Nationally Determined Contributions (updating the first NDC)

1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) a. Reference year(s), base year(s), Base year 2015, GHG 2035 Business-as- reference period(s) or other starting Usual Emissions Projection. point(s) b. Quantifiable information on the Kuwait's net GHG emissions in 2035 relative reference indicators, their values in the to BAU are estimated to be total of reference year(s), base year(s), reference 142,290,750MTCO2e. period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year c. For strategies, plans and actions Not applicable. referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information d. Target relative to the reference Reduction of 7.4% in 2035 relative to BAU, indicator, expressed numerically, for with total GHG emissions capped to example in percentage or amount of 131,715,950 MTCO2e in 2035, with amount reduction of reduction of 10,574,800 MTCO2e e. Information on sources of data used in The reference indicator will be quantified quantifying the reference point(s) based on national total GHG emissions in 2015 State of Kuwait reported on the second national communication (SNC), first biannual updated report(1BUR) and the National Adaptation plan (NAP). Also, the vision of “new Kuwait 2035” f. Information on the circumstances The base year for the 2035 BAU emissions is under which the Party may update the predicted at about 142,290,750MTCO2e, values of the reference indicators assuming a sustained moderate GDP growth rate of 1.8% per year, a total population of 7250523.871million by 2035. The base year for 2035 may be recalculated and updated based on the covid-19 pandemic and further methodological improvements. The Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) will provide details on updates made.

2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a. Time frame and/or period for 2015-2035 implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA; I b. Whether it is a single-year or multi- Single-year target in 2035. year target, as applicable.

3. Scope and coverage a. General description of the target; Kuwait's economic target to reduce 7.4% compared to BAU by 2035 covers sectors of (Energy, IPPU, Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use), where the energy sector is the primary emission source. b. Sectors, gases, categories and pools Sectors: covered by the nationally determined Energy, IPPU, Agriculture, Forestry and contribution, including, as applicable, Other Land Use, waste consistent with IPCC guidelines; 2035 Carbon Control Target Plan Gases: • Carbon Dioxide (CO2). • Methane (CH4). • Nitrous Oxide (N2O). c. How the Party has taken into Kuwait’s NDC is an economy-wide target that consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) includes all categories of anthropogenic of decision 1/CP.21; emissions or removals. The energy sector emitted the most greenhouse gases in 2015, making up 75% of total emissions. This emission pattern will continue in the next decade, primarily due to the emissions from the oil and gas supply chain and electricity generation using natural gas and diesel. By 2025, the planned renewable power plants and energy efficiencies will reduce emissions from electricity generation. Over the following years. d. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Kuwait's 2050 strategy towards a low carbon Parties’ adaptation action and/or economy based on a circular carbon economy. economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans.

4. Planning process a. Information on the planning processes The enhanced target results from a that the Party undertook to prepare its comprehensive impact evaluation, analysis of nationally determined contribution and, the future vision and strategies 2050, and if available, on the Party’s stakeholder feedback gathered through public implementation plans, including, as consultation. appropriate: The standards of sustainable development for the State of Kuwait were taken into account, i) Domestic institutional as it is a developing country with a single arrangements, public participation source of income, as approved by the and engagement with local agreement in the eighth item of Article 4, communities and indigenous which states: in which actions related to financing, insurance and technology transfer II peoples, in a gender-responsive to meet the specific needs and concerns of manner. developing country Parties arising from the adverse effects of climate change and/or the ii) Contextual matters, including, inter impact of implementing measures to respond alia, as appropriate: to climate change” and in particular on “countries whose economies are highly a) National circumstances, such as dependent on income from production, geography, climate, economy, processing, export and/or consumption types sustainable development and of fossil fuels and related energy-intensive poverty eradication; products” as mentioned in paragraph (h). The ambition of the State of Kuwait is to b) Best practices and experience transform into a low carbon equivalent related to the preparation of the economy and avoid increasing greenhouse gas nationally determined emissions compared to business as usual, contribution; based on the country’s development plans and projects for the period from 2015 to 2035, and c) Other contextual aspirations and the state seeks to achieve this goal voluntarily priorities acknowledged when by adopting Working with the principle of a joining the Paris Agreement circular carbon economy in dealing with the climate change file in the State of Kuwait by implementing some projects and enacting laws and legislation in the fields of mitigating emissions and adapting to the negative effects of climate change that have common benefits with mitigation, according to its national conditions and economic data. b. Specific information applicable to Not applicable Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; c. How the Party’s preparation of its Kuwait's climate change strategy was nationally determined contribution has formulated considering the best available been informed by the outcomes of the science. The latest reports by IPCC which global stock take, in accordance with approved by the conference of parity has Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris served as the basis for the evaluation of the Agreement; second NDC and IPCC 2006 GHG inventory guidelines. III d. Each Party with a nationally determined The State of Kuwait will suffer from contribution under Article 4 of the Paris economic and social consequences of Agreement that consists of adaptation negative impacts of response measures, where action and/or economic diversification Kuwait is considered one of the countries that plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits its economy dependent on oil and will be consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the affected negatively from international Paris Agreement to submit information on: policies and procedures of the UNFCCC. i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; ii) Specific projects, measures, and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.

