Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 2020

1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 11 Overview .......................................................................................................... 11 National Circumstances..................................................................................... 11 Outline of the Document ................................................................................... 13

2 Mitigation Contribution ............................................................................................ 13 Business as Usual emission scenarios ................................................................ 13 Mitigation Targets ............................................................................................ 20 Mitigation measures ......................................................................................... 23

3 Adaptation Contribution........................................................................................... 29 Cambodia’s vulnerability to climate change........................................................ 29 Impacts and priorities for adaptation and resilience ........................................... 30 Prioritised adaptation actions ........................................................................... 33

4 Cross-cutting areas ................................................................................................... 40 Gender ............................................................................................................. 40 Youth involvement............................................................................................ 44 Private sector engagement ................................................................................ 45

5 Governance and Implementation Processes ............................................................ 46 The NDC update process ................................................................................... 46 Overarching policy structures ........................................................................... 47 Stakeholder roles and responsibilities ............................................................... 48

7 Means of Implementation ......................................................................................... 51 Finance ............................................................................................................ 51 Barriers and capacity needs .............................................................................. 52 Technology needs and availability ..................................................................... 55

8 Transparency ............................................................................................................ 57 Overview .......................................................................................................... 57 MRV for NDC Tracking ...................................................................................... 58 v Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding ....................... 59 Fairness and ambition ....................................................................................... 60

