can be assessed against the seven critical ment decision-making, but as this aggregated analysis decision-making factors previously identified. MTDC and can only be illustrative, weights are not used. its stakeholders should commission a series of sector studies to benchmark competitiveness, using specific When data on Myanmar becomes available around June costs ( e.g. labour, electricity ) for the most accurate, tai- 2014,85 they can be used to compare its relative invest- lored results. However, a rough sense and order of com- ment climate strengths and weaknesses, giving sector petitiveness can be found in public survey data. stakeholders an area on which to focus their investment climate reforms. Even just having such a reform process The World Bank Group’s Enterprise Surveys has collect- underway will add to the sector’s attractiveness. ed business data from 130,000 firms in 135 countries, from which indicators can be selected to approximate the competitiveness of these countries, as illustrated in 85. ( World Bank Group, 2013 ) Table 13: The competitiveness of Myanmar’s leading competitors for FDI in NES priority sectors86 Customs and trade Electricity / Telecom Competitiveness Access to land Transportation Average score Complying Competitor Year of data Political risk Labour regulation Infrastructure Rank w / regulations Myanmar n/a 8.8 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a China 2012 6.3 7.9 0.0 4.6 0.0 0.0 0.6 2.8 1 Indonesia 2009 5.0 5.1 0.6 0.7 4.5 4.0 1.4 3.0 2 Malaysia 2007 0.0 2.5 5.3 1.0 5.0 4.5 8.5 3.8 3 Cambodia 2007 5.5 3.3 2.7 0.1 6.8 5.7 6.0 4.3 4 Philippines 2009 4.4 0.0 1.7 6.3 6.4 6.8 10.0 5.1 5 Viet Nam 2009 10.0 10.0 1.1 2.1 3.3 5.0 4.8 5.2 6 Thailand 2006 1.9 4.7 10.0 0.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 5.2 7 India 2006 7.5 4.4 3.6 10.0 8.1 3.0 7.2 6.3 8 Sources: ITC calculations based on data from the World Bank Group’s Enterprise Surveys and the 2013 Global PRS Index of The PRS Group ( political risk only ). 86. 1. Grey cells use the sample average, where country data was unavailable. 2. Yellow cells highlight excellent scores in the range of 0 – 1.5. 3. Red cells highlight each country’s weakest score( s ). 4. Data for the various factors came in a wide range of percentages and index ratings. For comparability, all data was converted to an index from 0 to 10 with the best score being set at 0 and the worst score being set at 10. 5. The indicator for customs and trade regulation is the number of days to clear direct exports through Customs. 6. The indicator for complying with regulations is the percent of senior management time spent dealing with the requirements of government regulation. 7. The indicators for all other factors ( excluding political risk ) are the percentages of firms which identified the factor as the “biggest obstacle” to doing business. 8. Electricity and telecommunications were assessed separately. The score in this column is an average of the two. 9. Table 13 ranks the competitiveness of Myanmar’s top competitors. The average scores paint a picture of four competitive tiers with China and Indonesia at the top. Looking at excellent scores in the range of 0-1.5 ( highlighted in yellow ), the investment climate factors in which these “FDI over-performers” most consistently perform well are the time for exports to clear customs and the general favourability of labour markets, giving Myanmar a sense of what areas should be targeted in efforts to improve investment climate competitiveness.

96 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 THE VISION OF THE NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY The following vision statement was adopted to guide the NES design process: “ ” Sustainable export-led growth and prosperity for an emerging Myanmar. This vision sets the overall national direction for the export strategy and captures its spirit. However, the vision alone does not suffice to orient the strategy. It is supported by four broad national strategic objectives. THE STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES 97 THE STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES The national strategic objectives define the main thrusts requirements. Introducing branding strategies is re- that guided the NES design process. The strategic objec- quired in order to create value and create customer tives agreed upon are sufficiently broad to encompass all loyalty. the more detailed sector and functional strategic objec- tives and activities. Furthermore Since the start of reforms, domestic and foreign investment is expected to increase significant- The stakeholders defined the following strategic ly in sectors other than the extractive industries. This objectives: strategic objective also aims to leverage investment, build export-related skills and capacities, and foster 1. To foster sustainable and equitable export-led growth innovation to support export growth. Also a number and value addition for the socio-economic develop- of ODA activities and private sector initiatives to pro- ment of the people of Myanmar. mote vocational trainings have already started and This objective is aligned to the FESR and the National are expected to continue. The easing of import restric- Development Plans and is a pre-requisite for social tions and foreign investment is also expected to lead and economic equity. The creation of value addition to greater technology transfer. will be necessary to lift marginalised populations out of poverty and ensure social stability during the eco- 4. To build modern, enabled and supportive institu- nomic reform process. tions to respond to the diverse needs of current and emerging exporters. 2. To ensure a consistent, predictable and transparent Currently, the principal support institutions are sector trade policy and regulatory framework associations and the UMFCCI. There is a significant This objective will address many concerns expressed amount of overlap in services, while there are gaps by the private sector in terms of being unaware of in some service provisions. Some consolidation and policy changes or the regulation of new legislation. coordination of services is required and more export- Moreover, red tape and difficult business and licens- oriented services should be provided. ing procedures impose additional costs for busi- nesses. The lack of transparency, consultation and 5. To build up physical infrastructures information dissemination were also evoked as ad- The aim of this strategic objective is to increase lo- ditional costs to business and impeding on business gistics capacities and build trade facilities across the competitiveness. The actions undertaken under this country and at the regional level. Trade infrastructure strategic objective are expected to support strong and transportation corridors are required across the public-private dialogue and foster Myanmar’s inte- country. Investment in a deep-sea port project is ex- gration to the world economy pected to boost containerization and improve port services, and industrial zones should enhance the 3. To develop competitive, diversified and branded ex- physical infrastructure for doing business. The NES ports by expanding productive capacities and foster- will build the necessary export led strategy that can ing innovation. build and capitalize on these projects. All three dimensions – competitive, diversified and branded – are currently lacking in Myanmar. The need to become more competitive and move up the value chain by diversifying into downstream activities is required. This particular strategic objective aims to respond to international market opportunities and

98 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 MARKET DEVELOPMENT The trade analysis indicates that there are several un- outcome of the calculations for Myanmar reveal a number tapped markets that could offer opportunities for of countries which account for a low share in Myanmar’s Myanmar exports. exports but which have a revealed trade complemen- tarity ( see Figure 46 ). The horizontal axis indicates the A number of indicators and models exist to indicate po- share of the country in Myanmar’s export destinations, tential markets, which Myanmar could export to. One while the vertical axis indicates the trade complementa- such indicator is the trade complementarity index, which rity between Myanmar and the country in question. There compares the good that one country exports with the are a number of countries, which have a high comple- goods that another country imports. It matches the sup- mentarity for trade with Myanmar and yet which do not ply and demand for same products to see where there have any significant actual trade, such as the EU, USA, is complementarity for trade between two countries. The Pakistan and Turkey. Figure 46: Trade Complementarity between Myanmar and Key Partners, 2009-11 MARKET DEVELOPMENT 99 Figure 47: Gravity Model Analysis of Myanmar’s bilateral potential trade Source: ITC’s calculations based on 5-Digit Comtrade, SITC Rev. 3 trade data. Country ISO codes are used Figure 48: Export market destination concentration index in ASEAN Note: Latest data ( 2006-2009 ) Source: World Bank World Trade Indicators

100 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Figure 47 applies a gravity model 87 for Myanmar to as- amongst the most highly concentrated exports ( in terms sess whether Myanmar trades as much as would be of markets and number of products) in the ASEAN region. predicted with potentially important partners. Countries placed above the 45-degree line are countries with which Figure 6 provides a comparison in two points in time of Myanmar trades more than predicted by the mode, while the number of markets reached by each product. The those countries placed below the 45-degree line are less number of markets reached is another measure of export important to Myanmar as an export market than would be diversification since it indicated how many markets are predicted. Using this model, it is apparent that Myanmar reached by a single product group. The horizontal axis trades less than would be expected with notably large presents the number of markets reached; whereas the countries like the USA and EU Member States, and has vertical axis shows the value of the export flow ( in logs ). a stronger export relationship with the its neighbouring The red colour has been used for the products that are in countries and some West African countries ( owing to the picture in 2002 but not in 2010, in other words, those rice exports ). products which have become extinct. Products which were not exported by Myanmar in 2002 but are now ex- There is great potential to increase the number of desti- ported are coloured in green. nations of Myanmar exports. There is a very high level of trade intensity with few part- TARGET MARKET ners, which suggests difficulties in diversifying trade re- lationships. Many of Myanmar’s trade relationships have IDENTIFICATION 88 become more intense in the period between 2002-2004 For the priority NES sectors, target market analysis fol- and 2009-2011, as a result of sanctions. The concentration lowed a phased approach: an immediate, short-term of export partners is unusually high for Myanmar. Figure perspective followed by the mid to long term outlook, 48 highlights the degree to which Myanmar’s exports are by which time it is expected that a significant portion of concentrated on limited number of markets, which ex- the NES and sector PoAs will have been implemented. plains the relatively high levels of intensity. Myanmar ranks This phased approach is aimed at staging interventions in alignment with the evolving capacities of the sector’s trade support institutions and sector enterprises as the 87. The model plots actual export amounts ( divided by 1,000 and then NES implementation moves forward. converted to log ) earned in those markets against amounts that were predicted by a regression model. Log value of 10, for example, is a US dollar amount equivalent to exp( 10 )* 1,000, which is approximately 88. For target market identification for specific sectors, please review US $ 22 million. individual strategies. Box 7: Short term market perspective In the short term, we expect that Myanmar will intensify its exports of existing products to existing markets through capital and human accumulation. The increase will reflect increas- ing supply side capacity based on price competitiveness. At the same time, still in the me- dium term, there will be increasing awareness of market opportunities through the EU’s Everything But Arms agreement, and we expect industry to move slowly towards acquiring the necessary standards, designs and non-price attributes to be able to take advantage of the EU market. FDI levels are already increasing, though these are expected to become increasingly drawn towards productive sectors, such as the agro-food sectors, textiles and clothing, footwear for exports, and towards other sectors in order to take advantage of op- portunities in the national market. Exports to ASEAN partners, other than Thailand, will also be of increasing interest, both as a means to diversify the markets but also to increase unit value of exports. The opportunities for market access under the ASEAN trade in Goods Agreement can be taken advantage of by Myanmar firms with additional trade information knowledge and moderate levels of investment in machinery and skills. Nevertheless, exports are likely to remain in low-value added segments of international trade and Myanmar will take time to tap into global supply chains outside of the textile, clothing and footwear sectors. MARKET DEVELOPMENT 101 Box 8: Medium to long term market perspective In the medium to long term, it is expected that the evolving capacities of Myanmar export- ers – across multiple dimensions including quality management, supply capacities, product diversification, time to market efficiency, and marketing / branding – in conjunction with the improving business environment and export value chain improvements promoted by the NES and sector implementation plans of action, will allow exporters to target other markets which seem hard to penetrate at the moment. Identified markets in the mid to long term include the EU, United States, and advanced Asian markets. Higher value addition will be gener- ated through investment and tapping into regional supply chains will be gradually achieved through the adoption of standardisation and efficiency measures. Sectors, such as wood and rubber, will move away from the production of raw or semi-fin- ished products to technologically demanding manufacturing processes. Agro-processing will reach higher standards, with traceability and cold chain systems in place, as well an im- proved SPS measures, packing, certification, etc. The tourism sector is expected to become more inclusive and sustainable, while also leveraging higher returns. CROSS-SECTOR IMPROVEMENTS 103 CROSS-SECTOR IMPROVEMENTS ACCESS TO FINANCE The prioritised actions required for the financial sector to support the export potential of sectors are to: Access to finance is a pressing need for potential export- ers in Myanmar. Sanctions against Myanmar by the EU ƒƒ Quickly process pending approvals, instructions, and and the US weakened an already fragile financial system. clarifications that will facilitate trade by implementing Export finance mechanisms are not yet available to en- reforms and improving access to information at the terprises so that there is a need to put in place basic and Ministry of Finance, Central Bank and at the Attorney more sophisticated tools such as government facilities, General’s Office. specific bank lines or even an export bank could con- ƒƒ Review and update the legal, regulatory, and institu- tribute to accelerating export development. Difficulty ac- tional frameworks for banking and finance by relaxing cessing suitable financial mechanisms exacerbates the regulations limiting liquidity, enacting missing legisla- challenge of SMEs to access working and investment tion, improving accounting standards and promoting capital, which in turn limits the capacity of enterprises to the use of better risk management systems. diversify their export offerings and penetrate target mar- ƒƒ Supply the sector with the skills, technology, and kets. Some of the key constraints for access to finance, infrastructure to be internationally competitive by im- highlighted in the NES, include: proving exporter knowledge of available financial ser- vices, upgrading the Central Bank’s internal systems ƒƒ The existing legal and regulatory framework is inad- and skills, encouraging the adoption of international equate to provide the full range of modern financial ser- best-practices and systems in domestic banks and vices required for development. Areas for improvement strengthening the skills of human resources. include the adoption of electronic banking systems, improving information dissemination ( such as credit ratings or records of default ) and updating national QUALITY MANAGEMENT legislation (e.g. exporters are forbidden from exporting without advanced payment or a letter of credit ). A reliable quality management (QM) infrastructure has an ƒƒ The virtual absence of electronic banking systems has important bearing on export competitiveness. It allows resulted in a cash-based economy which seriously the private sector to maintain long-term export relation- hampers the effective mobilisation of domestic sav- ships based on products that consistently meet or exceed ings for investment. customer expectations. Not only is the function important ƒƒ Export finance products are largely absent and there is for adhering to mandatory standards, but the ability to a lack of direction and expertise among stakeholders penetrate new, and especially advanced, markets hinges involved in trade finance ( including the Central Bank ). upon an enterprise’s capacity to conform to market stand- Banks lack access to the foreign exchange needed to ards. This is particularly true if Myanmar is to penetrate provide trade financing. the EU and US markets. Moreover, production processes ƒƒ Risk management systems are insufficient. Exporters based on strict quality standards can help enterprises do not have access to FOREX risk management prod- identify problems before goods reach the market, thereby ucts and banks lack risk management tools and skills. reducing both the cost and reputational impact of even- ƒƒ Enterprises tend to acquire capital through informal tual deficiencies. channels rather than through the banking sector, there- by accessing limited amounts of short-term credit for At all three levels – policy, institutional and enterprise – trade when long-term loans and capital loans would QM framework suffers from a variety of weaknesses that be required. constrain exporting enterprises ( and potential exporters )

104 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 from bringing quality products to markets. There is thus an urgent need to revamp the framework so as to align it with global best practices in QM. The key constraints to an efficient QM highlighted in the NES include: ƒƒ There is a need for a national quality policy, an ad- equate / modern metrology system and a national ac- creditation body. ƒƒ Existing standards are outdated with insufficient link- ages to third market requirements and regulations. ƒƒ Institutions are not adequately testing imports at border posts and there is a lack of surveillance programmes ( e.g. micro-biology testing ) ( except DoF ) ( FDA does some limited market surveillance ). ƒƒ The employment of certified trainers and inspectors ( e.g. GAqP, GAP, GMP and GHP ) based on interna- tional standards is currently limited. ƒƒ The absence of an effective traceability system leads to missed opportunities for firms and difficulties establish- ing confidence in third-markets. ƒƒ Stronger coordination and streamlining among quality management institutions is required in order to achieve synergies of expertise and resources. ƒƒ Firms and producers have low levels of knowledge and technical capabilities required to achieve quality stand- ards and comply with export market requirements. This TRADE INFORMATION thought is reflected by the low application of GMP for access to the EU and US. There is no independent export or investment promotion ƒƒ Testing is difficult due to outdated laboratory testing agency in Myanmar and the availability of market informa- equipment and infrastructure as well as limited collabo- tion available to exporters is extremely limited and narrow ration between labs to pool resources and expertise, in scope. In particular, there is a considerable lack of TI There is only one laboratory completing proficiency relating to current and potential target markets in terms tests of its work, which is also the only ISO 17025 certi- of market developments, trends, culture and other rel- fied lab. evant factors for exporting products to these countries. For specific information – and even for basic information – The prioritised actions required for the quality manage- enterprises do not have access to the kind of resourc- ment function to support the export potential of sectors es on TI, which is provided by international institutions. are to: The key constraints to an efficient Trade Information and Promotion function highlighted in the NES include: ƒƒ Upgrade the quality management infrastructure in order to build confidence and transparency between ƒƒ Despite a large number of TSIs providing business producers and consumers, and adequately develop services, these are largely seen to be insufficient and Myanmar’s exports ( branding ). market data they provide is often unreliable – hence ƒƒ Build up scientific capacity and know-how, improve failing to respond to the needs of exporters. access to effective quality testing and implement of ƒƒ The lack of export promotion activities in international quality surveillance programmes. markets has limited the visibility of Myanmar enter- ƒƒ Revise and modernize policies, regulations and stand- prises and brands. ards, and effectively implement them to comply with in- ƒƒ There is an urgent need to centralise trade information ternational regulations by elaborating a national quality in the country while enhancing the ease of access to policy, improving legal metrology, initiating the devel- information and reliability of data. opment of traceability systems and encouraging pub- ƒƒ Information on internal rules, policies and procedures lic / private dialogues related to quality management. for engaging in trade is limited and information aware- ƒƒ Increase awareness and knowledge of farmers, trad- ness is required. ers, processors and exporters of the importance of ƒƒ Market demand, trends, technology and forecasts in quality management by raising awareness of market world demand and prices does not reach upstream opportunities and strengthening skills training for la- producers ( agricultural sector in particular ) and is bourers, businesses and trade support institutions necessary to better adapt and capitalise on changing ( particularly related to GAP, GAqP, GMP and GHP ). market dynamics. CROSS-SECTOR IMPROVEMENTS 105 ƒƒ Relevant information on third markets is not available cargo handling, scheduling ) and capacity for physi- inside of Myanmar and export support services are cal inspections. These challenges increase costs for also non-existent. Providing information on market ac- exporters, cause delays and reduce predictability. cess requirements and mandatory and non-mandatory ƒƒ Trade is often encumbered by unpredictable customs standards is essential to improve export readiness in procedures and practices due to a lack of modern IT Myanmar. systems, limited office hours and complicated docu- mentation requirements. The prioritised actions required for the Trade Information ƒƒ Export potential is limited by several factors including and Promotion function to support the export potential of the lack of a cold-chain management system ( crucial sectors are to: for the fisheries sector ), no automated domestic cargo manifest system for trucks and trains, limited skilled ƒƒ Collect and improve the quality of information and data staff in freight forwarders and customs brokers, and an necessary to provide detailed information about coun- underutilization of rail transport. There is also a lack of tries of destination in relation to trade – about specific intermodality between rail systems and ports. sectors, markets and products. ƒƒ Firms face high and unpredictable transportation times ƒƒ Disseminate information through an easily accessible and costs when transporting goods from production platform create a clearly visible network of TI providers, sites to destination markets. High costs and delays are with improved coordination and collaboration and with caused by factors such as poor road conditions, high limited gaps and redundancies. costs for vehicle maintenance, relatively high labour ƒƒ Make Information Relevant by better adapting services costs for transport, high toll charges, etc. and TI resources to the advantage of enterprises, in ƒƒ Firms have insufficient access to modern financial terms of leveraging existing sources of trade information tools and insurance. More specifically, businesses and synergizing information sources to their advantage. lave limited (and burdensome) access to export/import ƒƒ Create a network of TI providers to coordinate and fa- finance instruments, a lack of credit facilities to sup- cilitate the collection and dissemination of information port trade, and no service liability insurance or limited by formalizing the network of research, collector and liability insurance. dissemination organisations and create a platform for ƒƒ The legal environment is characterized by a lack of collaborating and cooperating on TI matters. regulations surrounding dispute settlement and the extensive use of arbitration. TRADE FACILITATION The prioritised actions required to improve Trade Facilitation and Logistics to support the export potential AND LOGISTICS of sectors are to: The current trade facilitation and logistics ( TFL ) environ- ƒƒ Introduce and effectively implement cutting edge ICT ment is challenging for exporters, and particularly those and management systems and capabilities to increase exporters, which require imported inputs into their pro- efficiency in delivering of integrated services. Specific duction process. Exporters are constrained by a lack of priorities include increasing the number and use of access to adequate port facilities and warehousing ca- bonded warehouses, developing inland waterways, pabilities near ports. Exporters are also limited by several and enhancing customs capacities ( particularly factors including the lack of a cold-chain management through the use of IT systems ). system ( crucial for the fisheries sector ), no automated ƒƒ Adapt the regulatory framework and ensure transpar- domestic cargo manifest system for trucks and trains, ency and predictability of rules and regulations and limited skilled staff in freight forwarders and customs facilitate access to trade-related information for opera- brokers, and an underutilization of rail transport. There tors to reinforce trust and facilitate business. is also a lack of inter-modality between rail systems and ƒƒ Accelerate the development of physical infrastructure ports. Beyond infrastructure, trade is often encumbered such as road, rail, bridges, ports, inter-modal terminals, by unpredictable customs procedures and practices due dry ports, ICDs, free zones, and economic corridors, to a lack of modern IT systems, limited office hours and to support facilitation of trade flows and participate in complicated documentation requirements. Also, the legal regional integration. environment is characterized by a lack of regulations sur- ƒƒ Build mechanisms and capacities of the public and rounding dispute settlement and the extensive use of arbi- the private sector players to effectively and consistently tration. The key constraints to an efficient Trade Facilitation coordinate activities to ensure dialogue and integration and Logistics environment highlighted in the NES include: of transport modes and systems. ƒƒ Adopt legal instruments to introduce and regulate the ƒƒ Exporters are constrained by a lack of access to ad- use of palletisation in cargo transport and the modern equate port facilities and warehousing capabilities near warehouse management, including receipt trading. ports. Ports are lacking automated systems ( such as