5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological The State of Kuwait uses IPCC methodology approaches used for accounting for and guidelines 2006 as guided by 1/CP.21 anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions Article 4, paragraph 13 of the Paris and removals corresponding to the Agreement for the inventory of their GHG Party’s nationally determined emissions and removals. contribution, consistent with decision These procedures done as the financial 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting support received. guidance adopted by the CMA; b. Assumptions and methodological The State of Kuwait will use appropriate approaches used for accounting for the methods and assumptions when reporting its implementation of policies and progress in implementing the second NDC in measures or strategies in the nationally its Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) determined contribution; IV c. If applicable, information on how the The State of Kuwait uses IPCC methodology Party will take into account existing and guidelines 2006 as guided by 1/CP.21 methods and guidance under the Article 4, paragraph 13 of the Paris Convention to account for Agreement for the inventory of their GHG anthropogenic emissions and removals, emissions and removals. in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used Tier 1 method of the IPCC methodologies and for estimating anthropogenic guidelines 2006. Metrics: Global warming greenhouse gas emissions and removals; potential (GWP) values on a 100-year timescale in accordance with IPCC’s Second Assessment Report will be used to calculate CO2 equivalents. e. Sector-, category- or activity-specific Not applicable. There is no forest in the State assumptions, methodologies and of Kuwait. approaches consistent with IPCC But, in the BUR the redaction of emission on guidance, as appropriate, including, as Land was -13.190 GgCo2e in 2016. applicable: i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; f. Other assumptions and The State of Kuwait uses IPCC methodology methodological approaches used for and guidelines 2006 as guided by 1/CP.21 understanding the nationally determined Article 4, paragraph 13 of the Paris contribution and, if applicable, Agreement for the inventory of their GHG estimating corresponding emissions and emissions and removals for the four sectors removals, including: (Energy, IPPU, Agriculture, Forestry and (i) How the reference indicators, Other Land Use, waste) baseline(s) and/or reference Also, using the default value of emission level(s), including, where factors. applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas V components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; (iv) Further technical information, as necessary; g. The intention to use voluntary Reduction of 7.4% in 2035 relative to BAU cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris voluntary funded, other financial support Agreement, if applicable. facilitate from the using of the new mechanism. Furthermore, article 6 of the Paris Agreement is an additional mechanism to achieve cost- efficient emission reductions, facilitate the transfer of carbon mitigation technology, and deliver significant sustainable development benefits.

6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a. How the Party considers that its NDC is The State of Kuwait is a non-annex I party fair and ambitious in the light of its with a vision to shift to a low carbon economy national circumstances; by 2050 and believes that the NDC's ambitious target conforms to Article 2 of the Convention. The NDC is an ambitious economy-wide goal that is consistent with the best available science and evidence. b. Fairness considerations, including The State of Kuwait will use appropriate reflecting on equity; methods and assumptions when reporting its progress in implementing the second NDC in its Biennial Transparency Report c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, Kuwait’s enhanced NDC represents a paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; progression of ambition compared to its initial NDC communicated in 2018 upon ratifying the Paris Agreement. d. How the Party has addressed Not applicable. Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, Not applicable. paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement.

7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 VI a. How the NDC contributes towards Kuwait considers the Paris Agreement to be in achieving the objective of the line with achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; Convention as set out in its Article2. Kuwait’s enhanced NDC is consistent with the Paris Agreement and its long-term temperature goal. See 6(a) and 6(b) for more information. b. How the NDC contributes towards The State of Kuwait attaches great importance Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, to the international efforts aimed at paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. confronting global warming, believes that addressing this phenomenon is a common responsibility among the countries of the world, albeit to varying degrees. Therefore, the State of Kuwait is keen to raise its capabilities in dealing with issues related to climate change, simultaneously with its efforts to adapt with the negative effects of this phenomenon and its consequences in the social and economic dimensions. See 6(a) and 6(b) for more information. VII