9 Sustainable Development ......................................................................................... 61 Appendix 1: Detailed Mitigation Measures ........................................................................ 90 Appendix 2: Detailed Adaptation Actions ........................................................................ 103 Appendix 3: Selected Bibliography .................................................................................. 135 Appendix 4: Emission reduction estimates ..................................................................... 136 Appendix 5: NDC Scenarios .............................................................................................. 139 vi Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Executive Summary Chapter 1: Introduction The International community reached a truly historic milestone with the Paris climate agreement in 2015. Together, we agreed to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels, to significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change. The Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) is committed to combating climate change and accelerating the transition to a climate-resilient, low-carbon sustainable mode of development. The RGC has supported global efforts against climate change by being a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) since 1996. Cambodia adopted and ratified the Paris Agreement by which the country submitted an ambitious Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), which showcased her progress in climate policy, and put forward mitigation targets and adaptation actions consistent with her national circumstances. The country is now proud to submit an updated NDC, which strengthens her aspirations towards a cleaner and greener economy and fulfils her obligations to better the lives of her citizens, in particular the vulnerable. The focus of Cambodia’s development is on reducing poverty and ensuring stable economic growth, with the aim of achieving upper-middle income status by 2030, as enshrined in the National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP). Cambodia is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, and adaptation features prominently in the NDC. At the same time, Cambodia’s total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are increasing as the country develops. The country has already made remarkable progress in terms of climate change policy, particularly in mainstreaming climate change into national and sub-national planning. The RGC has developed and continues to implement the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan 2014 – 2023 (CCCSP) (2013) and each relevant ministry has developed associated action plans (CCAPs). Cambodia’s first Biennial Update Report (BUR) was submitted in August 2020, and the Third National Communication (TNC) work is underway. The National Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Framework for the response to Climate Change has also been developed and regular climate public expenditure reviews have been undertaken. 1 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Cambodia has also improved the tracking of climate finance in her Official Development Assistance (ODA) database, among many other initiatives. Chapter 2: Mitigation This section contains an illustration of Cambodia’s Business as Usual (BAU), the proposed mitigation targets and measures to support the achievement of them. Business as Usual (BAU) emission scenarios In the BAU scenario, overall GHG emissions in 2030 without the FOLU are expected to rise by up to 79 million tCO2e/year, while overall GHG emissions with the FOLU are expected to increase to 155 million tCO2e/year. Sectoral share and absolute number of BAU GHG emissions in 2030 Sector Sectoral share (%) GHG Emissions (MtCO2e) FOLU 49.2 76.3 Energy 22.2 34.4 Agriculture 17.5 27.1 Industry (IPPU) 9.0 13.9 Waste 2.1 3.3 The FOLU sector will generate the highest overall BAU emissions in 2030, with 49.2% of the forecasted BAU emissions in 2030. This would be followed by the energy sector with 22.2%, the agricultural sector with 17.5%, and Industry (IPPU) with 9.0%. Mitigation targets Using the information provided by relevant ministries on the mitigation measures, activities and assumptions, NDC scenarios for energy generation, transport, waste, industry, agriculture, and the building sectors were modelled using PROSPECT+, while NDC scenarios for the FOLU sector were developed using the EX-ACT tool. 2 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) The estimated emission reductions of the NDC scenario are shown below. Overall GHG emissions reduction for NDC scenario (including the FOLU) 180 GHG Emission (million tCO2e) 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Year BAU Scenario NDC Scenario Overall GHG emissions reduction (including the FOLU) The estimated emissions reduction with the FOLU by 2030 under the NDC scenario will be approximately 64.6 million tCO2e/year (41.7% reduction of which 59.1% is from the FOLU). Summary over BAU emissions and NDC emissions reduction Sector BAU 2016 BAU 2030 NDC 2030 NDC 2030 NDC 2030 emissions emissions Scenario reduction emission (MtCO2e) (MtCO2e) (MtCO2e) (MtCO2e) reduction % FOLU 76.3 76.3 38.2 -38.1 -50% Energy 15.1 34.4 20.7 -13.7 -40% Agriculture 21.2 27.1 20.9 -6.2 -23% Industry (IPPU) 9.9 13.9 8.0 -5.9 -42% Waste 2.7 3.3 2.7 -0.6 -18% Total 125.2 155.0 90.5 -64.5 -42% Mitigation measures Mitigation actions were identified from information provided by the relevant ministries (MAFF, MISTI, MLMUPC, MME, MoE, MOEYs, MoT, MPWT, and NCDD) across seven mitigation sectors: energy, waste, industry, transport, agriculture, building, and the FOLU. 3 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Chapter 3: Adaptation contribution Adaptation features strongly in Cambodia’s initial NDC and is equally important in this updated NDC due to the country’s continued high vulnerability to climate change. Cambodia’s vulnerability to climate change Based on several international climate change indices, Cambodia is considered one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change. The country is particularly vulnerable to floods, droughts, windstorms, and seawater intrusion. Climate change may reduce the country’s annual average GDP growth by 6.6% and absolute GDP by 0.4% in 2020, by 2.5% in 2030, and up to 9.8% in 2050. This may delay reaching upper middle-income status by one year. Accordingly, Cambodia has begun working to develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) based on the National Adaptation Programme of Actions (NAPA). Impacts and priorities for adaptation and resilience Cambodia’s vulnerability is characterised by frequent floods and irregular rainfall, coupled with an agrarian based economy, limited human and financial resources, insufficient physical infrastructure, and limited access to technologies. Socio-economic status, location, access to resources and technologies all influence Cambodian’s ability to manage climate impacts. Different social groups experience climate vulnerability differently, and women, children, the disabled, the elderly and other socially marginalised groups are often hit harder. For the development of the SNC, climate change impacts and vulnerability were assessed for the most vulnerable sectors including agriculture and water resources, forestry, coastal zones, and human health. Prioritised adaptation actions As with mitigation, all Line Ministries with adaptation relevance submitted their proposed priority actions (86 in total). The focus sectors, in line with the vulnerability of the country, are:  Agriculture (17 actions)  Coastal zones (2 actions)  Energy (2 actions)  Human health (5 actions) 4 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)  Industry (1 action)  Infrastructure – including roads, buildings and urban land use planning (15 actions)  Livelihoods, poverty and biodiversity (7 actions)  Tourism (3 actions)  Water resources (6 actions). In addition, a number of Ministries play an enabling role to facilitate the implementation of actions within the NDC. Such actions can be divided into:  Education (4 actions)  Gender (6 actions)  Governance (2 actions)  Information (4 actions)  Knowledge sharing (1 action)  Policy and planning (12 actions) Chapter 4: Cross-cutting areas The initial NDC was developed quickly which made conducting far-reaching consultations challenging. As such, some crucial areas of climate change policy and implementation were not adequately analysed, namely Gender; Youth involvement; and engagement with the Private sector. Regarding Gender, all sectors, especially waste and energy, are key to mitigation. For adaptation, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sectors are particularly important, and all ministries provided targets for women’s participation. Gender-balanced training and awareness material and the promotion of ‘women champions’ are key. Most Ministries included gender disaggregated targets of each action across these areas. Regarding youth involvement, in mitigation there is a focus on energy, industry and transport. In adaptation, youth are especially involved in energy, industry, and transport. Also, beyond direct engagement in these sectors, children and youth play a critical role in the development, implementation, monitoring, and enforcement of climate actions across sectors. With regard to private sector engagement, Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are key to the industry, waste, and energy sectors. While the private sector is less prevalent than in 5 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) mitigation sectors, there are strong opportunities, especially for smallholder farmers and foresters. In general, the private sector can provide inputs, knowledge, and finance. It is also important to highlight an additional area related to Indigenous People. The Cambodian Constitution recognises that all Khmer citizens (including all indigenous people under the National Policy on the Development of Indigenous Peoples) are equal before the law regardless of race, colour, national origin, etc. During the NDC implementation and particularly for mitigation measures in the FOLU, the RGC will seek to promote the rights of indigenous people, specifically concerning land ownership. Chapter 5: Governance and Implementation Processes The NDC update process The Department of Climate Change (DCC) of the General Secretariat of the National Council for Sustainable Development (GSSD) led a preliminary assessment of the NDC implementation and the identification of gaps, as well as the development of the corresponding NDC Roadmap and Stakeholder Engagement Plan. This ensured that the country was able to review her NDC targets by the COP 26 meeting and is expected to achieve her stated contributions by 2030. Summary of NDC implementation timeline and targets By 2020 By 2025 By 2030 Governance Governance systems set up NDC and climate change NDC and other planning governance systems systems perfectly increasingly mainstreamed mainstreamed and used to report on NDC and SDGs Mitigation Implementation of mitigation Increased ambition, Real-time economy-wide actions economy-wide mitigation mitigation targets and targets and implementation implementation Adaptation NAP process ongoing and NDC linked to NAP process NDC linked to NAP process adaptation actions in NDC and resilience improved implemented Finance Finance systems set up and Climate investment plan Middle-income level of concessional financing operational and increased financial sophistication terms sophistication of finance achieved system MRV/Transparency Limited measurement of Transparency system Transparency system progress and development of partially operational upgraded and fully transparency system operational 6 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) The NDC update process was initiated with the relevant line ministries in March 2020 and included contributions from a number of development partner experts. A private sector event included the participation of stakeholders from a range of different sectors, and local communities and indigenous peoples were engaged in the process. Every effort was made to conduct consultations in a gender responsive way. Overarching policy structures Cambodia’s NDC places strong focus on the CCCSP 2014-23 (2013) and the related Sectoral Action Plans for its implementation. The following guidelines are also crucial: Cambodia’s Sustainable Development Goals (CSDGs) 2016-30 (2018); The National Strategic Plan on Green Growth (NSPGG) 2013-2030 (2013); The Rectangular Strategy IV (2018); The National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) 2019-2023 (that is currently under development); The Circular Economy Strategy and Action Plan (also under development) sectoral policies; and the related strategies detailed in the Annex. Stakeholder roles and responsibilities An illustration of the roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder with regard to the NDC implementation is below. Stakeholder roles and responsibilities Policy NCSD Approval - Policy Review - Approval of NDC review and -Development of NDC initiatives implementation plans and Policy development, coordination, GSSD - Lead in coordination, integration, policies capacity building and knowledge management, stakeholder engagement and awareness, legal Legend frameworks, NDC review Internal stakeholders CCTWG Monitoring & Reporting Key -Coordination with Internal stakeholders Stakeholders for inputs and reporting -Development of NDC strategies and supports Ministries/Public Development Private/financial Institutions NCDD Partners Sector NGOs/SCOs Academia Planning, implementation, -Support to -Coordination -Provision of -NDC -NDC -NDC Provision of integration with sub- support support implementation implementation implementation research, -NDC planning national -Engagement -Engagement -Engagement -Engagement development, and administrations in policy in policyand and ininpolicy policyand and in policy innovation and provision of provision of implementation for inputs and provision of provision of dialogues Reporting information to information to information in respective reporting information information the GSSD to the GSSD to -Dissemination sectors -Working on NCSD-S NCSD-S of information -Reporting via NDC strategies CCTWG and supports -Reporting to CCTWG 7 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Chapter 6: Means of Implementation This section presents an overview of the means of implementation across finance, capacity building, and technology. Finance Despite ongoing efforts, financial demands remain high. Future resource mobilisation will look towards a reasonable mix of national and international funds, in addition to market mechanisms, where appropriate, and in line with progress on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. The total funding required for all mitigation actions is over US $ 5.8 billion. The FOLU, waste, and energy sector actions require the highest funding. Total funding required for all adaptation actions is just over US $ 2 billion. Infrastructure, water, and agriculture require the highest funding. Barriers and capacity needs The NDC review identified the need for capacity building for the NDC implementation, especially for the NCSD/DCC, CCTWG, and sectoral (and sub-national) TWGs. In addition, each ministry submitted its own capacity building needs, which will require a strong international support. Technology needs and availability Cambodia has developed a technology needs assessment for adaptation and mitigation, and technology needs also feature prominently in the sectoral climate change action plans. However, these are largely outdated so each ministry provided an action by action indication of technology needs and availability. Chapter 7: Transparency Overview The RGC’s approach to developing and operationalising its domestic measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) systems focuses on integration into the existing climate change M&E framework structure of the CCCSP rather than setting up new layers of institutional structures. 8 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) MRV for NDC Tracking Cambodia is putting significant emphasis on the development of an integrated and detailed MRV system that is also aimed at achieving implementation of the NDC. It will be made up of the following components (mitigation, adaptation, GHG inventory, support received, and the support needed). Components of MRV for NDC tracking The system will detail how monitoring will occur and how data will be managed, aggregated, and translated into reports, with a particular focus on gender and vulnerable groups. A simple, accessible online NDC tracking system will be developed and the tool will be made accessible through the website. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding The NDC contains a summary in table format of such information. Fairness and ambition Despite being a least developed country with an eighth of the per capita emissions when compared to the global average, with this NDC Cambodia is proposing an ambitious set of sectoral reduction targets and structured and comprehensive adaptation actions. 9 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Chapter 8: Sustainable Development Climate change mitigation and adaptation will be crucial not only to achieve SDG 13 on Climate Action, but a range of other SDGs and the Paris Agreement, given the cross-cutting nature of climate change. SDG 13 has significant implications on the achievement of other key priorities of each country, such as poverty reduction, food security, gender equality, water and sanitation, energy access, reduced inequalities, sustainable cities, and sustainable land use and ecosystems1. As part of the Cambodia NDC revision process, an analysis on how the NDCs can impact the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was carried out. Each mitigation measure and adaptation action has been screened against the attainment of the SDGs.