106 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 MAXIMISING INNOVATION ƒƒ Ensure that the Comprehensive Education Sector Review considers the needs of exporters sectors for POTENTIAL FOR PRIVATE trained human resources. SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ƒƒ Prepare and provide an analysis of the skills and labour market needs of the priority sectors identified in the As part of a national ICT agenda, it is necessary to devise national export strategy. a number of measures to enhance enterprise adoption and use of ICTs. Proposed activities could include: IMPROVING INSTITUTIONAL ƒƒ Develop e-government services relevant for firms, in- cluding a one stop-shop for export firms. CAPACITY TO PROMOTE ƒƒ Facilitate online access to information relevant for ex- THE TARGETED INVESTMENT porting firms ( including through mobile phones ). ƒƒ Establish a plan to develop firms’ ICT skills. IN PRIORITY SECTORS ƒƒ Enhance the quality and relevance of formal ICT edu- Myanmar’s investment promotion efforts would be sig- cation and training to support the adoption of ICTs by nificantly enhanced by having an independent agency businesses and public agencies ( measures should tasked solely with promotional activities. The promotional include the adoption of adequate curricula and learn- parts of DICA could be spun off, with regulation being re- ing methods that encourage applied methodologies, tained under MNPED or a new agency could be created supporting teacher development and putting in place and the promotional functions transferred. Whatever the quality control systems ). institutional arrangement chosen, more resources could be allocated to promotion – without losing sight of regula- In order to promote the development of innovation capa- tory goals – by using a negative list for approvals. That is, bilities among exporting sectors, there is a need to rein- allowing investment projects of uncontroversial types to force cooperation and collaboration through a number be permitted without approval or without explicit rejection of measures: within a fixed time period. ƒƒ Promote the development of firm clusters that favour The government’s lead Investment Promotion Intermediary collective action ( i.e. promote backward ties with ( IPI ) should be organized in a way that establishes sec- suppliers / subcontractors and forward ties with trad- tor-specialized account managers. These people would ers / buyers; and / or horizontal linkages between firms act as the first points of contact for interested and estab- through joint marketing of products, joint purchase lished investors in their sectors. They would be respon- of inputs, order sharing, common use of specialised sible for converting leads into implemented investment equipment ( labs, mills ), joint product development, and extracting reinvestments from existing investors, both and exchange of expertise and information ). against predefined, annual goals. To this end, a compre- ƒƒ Support the development of farmers associations and hensive and accurate investment pipeline, as well as an their role as active actors in supply chains. M&E framework, would be established and constantly ƒƒ Establish a number of ( sector ) technology innovation maintained. centres, to support technology transfer and innovation among enterprises of the priority export sectors. Sector-specialized account managers would regularly ƒƒ Sustain efforts to support general private sector de- conduct investor-targeting campaigns and coordinate velopment ( SME development centres, trade training, with the IPI’s facilitation team, which would be the liaison fostering awareness on technology and innovation ). for government bodies issuing permits and licenses. A dedicated investment climate reform team, led by sen- In order to enhance the relevance and impact of research ior staff, would be permanently engaged in establishing and training for exporting sectors, the following measures and driving public-private working groups with minis- are proposed: tries and sector stakeholders to streamline government procedures. ƒƒ Reinforce agricultural extension services through a number of measures: Implementation of all the missing systems is relatively in- –– Strengthen the linkages between research, exten- expensive, once the right management focus and staff sion services and farmers. skills have been arrayed. Investing in competitiveness –– Increasing the budget for agricultural extension benchmarking studies can cost a couple of hundred services thousand dollars. However, this can be a cost-effective –– Reinforcing training of extension workers expenditure, if it provides a credible basis for selecting Myanmar and is used effectively to stimulate sector de- velopment by an IPI that is equipped to conscientiously generate and exhaust leads. HOW TO GET THERE 107 HOW TO GET THERE? NES IMPLEMENTATION In parallel to the NES endorsement process it will be im- portant to mainstream the NES in other national economic The NES document is the initial step towards export de- policy frameworks, such as the NCDP and the DTIS. velopment. To achieve the vision laid out by the NES, a concerted effort along with a variety of fronts needs to be undertaken by all NES stakeholders. The effective con- MYANMAR TRADE tribution of the NES to export development will largely depend on the ability of Myanmar to plan, mobilize re- DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE sources, coordinate activities and monitor its implemen- The effective coordination and implementation manage- tation. Special attention needs to be given to building and ment of the NES will be assured by the Myanmar Trade reinforcing the strategy’s implementation management Development Committee (MTDC), which is a formal, inde- capacities. pendent institution composed of representatives of both the public and private sectors. It acts in an advisory ca- The broad range of activities, together with the complex pacity to the government and private sector on a perma- nature of integrated interventions, requires careful imple- nent and regular basis. The MTDC has been established mentation that efficiently directs resources and monitors by Ministry of Commerce, Order No.35/2014. This highest results at both the micro and macro levels. In particu- political support avoids unnecessary duplications, builds lar, the NES will ensure that existing development efforts, collaboration and ensures consistency with the govern- both national and donor driven, do not occur in isolation ment’s existing policies, plans, and strategies. It facilitates and instead are aligned with the needs of Myanmar in the alignment of institutions’ and agencies’ internal plans the broader context of export growth for socioeconomic and interventions with the NES plans of actions. development. This is essential to avoid fragmentation of development efforts, which would otherwise lead to an The MTDC is mandated to spearhead the NES implemen- overall low impact and challenges in implementation. tation and manage its sustainability. It has play a number of critical roles in ensuring the effective implementation and monitoring of the NES: HIGH-LEVEL ENDORSEMENT ƒƒ Coordinate and monitor the implementation of the NES OF THE NES by the government, private sector organizations or in- Endorsement of the NES at the level of the Cabinet is the ternational organizations; most important step towards implementation. A high-level ƒƒ Identify and recommend allocation of resources nec- Steering Committee ( see Appendix 1: NES team ) report- essary for the implementation of the NES; ing directly to the Cabinet of Ministers was established to ƒƒ Recommend policies that support the implementation streamline the endorsement of the NES. In the absence of the NES; of such official endorsement, the NES would not be an ƒƒ Assess the effectiveness and impact of the NES; official policy document of Myanmar and would not be ƒƒ Elaborate and recommend revisions and enhance- able mobilize the national and international support ( fi- ments to the NES so that it continues to respond to nancial, institutional and political ) required to effectively current needs and long-term interests of the national guide export development. business and export community; ƒƒ Establish specialized task forces to address spe- cific challenges and issues emerging from NES implementation.

108 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Box 9: Governance structure for implementation of the Myanmar NES Below is the governance structure for the implementation management of the NES. It aims at providing a visual framework to define responsibilities. Policy level Cabinet of Ministers / Parliament Endorsement and guidance Oversight level Myanmar Trade Development Overall supervision and resources Committee (MTDC) allocation Corrective Specialized actions, if subcommittees required Management level MTDC Executive Secretariat Coordination, monitoring and evaluation, and resource mobilization Implementation level Projects implemented by national or Projects implemented in line with Myanmar international organisations trade development plans and policies The Cabinet of Ministers / Parliament should be apprised on an annual or bi-annual basis of the NES implementation progress. The Cabinet of Ministers / Parliament should validate the NES implementation plans elaborated by the MTDC. The MTDC acts as the core export development decision-making body of the government. Specialized committees, created by the MTDC General Meeting on an ad hoc, temporary or per- manent basis, discharge the tasks of MTDC over the subject matter they have been created for. The MTDC is supported by an Executive Secretariat to complete the daily operational work re- lated to the implementation management of the NES. Projects contributing to the implementation of the NES should be implemented by government institutions and agencies as well as international partners. Box 10: Value of FDI in implementing the NES FDI can have a transformative effect on a developing country’s home-grown, domestically ori- ented industry, and help it to achieve significant export growth. International investors may be able to introduce a wide range of assets otherwise unavailable to local enterprises, such as large amounts of capital, better inputs (e.g. high-quality seeds), technologies, skills, management practices, operational experience, economies of scale, and international distribution channels, among others HOW TO GET THERE 109 The MTDC aims facilitate a public / private partnership for mobilization and programming, communications and implementing the NES in a manner that best enhances advocacy. Without such skills, the MTDC and the NES exports and international competitiveness. As enterprises Executive Secretariat will not be in a strong position to as- are the ultimate beneficiaries of the NES, their represen- sume the responsibility of managing NES implementation. tation in the MTDC fosters their long-term support for the NES and guarantees it remains aligned to actual busi- It is therefore important to provide MTDC and the NES ness needs. Executive Secretariat with the appropriate tools and ca- pacities to manage NES implementation efficiently, and the transfer of these should be initiated as early as possi- EXECUTIVE SECRETARIAT ble, even before the NES is endorsed, to ensure momen- tum built during the NES design process is maintained The MTDC is supported by an Executive Secretariat, and capitalized upon to foster further ownership and sup- a technical and coordination unit to complete the dai- port for NES implementation. Effective support for the ly operational work required for NES implementation establishment, operationalization and management of management. The core responsibilities of the Executive MTDC and the NES Executive Secretariat will increase Secretariat are to : the chances of success of the NES. ƒƒ Develop annual and biennial work plans and associ- ated budgets for approval by MTDC; FINANCIAL RESOURCE ƒƒ Formulate project proposals based on NES PoAs, in- cluding budgets and work plans for implementation, MOBILIZATION FOR and submit them to MTDC; IMPLEMENTATION ƒƒ Advocate in favour of the NES to public and private partners; Resource mobilization will play an indispensable role in ƒƒ Plan the monitoring and evaluation meetings of MTDC supporting NES implementation. An integrated resource and its subcommittees; mobilization plan should be designed as soon as possible ƒƒ Collect information from project implementation and once the strategy is adopted. Resource mobilization will prepare regular monitoring reports to be submitted involve planning the sequencing of communications with to MTDC; donors, project design, project proposals / applications, ƒƒ Prepare the agenda for MTDC meetings, as well as and resource collection and management. Active resource resolutions to be submitted for PEC approval; mobilization planning will facilitate, leverage and strength- ƒƒ Perform the administrative work of MTDC and imple- en the impact of diverse sources of finance to support ment its resolutions; sustainable and inclusive implementation, including na- ƒƒ Collect, centralize and preserve all archives and docu- tional resources, development aid and private investment. mentation of MTDC and the NES; ƒƒ Perform any other tasks required for NES implementation. National resources through direct budget support: The action plans of the NES identify national institutions re- The Executive Secretariat of the MTDC is hosted at the sponsible for the implementation of certain activities. The Ministry of Commerce since it has the required exper- activities identified are consistent with the mandates of tise, capacities and experience in trade development to these institutions. Thereafter, it will be up to these insti- link the work of the Secretariat to other TRTA initiative. tutions to support the implementation of these activities The Secretariat is also related to the EIF mechanisms in through integrating them into their annual work plans. Myanmar in so far as both initiatives aim to promote trade These annual work plans, aligned to the NES, are nor- development and mainstreaming. However, as a sub- mally supported by the national budget under the man- sidiary body of MTDC, the NES Executive Secretariat will date of these institutions. It is also recommended for these be housed in the Ministry of Commerce both in terms institutions to mobilize resources in coordination with the of funding and operational activities. The NES Executive Executive Secretariat of MTDC to ensure streamlining and Secretariat will be an ex-officio non-voting member of the avoid duplication. MTDC. Alignment of donor support and interventions with the NES: The majority of international development partners IMPLEMENTATION already acknowledge that the NES provides them with the proper implementation plan and framework as well as MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES favourable conditions for operation ( i.e. political endorse- The ability and skills of MTDC need to be sufficient to ment, private sector buy-in and improved collaboration ensure effective management of NES implementa- with national institutions and international organizations ). tion. MTDC and the NES Executive Secretariat should The next step consists of capitalizing on the significant have knowledge of monitoring frameworks, resource momentum gained as part of the NES design process