1 Source: CDKN (2019) 10 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)

1 Introduction Overview The Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) is committed to combating climate change and accelerating the transition to a climate-resilient, low-carbon sustainable mode of development. The RGC has supported global efforts against climate change by being a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) since 1996. Cambodia adopted and ratified the Paris Agreement by which the country submitted an ambitious Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) which showcased progress in climate policy and put forward mitigation targets and adaptation actions consistent with the national circumstances. The country is now proud to submit an updated NDC which strengthens her aspirations towards a cleaner and greener economy and fulfils her obligations to better the lives of her citizens, in particular the most vulnerable people. National Circumstances Cambodia’s development focus is on poverty reduction and stable economic growth, to support the country’s efforts to become an upper middle-income nation by 2030. To meet this aim, the National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) prioritises: (1) investment in rural areas; (2) decentralisation of national governance; and (3) further integration into the ASEAN region and the wider international community. Cambodia is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, and adaptation features prominently in the NDC. The sectors most affected are agriculture, infrastructure, forestry, human health, and coastal zone areas are particularly vulnerable to sea level rises and intrusion. According to the Global Climate Risk Index, Cambodia was ranked as the 12th most climate risk-prone country globally, showing the high-level of vulnerability to extreme weather events. However, beyond extreme weather events, climate change also results in slow-onset events that can have significant negative implications for Cambodia and her citizens, particularly the most vulnerable people. Climate change acts as a threat multiplier and its impacts are particularly damaging given the limited adaptive capacity of Cambodia’s 11 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) population due to socioeconomic conditions such as poverty, malnutrition, agricultural dependence, settlements in flood-prone areas, and public health2. At the same time, Cambodia’s total annual net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions rising due to development activities. Hence, there is a need to prioritise developing Cambodia’s economy and improving the socioeconomic wellbeing of its population, including the most vulnerable people, through low-carbon pathways. Cambodia has already made remarkable progress in climate change policy, especially in mainstreaming climate change into national and sub-national planning. The Cambodian Government’s coordinated strategy to tackle climate change is focused on adaptation, with a gradual increase in mitigation actions aligned with economic development goals. Cambodia has developed and continues to implement the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan 2014 –

2023 (CCCSP) (2015) and each relevant ministry has developed associated action plans (CCAPs). The country submitted her Intended NDC to the UNFCCC ahead of the Conference of Parties (COP) 21 in Paris in 2015 and then ratified the NDC in 2016. Cambodia’s first Biennial Update Report (BUR) was also completed and submitted in August 2020 and the Third National Communication (TNC) work is underway. Further submissions of the NDCs will enable the Cambodian Government to progress in the fulfilment of the Paris Climate Agreement. The successful implementation of Cambodia’s NDC will, however, rely on adequately accessing and mobilising domestic and international climate finance. Cambodia has also made strong progress in developing and implementing monitoring and evaluation (M&E) frameworks, including for finance. The country has produced regular climate public expenditure reviews and has improved tracking of climate finance in her Official Development Assistance (ODA) database. The National M&E Framework for Climate Change Response has also been developed and future adaptation and mitigation efforts are anticipated to be supported by international donors and multilateral funds, as well as national contributions.

2 Davies, G.I. et al (2015) 12 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Outline of the Document This document contains Cambodia’s updated NDC, in alignment with the UNFCCC’s decisions. Cambodia’s INDC, submitted in 2015 and ratified in 2016, already contains mitigation targets and adaptation actions until 2030, so this document updates the initial submission. Accordingly, the document is structured as follows:  Section 2 contains the mitigation contribution,  Section 3 illustrates the adaptation contribution,  Section 4 includes cross-cutting areas of gender, youth involvement, and private sector engagement,  Section 5 contains governance and implementation processes,  Section 6 includes the means of implementation,  Section 7 contains an illustration of transparency means across mitigation, adaptation, and finance, and  In Section 8, the relationship between Cambodia’s NDC and sustainable development is presented.

2 Mitigation Contribution This section contains an illustration of Cambodia’s Business as Usual (BAU), the proposed mitigation targets and measures to support the achievement of these targets. Business as Usual emission scenarios BAU scenarios were developed covering energy generation, transport, waste, industry, agriculture, building, and the forestry and other land use (FOLU) sectors. The BAU scenarios for electricity, transport, buildings, cement, other industries (excluding cement), agriculture, and waste sectors were developed using the PROSPECT+ model. The FOLU sector was formed based on the model developed for the REDD+ NDC assessment by the REDD+ Technical Secretariat (RTS). 13 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Overall GHG emissions (including the FOLU) were validated using GHG emission values in the latest Biennial Update Report (BUR, 2020), which consists of GHG emissions from 2010 - 2016 for most of the sectors (except the FOLU). As shown in Table 1, the UNFCCC sectors were generated by combining certain PROSPECTS+ sectors. Table 1 PROSPECTS+ Sectors conversion into the UNFCCC sectors No PROSPECTS+ Sector UNFCCC sector

1 Electricity Energy

2 Transport

3 Buildings

4 Other industry Industry (IPPU)

5 Cement

6 Waste Waste

7 Agriculture Agriculture3

8 FOLU FOLU3 For each sector, a BAU scenario was developed by extrapolating past emission trends, interpolating available data, and using relevant influential factors (GDP, population, and the forestry growth rate) to fill in missing data in a sequence.

3 We have kept Agriculture and the FOLU sectors separately in order to make the decision-making process easier for the government. However, we can merge it if needed and present as the AFOLU sector. 14 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Overall GHG emissions in BAU scenarios (including the