110 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 and leveraging it for smooth and efficient implementation. COMMUNICATION The NES PoA will serve MTDC and the NES Executive Secretariat, as well as national institutions, to improve Targeted communication is required to inform and mobi- communication and facilitate negotiation, planning, co- lize public and private partners. The current communica- ordination and evaluation of commitments made in the tion plan will be extended in order to continue promoting context of development aid. the NES and preserve the momentum and support for its implementation. Informing the national public and imple- Mobilisation of investment: Improving the value chains menting agencies builds confidence and trust in support of the NES priority sectors in the way articulated by their of the NES. strategies and plans of action will require considerable investment. The NES sector strategies envision consider- The key implementing institutions detailed in the various able expansion of production volume, quality, efficiency, PoAs of the sector and cross-sector strategies need to be and value chain operations conducted within Myanmar. informed of the content of the strategies and the implica- Public funds and donor aid will be important sources of tions for their 2014-2019 programming. This sensitization support, particularly for infrastructure, the business en- is essential to build further ownership and will provide in- vironment, government capacity, and guidance to the stitutions with the opportunity to review the PoAs in order private sector. However, the private sector itself will be to confirm the activities to be implemented. Such a pro- the primary source of investment, and a successful NES gramming approach permits better resource allocation should mobilize export-oriented private investment as an within the responsible agencies. This allocation can be integral part of the strategy and an early driver of improve- formalized by integrating the activities of the NES into the ments to the value chain. A comprehensive private sector programme planning of the institution. While the financial development plan is needed for domestic enterprises, but dimension is required, the human resource element is no in the short to medium term the role of FDI will be espe- less important. cially important. PRIVATE SECTOR SUPPORT MONITORING AND PARTICIPATION IMPLEMENTATION FOR The private sector will benefit from the NES implementa- EFFECTIVE RESOURCE tion through improved productive capacities, reduced costs of doing business, facilitated administrative pro- ALLOCATION cedures, enhanced access to finance, etc. However, the private sector clearly expressed, during the strategy de- A key role of MTDC and the NES Executive Secretariat is sign process, its willingness to contribute, directly or in to monitor the implementation of the NES. Effective ex- partnership with public institutions, to the implementation ploitation of reports and data will ensure that progress is of the NES. Their implementation efforts can range from evaluated in line with expected results and allocated re- providing business intelligence to institutions to contrib- sources. Monitoring will permit effective allocation or re- uting to development projects, establishing processing allocation of resources based on expected and achieved and transformation units, advocacy, etc. In brief, the pri- results. This critical work will facilitate effective implemen- vate sector practical knowledge of business operations tation of activities and enable the NES to achieve its stra- is essential to ensure that the activities of the NES are ef- tegic objectives, contributing to its overall success. fectively implemented and targeted. THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY NES PLAN OF ACTION The consolidated plan of action of the NES is composed complementary activities necessary to reach the strate- of macro-level activities that emerged in the sector gic objectives of the NES. Each sector and cross-sector and cross-sector strategies design process, as well as strategy possesses its own specific plan of action. MYANMAR 112 Strategic objective 1: To foster sustainable inclusive and equitable export-led growth Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing partners potential support cost in 2=med partner USD 3=low 1.1. Improve 1.1.1. Elaborate a list of priority rural areas that 1 Agricultural List of priority rural Ministry of Industry, Department of Fisheries, 200’000 production should be opened up as prime production zones to and fisheries areas established and Myanmar Investment Ministry of Livestock, infrastructure and ensure inclusive development. Expand accessibility producers transmitted to mentioned Commission ( MIC ) Fisheries and Rural transform production and capacity of these zones and make them more ministries. Development sites to improve integrated. This list should be transmitted to the 100 % of zones integrated volume Ministry of Planning, Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries in development plans and Rural Development, Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry, Ministry of Tourism, Ministry of Construction, Ministry of Electric Power in order to ensure these zones are prioritized in the national rural development plans. ( Fisheries Sector ) 1.1.2. Establish or strengthen demonstration schemes 1 Agricultural National, regional and Related Ministries Related Ministries Plantation Technique 3’000’000 on modern production technologies to ensure effective and fisheries local demonstration Training and Seminar, adaptation / modernization to current, sustainable producers schemes established. Center Forest Training technologies through collaboration with local, national and Development Center and international organizations. ( CFTDC ), Forest Research ( Fisheries Sector ) Institute, Myanmar Human Resource Development Center ( JICA ), Wood Technology Training Center ( CVT, Swiss Cooperation ), Tour Guide Training Center, Capacity Building Training fro Hotel Staff ( CBT ), Trade Training Institute ( Post Harvest, Rice Milling, Ministry of Commerce, in Rangoon ), Myanmar Rice Federation Training Centers ( private sector ) 1.1.3. Resumption of production and strengthening 2 Agricultural 10 % of state facilities Privatization Related Ministries of production at state owned facilities either producers; per year have resumed Commission and through privatization or joint ventures for enhanced investors production in joint MIC ( depending on productivity and greater employment opportunity in venture or as private whether privatization rural communities. Elaborate a priority list of sites and operations or joint venture ) include in priorities for investment promotion. NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 1.1.1.4. Establish a warehouse credit guarantee scheme 1 Producers Warehouse credit Ministry of Finance, Commercial banks; 10’000’000 to be implemented in commercial or trade banks to guarantee established in Central Bank Trade banks reduce the collateral requirements needed to access a two years. loan, in order to enhance rural access to finance. Strategic objective 1: To foster sustainable inclusive and equitable export-led growth Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing partners potential support cost in 2=med partner USD 3=low 1.2. Enable 1.2.1. Establish a rural finance mechanism ( agricultural 1 Agricultural Rural finance mechanism Ministry of Finance, Regional and state banks;, Rural Development Bank, 20’000’000 development of an credit, etc. ) through rural banks by setting up an communities, established and 25 % of Central Bank commercial banks;, trade Capital Finance have effective rural finance integrated network collaborating with public and private producers; rural banks participating banks started banks for SMEs banks. in two years. 1.2.2. Increase private sector lobbying to GoMYA in 1 Private A lobbying campaign Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Cooperatives, Women Entrepreneur 100’000 order to strengthen the financing instruments required sector firms; organised; Central Bank Region / State Governments Association Low-interest to enhance quality and quantity of production. producers. Legislation on access to Loan Program for SMEs, finance for industrial and Government short-term agricultural production loans for private sector, enacted; Myanmar Economic Increased financial Bank ( MEB ) and also instruments created. private banks have such programs 1.2.3. Encourage private banks and micro-finance banks 1 Agricultural Special fund established: Ministry of Finance Department of insurance Micro-financing from 20’000’000 to develop rural finance through the establishment of a producers Agricultural credit lines Cooperative Development special fund ( agriculture credit line ) with advantageous available in banks. Fund ( CDF ) interbank lending rates to be carried over to agriculture loans. 1.2.4. Establish and nurture development funds 2 Producers and Development funds Ministry of Finance, Commercial banks 20’000’000 for priority production and processing centres or enterprises in established; Central Bank specialized credit lines ( long term loans at favourable priority sectors Credit lines available interest rates ) to be made available to priority sectors through commercial through commercial banking sector or specialized banks. funding organization. 1.3. Ensure equitable 1.3.1. Advocate in favour of setting up power production 1 Producers, Advocacy campaign for Private Institutions, Private-Public Enterprises, 1’000’000 supply of energy families ( hydro, gas, solar, wind, tide, coal, nuclear, enterprises, reliable supply of energy Regional / State companies and agencies etc. ) in rural areas for the adequate and reliable supply investors in rural areas conducted, Governments of electricity to industrial zones, SEZs, landing sites, Public-private consumers factories, and processing centres through public and partnerships in energy in private partnerships in line with energy policy. rural areas established, Increased power supply capacity. 1.3.2. Upgrade the availability and quality of renewable 1 Households, Increased power supply Ministry of Energy Trading companies selling tbd energy technologies to support households and agricultural capacity. solar panels, wind, and industries at all levels. producers, Renewable energy hydro technology, various manufacturers. technology technologies NGO programs available and used. 1.3.3. Draft frameworks, inspection and traceability 1 Agricultural Frameworks, inspection DoA MoAI, UMFCCI MFCC Certification 5’000’000 systems, and establish certification bodies to produce producers, and traceability systems, Committee, Myanmar eco-friendly products. processors, established, certification Inspection and Testing manufacturers, bodies for eco-friendly Service ( MITS ), Star products established. Rating Certification Consumers. Committee ( Hotel and NES PLAN OF ACTION Tourism ), ISO 113 114 Strategic objective 1: To foster sustainable inclusive and equitable export-led growth Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing partners potential support cost in 2=med partner USD 3=low 1.4. Develop 1.4.1. Raise awareness among producers and 2 Agricultural Awareness campaign DoA Organic Team 2’000’000 framework to ensure consumers of organics regarding requirements and producers, conducted, compliance of voluntary standards and build cooperation with regional manufacturers, Training schemes voluntary standards and international institutions to disseminate trainings consumers conducted, and information. testing labs, Increased compliance certification with international bodies voluntary standards. 1.4.2. Establish CSR ( Corporate Social Responsibility ) 2 Producers, CSR campaign conducted Government, Private MoC MFCC, MHRDC, Ministry 2’000’000 standards and encourage compliance with them through processors, Content of a national- of Labour education training, and capacity-building of businesses manufacturers, level CSR standard and government institutions. established, workers. Compliance modalities Established Increased compliance with CRS standard. 1.4.3. Support Fair Trade certification of producers 2 Agricultural Fair Trade training Government, Private MoC Myanmar Fair Trade 5’000’000 associations / cooperatives and processors by training producer programme established; ( MTF ), Union of Myanmar these groups in good governance, labour rights, and organisations Increased Fair Trade Travel Association, other related competencies and provide technical Producer standards compliance in Timber Certification, support to comply with and implement Fair Trade cooperatives priority sectors. Social Compliance of standards. Consumers. Fisheries 1.4.4. Build awareness and education among those 2 Agricultural Awareness campaign MOAI MRF Model Organic Farming 2’000’000 who are already engaged in organic farming ( for lack of producers, on organic farming by Ministry of Agriculture fertilizer, pesticides, etc. ) to understand how to access manufacturers, conducted and Irrigation, Myanmar global organic markets. consumers Increased organic Paddy Producer testing labs, certification Association ( private certification Sector ) bodies 1.4.5. Incorporate environmental considerations into 1 Agricultural Extension service staff is MOAI Ministry of Environment Environmental Impact 1’000’000 agricultural extension services. producer trained in environmental and Forestry Assessments, and Social organisations issues Ministry of Health Impact Assessments ( in Producer Environment is a process ), Professional cooperatives significant extension trainings by Department service area in three years of Fisheries, Trainings by the buyers and regional institutions NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 1.5. Minimize negative 1.5.1. Provide training to labourers in land preparation, 1 Agricultural Sustainable agricultural MOAI Ministry of Labour Land Use Policy, 2’000’000 effects on water and construction, and the operation and maintenance of producer practices training MRF Technological trainings land quality machinery in a manner that is sustainable and equitable. organisations programme conducted; State governments for fishery processing Producer Increased use of cooperatives Sustainable agricultural practices in Myanmar in three years. Strategic objective 1: To foster sustainable inclusive and equitable export-led growth Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing partners potential support cost in 2=med partner USD 3=low 1.5. Minimize negative 1.5.2. Support rural youth to find non-farm employment 1 Agricultural Rural youth employment Rural Development Ministry of Labour Income Generation 1’000’000 effects on water and opportunities in addition to farm opportunities. producer programmes established Committee State governments Programme by INGOs land quality organisations and conducted in and NGOs, and the and agricultural areas with government, seasonal cooperatives high youth unemployment aquaculture trainings Rural rates; and support by Fisheries communities Increased farm Department employment of rural youth; Increased non-farm employment of rural youth 1.5.3. Develop and disseminate systems of adequate 1 Agricultural Increased programmes in Ministry of MOAI; EIA, SIA ( in process ), 5’000’000 waste water management in agricultural and fishery producer waste water management Environmental State Governments; Preventive Measures production. organisations Waste water management Conservation and Municipal Authorities through vocational and is integrated in extension Forestry, training, government cooperatives services; regulations or restrictions Rural Regulatory framework to keep shrimp farm some communities adapted. distance from shore line, biodiversity not fully exploited 1.6. Extend vocational 1.6.1. Gradually increase skills level of young trainees 1 Youth on the job Increasing the number of Ministry of Labour Ministry of Hotel and 5’000’000 training run by the from urban and rural areas up to expert level in various market young trainees attaining Tourism, in collaboration Ministry of Labour to job categories in the priority sectors. Youth in expertise in priority with Hotelier Association, the Private Sector and education sectors to mitigate Level 1 – Diploma, increase the courses bottlenecking of youth Department of Fisheries to available to rural vying for low skills jobs. treat about water treatment communities 1.6.2. Twinning courses with higher level regional 1 Rural Twinning courses MOE Ministry of Labour TVET, Bachelor Course 2’000’000 institutes to introduce higher technology content in the communities introduced in curricula of for Tourism, Occasional courses and market these programs in regions that may Youth in training schools in disadvantaged trainings by Department not have knowledge of such programs. and technical regions or regions of Fisheries in processing schools relevant for NES priority ( USAID Farmer to Famer sectors. Programme, aquaculture ) 1.6.3. Extend conservation training programmes to 1 Youth in training Existing conservation Ministry of Community Forestry 1’000’000 private sector participants to enhance adherence to and schools; training programmes Environmental Training Programme, sustainable practices by industries, creating a culture of Workers extended to private sector Conservation and People Participation environmental responsibility within the private sector. and staff in participants. Forestry ( MOECAF ), Programme vocational Ministry of Labour training 1.7. Provide 1.7.1. Develop young exporter incubation centres in 1 Young young exporter incubator MOE Entrepreneurship ACTED and other NGOs 3’000’000 scholarships and three regions to promote entrepreneurship around non- entrepreneurs established in three key Development Programme internships for timber forest products and other sustainable value regions ( Institute of Economics ), national and overseas chains. Increased number of Community Forestry NES PLAN OF ACTION study to youth young entrepreneurs Training Programme entering the export value- chain. 115 116 Strategic objective 1: To foster sustainable inclusive and equitable export-led growth Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing partners potential support cost in 2=med partner USD 3=low 1.7. Provide 1.7.2. Create internship programs in operational aspects 1 Youth in Internship programmes Ministry of Higher Ministry of planning and 500’000 scholarships and ( bankable business plans, financing, management and secondary established at major Education economic development internships for management ) for young people in rural and urban areas. and higher universities and technical ( MOPED ), national and overseas education in schools Ministry of Commerce, study to youth economics Ministry of Labour, and business UMFCCI, administration Sector Associations 1.7.3. Establish / stenghten a scolarship programme for 1 Youth in Scholarship incentive Ministry of Higher UMFCCI, 1’000’000 priority areas and sectors ( engineering, management, secondary programme established; Education, Sector Associations, sustainable tourism, health, IT, forest conservation, and higher Increased number Universities and NGOs, environmental conservation, agriculture, fisheries, etc. ) education in of students obtain technical schools Foreign investors and firms through the setting up of agreements with international economics scholarships at major NGOs universities and a special scholarship fund. and business universities and technical administration schools. 1.8. Strengthen 1.8.1. Extend community-based forestry and train local 3 Local rural Local communities MOECAF Sector Associations, 1’000’000 capacities public people in priority areas in theory and practice. communities trained in community- State governments sector capacities in based forestry forestry area 1.8.2. Strengthen the forestry department’s 2 Forestry Forestry Department has MOECAF International agencies 300’000 management of natural forest resources. Department of increased resources and dealing with forestry MOECAF improved skills to deliver management and issues. on its mandate 1.9. Develop the 1.9.1. Based on the implementation of the upcoming 1 Consumers Coordination increased MoH -FDA MOC 500’000 effectiveness of consumer protection law, MoC consumer affairs Effective consumer consumer protection and MoH-FDA to increase coordination for effective protection monitoring and safety monitoring and promote consumer protection. conducted. 1.9.2. Approve the consumer protection law and 2 Consumers Consumer protection Law MoH Cabinet; 1’000’000 formalize, operationalize and adequately resource the enacted FDA, MOC Consumer Protection Agency to fulfil its mandate of Consumer protection protecting consumers against hazardous goods and agency established, services as well as fraudulent behaviour. operational and adequate resourced 1.9. Develop the 1.9.3. Include registered consumer protection 2 Consumers Increased participation MSTRD UNFCCI; 5’000 effectiveness of associations in working groups on quality management of consumer protection / Associations consumer protection and consumer protection. associations in working and safety groups on quality management and NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 consumer protection Strategic objective 1: To foster sustainable inclusive and equitable export-led growth Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing partners potential support cost in 2=med partner USD 3=low 1.10.Facilitate 1.10.1. Conduct employer-employee workshops and 1 Employers, Increased understanding MoLESS Union of Myanmar 300’000 improvements in seminars on labour issues for more transparency and Employees, and culture of employer- Federation of Chamber labour relations mutual understanding. Workers employee relations of Commerce, Myanmar Garment Manufacturers Association, NGOs; & INGOs ,MTA, Ministry of Information, Ministry of Commerce, Consultants 1.10.2. Conduct television, radio, and social media 1 Employers, Improved labour relations MoLESS Union of Myanmar 500’000 awareness campaigns to foster better relations between Employees, Federation of Chamber labour and employers. Workers of Commerce, Myanmar Garment Manufacturers Association, NGOs & INGOs, MTA, Ministry of Information, Ministry of Commerce 1.11. Ensure an 1.11.1. Enhance transparency for utilization of natural 1 Producers A dedicated Union Planning Union government EITI Process ( extractive, 200’000 equitable utilization of resources through participating to the Extractive Manufacturers government information Commission Local communities industry transparency natural resources Industries Transparency Initiative ( EITI ). Consumers website established and Business associations initiative ) regularly updated Citizens NGOs 1.11.2. Limit annual allowable exploitation for all 1 Producers Allowable annual Planning State governments MOECF, Fisheries 400’000 categories of natural resources, and enforce boundaries Manufacturers exploitation standards Commission and Local communities where extraction is not allowed. Consumers legally established, President’s office, Business associations monitored and enforced Department of Citizens NGOs Environmental Local Conservation ( under communities MOECF ) 1.11.3. Combat all illegal smuggling / trafficking of 1 Producers Regulatory framework Ministry of Home State governments Law Enforcement 1’000’000 natural resources ( including CITES-protected species ), Manufacturers adjusted Affairs, Ministry Local communities Programmes especially from the national parks, wildlife sanctuaries Consumers Training programmes of Foreign Affairs, Business associations and reserves through law enforcement and sensitization designed and conducted Department Citizens NGOs trainings to customs officials, law enforcement officials, Decreasing of Customs, and others. Local Department of communities smuggling / trafficking of natural resources Environmental Public sector Conservation ( under officials MOECF ) 1.11.4. Develop plans for conservation of natural 1 Producers A national wetland Department of State governments Government, State, NGO 1’000’000 resources in threatened natural habitats including but Manufacturers conservation strategy Environmental Local communities INGO Private, media not limited to the Northern Forest Complex, Hukuang Consumers and developed and Conservation ( under Business associations Forest, the southern islands, Coco islands, Inle Lake, implemented MOECF ) Citizens NGOs Ayeyarway riparian areas, and other critical wetlands Regulatory framework and forests. Local adjusted communities Tourists NES PLAN OF ACTION 117 118 Strategic objective 1: To foster sustainable inclusive and equitable export-led growth Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing partners potential support cost in 2=med partner USD 3=low 1.12. Enhance 1.12.1. Reinforce agricultural extension services through 1 Producers Higher technology and MOAI MoC 5’000’000 the relevance and a number of measures: Agro-business innovation content of UMFCCI impact of training for »»Strengthen the linkages between research, extension firms agricultural extension State governments exporting sectors services and farmers. agricultural services, ( Innovation policy ) »»Increasing the budget for agricultural extension extension Agricultural extension services services staff services are better trained »»Reinforcing training of extension workers and skilled and resourced »»( Innovation policy ) 1.12.2. Ensure that the Comprehensive Education Sector 1 Human capital Review of required Ministry of Higher Ministry of Higher 100’000 Review considers the needs of exporters sectors for in priority skills in priority sectors Education Education trained human resources. sectors taken into account in the Ministry of Labour Ministry of Agriculture ( Innovation policy ) Comprehensive Education Ministry of Labour Sector Review. MoC UMFCCI 1.12.3. Prepare and provide a detailed analysis of 1 Human capital Strategy for skills and MOC Ministry of Higher 500’000 required skills and labour market needs of the priority in priority workforce development Education sectors identified in the national export strategy. sectors in NES priority sectors Ministry of Agriculture ( Innovation policy ) formulated and endorsed Ministry of Labour UMFCCI 1.12.4. Open new TVET programmes throughout the 1 Human capital TVET programmes Ministry of Labour Ministry of Higher 3’000’000 country aligned to the needs and priorities of the NES and youth in redesigned and aligned Education priority sectors. education and to NES Ministry of Agriculture MOC ( Innovation policy ) training in UMFCCI priority sectors NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Strategic objective 2: To ensure a consistent, effective, predictable, and transparent policy, legal and regulatory framework Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target Leading Supporting Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing implementing partners potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 2.1. Ensure favourable 2.1.1. Organise an advocacy campaign to introduce and 1 Agriculture Study on industrial fuel UMFCCI Ministry of energy ADB & JICA electrification 200’000 policy conditions for industrial fuel policy ( tax differentiation or other ) as a producers policy conducted and Public private programmes industry development means to reduce the costs for industry development. Manufacturers published, partnership and UMFCCI to prepare an industry position paper for Tourism industry Campaign conducted, exporters the Ministry of Energy with regard to the effects of Industrial fuel policy Ministry of Finance tax policies on competitiveness. The study should introduced Ministry of commerce differentiate the usage of fuels, such as fuel used for vessels, used for generators for cold storage ( required Ministry of electrical 24 hours ) and fuel not used for resale. power 2.1.2. Allow special permanent working permits / visas 1 All commercial Special permits / visa Ministry of Ministry of Home Affairs, Permanent residency 10’000 for foreign citizens and permanent residency permits for banks scheme established, Immigration CBM ,MOFA, parliament, being studied ( 4th draft ) returning citizens with experience and expertise related Increased number of by immigration to the gaps in skills of the different sectors. permits / visas granted to foreign citizens and returning Myanmar citizens per year 2.1.3. Simplify the procedures related to the issuance of 1 All economic Business visa scheme MoFA Ministry of Immigration 50’000 multiple entry business visa for 1 year or 6 month visas. sectors streamlined, & Population Increased number of business visas issued per year 2.1.4. Enforce the regulations for the trained worker 1 MGMA; workers Implementing Ministry of Labour Union of Myanmar 300’000 retention clause of the Employment and Skill regulations issued and Federation of Chamber Development Law in order to create the incentives enforced, of Commerce, Myanmar for investment in skills by the private sector, ensure Retention rate of trained Garment Manufacturers employee loyalty. employees increased Association NGOs & INGOs, MTA 2.1.5. Strengthen the enforcement of contractual 2 All economic Labour legislation on Ministry of Labour Trade unions, UMFCCI, 1’000’000 arrangements as well as the arbitration body in order sectors employment contracts Associations to better enforce employment contracts in case of strengthened ILO employees leaving factories. Labour disputes arbitration body strengthened, Rate of employees leaving factories reduced. 2.1.6. Adjust monetary, exchange rate and fiscal policies 1 All economic Legislative framework President Office Ministry of planning Cooperation quarterly 300’000 to support industrial development goals, as well as sectors adjusted, and ED meeting between MoFR, monetary and budgetary goals and to exert fiscal Joint committee Central Bank MPED and CB but not constraint to maintain lower interest rates. established Ministry of Finance sufficient Set up a joint committee ( industrial, macro, monetary MoIndustry and fiscal ) for a unified position which supports Ministry of Commerce industrial development interests. Seek technical assistance required to prepare analysis NES PLAN OF ACTION and position papers before meetings. 119 120 Strategic objective 2: To ensure a consistent, effective, predictable, and transparent policy, legal and regulatory framework Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target Leading Supporting Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing implementing partners potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 2.1. Ensure favourable 2.1.7. Industrial policy ( in draft ) to be developed in 1 All economic One consolidated trade MoC and MoI UMFCCI, Ministry of Draft being produced 50’000 policy conditions for synchronization with a trade policy ( in draft ) to support sectors and industrial policy Finance, Myanmar but not sufficiently in industry development export-led industrialization. Currently the two drafts do document produced Engineering Society, coordination between MoI not seem to be prepared in concert so that it would be Myanmar Industries and MoC necessary to produce a unified and coherent document. Association 2.1.8. Reduce the number of formal procedures ( e.g. 1 Agribusiness, Procedures to register MoPED ( DICA ) Ministry of labour, DICA currently working on 1’500’000 registration ) and / or processing time for establishing enterprises a business and Regional government, it with JICA new business and obtaining trade licenses. For Manufacturing obtain a trade licence Ministry of Industry, example, it currently takes a garment factory between enterprises, streamlined and UMFCCI, Ministry of 3-6 months to start-up, which could be reduced to Traders, shortened cooperatives, Ministry 1 month. A strategy for streamlining the process for of mines, other line Exporters establishing businesses is therefore needed. ministries related to activity of business, Myanmar Investment Commission, Ministry of Commerce 2.2. Provide targeted 2.2.1. Prepare the necessary study and institutional 1 Importers; The scoping study with Central Bank Insurance Companies, Central Bank studying the 300’000 support to facilitate framework required to establish a credit bureau and exporters institutional set as well Financial Institutions, establishment of a credit access to credit prepare a policy for the issuance of credit insurance. as its credit policy are Ministry of Finance bureau. Must consider ( A2F Strategy ) prepared and published. the issue in the currently being drafted financial institutions & banking law of Myanmar. 2.2. Provide targeted 2.2.2. Set up a mechanism for providing relief on the 2 Agriculture and Feasibility study Ministry of 200’000 support to facilitate land lease rate in the case that production of agriculture aquaculture determining the agriculture and access to credit or aquaculture is severely affected during natural producers suggested mechanism irrigation catastrophes and unforeseen disasters. Currently land and policy document are ( Settlement and land is taxed at around 500Kyat / acre for agriculture and land prepared. record Dept ) for fishery / aquaculture is taxed at 3,000 Kyat / acre. A Mechanism is policy document and feasibility study could ascertain established and assistance during unforeseen climatic events. operational. ( Fisheries Strategy ) 2.2.3. Set up a credit rating agency ( or encourage 1 Exporters / Importers A reliable credit rating Ministry of Finance Private insurance None 2’000’000 branch of international agency ) for buyers so that available for at least one companies exporters can be insured against the risk of default from million business buyers. NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Strategic objective 2: To ensure a consistent, effective, predictable, and transparent policy, legal and regulatory framework Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target Leading Supporting Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing implementing partners potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 2.2. Provide targeted 2.2.4. Carry out a feasibility study and follow up 2 Industrial Feasibility study UMFCCI MoAI, MoC MoI and GIZ already 500’000 support to facilitate activities to establish a Small & Medium Industry enterprises is carried out and support this area and access to credit Development Bank ( SMIDB ) to encourage SME published. provide trainings growth and investment, through the provision of ST The SMIDB is Currently drafting a new loans managed by an SMIDB with flexible collateral established and Financial Institutions requirements. operational. law ( expected by Q1 ( Pulses strategy ) Collateral requirements 2014 ) which will allow are relaxed. loans to be provided by banks without collateral ( according to the banks judgement and credit worthiness of businesses ). 2.3. Enhance trade 2.3.1. Eliminate the requirement of providing an 1 Importers Advanced payment on CB Commercial banks CB currently drafting 10’000 facilitation and advanced payment on imports, which is costly to Producers imports requirement exchange rate customs procedures businesses in terms of cash flow. removed and legislation management rules that ( TFL strategy ) adjusted accordingly will cater for this. 2.3.2. Eliminate requirement to receive funds from 1 Producers Requirement to receive CB Ministry of Finance Currently use LCs through 10’000 buyers before exporting. This requirement in effect Exporters funds from buyers other banks in other requires exporters to deposit the funds, affecting before exporting countries their cash flow. Prepare a proposal if a letter of removed, recommendations or references from the buyer’s Legislation adjusted to competent authority ( including a chamber of commerce allow using letters of or equivalent ) could be allowed. Otherwise, use credit instead. letters of credit, although these are rarely used by exporters / traders in Myanmar. Provide awareness on the benefits of LCs and how to use them. 2.3.3. Create a modern customs clearance management 2 Importers; Customs clearance Customs Dept. MoC UNESCAP, JICA and EU 5’000’000 system based on risk assessment to avoid 100 % Exporters system is in place. ( MoFR ) UMFCCI assistance checking. The system in place is currently as follows: Average customs in the green channel, there are no checks; in the yellow clearance time reduced channel, 10 % is checked; in the red channel, everything to ASEAN average in two is checked. Shipments are checked using x-ray or years. scanning system. A customs fee is charged to finance the equipment ( like x-ray scaners ), which must be paid by the trader. ( TFL strategy ) 2.3.4. Hold regular meetings with Customs to discuss 2 Importers; Regular consultation UMFCCI MoFR, Customs Dept 100’000 issues and challenges concerning Customs Department Exporters mechanism established procedures through monthly meetings between Traders Problems and issues associations and customs officials. Customs has identified and regularly Freight forwarders introduced a management system to track time and discussed. procedures in sea, air, road ports and so Customs is able to identify problems. ( pulses strategy ) NES PLAN OF ACTION 121 122 Strategic objective 2: To ensure a consistent, effective, predictable, and transparent policy, legal and regulatory framework Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target Leading Supporting Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing implementing partners potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 2.4. Relax regulations 2.4.1 Study the regulatory and supervisory framework 1 Importers, Study completed, CBM All Commercial Banks IMF, JICA, GIZ are already 100’000 limiting liquidity required to enable banks to access to a full range Exporters, A list of hedging studying this and giving of financial hedging instruments - swaps, forwards, Traders, instruments proposed TA. futures, options - giving Myanmar exporters the Legislative framework The Spot foreign Banks forex risk mitigation tools they need to compete in adjusted accordingly. exchange market already international markets. established. ( A2F Strategy ) 2.4.2. Optimize the financial system’s liquidity and, 1 Importers, CB CBM All Commercial Banks 200’000 consequently, lending to enterprises, by issuing clear Exporters, guidelines / regulations and comprehensive Central Bank guidelines on inter- Traders, on inter-bank lending bank lending. The new Financial Institutions law of established and Banks Myanmar will resolve this issue but its implementation enforced, will require support from donors. Donor assistance ( A2F Strategy ) secured. 