180 FOLU) GHG Emission (million tCO2e) 160 140 120 100 80 60 Year BAU Scenario (Including FOLU) Calculated BAU Scenario (Including FOLU) BUR Figure 1 Overall GHG emissions in BAU scenarios (including the FOLU) According to Figure 1, overall GHG emissions in 2030 without the FOLU would rise by up to 79 million tCO2e/year, while overall GHG emissions with the FOLU are expected to increase to 155 million tCO2e/year. Figure 2 illustrates the forecast emissions for mitigation sectors under the BAU Scenario (including the FOLU Scenario) until 2030. The lower line (in grey) shows the BAU emissions of the waste sector, which has the lowest BAU emissions among all sectors, while most upper line (in green) shows the cumulative BAU emissions of all sectors. 15 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Projection of sector wise cumulative BAU emissions including the FOLU 180 GHG Emission (million tCO2e) 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Year Waste + Industry(IPPU)+ Agriculture + Energy + FOLU Waste + Industry(IPPU)+ Agriculture + Energy Waste + Industry(IPPU)+ Agriculture Waste + Industry(IPPU) Waste Figure 2 Projections of the BAU GHG emissions for all mitigation sectors Figure 3 illustrates the forecast of emissions for each mitigation sector (excluding the FOLU) up to 2030. Projections of sector wise BAU emissions excluding the FOLU 90 GHG Emission (million tCO2e) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Year Waste Waste + Industry(IPPU) Waste + Industry(IPPU)+ Agriculture Waste + Industry(IPPU)+ Agriculture + Energy Figure 3 The BAU GHG emission projections for mitigation sectors (without the FOLU) 16 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) According to Figure 2 and Figure 3, the BAU scenarios for all sectors are steadily increasing. The highest emissions contributor is the FOLU sector, followed by the agricultural sector. The share of emission contributions of the sectors in 2016 and 2030 are illustrated in Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, and Figure 7 below. BAU GHG Emissions in 2030 (Including the FOLU) 2.1% 9.0% 17.5% 154.9 million 49.2% tCO2e 22.2% FOLU Energy Agriculture Industry(IPPU) Waste Figure 4 Sectoral share of the BAU GHG emissions in 2030 Table 2 Sectoral share and absolute number of the BAU GHG emissions in 2030 Sector Sectoral share (%) GHG Emissions (MtCO2e) FOLU 49.2 76.3 Energy 22.2 34.4 Agriculture 17.5 27.1 Industry (IPPU) 9.0 13.9 Waste 2.1 3.3 Total 100% 154.9 The FOLU sector would contribute the highest overall BAU emissions in 2030, contributing up to 49.2% of the BAU emissions. This would be followed by the energy sector with 22.2%, the agricultural sector with 17.5%, and industry (IPPU) with 9.0%. The FOLU, energy, agriculture, and industry (IPPU) sectors would be responsible for more than 95% of the estimated BAU emissions in 2030. 17 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) BAU GHG Emissions in 2030 (Excluding the FOLU) 4.1% 17.7% 78.7 43.7% million tCO2e 34.5% Energy Agriculture Industry(IPPU) Waste Figure 5 Sectoral share of the BAU GHG emissions in 2030 Table 3 Sectoral share and absolute number of BAU GHG emissions in 2030 Sector Sectoral share (%) GHG Emissions (MtCO2e) Energy 43.7 34.4 Agriculture 34.5 27.1 Industry (IPPU) 17.7 13.9 Waste 4.1 3.3 Total 100% 78.7 When considering the BAU emissions without the FOLU, the energy sector would contribute the highest overall BAU emissions in 2030. This would be followed by the agriculture sector with 34.5%, industry (IPPU) with 17.7%, and waste with 4.1% 18 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) BAU GHG Emissions in 2016 (Including the FOLU) 2.1% 7.9% 12.0% 125.1 million tCO2e 61.0% 16.9% FOLU Agriculture Energy Industry(IPPU) Waste Figure 6 Sectoral share of the BAU GHG emissions in 2016 Table 4 Sectoral share and absolute number of BAU GHG emissions in 2016 Sector Sectoral share (%) GHG Emissions (MtCO2e) FOLU 61.0 76.3 Agriculture 16.9 21.2 Energy 12.0 15.1 Industry (IPPU) 7.9 9.9 Waste 2.1 2.7 Total 100% 125.1 The FOLU sector would contribute the highest overall BAU emissions in 2016 also, contributing up to 61% of the forecasted BAU emissions. This would be followed by the agricultural sector with 16.9%, the energy sector with 12%, and industry (IPPU) with 7.9%. The FOLU, agriculture, energy, and industry (IPPU) sectors were responsible for more than 95% of BAU emissions in 2016. 19 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) BAU GHG Emissions in 2016 (Excluding the FOLU) 5.5% 20.3% 48.8 million 43.4% tCO2e 30.8% Agriculture Energy Industry(IPPU) Waste Figure 7 Sectoral share of the BAU GHG emissions in 2016 Table 5 Sectoral share and absolute number of BAU GHG emissions in 2016 Sector Sectoral share (%) GHG Emissions (MtCO2e) Agriculture 43.4 21.2 Energy 30.8 15.1 Industry (IPPU) 20.3 9.9 Waste 5.5 2.7 Total 100% 48.8 When considering the BAU emissions without the FOLU, the agricultural sector would contribute the highest overall BAU emissions in 2016. This would be followed by the energy sector with 30.8%, the industrial sector (IPPU) with 20.3%, and the waste sector with 5.5%. Mitigation Targets Using the information provided by relevant ministries on the mitigation measures, activities, and assumptions, NDC scenarios for energy, transport, waste, industry, agriculture, and the building sectors were modelled using PROSPECT+, while the NDC scenarios for the FOLU sector were developed using the EX-ACT tool. 20 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) The majority of targets identified below are conditional on the international support. Cambodia also implements mitigation actions under the country’s sustainable development programme. The start and end year of each project were considered as 2020 and 2030, respectively. Overall GHG emission reductions including the FOLU NDC Scenarios The FOLU NDC Scenario: Reduce 50% of historical emissions by 2030 (REDD+ programme); This target is based on the REDD+ national strategy which was included due to recommendations from the REDD+ Technical Secretariat (RTS) and the Department of Climate Change. The main assumption of the calculation was to reduce the 50% historical emission from the forest sector (76.3 million tCO2e) by 2030 (38.1 million tCO2e) with an average annual reduction of 21 million tCO2e/year. (Further information on the NDC scenarios is provided in Appendix 6). The estimated emission reductions under the NDC scenario are shown in Figure 8 below. Overall GHG emission reduction for the NDC scenario (including the FOLU) 180 160 GHG Emission (million tCO2e) 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Year BAU Scenario NDC Scenario Figure 8 Overall GHG emission reduction (including the FOLU) 21 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) As per Figure 8, the estimated emission reductions with the FOLU by 2030 under the NDC scenario will be approximately 64.6 million tCO2e/year (41.7% reduction, of which 59.1% is from the FOLU). The NDC Scenario - contributions by different sectors The share of distribution of the planned emission reductions under the NDC scenario among the sectors is indicated in Figure 9 below. GHG emission reduction under the NDC scenario - 2030 0.9% 9.1% 9.6% 64.6 million tCO2e 59.1% 21.3% FOLU Energy Agriculture Industry(IPPU) Waste Figure 9 GHG emissions reduction under the NDC scenario in 2030 Table 6 Sectoral share and absolute number of GHG emission reduction under NDC scenario in 2030 Sector Sectoral share (%) GHG emission reduction (MtCO2e) FOLU 59.1 38.1 Energy 21.3 13.7 Agriculture 9.6 6.2 Industry (IPPU) 9.1 5.9 Waste 0.9 0.6 Total 100% 64.6 22 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) The emissions reduction of 64.6 million tCO2e/year is expected by 2030. This is a 41.7 % reduction compared with the BAU case. The FOLU is expected to provide the major share of 59.1% emission reduction by 2030. Other sectors like energy (21.3%), agriculture (9.6%), industry (IPPU) (9.1%), and waste (0.9%) are also expected to contribute significantly. This approach will have a better resilience to failure in mitigation activities. One disadvantage of the involvement of many sectors could be the need for more experts in many fields. However, this could be considered as an opportunity to develop or strengthen Cambodia’s capacity. Mitigating emissions from the electricity sector will be directed mainly on the renewable energy power generation. There will be barriers imposed by the availability and the absorption capacity of the grid, which would have to be addressed for the achievement of targets. Mitigating the transport sector emissions would require policy instruments and carbon pricing instruments to promote low emission transport modes. Social acceptance would depend on the chosen approaches, public awareness-raising activities, and the instruments used. The other industrial sector will expand and play a major role during Cambodia’s development. Therefore, the energy efficiency and process development of existing as well as new industries will have to be improved in order to minimize the effect on emissions. As the cost of the RE is on the reducing trend use of the renewable energy will be a cost-effective mitigation strategy. Mitigation measures The Department of Climate Change (DCC) of the GSSD, supported by the Cambodia Climate Change Alliance (CCCA), has been coordinating stakeholder engagement and collecting submissions from line ministries on priorities for the NDC revision for both mitigation and adaptation activities. The template used to ensure comparability across mitigation actions is the following. 23 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Table 7 Template for ministerial submissions for Mitigation Projects No Mitigation Government GHG Targets Co-benefits Finance Technology Gender Final action priority mitigation (environmental, availability score potential social, adaptation) Costs Benefits Scoring Government priority: 1=not in line with a government priority 2= no government policy in place 3=in line with the government priorities Mitigation potential (as example) 1= 0 k-15k, 2=15k-30k, 3=30k-60k, 4=60k-100k, 5=>100k tCO2e/year Targets: 1= target is difficult to reach 2= target is easy to reach Co-benefits: 1= action does not have many co-benefits 2= action has many co-benefits Finance: 1= cost/benefits= negative 2=cost/benefits=medium 2= cost/benefits= positive Technology: 1= not available 2= available Gender: 1= no impact on equality, no gender inclusion possible 2= medium impact on equality, medium gender inclusion possible 3= good possibility to build equality, gender inclusion Mitigation actions were identified from the NDC related information provided by the relevant ministries (MAFF, MISTI, MLMUPC, MME, MoE, MOEYs, MoT, MPWT, and NCDD). These projects were filtered and a list of mitigation projects was prepared. The mitigation projects are distributed among seven sectors: energy, waste, industry, transport, agriculture, building, and the FOLU. Table 8 shows the identified list. 24 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry Sector