2.5. Strengthen the 2.5.1. In order to resolve labour disputes, create a study 2 Employers Reform proposal MFF Associations under MFF, 100’000 arbitration system for group on arbitration measures and present a proposal employees formulated by study Private enterprises employer-employee to transform the current system in place ( negotiation- group, disputes based ) to a legal-based system by reviewing arbitration Labour legislation cases in Myanmar, international procedure and amended accordingly. practices, and the necessary legal framework. ( pulses strategy ) 2.5.2. Formulate and establish a sound national 2 Employers Attorney General UMFCCI, MoC 400’000 and international commercial arbitration system by employees reviewing the proposals prepared by the above study group, forming a special committee on arbitration. ( pulses strategy ) 2.6. Strengthen 2.6.1. Ensure the new National Quality Policy, which is in 1 Producers National Quality MSTRD Relevant ministries & UNIDO, EU, PTB 200’000 the national policy the process of being drafted, is designed in consultation Agribusiness Policy formulated Organizations and legislative with the private sector, defines the roles and framework enterprises and corresponding framework for quality of the different NQI functions and is rapidly supported Manufacturing legislation enacted, management and by a coherent legislative framework. enterprises standardisation ( QM Strategy ) 2.6.2. Rapidly endorse the new standards law and 1 Producers New standards law MSTRD Relevant ministries & 50’000 formalize the restructuring of MSTRD to ensure the Agribusiness enacted, Organizations rapid establishment, operationalization and resourcing enterprises MSTRD restructured of the metrology, standards and conformity assessment Manufacturing and adequately divisions. enterprises, resourced Consumers NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Strategic objective 2: To ensure a consistent, effective, predictable, and transparent policy, legal and regulatory framework Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target Leading Supporting Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing implementing partners potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 2.6. Strengthen 2.6.3. Provide guidance and capacity-building to 1 MSTRD and MSTRD’s and national MSTRD Relevant ministries & 250’000 the national policy standards department of MSTRD and national standards national standards standards committees’ Organizations and legislative committees on the elaboration of standards aligned to committees, capacities are built, framework for quality international requirements. All economic All new standards are management and operators, internationally aligned or standardisation Consumers also standards revised ( QM Strategy ) and harmonised 2.6.4. Finalize the drafting of a metrology law and 1 National Quality New metrology law MSTRD Relevant ministries & 100’000 ensure its rapid endorsement to provide the legal basis Infrastructure drafted and enacted, Organizations for upgrading the metrology function of the National All economic Metrology function of Quality Infrastructure ( NQI ). operators, NQI upgraded Consumers 2.7. Efficiently develop 2.7.1. Increase ASEAN-wide and international 1 All economic ASEAN-level MSTRD Relevant ministries & 1’000’000 new standards collaboration with National Standards Bodies ( NSBs ) to operators, cooperation intensified, Organizations and technical align Myanmar standards to regional and international Consumers All new standards requirements for key standards. internationally aligned, export / import sectors Existing standards ( QM Strategy ) revised and harmonised 2.7.2. Establish a standards Committee and technical 1 All economic Standards Committee MSTRD Relevant ministries & 1’000’000 standards committees, in collaboration with the private operators, and technical standards Organizations sector, for priority export / import sectors, in order to Consumers committees in priority define and adhere to a timeline for the development and sectors established validation of new standards. 2.7.3. Disseminate through the various associations, via 2 All economic Training sessions and MSTRD Associations 300’000 workshops and public awareness campaigns ( media ), operators, certification organised Relevant ministries & newly approved standards to key inspection, regulatory Consumers Organizations and control institutions to ensure their application. 2.7.3. Once standards are endorsed, increase public 2 All economic Public awareness MSTRD Relevant ministries & 300’000 awareness of newly approved standards through operators, campaigns conducted, Organizations structured communication channels ( websites, Consumers Standards discussed newspapers, etc. ). 2.8. Enact missing 2.8.1. Implement an inclusive system for fast-track 2 All economic A fast-track consultative CBM MOF AG office ,CBM, 50’000 financial legislation formulation of finance and trade laws by requiring operators process on new laws is All Commercial Banks, and update key through a decree that there is consultation on new laws. established by decree Associations regulations ( A2F Strategy ) 2.8.2. Update Myanmar Company Act of 1914. In 1 All economic A revised Myanmar Ministry of National AG office, Government 500’000 this law, even if foreign ownership stands at 1 %, the operators Company Act is passed Planning( DICA ) Ministries, UMFCCI, and company can be considered foreign. DICA is studying in one year. NGOs the law with a view to revise it or introduce a new law. ( A2F Strategy ) 2.8.3. Review bankruptcy laws, which is outdated and 1 All economic Legal framework on Ministry of National AG office, Government 250’000 needs updating in order to reduce the risk of exposure of operators bankruptcy and banking Planning( DICA ) Ministries, and Related NES PLAN OF ACTION banks in case of default / difficulties. is revised one year Law Firms ( A2F Strategy ) 123 124 Strategic objective 2: To ensure a consistent, effective, predictable, and transparent policy, legal and regulatory framework Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target Leading Supporting Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing implementing partners potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 2.8. Enact missing 2.8.4. Review insurance business law, in order to take 2 All economic Insurance business law Myanmar Insurance MOF, private 250’000 financial legislation into account the changing market. Previously, there was operators is revised on two years insurance companies and update key only one state owned insurance company. Now, there Exporters / Importers regulations are various private sector operators, so that there is a need to revise the law. ( A2F Strategy ) 2.9. Update air and 2.9.1. Establish a working group ( WG1 ) comprised 1 Pure Freight WG1 established; MoTransport Dept of civil aviation- 200’000 marine regulations of both public and private stakeholders in charge of Forwarders & Regulation and ( Department of DCA ) so that they are identifying deficiencies in transport-related oversight Logistics Service oversight of maritime Transport ) Department of Marine consistent with and regulations in maritime and air transport. providers, and air transport is Administration ( DMA ) international ( TFL strategy ) MTO, strengthened and standards Traders transparent 2.9.2. The working group above shall prepare a study Maritime and air Study is conducted and MoTransport Dept of civil aviation- 200’000 of the gaps between national, ASEAN and international transport operators; published, ( Department of DCA ) standards with regards to both air and marine transport Traders Regulation and Transport ) Department of Marine regulation and oversight as it applies to safety, security, oversight of maritime Administration ( DMA ) and facilitation. and air transport is ( TFL strategy ) strengthened and transparent. 2.9.3. Introduce and approve new maritime legislation Maritime transport New maritime transport MoTransport Dept of civil aviation- 300’000 based on the working group’s recommendations so that operators; legislation is passed ( Department of DCA ) it is coherent with those adopted by the International Traders in line with ASEAN and Transport ) Department of Marine Maritime Organization. IMO standards Administration ( DMA ) ( TFL strategy ) 2.9.4. Introduce and approve new air transport Air transport New air transport MoTransport Dept of civil aviation- 300’000 legislation based on the working group’s operators; legislation is passed ( Department of DCA ) recommendations so that it is coherent with those Traders in line with ASEAN and Transport ) Department of Marine adopted by the international community and supported ICAO standards Administration ( DMA ) by the International Civil Aviation Organization. ( TFL strategy ) 2.10. Update inland 2.10.1. The working group above shall conduct a study 1 Ship operators Study conducted and MOT / None Currently being drafted 100’000 water, rail and road that identifies deficiencies in the inland waterway published Department of Inland by Department of Inland transport regulations regulatory and operational environment. Waterway Transport Waterway Transport in order to improve ( TFL strategy ) ( under MoTransport ) quality of service 2.10.2. Introduce and approve legislation that 1 Ship operators Legislation drafted and MOT None Currently being drafted 200’000 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 establishes an adequate regulatory framework for Traders enacted ( Department of by Department of Inland national inland waterway transport while facilitating Inland Waterway Waterway Transport connectivity with regional networks. Transport ) ( under MoTransport ) ( TFL strategy ) Strategic objective 2: To ensure a consistent, effective, predictable, and transparent policy, legal and regulatory framework Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target Leading Supporting Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing implementing partners potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 2.10. Update inland 2.10.3. Update relevant regulations in order to reduce 2 Ship operators Legislation updated and MOT None 100’000 water, rail and road documentation and simplify procedural hurdles required Traders streamlined ( Department of transport regulations for inland water operators to purchase new vessels. Inland Waterway in order to improve ( TFL strategy ) Transport ) quality of service 2.10.4. Develop and introduce ( for example through Port 1 All transport Standard cargo manifest MOT / MPA / DCA / MIFFA / Port EDI supported by 2’000’000 EDI ) a standard cargo manifest system and ensure its operators, system introduced, MOR Truck Associations, JICA adoption by road and rail logistics stakeholders ( under Cargo services Multimodal Law Highway truck multimodal law ). providers, amended accordingly associations, ( TFL strategy ) Traders MMMDA / MBCA 2.11. Improve 2.11.1. Petition the U.S. for LDC status in order to benefit 1 All exporters Engage formal MoPED MoC 250’000 utilization of trade from generalised system of preferences in the US for the discussions with US Sector Association agreements application of tariffs / preferences. Embassy in Myanmar, MRF ( rice ) US Mission to WTO in Geneva, and USTR / US Customs in Washington DC. Law lifting sanctions amended; designation by U.S. Customs of Myanmar as an LDC 2.11.1. Negotiate a preferential trade agreement with 1 All exporters Engage formal Ministry of MoPED 500’000 China on agricultural products, including border trade discussions with China Commerce Sector Associations Embassy in Myanmar, MSTRD China Mission to WTO MRF in Geneva, and China Ministry of Trade in Beijing. Agreement signed in two years. 2.11.1. Undertake a detailed study of gaps in 1 All exporters Study conducted and MoPED MoC, Customs, etc.. 50’000 implementation between the requirements of the published, AEC and national measures in place. Prepare an Implementation strategy implementation strategy for overcoming the gaps. prepared Gaps reduced or eliminated NES PLAN OF ACTION 125 126 Strategic Objective 3: To develop competitive, diversified and branded exports by expanding productive capacities and fostering innovation Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target measures Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing partners potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 3.1. Build productive 3.1.1. Establish and / or modernize irrigation facilities 1 Farmers Irrigation modernization MoAI Regional Gov, Farmer MoAI 10’000’000 capacities to increase such as pump set, canal, and drainage wherever Agro-producers programme established groups, MRF and MPBSMA volumes of export irrigation water are available; disseminate efficient use in 2 years, of irrigation water through water user groups; and train Extension services farmers on mulching and soil moisture conservation progressively adapted methods. 10 % of farmers trained ( pulses & rice strategy ) a year 3.1.2. Encourage farm mechanization and provision 1 Farmers Special long term-credit MoAI -AMD MoFR, MPBSMA, MRF MADB 10’000’000 of maintenance services by providing special long- Agro-producers offered, Farm Machinery Co., term credit, hire-purchase system, in collaboration 5 % of farms are Private & Public Banks with private farm machinery companies and private and partially / fully mechanized public banks. per year ( pulses strategy ) 3.1.3. Encourage farm mechanization by providing 2 Farmers Technical assistance MoAI- DoA Machinery suppliers 5’000’000 special technical assistance and training to farmers. Agro-producers secured and provided, ( pulses strategy ) 5 % of farms are partially / fully mechanized per year 5 % of farmers trained per year 3.1.4. Associations ( MPBSMA, Rice producers 1 Farmers Advocacy campaign UMFCCI MPBSMA, MRF 500’000 association, etc. ) to jointly organize a lobbying Agro-producers conducted, campaign to encourage public sector investment in seed Seed multiplication multiplication in order to ensure growth of production investment increased by and improved quality for export development. 25 % in 2 years ( pulses strategy ) 3.1.5. Resumption of production at four state-owned 1 Farmers Cost-benefit analysis Ministry of Energy Ministry of Finance, ,MIC 4’500’000 urea facilities, either through privatization or joint Agro-producers conducted, ,Privatization Commission venture with foreign companies ( at the end of current 2 urea facilities gas contract exports, renegotiated to get a part of operational in year 1 production for urea - complete a cost-benefit analysis ). 2 urea facilities ( rice ) operational in year 2 3.1.6. Attract fertilizer, pesticide and insecticides foreign 1 Farmers 3 branch offices MOAI Myanmar investment 300’000 producers to establish sales offices and manufacturing Agro-producers established in Myanmar Commission plants in Myanmar. in years 1 and 2; DICA,MRF, MPBSMA, ( rice ) Manufacturing plant established in year 3 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 3.2. Improve crop 3.2.1. Improve data collection on production varieties 1 Farmers Reliable data is available, MoAI - SLRD CSO, MNPED, MPBSMA Agriculture census- FAO 500’000 and plantation and volumes by ensuring systematic sampling, crop Agro-producers Action plan formulated, and MRD management to ensure cuttings, and adequate use of information technology. Results are disseminated constant returns Prepare an action plan and statistics committee to on a regular basis develop the dissemination strategy of results. ( pulses strategy ) Strategic Objective 3: To develop competitive, diversified and branded exports by expanding productive capacities and fostering innovation Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target measures Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing partners potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 3.2. Improve crop 3.2.2. Better analysis and forecasting of plantation 2 Farmers Increased number of MoAI - SLRD CSO, MNPED, MoST 1’000’000 and plantation requirements by surveying and by application of remote Agro-producers plantations use remote management to ensure sensing and GIS technology. This requires sharing sensing and GIS, constant returns resources from other ministries and obtaining technical Improved forecasting of assistance to improve competencies. planation requirements ( pulses strategy ) 3.3. Ensure exporting 3.3.1. Key sector associations ( MRF, MFF, etc. ) 1 Sector Import duties on key Sector associations Customs ( MoFR ), MoC 250’000 enterprises have to prepare a list of key inputs required increasing associations, inputs for agricultural ( UMFCCI ) efficient access to key production and for which import duties should Farmers, production lowered or inputs be lowered. Once the list is established, organize Agro-producers eliminated in one year structured meetings with Customs and Ministry of Commerce to propose a reduction or elimination of duties on these products. ( Fisheries Strategy ) 3.3.2. Remove the obligation for already registered 1 Importers, Import licensing MoC Customs ( MoFR ) 10’000 exporters / importers to receive a specific license for Exporters, requirement removed on importing, every time they want to import something. Traders select products, Introduce time-bound permits for non-sensitive Time-bound permits products based on authorised traders scheme. introduced, Authorised trader scheme introduced 3.3.3. Increase the availability of inputs ( pre-mixes, 1 Importers, List of products eligible Customs- MoFR Ministry of Commerce MoC 100’000 concentrates, additives, etc. ) used in the production Exporters, for duty-free temporary of manufacturing processes by studying the feasibility Traders admission expanded, of implementing a system of duty free imports ( when Increased availability of Manufacturers these are used for re-exports ) by expanding the list of Inputs for manufacturing permitted items for temporary admission ( duty waiver ). Currently this benefits only the garment industry under the CMP system. ( Fisheries and textile Strategy ) 3.4. Build up a 3.4.1. Build up the technical know-how of key 2 MSTRD, MoAi- Technical assistance, External trainers to MiA 2’000’000 traceability system institutions ( MSTRD, MoAi-DoA, MLFRD-DoF, DoA, MLFRD- including training, provide training – MoAi-DoA, MLFRD-DoF, from production to MoH-FDA, MoI-HIE.2 ) in Myanmar concerning the DoF, MoH-FDA, to establish a MSTRD to identify MoH-FDA, MoI-HIE.2 market requirements and processes required to establish and MoI-HIE.2 comprehensive implement a national traceability system. Prepare a Traders traceability system training programme and provide technical assistance Consumers provided, for the regulations required and institutional framework Traceability system needed to have a comprehensive traceability system. established at national ( QM Strategy, pulses strategy ) level, Increased application of traceability of agro- production 3.4.2. Expand fisheries traceability system for illegal, 2 Agro-producers; IUU traceability system MSTRD DoF 500’000 unreported, unregistered ( IUU ) vessels to other Processors, expanded to other sectors NES PLAN OF ACTION products of the sector and collect lessons learned to Traders, expand traceability framework to other priority sectors. consumers ( QM Strategy, pulses strategy ) 127 128 Strategic Objective 3: To develop competitive, diversified and branded exports by expanding productive capacities and fostering innovation Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target measures Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing partners potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 3.4. Build up a 3.4.3. Propose a partnership between sector 2 Agro-producers; Partnership among sector Sector associations MoAI, MLFRD, MoCoop, 200’000 traceability system associations and competent authorities ( using a OOO Processors, associations, including from production to system ) to expand membership and registration of Traders, traders, and authorities market traders in order to have a better mapping of producers, consumers established, processors and traders in order to better trace product Traceability of product flows. flows enhanced ( QM Strategy, pulses strategy ) 3.4.4. Organize a communication effort to private sector 1 Agro-producers; Awareness campaign UMFCCI Sector associations 300’000 operators on the importance of traceability for access to Processors, organised and conducted, EU and US markets. Traders, Increased awareness ( QM Strategy, pulses strategy ) consumers about traceability 3.5. Support trade 3.5.1. Upgrade the Ministry of Commerce’s Department 1 Agro-Producers Concept and business MoC MoFR, MoNPED 10’000’000 promotion efforts of of Trade Promotion into a Trade Promotion Organisation Processers, plan of the TPO exporting enterprises as a stand-alone organisation similarly to other ASEAN Manufacturers, developed, countries. Consider and assess the feasibility of Required legislation Exporters, integrating in the TPO an investment promotion function establishing the TPO for priority sectors as well as potential benefits and Traders passed, challenges of having a PPP organisation using a SWOT TPO established and analysis. adequately resourced ( Trade Information strategy ) Increased visibility for Myanmar products in foreign markets, Increased Myanmars’ export performance 3.5.1. Establish a trade information section in Myanmar 1 Exporting Trade information MoFA Sector associations, MoC 3’000’000 Embassies abroad in order to promote Myanmar enterprises sections in Embassies businesses abroad. The activity would consist in located in major export encouraging private sector associations to provide markets established, promotional material and brochures for dissemination. Regular information and ( Tourism Strategy ) coordination meetings with sector associations held 3.5.2. Train more commercial attachés to be sent 2 Exporting A training programme MoC Sector associations 1’000’000 to target countries. Sector associations to train the enterprises, for commercial attachés commercial attachés on their sector’s export products Commercial established, and provide continuous information sharing on the attachés Commercial attachés evolution of products and promotional materials. in major export markets ( Tourism Strategy ) trained and refreshed NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 regularly Strategic Objective 3: To develop competitive, diversified and branded exports by expanding productive capacities and fostering innovation Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target measures Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing partners potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 3.5. Support trade 3.5.3. Organise regular trade missions to target markets 1 Exporters, Joint cost-sharing MOC-TPD UMFCCI, MoFR 4’000’000 promotion efforts of for existing and emerging exporters through the setting Traders mechanism for trade exporting enterprises up of a joint cost-sharing scheme ( market intervention promotion established, scheme to support costs of participating in trade Increased participation in fairs and market research ). Study the sustainability trade fairs, and operational design of a special fund for such Increased visibility for promotional activities, which may be financed from Myanmar products in income taxes or contributions via associations. target markets ( Wood and pulses Strategy ) 3.5.4. Receive technical assistance to prepare more 2 Exporters, A technical assistance MoC-TPD UMFCCI, Sector 1’000’000 professional annual Myanmar international trade fair Traders project on international associations, MoHT, MTF, by inviting local and international business partners to trade fair in Myanmar Customs and immigration participate. formulated and partners ( Wood and pulses Strategy ) identified, Annual International trade fair launched 3.6. Improve quality 3.6.1. Establish a working group to improve dialogue 2 Agro-producers, Working group Ministry of MSTRD, MoH, MoAI, MoC, 200’000 management systems between quality institutions and universities, to review Processers established, Education, MLFRD for export products and upgrade the curricula of agricultural, industrial and Manufacturers, Improved training Universities health sciences to ensure technicians and graduates are Exporters, curricula developed properly trained on latest “good practices” in quality and quality of training Traders management, including “standards and conformity improved, assessments”. Increased number of ( QM strategy ) qualified and trained technical staff available 3.6. Improve quality 3.6.2. Based on above developed curricula, develop 2 Agro-producers, New technical and on-the MSTRD Ministry of Education ; 3’000’000 management systems jointly between the private and the public sector, Processers job training provided by SGS, MITA, etc; for export products new technical courses and on-the-job training to be Manufacturers, vocational schools and provided by vocational schools at the national level. Exporters, nationally recognised by Ensure trained technicians are able to receive nationally certificates and diplomas Traders recognized certificates, by accrediting key or leading training institutes and organisations. ( QM strategy ) 3.6.2. Strengthen collaboration with technical partners 1 Technical staff On-the-job training MoEdu. MSTRD, MoA, MLFRD, etc. 1’500’000 ( regional and international ) to set up on-the-job training of MoA, MoH, programme for technical for current technicians of MoA, MoH, MLFRD, etc., MLFRD, etc, staff in MoA, MoH, in order to upgrade their training skills in GAP, GAqP, MLFRD, etc. established, GMP, HACCP and GHP. Trained technicians to receive a Accredited nationally recognized accreditation. diplomas / certificates ( QM strategy ) delivered NES PLAN OF ACTION 129 130 Strategic Objective 3: To develop competitive, diversified and branded exports by expanding productive capacities and fostering innovation Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target measures Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing partners potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 3.6. Improve quality 3.6.3. Establish regular training programmes for private 2 Agro-producers, Increased number of MoH University of public health, 2’000’000 management systems sector ( central training centre and in-enterprises Processers, enterprises benefit from QM institute with a training for export products training ) to build up the number of enterprises informed Manufacturers. quality management mandate or subsidiaries and practicing “good quality practices” and quality training ( in-house and Traders management systems. external ), ( QM strategy ) Increased number of enterprises apply good practice in QM Increased number of enterprises are certified for quality standards 3.6.4. Ensure regular testing of accredited QM trainers, 2 Accredited Accredited QM trainers, MSTRD MoH and relevant 2’000’000 auditors and inspectors to ensure that current trainings QM trainers, auditors and inspectors Ministries / Private and inspections are in line with international best auditors and required to undergo Associations / inspection practice. inspectors annual exams / tests in Bodies ( QM strategy ) QM to maintain their qualification 3.6.5. Establish, maintain and continuously improve 3 Public / private A pool of internationally MSTRD MoH and relevant 1’000’000 a pool of internationally trained trainers that can labs trained trainers Ministries / Private provide capacity-building to other national laboratory established and Associations / inspection technicians. operational, Bodies ( QM strategy ) Increased capacities of national laboratories 3.6.6. For working lab technicians, upgrade skills and 2 Lab technicians Working lab technicians Respective MSTRD 1’000’000 ability through regular capacity-building courses, required to undergo Ministries / private practical training and regular proficiency testing of regular exams / tests in labs capacities. QM to maintain their ( QM strategy ) qualification, Eighty percent of laboratory technicians’ skills upgraded 3.6.7. Encourage laboratories to be certified ISO / IEC- 2 Public / private Minimum of five of labs MSTRD Respective 1’000’000 17025, and increase use ( through the National labs accredited, Ministries / private Accreditation Focal Point – MSTRD ) of the ISO / IEC- Increased use of the labs / Inspections Bodies 17020 Inspection body and accredited labs ( according ISO / IEC-17020 Inspection to the Law on Standardization ). body and accredited labs ( QM strategy ) 3.6.8. Increase collaboration ( Participate in the 3 Public / private MSTRD registered in two MSTRD Respective 1’000’000 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 International Lab: network ( ILAC ) with International labs international networks Ministries / private labs Laboratories networks ( i.e. lab network ) to stay attuned to latest innovations and initiatives. ( QM strategy ) Strategic Objective 3: To develop competitive, diversified and branded exports by expanding productive capacities and fostering innovation Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target measures Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing partners potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 3.6. Improve quality 3.6.9. Undertake a study to evaluate the incentives or 1 Traders Study conducted and MPA MMMDA, UMFCCI ( sector 200’000 management systems penalties which could encourage the inland container published, associations ), MoC for export products depots ( ICD ) to set up track, trace and retrieval systems Appropriate measures to reduce ports tariffs ( time of storage ). identified 3.6.10. Establish pilot laboratories in Yangon and 1 Agro-producers, Pilot labs in Yangon and DoA MoAI, MoC, MoH 2’000’000 Mandalay, which can test for physical analysis, phyto- Processors, Mandalay established, sanitary and fumigation, chemical residues, food quality Exporters Annual meeting taking testing ( carbon testing- benzopyrine ), etc., required place, DoA to export products to target markets. Organize annual Type of tests to be meeting with sector associations to agree on the kind of conducted are identified tests required in line with market requirements. ( pulses strategy ) 3.7. Align vocational 3.7.1. Formalize a dialogue between the private sector 1 Agro-producers, Working group Ministry of labour UMFCCI, sector 300’000 training with industry and training institutes ( universities, vocational training Processers established, associations, all relevant needs institutes, etc. ) by establishing a working group. The Manufacturers, Improved training ministries Working group will update vocational training curricula Exporters, curricula developed and programs to ensure alignment with industry and quality of training Traders requirements. improved, ( Fisheries Strategy ) Training curricula increasingly aligned with industry requirements 3.7.2. Design language learning curricula in public 2 Guides, Language training Ministry of Education Language training schools 400’000 and private schools targeting the English language, Tour operators, curricula in key target ( private and public ), MTF, and languages of strategic target markets ( Chinese, Hotel and market languages MoHT, UMFCCI ( language Japanese, Korean, Thai, Russian, German, and French ). hospitality staff, established, courses ) ( Tourism strategy ) Tourism Increased use of those information staff languages by tourism professionals, 3.7.3. Extend the network of vocational training 2 Technical staff, Non-public training MoLESS CVT 50’000 institutes by including non-state training institutes ( i.e. institutes included in private and associations ). national network 3.8. Increase 3.8.1. Expand the mandates of the Myanmar Investment 1 Agro-producers, Feasibility study of MIC-DICA Sector Associations MIC currently operating 2’500’000 investment promotion Commission ( MIC ) and Department of Investment and Processers establishing a TPO with but poorly defined and not in favour of export Company Administration ( DICA ) to proactively seek Manufacturers, investment function in properly set-up development investment in priority export sectors, and implement Exporters, priority export sectors a programme of investment promotion though trade conducted and published, Traders fairs and commercial attaches ( in embassies abroad ), Investment promotion to target joint ventures and strategic partnerships. programme in priority Study the possibility of establishing an independent export sectors investment promotion organisation. established, ( Wood Strategy ) Increased investments in priority export sectors NES PLAN OF ACTION 131 132 Strategic Objective 3: To develop competitive, diversified and branded exports by expanding productive capacities and fostering innovation Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target measures Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing partners potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 3.8. Increase 3.8.2. Streamline the procedures related to investment 1 Investors, Procedures related to MIC-DICA Relevant ministries 500’000 investment promotion approvals by studying the processes and making Agro-producers, investment approvals in favour of export recommendations for shortening the time it takes and Processers streamlined, development simplifying approvals, as well as clearly publishing the Evaluation and approval Manufacturers time it takes to evaluate proposals by MIC. times published, Evaluation and approval times significantly shortened, 3.8.3. Structure collaboration between private sector 1 Private sector List of key priority UMFCCI ( Sector MIC-DICA 500’000 and MIC-DICA to elaborate a list of key priority enterprises, investment areas Associations ) investment areas for increased export development. investors, for increased export MIC-DICA development established and published, Increased investment flows in those areas recorded 3.8.4. Increase utilisation of private sector companies 2 Investors, Increased number of MIC-DICA 500’000 ( through tenders and subcontracting ) to support Agro-producers, tenders / expressions of investment promotion efforts. Processers interest and subcontracts Manufacturers 3.8.5. Evaluate possible incentives and efforts required 2 Local investors Study on investment MIC-DICA Region Governments 1’000’000 to attract investment ( land price for industry, electricity, incentives conducted and -Industrial zone committee water, land policies, taxes, licencing system, etc. ) to published, encourage local investors to develop industries. Incentives and other measures identified, Increased domestic investment recorded 3.8.6. Study the possibility for Myanmar to join 1 Investors, Myanmar formally MIC-DICA Attorney General 400’000 international arbitration bodies and courts for Private sector, contracting member investments ( such as the international centre for Government of MIGA’s ICSID in two settlement of investment disputes and the World Bank’s years, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) ) For commercial as a means to increase protection of investors. This arbitration: Myanmar is particularly important given the current limited member of ICC in two efficiency of Myanmar’s courts and dispute resolution years system. NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Strategic Objective 3: To develop competitive, diversified and branded exports by expanding productive capacities and fostering innovation Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target measures Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing partners potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 3.9. Increase R&D 3.9.1. Undertake a study and recommend policy 2 Agro-producers, Feasibility study UMFCCI MoFR 20’000’000 capacities for product proposals to establish a special innovation fund capable Processers, on innovation fund development of providing incentives ( tax reduction, duty free- Manufacturers conducted and published import, etc. ) to enterprises engaged in R&D or adopting in one year, Investors, technology, with the aim of stimulation innovation and Innovation fund new products development. Universities, established, adequately ( Innovation policy ) Research resourced and operational institutes 3.9.2. Enhance financial capacity of national institutions 2 Agro-producers, Feasibility study on MNPED Relevant Ministries 300’000 to develop new technologies by allocating a larger Processers, policy options to increase budget to them, depending on absorption capacity Manufacturers funding and financial of institutions and the estimated expected returns. incentives for innovation Investors, Undertake a study to assess the different policy options. conducted and published Universities, in one year ( Pulses strategy ) Research institutes 3.9.3. Upgrade the curriculum and educational capacity 1 Agro-producers, Joint discussions MoST MoH-FDA MFF 1’000’000 for food science and technology in agro-processing Processers between Ministry of ( processing and food development ) at related Education and key sector universities and institutes through joint discussion associations held, between Ministry of Education, and key sector Educational curricula associations. upgraded ( Fisheries Strategy ) 3.10. Build business 3.10.1. Develop business skills of farmers by setting up 2 Farmers, Regional farmers’ MLFRD MoAI, MoCoop, UMFCCI FAO 4’000’000 and export skills of farmer’s business schools in strategic areas to educate Agro-producers business schools or ( sector associations ) farmers, processors farmers in business skills, management, and economic curricula established, and exporters decision. Farmers’ business skills ( pulses strategy ) gradually improved 3.10.2. Hold regular training workshops with exporters 1 Exporters, A training workshop for MoC-TTI Freight and custom brokers 2’000’000 in order to build their capacity in trade. These Traders exporters established and associations, MMMDA, workshops, to be held in major cities, should increase operational, MBA exporters’ knowledge and capacities in the following Increased number of areas: trade documentation, customs procedures, tax traders and exporters systems, multimodal transport, international regulatory trained and certified, conventions, contracts and negotiation, insurance Exporters’ skills and and financial products, rules of origin, domestic and capacities in trade international regulation, licensing requirements and gradually improved procedures, certification requirements and procedures, HS codes, dangerous goods, etc. ( TFL strategy ) 3.10.2. Vastly increase the frequency and number 2 Exporters, Frequency and number MOC, MOI 1’000’000 of sites where the Ministry of Commerce’s training Traders of sites of trainings on international trade and the Ministry of Industry’s increased by 15 % a year, SME centre is provided, either directly or through Increased number of partnerships with other institutions or by implementing exporters / traders trained NES PLAN OF ACTION a system of training of trainers. and certified ( A2F strategy ) 133 134 Strategic Objective 3: To develop competitive, diversified and branded exports by expanding productive capacities and fostering innovation Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target measures Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing partners potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 3.10. Build business 3.10.3. Provide training to SMEs in keeping better 1 SMEs Increased training offered UMFCCI MICPA,, Ministry of 500’000 and export skills of records and producing reliable financial statements. to SMEs through sector industry, Ministry of farmers, processors ( A2F strategy ) associations, vocational Cooperatives, MBA and exporters training centres and universities, Increased number of SMEs using training 3.11. Initiate the 3.11.1 Develop a branding strategy for Myanmar and its 1 Exporting Strategy and brand MoC MoTA, Myanmar Marketing 5’000’000 branding of Myanmar export products ( tourism, fisheries, wood, etc. ) which enterprises, developed and validated Association, UMFCCI, products would be rolled out across existing and new product Promotion by stakeholders ( MoC MMC. Ministry of segments as well as existing and new target markets. In professionals and associations ), Information line with the following strategy: Increased number of develop quality standards to attach to the Myanmar enterprises comply with Brand Myanmar Brand and develop common brand logo and a slogan similar to the benefit from greater proposed tourism sector; visibility, develop messages, marketing material and Greater awareness of communication channels, Myanmar products in train enterprises about implementation of the branding foreign markets strategy and benefits for Myanmar. 