1 Promote sustainable energy practices in MISTI Other Industries manufacturing Garments: 2.291 MtCO2e, 55% by 2030 Bricks: 1.799 MtCO2e, 44% by 2030 Food and Beverage: 1.043 MtCO2e, 25% by 2030

2 Urban Planning Tools for Climate Change MLMUPC Building residential Mitigation and the urban planning solution in three Building commercial sub cities

3 Application of electrical equipment’s labelling & MME Building residential MEPS Building commercial (Lighting, Cooling & Equipment) Reduce 1.2 TWh (29.7%) of electricity use in 2030

4 Improvement of process performance of EE by MME Other Industries establishment of energy management in Building residential buildings/industries Building commercial Voluntary scheme for other companies, especially for SMEs to reduce 10% in 2030

5 Public awareness campaigns, DTEBP-EE info MME Building residential centres Building commercial Reduce 2% of energy consumption in 2030

6 Building codes and enforcement/certification for MME Building commercial new buildings and those undergoing major renovation Reduce 10% of electricity consumption in 2030

7 Introduction of efficient electrical motors and MME Building commercial boilers Other Industries Reduce 2.3% of current electricity consumption in 2030

8 Improve sustainability of charcoal production MME Building residential through enforcement of regulations

9 Roadmap study on Integration of RE (Renewable MME Energy generation Energy) resources. 25 % of the renewable energy in the energy mix (solar, wind, hydro, biomass) by 2030

10 New sanitary landfills with LFG extraction and LFG MoE Waste -MSW extraction at the Dangkor Landfill Increase the share of waste disposed at sanitary landfills with LFG extraction from 0% in 2020 to 50% by 2030 and extract LFG from the Dangkor Landfill

11 Composting of biodegradable organic fraction of MoE Waste -MSW MSW supplemented with separation of organic waste (at source). If 10% of all MSW generated is composted by 2030 25 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry Sector then up to 0.5 MtCO2e/year of GHG emissions can be avoided by 2030

12 Production of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) from MoE Cement sector either a) fresh MSW or b) old MSW mined from the Dangkor landfill. Waste _MSW GHG ER from RDF + anaerobic digestion up to 0.2 MtCO2e/year

13 Implementation of National 3R strategy MoE Waste -MSW

14 Enhance maintenance and inspection of vehicle MPWT Passenger transport (Piloting maintenance and emission inspections of vehicles) 30 vehicle inspection centres in operation by 2030

15 Promote integrated public transport systems in MPWT Passenger transport main cities

16 Reducing GHG emission though off grid street NCDD Building commercial lightening of rural municipality Building residential

10 Sangkat of Senmonorom municipality, Kep municipality, and Preah municipality integration of climate change into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 2028.

17 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction MAFF Building residential compared to 2000) (Small size (2-3-4m3) Agriculture land related

18 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction MAFF Energy generation compared to 2000) Medium size(6-8-10m3) Agriculture land related

19 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction MAFF Energy generation compared to 2000) Large size(>10m3) Agriculture land related Waste -MSW

20 Centralized recycling facility for industrial waste MISTI Waste -MSW from the garment sector Reduce 0.11MtCO2e from 2021-2030at an average of 0.01 MtCO2e/year

21 Climate-friendly cooling of public sector buildings NCSD Building commercial Reduce 0.04 MtCO2e /year

22 Toward Battambang city to green city NCDD Building commercial & Residential

5 Sangkat of Battambang municipality integration of green city by 2025

23 Shift long distance freight movement from trucks MPWT Freight Transport to train

24 Emission management from factories MoE Other Industry 26 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry Sector Monitor air quality at 105 factories annually and provide permit letter for emission to the air to 90 factories. 90% of factories to be licensed.

25 Increasing the effectiveness and sustainability of MAFF Agriculture land- agricultural land management techniques related (Conservation Agriculture)

26 Organic input agriculture and bio-slurry; and deep MAFF Agriculture land- placement fertilizer technology related

10 Provinces by 2030

28 Promote manure management through compost MAFF Agriculture land- making process to reduce carbon emission related 25 provinces and cities by 2030

29 Better management of industrial wastewater in the MISTI Wastewater food & beverage sector 5-10% of total CH4 emissions

30 Implementation of National Cooling Action Plan MLMUCP Building commercial Enhanced MEPS and F-gas transition for room air conditioners and residential refrigerators targeting the new & existing equipment stock in the country.