3.11.2 Link the branding strategy to export promotion 2 Exporting Branding strategy MoC MoTA, Myanmar Marketing 1’000’000 efforts of the Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Foreign enterprises, deployed in Tourism Association, UMFCCI, Affairs and enterprises export promotion efforts. Promotion sector, MMC. Ministry of Tourism can act as the pull sector. professionals Branding strategy Information ( tourism strategy ) expanded to other priority sectors 3.12. Enhance 3.12.1. Develop e-government services relevant for 1 Domestic Export one-stop shop Customs MoC, UMFCCI, Sector 2’000’000 adoption and use of firms, including a one stop-shop for export firms. and exporting set up, Associations ICTs in enterprises ( Innovation policy ) enterprises, Increased number of and government Traders exporters make use of one stop shop, Export procedures streamlined and shortened 3.12.2. Facilitate online access to information relevant 1 Domestic Mobile services identified MoC UMFCCI, Sector 500’000 for exporting firms ( including through mobile phones ). and exporting and offered ( e.g. price, Associations ( Innovation policy ) enterprises, information ) NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Traders 3.12.3. Enhance the quality and relevance of formal ICT 2 SMEs in all A national ICT adoption Ministry of Education UMFCCI, Sector 2’000’000 education and training to support the adoption of ICTs sectors programme established, Associations by businesses and public agencies ( measures should Education and training include the adoption of adequate curricula and learning curricula adapted to methods that encourage applied methodologies, include ICT, supporting teacher development and putting in place Increased use of ICT quality control systems ). at schools and training ( Innovation policy ) centres Strategic Objective 3: To develop competitive, diversified and branded exports by expanding productive capacities and fostering innovation Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target measures Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes or Estimated 1=high implementing partners potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 3.12. Enhance 3.12.4. Initiate a national ICT firm-level sensitisation 2 SMEs in all Increased number of firm Ministry of Education UMFCCI, Sector 1’000’000 adoption and use of programme to encourage and incentivise enterprises to sectors sensitised through the Associations ICTs in enterprises develop their ICT skills by establishing dedicated ICT national ICT adoption and government skills development plans. programme, ( Innovation policy ) Increased number of enterprises adopt ICT skills development plans 3.12.4 Provide training to staff at government 2 Relevant Initial basic training All ministries 300’000 institutions involved in customs and trade facilitation on government conducted, the use of basic office software, in order to raise the ICT ministries and Relevant staff trained skills. Some software and skills is required through TA bodies on each new ICT for customs but also some ministries. tool / software introduced, ( TFL strategy ) ICT training budgets established, ICT skills improved and maintained 3.13. Promote the 3.13.1. Promote the development of firm clusters that 1 SMEs in all Increased number Ministry of Co- UMFCCI, Sector 5’000’000 development of favour collective action ( i.e. promote backward ties export sectors of clustering and Operatives Associations innovation capabilities with suppliers / subcontractors and forward ties with cooperative initiatives, among exporting traders / buyers; and / or horizontal linkages between Reduced cost of inputs enterprises firms through joint marketing of products, joint purchase extension services and ( Innovation policy ) of inputs, order sharing, common use of specialised transport and handling, equipment ( labs, mills ), joint product development, and Increased synergies and exchange of expertise and information ). cross-fertilisation of ( Innovation policy ) enterprises 3.13.2. Establish a number of ( sector ) technology 2 Investors, At least one technology MIC UMFCCI, MoC, 10’000’000 innovation centres, to support technology transfer and Exporters in innovation centre innovation among enterprises of the priority export priority sectors established on a public- sectors. private partnership basis ( Innovation policy ) in each priority sector, 3.13.3. Sustain efforts to support general private sector 3 SMEs in all A national SME Ministry of Industry UMFCCI, Sector 500’000 development ( SME development centres, trade training, sectors development policy, Associations fostering awareness on technology and innovation ). including incentives and ( Innovation policy ) development targets, formulated and enacted NES PLAN OF ACTION 135 136 Strategic Objective 4: To build modern, enabled and supportive institutions to respond to the diverse needs of current and emerging exporters Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Targets Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes Estimated 1=high implementing partners or potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 4.1. Upgrade 4.1.1. Strengthen the PTAC to offer the range of testing 1 PTAC / MoC Feasibility study MoC Local authority and None but potentially 500’000 laboratories to ensure facilities ( aflotoxins, residue levels etc. ) in one place conducted and published, regional Government in discussion with modern testing in rather than exporters having to go to multiple labs. The PTAC is strengthened, divisions JICA / KOIKA line with international PTAC, under the Ministry of Commerce, has 6 Trade adequately equipped and market requirements testing laboratories for agricultural post-harvest products. resourced, and food safety The technicians are not sufficiently trained, facilities need Staff is trained regularly standards upgrading, equipment is outdated and more modern equipment is needed ( for texting HPLC, microtoxins, etc. ). Carry out a feasibility study for all the requirements to upgrade facilities. ( QM Strategy ) 4.1.2. Strengthen ARCPC & RTTCRP, including upgrading 1 ARCPC & Feasibility study DICD ( Dept. of MRPPA 500’000 equipment, testing methods and training staff. RTTCRP RTTCRP conducted and published, industrial crop MoIndustry has a single laboratory which focuses on quality. ARCPC ARCPC & RTTCRP are development ) under Local authority and has a second laboratory which focuses on research into strengthened, adequately MoAI ) regional Government upstream products. ARCPC & RTTCRP are in need of equipped and resourced, divisions upgrading their equipment and testing methods, as well as Staff is trained regularly training staff. 4.1.3. Establish a food technology laboratory and research 1 Agro- Technical and financial MoST MoH-FDA, MoI, 5’000’000 institute for agro-processing industries capable of producers, feasibility study conducted Local authority and facilitating food product development in line with market Processors, and published, regional Government requirements, food testing, and operate research labs at Exporters Research institute divisions strategically important processing areas. established and ( Fisheries + Pulses Strategy ) operational, Testing labs progressively opened in processing areas 4.1.4. Introduce standardisation in laboratory testing 1 MSTRD, Legislation and guidelines MSTRD Parliament, Law already 300’000 which will require preparing legislation and guidelines Exporting enacted, Sector associations promulgated and with through technical assistance to the MSTRD. A plan of enterprises Plan of action for parliament. Guidelines action for accreditation will also need to be produced. accreditation developed, for infrastructure are Accreditation is effected included. 4.1.5. Other laboratories under different ministries need to 1 Relevant Needs assessment incl. MSTRD Relevant ministries, 2’000’000 be established and supported. Additional members of staff ministries, technical and financial Sector associations in Food and Drug Administration laboratory and upgraded FDA feasibility conducted, facilities are needed. Labs progressively established and operational, NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Testing capacity progressively increased Strategic Objective 4: To build modern, enabled and supportive institutions to respond to the diverse needs of current and emerging exporters Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Targets Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes Estimated 1=high implementing partners or potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 4.1. Upgrade 4.1.6. Other laboratories under different ministries need 1 Relevant Needs assessment incl. MoLFRD ( Ministry MFF, Ad hoc from EU, CBI 2’000’000 laboratories to ensure to be established and supported. Additional members of ministries, technical and financial of Livestock, Relevant ministries, modern testing in staff in the Livestock & Fisheries laboratory and upgrading FDA feasibility conducted, Fishery and rural Sector associations line with international of facilities are needed. Labs progressively development ) market requirements established and and food safety operational, standards Testing capacity progressively increased 4.1.7. Chemical and dye, and fabric testing laboratories 1 MoI Feasibility study MoI Sector associations, 5’000’000 are required. Chemicals are being tested by the Ministry Textile and conducted and published, exporters of Industry but there is currently no fabric testing. MoI garment MoI testing labs are laboratories need to upgrade their facilities and improving enterprises strengthened, adequately the methods for testing. equipped and resourced, Staff is trained regularly, At least 5 fabric testing labs established 4.1.8. Increase collaboration between public and private 2 MoI Working group set up, MoAI UMFCCI, Sector 100’000 laboratories by setting a joint working group with a view SMEs in New standards associations, to sharing information and practices, and with ASEAN priority progressively introduced exporters and other international laboratories to introduce new sectors standards. 4.1.9. Increase collaboration with regional and 2 SMEs in Collaboration formalised Line Ministries Associations / 300’000 international technical / financial partners to upgrade the priority and intensified, having labs exporters testing methodology & equipment in public laboratories. sectors Recommendations and Prepare ministry recommendations and proposals. proposals prepared, Collaborate between exporters and the relevant Testing methodology department in ministries on international requirements. and equipment gradually ( QM Strategy ) upgraded 4.1.10. Improve public awareness about the laboratories 2 SMEs in Public awareness Relevant MoC, MoI, Media, Sector 300’000 and ministries, and encourage participation from priority campaign incl. media and ministries / public associations stakeholders, on how to handle, store, package and sectors training conducted, laboratories distribute products. Use a series of workshops and use local media ( e.g. Commerce Journal ) for awareness 4.1.11. Based on laboratories “plans”, relevant Ministries 1 Relevant Budget requests prepared Each relevant 20’000 to prepare a request for financial support from state ministries and duly submitted, Ministry with a lab budget, private sector ( service fees ) or donor funds Funding proposals to ensure laboratories have the capacities to conduct prepared and submitted adequate tests for exports. to donors ( QM Strategy ) NES PLAN OF ACTION 137 138 Strategic Objective 4: To build modern, enabled and supportive institutions to respond to the diverse needs of current and emerging exporters Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Targets Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes Estimated 1=high implementing partners or potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 4.1. Upgrade 4.1.12. Revise current regulations to provide more 1 Relevant Regulations revised, MoFR Relevant laboratories 100’000 laboratories to ensure financial autonomy for laboratories to manage their own ministries Delegated authority for modern testing in resources ( currently any income is placed into the central labs to manage their line with international government budget and cannot easily be accessed when revenues granted, market requirements needed ). Allow laboratories to adjust charges for services Cost-recovery and fee- and food safety in line with actual costs and retain the revenues generated for-service principles are standards ( always in a non-profit manner ). Remaining gaps in granted, resources for effective long-term development to be supplemented by the Government. ( QM Strategy ) 4.2. Expand testing 4.2.1. Establish a formal dialogue with the Department 1 Department Workplan established and MoC MOAI, MOLFRD 50’000 capacities to Border of Borders ( Ministry of Commerce ), to establish a of Borders approved, Local authorities and posts and key remote workplan towards upgrading border posts with electricity, ( Ministry of Upgrading of border posts Regional Government regions telecommunications and lab infrastructure, in order to Commerce ) initiated in year two, Customs ensure quality management tests can be conducted in Exporters, At least 6 major border suitable condition and report data to a central database. Traders posts upgraded in year ( QM Strategy ) three, All 13 border posts upgraded in year four 4.2.2. MoAI and MOC to collaborate in deploying rapid 1 Border posts, Rapid test kits deployed in MoC ( MITS ) MOC, MOAI, MOLF 500’000 test kits ( used for pesticides, fertilizers, fuel tests ) and Exporters, border posts and remote setting up quarantine measures in remote regions and in Traders region posts, the current 13 border posts. Enforce better border control MITS trained and to limit importation of illegal substances and pesticides. incentivised to seize Raise public awareness campaign on usage of fertilizers, illegal substances, pesticides and chemicals. Myanmar Inspection and Public awareness testing services ( MITS ) under MoC carries out tests at campaign conducted, border areas. Therefore they need test kits for inspection teams to test imports from China ( e.g. fertilizers ). ( QM Strategy ) 4.2.3. Set up 10 pilot test mobile labs ( pesticides, 1 MOAI, MLFRD 10 pilot test mobile labs MOAI, MLFRD NGOs 1’000’000 aflatoxin, fertilizers, water quality, etc. ) to be sent to Farmers, set up and operational, Local Communities farming sites to conduct tests at production & adjacent Agro- Tests conducted in major areas on a random and ad-hoc basis. Improve cooperation producers, production areas, with NGOs and local communities. Exporters, ( QM Strategy ) Traders 4.3. Establish an 4.3.1. Setting up an EXIM bank ( with the promulgation of 1 Exporters, Technical and financial MoC CBM, MoFR 1’000’000 Export-Import Bank an appropriate law ) to support exporters. Carry out the feasibility study conducted NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Importers, Associations for Myanmar feasibility study for establishing the bank, set out its core Traders and published, Potential development activities and mandate, legal structure and budgets. Pass Development partner partners: IFC, ADB, EXIM necessary legislation for it. identified, India. ( A2F and rubber strategy ) Draft legislation prepared and passed Strategic Objective 4: To build modern, enabled and supportive institutions to respond to the diverse needs of current and emerging exporters Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Targets Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes Estimated 1=high implementing partners or potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 4.3. Establish an 4.3.2. Under the establishment of an EXIM bank, provide 1 Exporters, Credit guarantee scheme EXIM Bank CBM, MoFR 1’000’000 Export-Import Bank credit guarantees to private banks in order to reduce Importers, designed, Associations for Myanmar risk exposure of commercial banks. Prepare study or Traders EXIM Bank business plan Potential development position paper on the implications of this with stakeholder prepared and approved, partners: IFC, ADB, EXIM consultations. Improve awareness of what the EXIM bank Public awareness India. can do for the export / trade sector. campaign conducted, ( rubber strategy ) 4.3.3. Once the credit bureau is established, conduct an Private sector Information flow with CBM, MoFR Sector associations 100’000 awareness campaign for the private sector to be aware enterprises credit rating bureau and encouraged to share information with the bureau Exporters, ongoing, to improve credit rating system and improve access to Credit rating system Importers, finance. improved, Traders Increased lending to enterprises 4.4. Establish an 4.4.1. Undertake feasibility study aiming to successful 2 Private sector Technical and financial MoC CBM, MoFR There is a completed 2’000’000 electronic data implementation of electronic communication centre enterprises feasibility study for the UMFCCI Ministry of plan to establish a exchange centre ( of market exchange ) by collecting and analysing Exporters, conducted and published, Telecommunications commodity exchange for national and information on current and future markets, availability of Electronic communication centre. Rice, beans and Importers, international markets market information, user needs, applicable technology, centre implemented, pulses already have budget requirement, and experience learned by foreign Traders Centres but these are Exchange of commodities commodity exchange centres. accelerated and reliable not electronic. ( pulses & rubber ) 4.4.2. Establish an electronic market exchange centre in 2 Private sector Electronic market MoC UMFCCI Ministry of 4’000’000 Yangon and Mandalay as a pilot for selected products, enterprises exchange centres Telecommunications then expand to other major products by transforming and Exporters, established in Yangon and modernizing the market exchange centres. Mandalay and operational, Importers, ( pulses strategy ) Range of exchanged Traders products increasingly expanded 4.4.3. Ensure effective monitoring and evaluation of the 3 Private sector Monitoring and evaluation MoC UMFCCI, Ministry of 300’000 electronic market exchange centre, by surveying users, enterprises system established, Telecommunications benchmarking with other centres, etc. Exporters, Benchmarking ongoing, ( pulses strategy ) Importers, Centre is increasingly Traders efficient and used 4.5. Establish a trade 4.5.1. Establish trade information centres where users 1 Private sector Trade information centres Trade Information 38 trade associations There are currently 5’000’000 information network could access physical documents and have access to enterprises established in major cities Centre ( MoC ), 14 Trade Promotion to provide useful and the web. This could be achieved by expanding the trade Exporters, ( Yangon, Mandalay, etc. ), UMFCCI Information Service easily accessible information centre in the MoC-Dept. of Trade Promotion MoC Trade Information Centres ( TPIS ) in all Importers, trade information and in each region / Dept. of trade offices or regional Website upgraded and States / Regions & 41 chambers of commerce. Also establish more specific Traders existing commodity expanded and single- resource centre by sector or market and make information window compatible, exchange centres more easily accessible. Provide training to staff in the Staff trained NES PLAN OF ACTION information centres. ( TI strategy ) 139 140 Strategic Objective 4: To build modern, enabled and supportive institutions to respond to the diverse needs of current and emerging exporters Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Targets Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes Estimated 1=high implementing partners or potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 4.5. Establish a trade 4.5.1. Set up, update, and maintain an Internet portal to 2 Private sector Trade Information Portal MoC MoFR, MoT, Freight 1’000’000 information network provide news, statistics, and information relating to export enterprises set up, operational and and custom brokers to provide useful and news ( Customs, TFL, finance, trade law, etc. ) in Myanmar Exporters, compatible with future associations, MMMDA, easily accessible and important trade partner countries. The information single window project, MBA, MPA, Importers, trade information contained in this portal should be integrated with the Extensively used by e-government single window. Among others, the website Traders traders, shall contain sections on: »»General and product-specific customs and licensing procedures »»Market demand and market access conditions »»General and product-specific certification procedures and requirements »»Dangerous goods and restrictions »»Ports, warehousing, cargo and transport services »»Business matching »»( TFL strategy ) 4.5.2. Establish a trade enquiry support service, since 1 Private sector Trade enquiry support Department of Trade Private agencies UMFCCI trade enquiry 300’000 the current system is not responsive and does not have enterprises service or point Promotion, UMFCCI for foreign traders an established framework to answer queries using an IT Exporters, established and / or system. Review current institutional set ups and analyse upgraded and single- Importers, failures through interviews with users ( or survey based window compatible, questionnaires ) and propose remedial measures. Traders Staff trained ( TI strategy ) 4.5.3. Utilise new technologies ( printed media, radio, 1 Private sector Mapping / audit of existing MOC UMFCCI Information scroll bars 500’000 TV such as farmer channel, mobile dissemination such enterprises media / tools and needs Ministry of Telecoms on TV channels such as as SMS, websites etc., to collect and disseminate Exporters, assessment conducted, Ministry of Information & Myawaddy, MRTV information concerning market data, quality management, QM Internet relevant Ministries, media Importers, etc. to enterprises. portal / services upgraded agencies Traders ( QM Strategy ) and integrated and single- window-compatible 4.5.4. Review the current information dissemination 1 Private sector Mapping / audit of existing CBM 500’000 systems in ministries and central bank of Myanmar enterprises media / tools and needs Ministries and make these more efficient to provide up to date Exporters, assessment conducted, CSO and relevant information, particularly with regard Internet portal / services Importers, to information on regulations and laws. Provide upgraded and integrated TA / consultancy to all public sector bodies for this. Traders and single-window- ( A2F strategy ) compatible 4.5.5. Provide training in market information research, 2 TI service Key TI service providers MoC UMFCCI, Sector 1’000’000 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 technology, methodology and tools to key service providers identified, Associations, providers and training in sources for information and Training programme Ministry of Information, databases. designed and initiated, Relevant Ministries ( TI Strategy ) Increased number service provided trained Strategic Objective 4: To build modern, enabled and supportive institutions to respond to the diverse needs of current and emerging exporters Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Targets Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes Estimated 1=high implementing partners or potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 4.5. Establish a trade 4.5.6. Systematically process documents obtained in 3 TI service Introduce electronic MoC UMFCCI, Sector 1’000’000 information network workshops, catalogue the documents and disseminate providers data and knowledge Associations, to provide useful and them, which is currently not the case. The dissemination management systems in Ministry of Information, easily accessible will require staff and training, and introducing an ICT key TI service providers, Relevant Ministries trade information system in relevant organizations. Key TI service providers ( TI Strategy ) trained 4.5.7. Publish an annual directory ( paper and 1 TI service Directory published and UMFCCI Ministry of Commerce 300’000 electronic / online ) of exporters and importers in providers, financially self-sustaining Associations Myanmar, including auxiliary service providers, such Importers, as freight forwarders and customs agents, distributors, Exporters, transporters, etc. The directory should include company Traders profiles ( including but not limited to: Names of Directors, number of staff, year of establishment, membership to professional organisations, markets where they are active in ). ( TI Strategy ) 4.5.8. Expand trade information network internationally 1 TI service TA partners identified, Department of Trade Foreign Chambers of 300’000 to include information on associations, business and providers, Implementation plan Promotion, UMFCCI Commerce, Commercial investment opportunities, certification and standards, Importers, prepared, Attaches, Myanmar market access conditions, distributors and importers, etc. Exporters, Trade information network Embassies & Missions Provide technical assistance to prepare a strategy and Traders covers at least 5 new Foreign Trade Orgs assist in implementing the strategy. target markets annually ( TI strategy ) 4.6. Improve the 4.6.1. Vastly increase the frequency and number of 2 Importers, 4 trainings a year MoC, UMFCCI, MIFA, 300’000 trade facilitation sites where MoC training on letters of credit is provided Exporters, organised, Customs environment ( Currently every 3-6 months and only in Yangon ), either Traders Increased use of letters directly or through partnerships and training of trainers. of credit Trade finance Keep trainings in Yangon but increase to at least 4 service trainings a year. providers, Commercial Banks 4.6.2. Ensure that the port and logistic facilities develop 2 Importers, Cargo checking system Customs Logistics association 5’000’000 and implement cargo checking system, tracking and Exporters, introduced in Yangon Port, Myanmar Port Authority tracing ( RFID Radio Frequency Identification ), retrieving Traders Cargo checking systems system in their container yards by improving and progressively introduced Freight modernization the facilities of the operating company. in logistic facilities Forwarders ( Pulses strategy ) 4.6.3. Prepare a study on introducing ICT and EDI systems 1 Importers, Study conducted and MoT MPT, MCPA 100’000 for improved maritime ports operations through the Exporters, published, provision of technical assistance and incentives to port Traders Increased use of ICT in operators. port operations, Freight Forwarders NES PLAN OF ACTION 141 142 Strategic Objective 4: To build modern, enabled and supportive institutions to respond to the diverse needs of current and emerging exporters Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Targets Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes Estimated 1=high implementing partners or potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 4.6. Improve the 4.6.3. Develop a fee based vocational training program to 1 Freight Vocational training MIFA ( Myanmar MMU ( Myanmar Maritime 500’000 trade facilitation strengthen the capacity of freight forwarders and customs Forwarders, program developed and International Freight University ) environment brokers in logistics, documentation, cargo handling, Customs self-sustaining, Forwarders ) Customs insurance, and transport management issues, including brokers Regular training and tests multi-modal. organised, ( TFL strategy ) Freight Forwarders’ Customs brokers’ staff are certified, their capacities improved and maintained 4.7. Reinforce the 4.7.1. Set up a National Accreditation Focal Point ( NAFP 2 Exporters, National Accreditation MSTRD Relevant ministries & PTB 100’000 national quality - MSTRD ) and formalize an agreement with a partner Traders, Focal Point established, Organizations infrastructure accreditation body in an ASEAN Member State ( possibly Importers Agreement with partner Thailand ). signed, 4.7.2. Provide capacity building on accreditation 1 NAFP – NAFP – MSTRD staff MSTRD Relevant ministries & PTB 300’000 procedures and requirements to the NAFP – MSTRD staff. MSTRD staff capacities improved and Organizations maintained 4.7.3. Disseminate information through seminars & 1 National Procedures and MSTRD Relevant ministries & PTB 300’000 workshops to national laboratories, certification bodies laboratories, requirements for Organizations and inspection bodies concerning the procedures and certification accreditation widely requirements for accreditation. and inspection known bodies 4.7.4. Complete a thorough roadmap and assessment of 1 National A transition plan MSTRD Relevant ministries & Government plans 300’000 resources requirements for the transition from NAFP to laboratories, developed and approved, Organizations to do this but not yet establishing a National Accreditation Body ( NAB ). certification National Accreditation developed and inspection Body established, bodies operational and Exporters, adequately resourced Traders, Importers 4.7.5. Expand the mandate of key quality management 2 Key quality Needs assessment MSTRD Relevant ministries & 300’000 institutions in relevant ministries to ensure technical management conducted and published, Organizations QM training as part of their mandate in order to have institutions Mandates expanded a multiplier effect on quality systems in Myanmar. in relevant accordingly, Assess through technical assistance whether the current ministries Key quality management resources are adequate for this expanding role of the institutions in relevant institutions. ministries adequately ( QM strategy ) resourced for training NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 4.7.6. Organize working groups between QM institutions 1 Key quality Working groups set up, MSTRD Relevant ministries & UNIDO Policy exists but 300’000 and the private sector to disseminate the Quality management Quality policy Organizations not yet disseminated policy and define work plans for operationalizing the institutions, disseminated, implementation of the policy. Private sector Work plans for operationalizing the quality policy developed Strategic Objective 4: To build modern, enabled and supportive institutions to respond to the diverse needs of current and emerging exporters Operational objective Activities Priority Beneficiaries Targets Leading Supporting implementing Existing programmes Estimated 1=high implementing partners or potential support cost in 3=low partner USD 4.7. Reinforce the 4.7.7. Provide capacity building to staff of QM institutions 1 Key quality Working groups set up, MSTRD Relevant ministries & UNIDO 100’000 national quality and private sector QM operators to explain the management Quality policy Organizations infrastructure implications of new quality policy. institutions, disseminated, Private sector Work plans for operationalizing the quality policy developed 4.7.8. Establish a metrology institute in 2014 as a 1 Key quality Metrology Institute MSTRD Relevant ministries & Government plan in 10’000’000 commercial operation. The Government has already management established, operational Organizations place but funding committed funds but these are insufficient and staff will institutions, and adequately resourced, insufficient need to be trained in order to ensure adequate and timely Exporters, Financing strategy provision of services. Prepare a sustainable financing Importers, developed requiring strategy for the metrology institute in the medium term commercial operation, no Traders, with funding sources from: 1 ) Union government budget; loss / no deficit principle 2 ) state governments and testing labs’ fees; and 3 ) third Consumers and minimum 40 % self- party contributions ( private sector, donors, etc. ). financing rate. ( QM Strategy ) 4.7.9. Support the strengthening and development of the 1 Conformity Conformity assessment MSTRD Relevant ministries & 2’000’000 conformity assessment division of MSTRD to act as a assessment division of MSTRD Organizations key certification body in Myanmar. Also, build linkages division of strengthened and with the private sector certification bodies to enhance the MSTRD adequately resourced, availability of certification services at the national level. Availability of certification ( QM Strategy ) services significantly enhanced 4.8. Improve 4.8.1. Introduce standard aviation safety measures 2 Tourists, International-standard Mot, MoI, DCA MoT, DCA, DCA, Ministry 10’000’000 transportation safety and security equipment at airports such as explosive Travel aviation safety measures of communication detectors, and create an international communications services introduced, control unit. providers Regulatory framework adopted accordingly, Increased aviation safety 4.8.1. Enhance the safety and efficiency of the inland 2 Inland Night-time navigation MOT IWT 5’000’000 waterway network by introducing night-time navigation waterways systems introduced and systems. cargo service increasingly used, providers, Increased use and safety Exporters, of inland water ways Importers, transport Traders NES PLAN OF ACTION 143 144 Strategic objective 5: Build up physical trade infrastructures Operational Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target measures Leading Supporting Existing programmes Estimated objective 1=high implementing implementing partners or potential support cost 3=low partner 5.1. Develop cold 5.1.1. Construct warehouses and pack houses at airport, 2 Exporters, New warehouses and pack CDCs UMFCCI n/a chain management border trade zone ( Wyawaddi, Muse ). Importers, houses built at Wyawaddi Region Governments capacities Traders, and Muse. -Industrial zone ( TFL strategy ) Freight committee forwarders 5.1.2. Lobby “road transport authority” to allow trucks 1 Freight A petition submitted to MIFFA MOC, MoT, Sector 50’000 to integrate a generator for provision of electricity to forwarders, MIFFA, associations refrigerate containers thus enabling them to provide cold Truck transport Regulatory framework storage. This is a temporary measure until the truck fleet operators adjusted accordingly is modernized. 5.1.3. Establish a priority lane for fresh products and 1 Exporters, Priority lanes established MoFR- Customs Port Authorities n/a perishables ( as opposed to dry products ) for processing Importers, in 50 % of merchandise by the X-ray scanner at ports in order to reduce the waiting Traders, ports in year one, times. 100 % in year two Freight forwarders Waiting times reduced Cargo service by 50 % providers 5.1.4. Construct public cold storage facilities in major 2 Exporters, Cold storage facilities UMFCCI ( private Region Governments JICA n/a cities to better manage exports and imports of perishable Importers, build in all major cities in operators ) goods. Traders, 5 years Freight forwarders Cargo service providers 5.2. Upgrade 5.2.1. Enhance the efficiency of road transport by 1 Exporters, Truck terminals MoT MIFFA, truck association ADB, JICA n/a the logistics introducing truck terminals along major transportation Importers, constructed based on infrastructure corridors and in important transport nodes ( e.g. Yangon ). Traders, demand, Freight Road transport forwarders increasingly reliable and cost-efficient Truck transport operators 5.2.2. Prepare a study for customs to approve and assess 1 Exporters, Technical and financial MIFFA / Customs MoC, MoT, UMFCCI JICA n/a the feasibility of establishing a joint venture with UMFCCI Importers, feasibility study ( Sector associations ) members to develop bonded warehouses, through the Traders, conducted and published, identification of suitable locations at and near ports, Bonded warehouses Freight airports, industrial zones, and special economic areas established near main forwarders, NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 ( especially Mandalay, Muse, and Myawaddy ). Ensure that ports, cargo-handling all bonded warehouses are equipped with modern ICT, EDI, Storage airports and major border and inventory management capabilities. providers, posts. Customs Strategic objective 5: Build up physical trade infrastructures Operational Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target measures Leading Supporting Existing programmes Estimated objective 1=high implementing implementing partners or potential support cost 3=low partner 5.2. Upgrade 5.2.3. Develop a pilot project for the construction of a sea- 3 Exporters, Feasibility study MIFFA / Customs MoC, MoT, UMFCCI n/a the logistics floating bonded warehouse Importers, conducted, ( sector associations ) infrastructure Traders, Pilot project developed Freight forwarders, Storage providers Customs 5.2.4. Develop and implement a plan to construct jetty 2 Exporters, Plan developed, IWT Associations Region Governments, MoT JICA n/a and river-bank palletized cargo trans-shipment terminals Importers, Key pilot projects selected along the rivers of the inland water system that include ICT Traders, and awarded to private systems and mechanized handling capacities to increase investors, Freight efficiency and capacities while reducing the incidence of If successful, fully forwarders cargo damage. Encourage PPP or Build-Operate-Transfer implement the plan schemes ( BoT ). Water transport providers 5.2.5. Develop dry ports that are connected directly with 2 Exporters, Prepare dry port pilot MoRT Union Government, UNESCAP n/a the rail, road, and seaport networks in order to reduce Importers, projects in at least 3 MIFFA, MoT, Regional ( assessment ) time, cost, and port congestion while ensuring improved Traders, identified locations, government national capacities for shifting, consolidation, distribution, Develop investment plan Freight supply chain management, and storage ( 8 locations have for all 8, forwarders already been identified ). Encourage PPP or Build-Operate- At least one dry port built Transfer schemes ( BoT ). Water transport providers on a PPP / BOT bases. 5.3. Upgrade the 5.3.1. Rehabilitate and modernize the road network 2 Exporters, Develop a road network MoConstruction Regional governments, ADB n/a transportation by improving road conditions, expanding all-weather Importers, modernisation master MoT network paving, expanding the road network, and ensuring the Traders, plan, network’s proper maintenance. Introduce truck parks, Develop investment Freight maintenance and parking areas, and rest stops along project for priority forwarders major transportation corridors and in important transport road links along main nodes e.g. Yangon, based on the list of priorities of road Truck transport economic and transport rehabilitation. Encourage PPP or Build-Operate-Transfer operators corridors, schemes. 5.3.2. Lobby for the renovation of old roads and 1 Agricultural Sensitisation campaign UMFCCI, Ministry of Construction, Local donation and 200’000 construction of new roads, railroads, airports, as well and fisheries conducted at national and Sector Associations Ministry of Transportation, cost-sharing, BOT as docks and ports, to connect areas to the processing producers, state level, Ministry of Railways State systems, self- reliance centres. transporter; 10 % of priority road and local authorities ( Fisheries Sector ) Freight link rehabilitated and forwarders modernised a year 5.3.3. Investigate, and if possible implement, ways to 3 Exporters, Rail interoperability study MoRT Union Government JICA, ADB n/a integrate Myanmar’s railways with the regional network Importers, conducted, and facilitate the cross-border interoperability of tracks Traders, Where possible, rail and trains. transport agreements Freight forwarders signed with NES PLAN OF ACTION neighbouring / regional Rail operators countries ( ASEAN ). 145 146 Strategic objective 5: Build up physical trade infrastructures Operational Activities Priority Beneficiaries Target measures Leading Supporting Existing programmes Estimated objective 1=high implementing implementing partners or potential support cost 3=low partner 5.4. Improve the 5.4.1. Develop quality water supply system by upgrading 1 Farmers, State / Regional / Local CDCs Region Governments n/a quality and supply of or replacing the current water supply system. Undertake Agro- water management -Industrial zone water utilities a feasibility study with accompanying recommendation producers, upgrading plans committee, on financing options for implementing an advanced water Processors, developed in major sanitation system to the industry area including, drilling production and industrial Manufacturers, tube wells, extending piping system from main water areas, supply, treatment systems, and waste water management. Consumers Upgrading projects Focus activities on industrial zones. Encourage PPP, Build- implemented in priority Operate-Transfer or private operation schemes. industrial areas, ( Fisheries Strategy ) NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 APPENDIX 2: STAKEHOLDERS IN THE NES DESIGN PROCESS 147 APPENDIX 2: STAKEHOLDERS IN THE NES DESIGN PROCESS Fish and Crustaceans Sector No Name Designation Organization Contact

1 U Zaw Win Deputy Director FIQC, Department of zawwindof@gmail.com Fisheries

2 U Nay San Deputy Director Ministry of naysanpaya@gmail.com Commerce

3 U Kyaw Thu Deputy Director Ministry of mptpaya@gmail.com Commerce

4 U Lin Maung Maung Assistant Director Ministry of Linmgmg361@gmail. Commerce com

5 U Tint Wai Assistant Director Department of tintwaisr@gmail.com Fisheries

6 Daw May Thandar Wint Staff Officer Department of Pwintphyu1962@gmail. Fisheries com

7 U SoeTun Chairman MSA

8 U Ohn Lwin Chairman MFFA

9 U Kyaw Naing Vice Chairman (2) MSFS

10 Dr. Kyaw Tun Myint Vice Chairman MSA Ukyaw.arrman@gmail. com

11 U Soe Tint Vice Chairman MFFA

12 U Aung Myint Vice Chairman AFS

13 U HninOo Vice President MFF

14 Dr. Toe Nandar Tin CEC/Treasurer MFF,MPEA

15 U Hla Win Consultant MFF Hlawin.dofmm@gmail. com

16 U Van Lian Cung Counsel HRMR Nelson.cung@hrmr.us

17 U Myo Aung Joint Secretary (1) MPEA umyoaung@gmail.com

18 U Win Naing Secretary MSFS

19 U Tin Tun Oo Joint Secretary (2) MSA Tintunoo.pago1@gmail. com

20 U Mg Mg Oo Businessman

21 U Tint Swe Manager MMP BIBLIOGRAPHY 149 BIBLIOGRAPHY ACTED ( 2014 ), Constraints to Women’s Economic Em- Harvard Kennedy School. ( 2011 ). Myanmar Agriculture in powerment in Myanmar 2011: Old Problems and New Challenge, Prepared for Proximity Designs / Myanmar. Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2012). Myanmar in Tran- sition, Opportunities and Challenges. IFC (2013), Microfinance in Myanmar - Sector Assessment Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2013). Myanmar’s Trade IMF. ( 2013 ). Country Report No.13 / 13. Washington DC. and its Potential. ADB Economics Working Paper Se- ries. IMG. ( 2012 ). Instruments for Stability: Support to the Pro- motion of Reform in Burma / Myanmar Project. Trade ASTI Myanmar. (2007 ). Agricultural Science and Technol- Mission Final Report. ogy Indicators. Kubo, K. ( 2012 ). Sources of Fluctuation of Exchange Rate Baker, P., & Luff, D. ( 2013 ). Long Term Trade and Private and Policy Reform in Myanmar. IDE Discussion Paper, sector Development Programme. Formulation Report, 388, IDE-JETRO. Draft, EU Delegation. McKinsey Global Institute ( MGI ). ( 2013 ). Myanmar’s mo- Baker, P., Page, C., Rimeicans, C. & V. Zabolotnas ( 2012 ) ment: Unique opportunities, major challenges. McK- Trade Mission Final Report, IMG, November insey. Bissinger, J. ( 2012 ) Firm Perceptions of Myanmar’s Busi- OECD ( 2013 ), Multi-Dimensional Review of Myanmar ness Climate: Electricity and the Quick Win of Progres- sive Power Pricing, paper presented at International Perkins, D. H. (2012). Industrial Policy Reform in Myanmar. Academic Symposium “Myanmar in Reform 2012”, Harvard Ash Centre for Democratic Governance and June 18-20 Innovation. CSO Myanmar ( 2013 ). Statistical Year Book 2012. PricewaterhouseCoopers ( PwC ). ( 2012 ). Myanmar Busi- ness Guide. European Commission. ( 2013 ). EU Bilateral Trade and Trade with the World - Myanmar. DG Trade. SIDA / UNICEF / UNDP. ( 2011 ). Integrated Household Liv- ing Conditions. Survey in Myanmar ( 2009-2010 ) - Pov- FAO ( 2009 ). Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study: erty Profile. Country Report - Union of Myanmar UNCTAD. ( 2004 ). Global System of Trade Preferences. Financial Times. ( 2013 ). The fDi Report 2013. Press release . Gabriel Andréasson, Lunds Universitet Nationalekono- UNDP ( 2013 ) Human Development Report 2013 miska Institutionen ( 2008 ), Evaluating the effects of economic sanctions against Burma. UNDP Myanmar. (n.a.). The State of the Environment in My- anmar. From UNDP Myanmar: http: /  / www.mm.undp. org / enviroment / UNDP_MMR_Enviroment.html