31 Inclusion of performance requirements of Passive MLMUCP Building commercial Cooling Systems in Building Energy Code of Cambodia 20% of the newly constructed buildings will comply with Building Energy Code

32 Implementation of “passive cooling” measures in MLMUCP Building commercial the cities (addressing urban heat island effect [UHIE]), public buildings and commercial buildings. - cities (Phnom Penh and Siem Reap) analysed for mitigating UHIE and projects are implemented - 2% of the existing public and commercial buildings are retrofitted with passive cooling measures Source: Ministries’ submissions (Project level emissions were submitted by the line ministries listed under Appendix 5). 27 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Table 8 The FOLU targets (detailed list of actions are listed in the Appendix 5) No FOLU activities/target Lead Ministry Sector

1 FOLU: Reduce 50% of historical emission by 2030 Activities: REDD+ - Improve management and monitoring of forest Technical FOLU resources and forest land use Secretariat (RTS) - Strengthen implementation of sustainable forest management - Approaches to reduce deforestation, build capacity, and engage stakeholders Source: Ministerial submissions and REDD+ Technical Secretariat (RTS) 28 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)

3 Adaptation Contribution Adaptation features strongly in Cambodia’s initial NDC and is equally important in this updated NDC, due to the country’s continued high vulnerability to climate change. Cambodia’s vulnerability to climate change According to several international climate change indices, Cambodia is one of the most vulnerable countries to the adverse impacts of climate change4. The Global Climate Risk Index (1999–2018)5 placed Cambodia at 12th place among the most vulnerable countries globally. The World Risk Index (2019)6, calculated as a product of exposure and vulnerability, categorised Cambodia as among the ‘very high’ impacted countries. Rising temperatures are likely to lead to increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events in a fragile socio-economic context. The country's climate vulnerability results in loss and damage to human life, livelihoods, and the national economy, as well as the degradation of her natural resources. The country is particularly vulnerable to floods, droughts, windstorms, and seawater intrusion. According to a series of vulnerability assessments carried out in 20167, 17.5% of Cambodia’s communes were ‘highly’ vulnerable (i.e. 288 communes) and 27.28% (449 communes) were ‘quite’ vulnerable to multiple climate change hazards. Notably, recent research8 indicates that without climate change, the real GDP will grow at an average of 6.9% per year from 2017 to 2050, achieving Upper Middle-Income Country (UMIC) status in 2035. With climate change, the headline projections use the mid-climate change scenario and a mid-adaptation scenario that is equivalent to current levels of adaptation. Climate change reduces average GDP growth to 6.6% and absolute GDP by 0.4% in 2020, 2.5% in 2030, and 9.8% in 2050. As a result, the UMIC status may be delayed by one

4 Source: GSSD (2017)

5 Source: Eckstein et al. (2019)

6 Source: Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft (2019)

7 The information is queried from the Commune Database

8 Source: NCSD (2016) 29 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) year. Accordingly, Cambodia has begun developing her National Adaptation Plan (NAP). The NAP process builds on work carried out as part of the National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA), the Second National Communication (SNC) and the CCSAP, among others. The NAP identifies climate change impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation actions for Cambodia. Impacts and priorities for adaptation and resilience Cambodia’s vulnerability is characterised by frequent flooding and irregular rainfall, coupled with an agrarian based economy, limited human and financial resources, insufficient physical infrastructure, and limited access to technologies. Socio-economic status, as well as location, access to resources and technology all influence Cambodia’s ability to manage the impact of climate change. Different social groups experience climate vulnerability differently and women, children, the disabled, the elderly and other socially marginalised groups often feel the impacts of climate change disproportionately. For the development of the SNC9, climate change impacts and vulnerability were assessed for the most vulnerable sectors, namely agriculture and water resources, forestry, coastal zones, and human health.  Agriculture and water resources: Under future climate conditions (2025 and 2050), most of Cambodia’s agricultural areas will be exposed to higher risks of drought. Based on data from the past 20 years, losses in production were mainly due to flooding (about 62%) and drought (about 36%). Most flooding occurs due to increased water levels in the Mekong River and Tonle Sap Lake between early July and early October. Disruptions to logistical corridors caused by floods have a profound impact to agricultural supply chains, both domestically and for international trade. The impact of climate change on yield is quite significant. Under the high emission scenario (SRES-A2)10, wet season rice yield (rain-fed) is continuously expected to decrease until 2080 and could fall by up to 70% of current yield levels. Similarly, for the dry season, (irrigated) rice yields for crops planted in November and December

9 NCSD (2015)

10 NCSD (2016) 30 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) could decrease by 40%. The negative impacts on agricultural production can lead to breakdown of food systems, and vulnerable groups risk further deterioration into food and nutrition crises if exposed to extreme climate events. Adaptation strategies, for example additional time in sourcing water or pasture, can particularly affect women labour allocation, in turn influencing time available for childcare and feeding (e.g. breastfeeding exclusively, preparing healthy meals). Further strain on the workload of women and climate change related stress during pregnancy could contribute to low birth weight, leading to increases in risks of undernutrition and non-communicable diseases11.  Forestry: More than 4 million hectares of lowland forest, especially those located in the northeast and southwest, which currently have a water deficit period of between four and six months, will become exposed to a water deficit period of between six and eight months or more. A decrease in forest cover may in turn have negative implications for the population, especially children, through micronutrient deficiencies12. Moreover, decreased forest cover, either from climate change or deforestation, increases the risk of landslides13.  Coastal zones: Rising sea levels are expected to impact coastal systems through inundation, flood and storm damage, loss of wetlands, erosion, saltwater intrusion, and rising water tables. Analysis of the impact of sea-level rises on coastal areas suggests that a total area of about 25,000 ha would be permanently inundated by a sea level rise of one metre, increasing to 38,000 ha at a sea level rise of two metres. Under a high emissions scenario, and without large investments in adaptation, an annual average of 30,700 people are projected to be affected by flooding due to sea level rises between 2070 and 210014. Cambodia also faces inland river flood risks. It

11 Gender, Climate change, Health WHO: https://www.who.int/globalchange/GenderClimateChangeHealthfinal.pdf?ua=1; Gender statistics for key sectors in Cambodia: https://www.jica.go.jp/project/cambodia/011/news/general/ku57pq00001xwvts-att/20150308_01.pdf Gender statistics for key sectors in Cambodia: https://www.jica.go.jp/project/cambodia/011/news/general/ku57pq00001xwvts-att/20150308_01.pdf