150 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 UNESCAP. ( 2012 ). Myanmar: Opening up to its Trade and Foreign Direct Investment Potential. Staff Working Pa- per 01 / 12, UNESCAP, Trade and Investment Division. USAID / Burma ( 2013 ), by Michigan State University ( MSU ) and the Myanmar Development Resource In- stitute’s Center for Economic and Social Development ( MDRI / CESD ), Working Paper: A Strategic Agricultural Sector and Food Security Diagnostic for Myanmar WB/IDA/IFC. (2012). Interim Strategy Note for the Republic of the Union of Myanmar for the Period FY13-14. World Bank. World Bank. ( 2012 ). Country Data Report for MYANMAR, 1996-2011. from Worlwide Governance Indicators: http: /  / info.worldbank.org / governance / wgi / sc_chart. asp World Bank. 2013. Doing Business 2014: Understand- ing Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enter- prises. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. DOI: 10.1596 / 978-0-8213-9615-5. License: Creative Com- monsAttribution CC BY 3.0 WTO ( 2014 ), Trade Policy Review: Myanmar APPENDIX 1: NES TEAM 151 APPENDIX 1: NES TEAM Nb. Name Position Organization

1 Mr. Kyaw Zeya Director International Organizations and Economic Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs

2 Mr. Maung Maung Assistant Director Ministry of Information

3 Mr. Lin Htut Moe Deputy Director Small-Scale Industries Department, Ministry of Cooperatives

4 Ms. Thi Thi Myat Deputy Director Cooperatives Department, Ministry of Cooperatives

5 Mr. Win Myaing Assistant Director Agricultural Mechanization Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation

6 Ms. Yin Kyi Assistant Director Myanmar Industrial Crop Development Enterprise, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation

7 Ms. Khin Nam Myint Deputy General Manager Myanmar Agricultural Development Bank, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation

8 Mr. Zaw Moe Hlaing Director Directorate of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries

9 Mr. Tun Win Director Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries

10 Col. Zaw Win ( Retired ) Deputy Managing Director Myanmar Livestock and Fisheries Development Bank, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries

11 Dr. Esther Assistant Director Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries

12 Mr. Htike Htike Assistant Director Department of Transport, Ministry of Transport

13 Ms. Kyawt Kyawt Moe Assistant Director Department of Transport, Ministry of Transport

14 Mr. Aung Moe Deputy Director Department of Marine Administration, Ministry of Transport

15 Mr. Kaung Htet Assistant General Manager Myanmar Port Authority, Ministry of Transport

16 Mr. Ko Ko Aye Assistant Director Department of Environmental Conservation, Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry

17 Mr. Soe Yee Manager Myanmar Timber Enterprise, Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry

18 Mr. Win Myint Deputy Director Planning and Statistics Department, Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry

19 Mr. Myo Min Deputy Director Department of Forestry, Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry

20 Ms. Khin May Myint Deputy Director Office of the Union Minister, Ministry of Energy

21 Mr. Thein Swe Assistant Director Directorate of Industry, Ministry of Industry

152 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Nb. Name Position Organization

22 Mr. Tint Lwin Oo Assistant Director Department of Industrial Planning, Ministry of Industry

23 Ms. Mu Mu Aung Deputy Director Department of Education Planning and Training, Ministry of Education

24 Dr. Sandar Oo Pro-Rector Yangon Institute of Economics, Ministry of Education

25 Dr. Tin Tin Htwe ( 2 ) Professor Meiktilar Institute of Economics, Ministry of Education

26 Dr. Moe Moe Khine Professor Yangon Institute of Economics, Ministry of Education

27 Dr. San San Aye Lecturer Monywa Institute of Economics, Ministry of Education

28 Dr. Zaw Win Director Department of Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health

29 Ms. Nilar Zin Deputy Director Department of Mines, Ministry of Mines

30 Mr. Than Zaw Oo Deputy Director Myanmar Gems Enterprise, Ministry of Mine

31 Ms. Thida Mya Assistant General Manager Myanmar Pearl Enterprise, Ministry of Mines

32 Mr. Yin Min Aung Deputy Director Customs Department, Ministry of Finance and Revenue

33 Mr. Sein Win Kyi Assistant General Manager Myanmar Foreign Trade Bank, Ministry of Finance and Revenue

34 Mr. Win Naing Oo Deputy General Manager Myanmar Economic Bank, Ministry of Finance and Revenue

35 Mr. Nyo Htay Assistant General Manager Myanmar Microfinance Supervisory Enterprise, Ministry of Finance and Revenue

36 Ms. Myat Myat Cho Assistant Director Internal Revenue Department, Ministry of Finance and Revenue

37 Mr. Zaw Win Maung Deputy Director Central Statistical Organization, Ministry of Planning and Economic Development

38 Mr. Myint Swe Director Planning Department, Ministry of Planning and Economic Development

39 Dr. War War Maung Deputy Director General Foreign Economic Relations Department, Ministry of Planning and Economic Development

40 Ms. Thidar Aung Deputy Director Department of Investment and Company Administration, Ministry of Planning and Economic Development

41 Mr. Tun Than Deputy Director General Social Welfare Department, Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Welfare

42 Mr. Kan Nyunt Director Department of Transport Planning, Ministry of Rail Transportation

43 Ms. Khin Sabai Deputy Director Directorate of Inland Transport, Ministry of Rail Transportation

44 Dr. Khin Hnin Pwint Pwint Assistant Lecturer Department of Technology Promotion and Coordination, Ministry of Science and Technology

45 Dr. Than Zaw Assistant Director Directorate of Hotels and Tourism, Ministry of Hotels and Tourism

46 Ms. Pa Pa Assistant Director Directorate of Trade, Ministry of Commerce

47 Mr. Thant Zin Staff Officer Department of Trade Promotion, Ministry of Commerce

48 Mr. Tun Aung Zaw Staff Officer Department of Trade Promotion, Ministry of Commerce

49 Ms. Khin Mya Mya Htwe Assistant Director Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs, Ministry of Commerce

50 Ms. Cho Mar Kyaw Assistant Director Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs, Ministry of Commerce

APPENDIX 1: NES TEAM 153 Nb. Name Position Organization 51 Mr. Khin Maung Cho Head of Office Myanmar Maternal and Child Welfare Association ( MCWA ) 52 Ms. Mya Mya Chair Myanmar Women’s Affairs Federation ( MWAF ) 53 Mr. Soe Win Executive Director Myanmar Paddy Producer Association 54 Mr. Wai Phyoe Vice Chairman Myanmar Agro Based Food Processors and Exporters Association 55 Mr. San Lin Joint Secretary Myanmar Edible Oil Dealers Association 56 Mr. Hnin Oo Vice Chairman Myanmar Fisheries Federation 57 Mr. Kyaw Htay Secretary Myanmar Gems And Jewellery Entrepreneurs Association 58 Mr. Hla Myint Head of the Advisors Myanmar Rubber Planters’ and Producers’ Association 59 Ms. Thin Thin Su Hlaing Member Myanmar Women Entrepreneurs Association 60 Mr. Thein Htike Aye Member Myanmar International Freight Forwarders’ Association 61 Mr. Soe Than Min Din Secretary Myanmar Fruit and Vegetable Producer and Exporter Association 62 Mr. Min Thaw Kaung Joint Secretary ( 2 ) Myanmar Forest Products & Timber Merchants Association 63 Mr. Thein Htike Oo Member of Executive Myanmar Forest Products & Timber Merchants Committee Association 64 Dr. Aung Myat Ko Secretary Myanmar Onion, Garlic and Culinary Crops Production and Exporting Association 65 Mr. Sai Ba Nyan Chairman Myanmar Farm Crop Producer’s Association 66 Dr. Myo Lwin Vice President Yangon Region Chamber of Commerce and Industry 67 Mr. Maung Maung Htin CEC Myanmar Pulses, Beans & Sesame Seeds Merchants Association 68 Mr. Ye Myint CEC Myanmar Pulses, Beans & Sesame Seeds Merchants Association 69 Mr. Soe Paing Member Myanmar Pulses, Beans & Sesame Seeds Merchants Association 70 Mr. Sai Maung Member Myanmar Garment Manufacturers Association 71 Mr. Kyaw Win Secretary Myanmar Gold Entrepreneurs Association 72 Mr. Naing Aung Assistant General Manager Cooperative Export Import Enterprise, Ministry of Co- operative 73 Mr. Nyi Nyi Aung Executive The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry 74 Mr. Soe Mya Executive The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry 154 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Fish and Crustaceans Sector No Name Designation Organization Contact 22 U Myo Nyunt EC MPEA 23 U Tin Hla Staff MMP 24 U Kyaw San Lin AA Financial Sector 25 Daw San San Win AGM MITS Sansnawin05@gmail. com 26 Daw Khin Moe Myint Observer TTI Khinmm.tti@gmail.com Pulses & Beans and Oil seed Sector No Name Designation Organization Contact 1 Daw Cho Cho Win Deputy Director Directorate of Investment and General Company Administration, MNPED 2 U Than AungKyaw Director Ministry of Commerce thanaungkyaw61@ gmail.com 3 U Win Myint Director Ministry of Commerce 2008winmyint@gmail.com 4 U Kyaw Thu Deputy Director Ministry of Commerce mapt.pya@gmail.com 5 U Myo Thu Deputy Director Ministry of Commerce myothuya61@gmail.com 6 Daw Hnin Sandar Deputy Director Ministry of Commerce hninsandar05@ gmail.com 7 U Kyaw Zarni Win Deputy Director Directorate of Investment and kyawzarniwin@gmail.com Company Administration Daw Than Than Nu Staff Officer Ministry of Commerce thanthannu9@gmail.com 8 DawKhin Mar Mar Nwe Deputy Director Ministry of Agriculture and kmmnwe1959@ gmail.com Irrigation 9 Daw Aye Aye Win Asst. Director Ministry of Commerce uzawwinptac@gmail.com 10 Dr. San San Yi Assistant Director Ministry of Agriculture and dr.yi1964@ gmail.com Irrigation 11 U Zaw Win Assistant Director Ministry of Agriculture and uzawwinptac@gmail.com Irrigation 12 Daw Than Than Nu Staff Officer Ministry of Commerce thanthannu9@ gmail.com 13 U Soe Win Maung Coordinator MPBSMA soewmg@gmail.com 14 U Sai Ba Nyan Vice Chairman MPBSMA usaibanyan@gmail.com 15 U Tin Myint Vice Chairman MPBSMA brblimit@myanmar.com.mm 16 U Soe Paing Joint Secretary MPBSMA pft@myanmar.com.mm 17 U Tin Htun CEC Member MPBSMA Tinhtun01@gmail.com 18 Dr. Min Zaw Vice President (3) Yangon,Region-CCI ppaoffice@gmail.com 19 Dr. Myo Lwin Vice President (4) Yangon,Region-CCI arkaroo@myanmar.com.mm 20 U Aung Thein Vice President (1) Yangon,Region-CCI aungthihacom@gmail.com 21 U Soe Mya Auditor Yangon,Region-CCI diamondcrown.ygn@ gmail.com 22 U Van Lian Cung Lawyer HRMR Nelson.cung@hrmr.us 23 U Myint Kyu Auditor(1) MPBSMA Ftgroup.top@gmail.com 24 Dr.Aung Kyaw Nyunt EC Yangon,Region-CCI aungny65@gmail.com 25 Daw Su Win Myat Assistant General Myanmar Citzens Bank ib@mcb.com.mm Manager APPENDIX 2: STAKEHOLDERS IN THE NES DESIGN PROCESS 155 Pulses & Beans and Oil seed Sector No Name Designation Organization Contact 26 U Tin Maung Soe CEC Member Yangon, Region-CCI tinmaungsoe9@gmail.com 27 Daw Khin Moe Myint Observer TTI Khinmm.tti@gmail.com 28 Daw San San Win Assistant General Myanmar Inspection and sansanwin05@gmail.com Manager Testing Service 29 U Zaw Min Htike Director Kanlynn Intl Trading Co, Ltd luulisndhrnh.14@gmail.com 30 Dr. MyatSoe Information MPBSMA myatsoe09@gmail.com Manager 31 Dr. Myint Oo Joint Secretary(3) MPBSMA drmoo2005@gmail.com 32 U San Thein CEC Member Yangon, Region-CCI San.thein2@gmail.com 33 Daw Hla Hla Yee Secretary-1 MIFFA honeytha373@gmail.com 34 Dr. Kyaw Win Joint Secretary Yangon, Region-CCI Brightlight.oo.ltd@gmail. com 35 U Hla Win Advisor MFF hlawin.dofmm@gmail.com 36 U Thint Swe CEO MFF mpea2004@gmail.com Rice sector No Name Designation Organization Contact 1 Dr.Maung Aung Adviser Ministry of Commerce dr.maungaung.3@gmail.com 2 Daw Tin Tin Myint Director Department of tintinm80@gmail.com Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation 3 U Ba Than Director Ministry of Commerce 4 U Myint Wai Director Ministry of Commerce umyintwai@gmail.com 5 U MyintLwin Director Ministry of Commerce myintlwinmapt@gmail.com 6 U SoeAung Deputy Director Ministry of Commerce soeaungmapt.mapt48@gmail. com 7 U Nyi Nyi Aung Deputy Director Ministry of Commerce nyiaung.it@gmail.com 8 U KyawZarni Win Deputy Director DICA, Ministry of kyawzarniwin@gmail.com National Planning and Economic development 9 Daw Tin Cho Oo Deputy Director Ministry of Commerce Tinchooo001@gmail.com 10 U Toe Myint Assistant Director Ministry of Commerce utoemyint@gmail.com 11 Daw Nilar Soe Assistant Director Ministry of Commerce nilsoe006@gmail.com 12 Daw Ye Ye Win Assistant Director Ministry of Commerce yywin07@gmail.com 13 U Aung Kyaw Myint Assistant Director Ministry of Commerce 14 DawPhyuPhyu Win Assistant Director Ministry of Commerce 15 U Tin San Staff Officer Ministry of Commerce 16 U Tun Aung Zaw Staff Officer Ministry of Commerce tun2802@gmail.com 17 Daw Thein Thein Maw Assistant Manager Department of Agricultural Research, MoAI 18 U Lwin Oo Advisor / Coordinator MAPCO Lwinoo.dir.ferd@gmail.com 19 Dr. Kyaw Kyaw Aye CEC Member Myanmar Rice kyaw707@gmail.com Federation 156 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Rice sector No Name Designation Organization Contact 20 U Soe Maung Myanmar Rice Federation 21 U Aung Zaw Oo Joint Secretary General Myanmar Rice aungzawjohn@gmail.com Federation 22 Dr.SoeTun Chairman Myanmar Farmer Soetun.dr@gmail.com Association 23 U Lu Maw Myint Maung Joint Secretary-General Myanmar Rice lumawmm@gmail.com Federation 24 U Thatoe Hein, Chairman Myanmar Fertilizer, Inquiry.mfspea@gmail.com Seed, and Pesticide entrepreneurs 25 U Aryu Joint Auditor Myanmar Rice ryudh.ayht@gamil.com Federation 26 U Ohn Han CEC Member Myanmar Rice Federation 27 U Hlaing Soe CEC Member Myanmar Rice Yadanarkyaw.coltd@gmail. com Federation 28 U WaiyanTintsan CEC Member Myanmar Rice ygnkowiyants@gmail.com Federation 29 U Nay Lin Zin CEC Member Myanmar Rice naylinzin@gmail.com Federation 30 U Aung Kyaw Soe CEC Member Myanmar Rice Aungkyawsoe.861@gmail. com Federation 31 U Shu Kyein Senior Adviser MAPCO saukyi.mapco@gmail.com 32 U Phay Ko Oo JICA, Trade Training suuwin@gmail.com Institute 33 Daw Mu Mu Hlaing Myanmar Oriental Bank Ltd 34 Aye Chit Paing freesia.shim@gmail.com 35 U Kaung Myat Han Research Analyst MMRD kaungmyathan@gmail.com 36 U Aung Myint Treasurer Myanmar Rice Federation (MRF) 37 U Myo Thuya Aye CEC Member MRF mthuya2007@gmail.com 38 U Myo Aung Kyaw CEC Member MRF drmakmrpta@gmail.com 39 Daw Cho Cho MRF chochontheintwo@gmail. com 40 U Kaung Myat Han Research Analyst MMRD kaungmyathan@gmail.com 41 SumanaSarkat Consultant Exim Bank India sumanasan@gmail.com 42 U Sein Twin APPENDIX 2: STAKEHOLDERS IN THE NES DESIGN PROCESS 157 Rubber Sector No Name Designation Organization Contact 1 U Win Myint Director Ministry of Commerce 2008winmyint@gmail.com 2 Daw Ye Ye Win Assistant Director Ministry of Commerce yywin07@gmail.com 3 Daw Nyein Nyein Tun Assistant Director Department of Industrial ms.nyeinnyeinhtun@gmail. Crop Development, com Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MOAI) 4 Daw Aye Aye Win Assistant Director Department of Industrial nansaban86@gmail.com Crop Development, MOAI 5 Daw Cho Cho Mar Dy. Assistant Director Department of Industrial cchomar33@gmail.com Crop Development, MOAI 6 U Aung Kyaw Nyunt Assistant Director Ministry of Commerce aungkyawnyunt97@gmail. com 7 U Hla Than Staff Officer Department of Industrial Crop Development, MOAI 8 Dr. Theingi Myint Staff Officer Department of Industrial tgimyint@gmail.com Crop Development, MOAI 9 U Tint San Staff Officer Ministry of Commerce 10 Daw Mi Mi Htwe Staff Officer Ministry of Commerce 11 U Naing Oo DICD, MOAI naingoo83261@gmail. com 12 U Thein Myint RTTCRP, MOAI theinmyintdcrt2013@ gmail.com 13 Daw Myint Myint Kyu RTTCRP, MOAI 09-250370683 hlahtay.myintkyu@gmail. com 14 U San Yu Kyi DICD, MOAI 15 U Aung Myint Htoo MRPPA asianrubber@gmail.com 16 U Myo Thant MRPPA myothant@gmail.com 17 U Khine Myint MRPPA 2010khaingmyint@gmail. com 18 U Hla Myint MRPPA hmyint.mrppa@gmail.com 19 Dr Mg Mg Myint Light House maungmaungmyintlh@ gmail.com 20 U Myint Han MRPPA nglrubber@gmail.com 21 U Soe Moe Naing Pho La Min Co., Ltd barbu1980@gmail.com 22 U Zar Ni Zaw MRPPA spszarni@gmail.com 23 U Zay Yar Lin MRPPA zayyarl@gmail.com 24 U Myo Zaw MRPPA 25 U Ohn Than MRPPA ohnthan01@gmail.com 26 U Soe Moe Yo Ma Star Rubber mintuntrading@outlook. com 27 U Min Oo Aung Thu Kha Rubber minoo5511@gmail.com 28 U Myint Soe MRPPA, Bago Region 29 Dr Htin Kyaw Oo Yangon Tyre Co., Ltd evergreenmyanmar@ gmail.com 158 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Rubber Sector No Name Designation Organization Contact 30 U Man Htain Win MRPPA, Mon State mehnhteinwynn@gmail. com 31 U Kyaw Kyaw MRPPA , Mon State kyawpower54@gmail.com 32 Daw Mi Mi Htwe Ministry of Commerce 33 U Thet Oo MRPPA, Mon State thetoo@gmail.com 34 U Nay Moe Myint MRPPA, Mon State naymoe75@gmail.com 35 Tan Tan Win KBZ Bank tantanwin@KBZ 36 Zon Thet KBZ Bank zonthetpan@kbz 37 Sandar Aye Fuxing Brother Co., Ltd fuxingb@gmail.com 38 U Han Soe Rubber King Co., Ltd kohansoe2009@gmail. com 39 U Han Tun Zaw Rubber King Co., Ltd lv.myanmar@gmail.com 40 U Khin Mg Win Rubber King Co., Ltd 41 U Tun Lwin EFR Co., Ltd tunlwin@gmail.com 42 U Aung Linn MRPPA khfather.alin@gmail.com 43 Sai Late Yong Xin Co., Ltd yongxintrading@gmail. com 44 U Pyae Sone MRPPA pyittsoann@gmail.com 45 Daw Cho Cho Aung IMP Co., Ltd chochoaung65@gmail. com 46 Nandar Win Media ndwin2011@ gmail.com 47 May Soe San Media 48 U Soe Win MRPPA 49 U Khin Mg Win MRPPA kmgwinmpce@gmail.com 50 U Than Sein MRPPA, Tanintaryi Region uthansein@gmail.com 51 U Nay Lin Mg MRPPA, Tanintaryi 52 U Tint Soe Pho La Min Co., Ltd 53 U Khin Mg Thet MRPPA, Bago Region APPENDIX 2: STAKEHOLDERS IN THE NES DESIGN PROCESS 159 Textiles and Garment Sector No Name Designation Organization Contact 1 U Than Aung Kyaw Director Ministry of Commerce thanaungkyaw61@gmail.com 2 U Khin Mg Than Director Directorate of Industrial kmt.yng@gmail.com Supervision and Inspection, Ministry of Industry 3 U TheinLwin Director Ministry of Industry mr.theinsten@gmail.com 4 U Myint Cho Director Ministry of Commerce mr.myintcho@gmail.com 5 Daw Sandar Aye Deputy Director Department of Labor sandaraye.dol@gmail.com 6 Daw Win Win Latt Deputy Assistant Director Textile Industries,Ministry win2latt@gmail.com of Industry 7 Daw Aye Aye Win Assistant Director Textile Industries,Ministry ingyinkyaui82@gmail.com of Industry 8 U Tin Soe Hlaing Assistant Director Textile Industries,Ministry hlaing.tinsoe@gmail.com of Industry 9 U San Myint Staff Officer Ministry of Industry sanmyint7777@gmail.com 10 Daw Khine Khine Nwe Coordinator Best Industrial Co, Ltd rosaline429@gmail.com 11 Daw Tin Tin Shwe Executive Secretary Panda Textile magyi.pgo@gmail.com 12 Daw Tin Zarlai Accountant Myanmar Citzens Bank ib.mcbank@gmail.com 13 Dr. Aung Win Vice-Chair Myanmar Garment doctoraungwin@gmail.com Manufacturer Association 14 Dr. Khin Maung Aye Managing Director Lat War Co,Ltd kma@latwar@gmail.com 15 Juliet Export Consultant Hinrich Foundation juliet.hiurichfoundation@ gmail. com 16 Mr. Kazuto Yamazaki Deputy Managing Director Famoso Clothing fauosoyanazaki@gmail. com 17 U Aung Min Secretary Myanmar Industries industries.association.mm@ Association gmail.com 18 Daw Myint Myint Khine Manager Shinsung Tong sang gkhaing@goldenland.com. mm Co,Ltd 19 Mr.Kwcon Director ShinsungTong sang kwconyh@gmail.com Co,Ltd 20 Daw Aye Aye Han EC Myanmar Garment aah.creators@gmail.com Manufacturers Association 21 Daw Yin Yin Htay Managing Director Success Creator Co yinyinhtaych@gmail.com 22 U Sai Mg Managing Director Oslo Garment md.rwd@rwtiger.com 23 Daw Khine Sape Saw Consultant JICA/ TTI sapekhaingsaw@gmail. com 24 Ms. Renuka Vjay Manager Exim bank India renuka@exambankindia. com 160 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Forestry products No Name Designation Organization Contact 1 U AungSoe Deputy Director General Ministry of Commerce aungsoe2005@gmail.com 2 U Kyaw Kyaw Lwin Director Forestry Department kyawkyawlwin189@gmail. com 3 U Myint Soe Director Ministry of Commerce 4 U SeinTun Lin Director Planning and Statistics linn.seinhtoon@gmail.com Department, Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry 5 U Ko Ko Aye Deputy Director Environmental env.myan@mptmail.net.mm Conservation Department 6 U Myo Min Deputy Director Forestry Department Myomin1960@gmail.com 7 U KyawNgwe Assistant Director Ministry of Commerce 8 U Soe Yee Manager Myanmar Timber soeyee.mte@gmail.com Enterprise 9 Daw Nilar Thein Assistant Director Ministry of Commerce nlthein24@gmail.com 10 U Thant Zin Staff Officer Ministry of Commerce 11 U Tun Maung CEC Member/ Myanmar Timber tenderfun@gmail.com Coordinator Merchants Association 12 U Tin Soe Executive Director-2 Forest Product Joint fjv.chairman@gmail.com Cooperation Ltd 13 U Sein Lwin Chair Myanmar Timber diamondmercury92@gmail. Merchants Association com 14 U Bar Bar Cho Joint Secretary General Myanmar Timber barbercho@gmail.com Merchants Association 15 U Min Thein CEC Member Myanmar Timber min.thein681@gmail.com Merchants Association 16 Dr. Myo Lwin CEC Member Myanmar Timber myolwin21@gmail.com Merchants Association 17 U Ko Gyi Global Veneer Co,Ltd 18 U Thein Oo Myanmar Technology mtitimber@gmail.com Industries 19 U Min Min Zin Member Myanmar Timber ubfi@unitedwoodindustries. Merchants Association com, umimnminzin@gmail.com 20 U Moe Tun TPS Wood Co,ltd 21 U Tun Sein TPS Wood Co,ltd 22 Daw Yin Cho Oo Nature Timber yinchooo7@gmail.com 23 U Set Paing Oo President Jewellery Luck kwhset.2011@gmail.com 24 U Zaw Myo Kyaw Managing Director United Wood zmk@uwi777.com 25 U Kyaw Thu Director Class Home 01293141home@gmail.com 26 U Kyaw San Lin Assistant Administrator Myanmar Citzens Bank ib@mcb.com.mm 27 Daw Kay Khine Than Director TKK International Ltd kaykhinethan@gmail.com 28 U Phyo Aung Win Director Golden Pollen Co,Ltd Goldenpollen.co@gmail. com 29 Daw Tin Zarlai Accountant Myanmar Citzens Bank 30 U Kyin Hoe General Manager Win & Win APPENDIX 2: STAKEHOLDERS IN THE NES DESIGN PROCESS 161 Forestry products No Name Designation Organization Contact 31 U Myat Zaw CEC Member Myanmar Timber Merchants Association 32 U Min Maw lay CEC Member Myanmar Timber Merchants Association 33 U Thein Che Managing Director Myanmar Timber Industries 34 U Tun Tun Lin Yee Shin Co, Ltd 35 Dr, MyoThet Secretary General Myanmar Timber Merchants Association 36 Daw Hla Hla Yee Secretary-1 Myanmar International honeytha@gmail.com Freight Forwarders Association 37 Daw Su Win Myat Assistant General Myanmar Citzens Bank ibemcb.com.mm Manager 38 U Aung Myo CEC Member Myanmar Timber morok<pride@gmail.com Merchants Association 39 U Khin Maung Myat CEC Member Myanmar Timber Khingmyat271@gmail.com Merchants Association 40 U Sai Tun Aye Director KBZ Thastar Hlaing Co, kbzthg@gmail.com 41 U Kyaw Htun Deputy Director General IMG Kyawhtun.mof@gmail.com (retired) Tourism Sector No Name Designation Organization Contact 1 Daw Naw Director Ministry of Commerce Mutakapaw@gmail.com Mutakapaw 2 U Ohn Myint Deputy Director Ministry of Hotels and mgyaychann @gmail.com Tourism 3 U Aye Thein Deputy General Manager Ministry of Hotels and Tourism 4 Myo Min Oo Police Lt, Colonel Ministry of Home Affair 5 Daw Kyi Kyi May Manager Ministry of Hotels and dkkmay@gmail.com Tourism 6 U San Aung Assistant Director Immigration Department 7 Daw Thin Thin Nwe Staff Officer Ministry of Commerce thin.nwe123 @gmail.com 8 U Khin Zaw Staff Officer Ministry of Commerce 9 U Khin Mg Mg Ohn Staff Officer Ministry of Commerce 10 U Naung Naung Coordinator , Secretary UMTA naung@radianttours.com Han General 11 Daw Nyunt Nyunt General Manager UMTA nnyunt@ myanmarcolour fullant. Than com 12 U Phyo Wai Yar Zar, Chairman Myanmar Tourism ahnyarthar@gmail.com Marketing 13 Daw Winnie PR Manager MMC mmc@tourismmyanmar.org 162 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Tourism Sector No Name Designation Organization Contact 14 U Pyae Phyo Oo Secretary MHA kingpyaepyae@gmail.com 15 Daw Moe Thandar EC Member MRA moethandar.win@gmail.com Win 16 U Aung Mya Soe Secretary MTHRDA ams@staresources.com 17 U Min Thein Joint Secretary UMTA umt@thousandislandstravel.com 18 U Saw Than Htut Lin Sr Operation Executive Natural Lovers christopher.naturelovers@ gmail. com 19 U Myat Thu General Manager Air KBZ mytthu@airkbz.com.mm 20 Daw Tin Zarlai Accountant Myanmar Citizens ib@mcb.com.mm Bank 21 U Aung Din Chairman Natural Lovers d.aung55@gmail.com 22 Dr. Nay Zaw Aung General Secretary MHA nza@clovel.asia 23 U Kaung Myat Han Research Analyst kaungmhango@gmail.com 24 Daw Ei Thinzar Aung Sr Assistant United Amara Bank eithinzaraung1@gmail.com Trade Information and Promotion Cross-Sector No Name Designation Organization Contact 1 U Toe Aung Myint Director General DOTP, Ministry of tamyint06@gmail.com Commerce 2 U Myo Myint Maung General Manager Ministry of Information mmmmm.6708@gmail.com 3 U Than Aung Kyaw Director Ministry of Commerce thanaungkyaw61@gmail. com 4 U Kyaw Lin Thant Director Ministry of Information kklinthant@gmail.com 5 U Kyaw Dawn Deputy General Manager Ministry of Cooperatives 6 Daw Hla Hla Deputy Director Planning Department, Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development (MNPED) 7 U Kyaw Zarni Win Deputy Director DICA, MNPED kyawzarniwin@gmail.com 8 Daw Phyu Phyu Khin Assistant Director CSO, MNPED phyu2khinthan@ gmail.com Than 9 U Maung Maung Assistant Director Information and public umaungmaung.iprd@gmail.com relations Dept, Ministry of Information 10 Daw Su Su Set Assistant Director Myanmar Radio and rosiethan@gmail.com television, Ministry of Information 11 Daw Mya Mya Sein Assistant Director Ministry of Commerce miemiestar@gmail.com 12 Daw Hnin Pann Phyu Staff Officer Ministry of Commerce hninpanphyu183@gmail. com 13 U Kaung Htut Aung Deputy superintendent Ministry of Commerce kaungtataung@gmail.com 14 Ma Than Htay Chief Editor News and Periodicals npe.mnae@gmail.com Enterprise (Myanmar News Agency) External APPENDIX 2: STAKEHOLDERS IN THE NES DESIGN PROCESS 163 Trade Information and Promotion Cross-Sector No Name Designation Organization Contact 15 U Than Htoo Kyi Editor News and Periodicals Enterprise (Myanmar News Agency) Internal 16 Dr. Khin Khin Kyawt Managing Director SAIL Marketing justin.calderon@gmail.com 17 U Win Myat Oo Manager Myanmar Online Co, Ltd kingyi.myat@gmail.com 18 U Thuta Aung Managing Director Hamsa Hub Co,Ltd thuta.aung@hamsahub.com 19 U Aung Min Research Director Myanmar Marketing uaungmin@mmrdrs.com Research & Development Co, Ltd 20 U Myo Win Tun Myanmar Marketing myowintun@gmail.com Research & Development Co, Ltd 21 U Kaung Myat Han Myanmar Marketing kaungmyathan90@gmail. com Research & Development Co, Ltd 22 U Kyaw Hlaing President & Research Myanmar Survey kyawhlaingmsr@gmail.com Director Research 23 U Aung Lin Myanmar Survey kyawhlaingmsr@gmail.com Research 24 Daw Thet Su Khin Myanmar Online Co, Ltd thetsukhin2013@gmail.com 25 Daw Khin Thant Naing Executive Officer BIU, UMFCCI biu.umfcci@gmail.com 26 U Aung Thura Chief Strategist Ignite Marketing aungworks@gmail.com Communication 27 U Kyaw Myo Win Sectoral consultant Asia Development kmwfuture@gmail.com Research Institute 28 U Kyaw Min Han Consultant Mandalay Advertising mandalayadvertising@gmail. com 29 Mr, P.Slyer Exim Bank 30 Daw Khin Myat Hinrich Foundation khin.hinrichfoundation@gmail. com 31 Mr. Justin Calderon SAIL Marketing justin.calderon@gmail.com 32 Daw Mya lwin lwin Hamsa Hub Co,Ltd myalwinaung@gmail.com Aung 33 U Nyunt Lwin Deputy Managing Director 5 Network mayaungzeromind@gmail. com 34 U Nay Aung 5 Network mayaungzeromind@gmail. com 35 U Kyaw Zin Thant Myanmar movies kkzinthant@gmail.com enterprises 36 U Aung Htain Newspaper aunghtein.mirror@gmail.com 37 Nobuko SHIMOMURA Chief Consultant ALMEC Corporation shimomura@almecvpi.org 38 Maiko Ohtsum Observer JICA project team 39 Kazuo Mishima Observer JICA consultant 40 Daw Khaing Sape consultant JICA/TTI sapekhaingsaw@gmail.com Saw 41 Vivian Williams Interpreter 164 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Trade Facilitation and Logistics Cross Sector No Name Designation Organization Contact 1 U Saw Aung General Manager Ministry of Construction mrsawaung59@gmail.com 2 Daw SandaThein Director Transport Planning Dept sabdatgeub,54@gmail.com 3 U Sein Win DGM Department of Transport 4 U Myint Soe Director Ministry of Commerce 5 Daw Naw Mutakapaw Director Ministry of Commerce mutakapaw@gmail.com 6 U Nyi Nyi Aung Deputy Director Ministry of Commerce nyiaung.it@gmail.com 7 U Ohn Myint Deputy Director Ministry of Home Affairs 8 Daw Nilar Zin Deputy Director Ministry of Mines nilarzin@gmail.com 9 Daw Khin Sabai Deputy Director Dept: of RTAD 10 Daw NilarThein Assistant Director Ministry of Commerce nlthein24@gmail.com 11 U Van Aung Assistant Director Internal Revenue Dept 12 U Htaik Htaik Assistant Director Department of Transport htaik6@gmail.com 13 Daw Kyawt Kyawt Assistant Director Department of Civil kyawt.moe40@gmail.com Moe Aviation 14 U San Htay Bo Manager Myanmar Port Authority 15 U Nyi Nyi Soe Staff Officer Custom Department 16 U Hla Win Staff Officer Ministry of Commerce 17 U Yan Aung Head of Department Myanmal Costal Shipping Association 18 U Thet Aung CEO Myanmar Container- pobythetaung@gmail.com Trucks Association 19 U Peter Thaung Pe Vice Chairman Myanmar Mercantile petergte@gmail.com Marine Development Association (MMMDA) 20 Daw Khin Moe Myint Observer JICA/TTI khinmm.tti@gmail.com 21 Daw Su Win Myat Assistant General Myanmar Citzens Bank ib@mcb.com.mm Manager 22 U Hla Oo Chairman Myanmar Highway Trucks Association 23 U Ko Ko Naing Joint Secretary Myanmar Highway Trucks Association 24 U Min Kyi General Manager MITT 25 Daw Ohn Mar Maw Joint BOD MIFFA ohnmarmaw2008@gmail.com 26 Daw Hla Hla Yi Secretary/coordinator MIFFA honeytha373@gmail.com 27 U Aung Myo Thu 28 Mr. Kazuo Mishima Observer JICA/TTI 29 Mr. Ohtsuru Observer JICA/TTI APPENDIX 2: STAKEHOLDERS IN THE NES DESIGN PROCESS 165 Quality Management Cross Sector No Name Designation Organization Contact 1 Dr.Tun Zaw Director Food and Drug tunzawdr@gmail.com Administration (FDA), Ministry of Health 2 Dr. Aung Myint Deputy Director Ministry of Industry uaungmyint2014@gmail.com 3 U Nay San Deputy Director Ministry of Commerce naysanpaya@gmail.com 4 U Kyaw Thu Deputy Director Ministry of Commerce maptpyay @Gmail.com 5 Daw May Than Chit Deputy Director Small Scale Industries Ministry of Cooperatives Department, 6 Daw Phyu Phyu Win Deputy Director Ministry of Commerce 7 Dr. Myat Myat Soe Head of Office Metallurgical Research dr.myatmyatsoe99@gmail.com Development Centre, Department of Technology Promotion and Coordination (MSTRD) 8 Dr. War War Moe Principle Scientist Myanmar Scientific and wwmoegan4@gmail. com Technological Research Department (MSTRD) 9 Daw Nilar Thein Assistant Director Ministry of Commerce Nlthein24@gmail.com 10 U Zaw Win Assistant Director Ministry of Commerce uzawwinptac@gmail.com 11 U Kyaw Lwin Assistant Director Ministry of Agriculture & ppmas.moai@gmail.com Irrigation 12 U Thet Naing Staff Officer Department of Fisheries thetnaingkatar@gmail.com 13 U Kyaw Soe General Manager MITS 14 Dr. Aye Kyaw Manager Myanmar Food ayekyawmafpea@gmail. com Processors and Exporters Association 15 U Ohn Than Chief Executive Myanmar Rubber ohnthan01@gmail.com Planters & Producers Association 16 Daw San San Win Assistant General MITS sansanwin05@gmail.com Manager/Coordinator 17 Daw Aye Myint Oo Assistant General MITS Manager 18 U Htay Shwe Assistant General MITS htayshwe2@gmail.com Manager 19 U Aung Kyaw Htoo Business Manager Societe Generale De aung.kyawhtoo@sgs.com Surveillance 20 U Min Min Zin General Manager United World Industries uminminzin @gmail.com Co., Ltd 21 U Maung Maung Myint Assistant General Oversea Merchandise omic.myanmar.com.mm Manager Inspection Co., Ltd 166 NATIONAL EXPORT STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR 2015-2019 Trade financing cross sector No Name Designation Organization Contact 1 U Min Han Soe Director Central Bank of mhsmof@gmail.com Myanmar 2 Daw Khin Thet Htar Director Ministry of Commerce khinthethtar09@gmail.com 3 U Myint Soe Director Ministry of Commerce 4 U Win Naing Oo Deputy General Manager Loan and Supervision wno2006@gmail.com Department, Myanmar Economic Bank 5 U Sein HlaTun Deputy General Manager Myanmar Agricultural madb@mptmail.net.mm Development Bank 6 U Kyaw Dun Deputy General Manager Ministry Of Cooperative 7 U Zaw Win Deputy Managing Director Myanmar Livestock and Fisheries Development Bank 8 U Nyi Nyi Aung Deputy Director Ministry of Commerce nyiaung.it@gmail.com 9 U Sein Win Kyi Assistant General Myanmar Foreign Trade Seinwinkyi.mftb@gmail.com Manager Bank 10 Daw Khin Nilar Assistant General Small and Medium midb01@mptmail.com.mm Manager Industrial Development Bank 11 Daw Ni Ni Soe Manager Myanmar Agricultural madb@mptmail.net.mm Development Bank 12 Daw Myint Myint Win Assistant Director Directorate of Trade 13 Daw San San Aye Staff Officer Ministry of Commerce sansanaye@gmail.com 14 Daw Hla Hla Maw Staff Officer Ministry of Commerce Kyawzayya909@gmail.com 15 U San Thein Leading Advise GIZ santhein@giz.de 16 Daw ThanThan Win Assistant General Kanbawza Bank Ltd. thanthanwin@kbzbank.com Manager 17 U Aung Myint Manager Cooperative Bank Ltd. aungmyint@cbbank.myanmar. com 18 Daw Than Than Aye General Manager Yoma Bank moemoeoo@yomabank.com 19 Daw Zun Thet Pan General Manager KBZ ‘zunthetpan@kbzbank.com 20 Daw San San Su A.S KBZ ibdsansu@gmail.com 21 Daw Nan Hnin Shwe Yi Trade Promotion Shinnymoon7@gmail.com Htoo member team 22 Pauline Tordeor Trade Promotion paulinetordeur@gmail.com member team 23 Pufox Kumar Chief Manager Export Import Bank of export@eximbankindia.in India 24 Daw Aye Aye Mar Assistant Director CBM msmarmar08@gmail.com 25 U Myo Myint Aung GM MCB 26 Daw Mu Mu Hlaing Manager MOB a1mumuhlaing@gmail.com 27 U Kyaw Soe Oo Manager YCB 28 Daw Cho Cho San AM MWDB ccsmwdb@gmail.com 29 U Swe Lin Maung MCB swelinmaung7@gmail.com 30 Daw Khin Moe Myint Observer TTI khinmm.tti@gmail.com

APPENDIX 2: STAKEHOLDERS IN THE NES DESIGN PROCESS 167 Trade financing cross sector No Name Designation Organization Contact 31 Daw Myat Noe Aye UAB myatnoeaye@unitedamarabank. com 32 U Min Myat Thu Supervisor UAB minmyat1987@gmail.com 33 U Van Lian Cung Counsel HRMR nekon.cung@hrror.us 34 U Win Naing Oo Manager Ayarwaddy Bank winnaingoo2007@gmail.com 35 Daw Su Win Myat AGM / Coordinator MCB ib@mcb.com.mm With the financial support of : Myanmar Ministry of Commerce Street address: 54-56, rue de Montbrillant In collaboration with : 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Postal address: Palais des Nations Postal address: Office No.3, Zeya Htani Road 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland Nay Pyi Taw Telephone: +41-22 730 0111 Phone : +95 67 408495 / +95 67 408266 Fax: +41-22 733 4439 Fax : +95 67 408256 E-mail: itcreg@intracen.org E-mail : nesmyanmar@gmail.com Internet: www.intracen.org