12 Impacts of forests on children’s diet in rural areas across 27 developing countries: https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaat2853?utm_source=TrendMD&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=T rendMD_1

13 Deforestation Effects on Rainfall‐Induced Shallow Landslides: Remote Sensing and Physically‐Based Modelling https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019WR025233

14 From WHO Climate and Health Profile Cambodia 2015: https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1064308/retrieve 31 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is projected that by 2030 an additional 69,800 people may be at risk of river floods annually as a result of climate change, above the estimated 89,700 annually affected population in 2010.  Human health: Under a high emissions scenario, the mean annual temperature is projected to rise by about 4.2°C on average from 1990 to 2100. This will negatively impact the most vulnerable populations, especially children and the elderly, particularly through heatwaves15. Higher temperatures and variable precipitation accelerates microbial growth, transmission and virulence, can lead to changes in the seasonal and geographic distribution of vector-borne and water-borne diseases16. The spatial pattern of malaria risk in Cambodia has been found to change as rainfall and temperature change in the future. The transmission risk tends to increase until 2050, and then decreases again in 208017. High temperature and precipitation changes can also result in lower food production in the tropics as well as heat-related diseases. In addition, the SNC highlighted gaps in information on the role of ecosystems and natural protection assets such as soils, forests, coral reefs, and sea grasses in preventing losses due to climate change, as well as helping to build adaptive capacity. Cambodia’s adaptation contribution follows the planning and implementation cycle of the NAP process and integrates elements that are specific to the NDC.

15 WHO Climate and Health Profile Cambodia 2015: https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1064308/retrieve

16 Children’s Environment and Health in East Asia and the Pacific: https://www.unicef.org/eap/reports/childrens-environment-and-health-east-asia-and-pacific

17 NCSD (2016) 32 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Figure 10 NDC-NAP linkages Source: CDKN (2016) Prioritised adaptation actions Similarly, to mitigation, the template used to ensure comparability across adaptation actions is illustrated below. Table 9 Template for ministerial submissions for Adaptation No. Adaptation Government Resilience Targets Co-benefits Finance Technology Gender Final score action priority building (mitigation, availability potential environmental, Costs Benefits social) 1. Action Scoring Government priority: 1=not in line with a government priority; 2= no government policy in place; 3=in line with a government priority Resilience potential: Vulnerable communities targeted etc. Targets: 1= target is difficult to reach; 2= target is easy to reach Co-benefits: 1= action does not have many co-benefits; 33 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 2= action has many co-benefits Finance: 1= cost/benefits= negative; 2=cost/benefits=medium; 3= cost/benefits= positive Technology: 1= not available; 2= available Gender: 1= no impact on equality, no gender inclusion; 2= medium impact on equality, medium gender inclusion; 3= good possibility to build equality, gender inclusion. All line ministries with adaptation relevance submitted their proposed priority actions, which are presented in Annex 2. Prioritised adaptation actions The following table summarises the proposed adaptation actions subdivided by sectors and the corresponding lead ministry. The focus sectors, in line with the vulnerability of the country, are the followings (58):  Agriculture, including agribusiness, animal health and production, agriculture / energy, and agriculture / gender (17 actions)  Coastal zones (2 actions)  Energy (2 actions)  Human health (5 actions)  Industry (1 action)  Infrastructure – including roads, buildings, and urban land use planning (15 actions)  Livelihoods, poverty, and biodiversity (7 actions)  Tourism (3 actions)  Water resources (6 actions). Table 10 Priority adaptation actions Adaptation action Sector / Sub Ministry sector

1 Towards an Agroecological transition in the uplands of Agriculture NCDD Battambang

2 Development of Rice crops for increase production, improved Agriculture MAFF quality-safety; harvesting and post harvesting technique and agro-business enhancement

3 Development of Horticulture and other food crops for increase Agriculture MAFF production, improved quality-safety; harvesting and post harvesting technique and agro-business enhancement 34 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Adaptation action Sector / Sub Ministry sector

4 Development of Industry crops for increase in production, Agriculture MAFF improved quality-safety; harvesting and post harvesting technique and agro-business enhancement

5 Improvement of support services and capacity building to crop Agriculture MAFF production resilient to climate change by promoting research, trials and up-scaling climate-smart farming systems that increase resilience to CC and extreme weather events

6 Building climate change resilience on cassava production and Agriculture MAFF processing

7 Research for the development and enhancement of agricultural Agriculture MAFF productivity, quality, and transfer through strengthening of crop variety conservation and new crop variety release responding to the impacts of climate change

8 Development of new technologies and increased yields by Agriculture MAFF using new crop varieties which adapt to climate change

9 Development of rubber clone varieties suitable for AEZ and Agriculture MAFF resilient to climate change

10 Enhancing institutional and capacity development on climate Agriculture MAFF change impact, vulnerability assessment, adaption measures and mitigation related to rubber sector

11 Improvement of animal breeding technology in Cambodia Agriculture MAFF through AI which can adapt to climate change

12 Promotion of research capacities on animal genetic, animal Agriculture MAFF breeding, and animal feed is strengthened to adapt to climate change

13 Strengthening capacities for risk prevention and reduction, Agriculture MAFF effective emergency preparedness and response at all levels; enhancing livestock and disease-related early warning system, and integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation measures into recovery and rehabilitation initiatives in the livestock sector

14 Promoting aquaculture production systems and practices that Agriculture MAFF are more adaptive to climate change

15 Promoting climate resilience in the capture fisheries sector Agriculture MAFF

16 Scaled up climate‐resilient agricultural production through Agriculture NCDD increased access to solar irrigation systems and other climate‐ resilient practices

17 Developing a training manual and providing training on Agriculture MRD approaches for development of climate-smart and sustainable livelihood to rural poor people

18 Protection, risk mitigation, and resilience building from marine Coastal zones MOE pollution particularly caused by activities on land including marine pollution from waste and aquaculture activities.

19 Effective management and protection of ecological systems of Coastal zones MOE marine and costal zones to avoid adverse impacts from various factors, build their resilience and restore its functions for productive and healthy oceans

20 Conduct climate risk analysis for the existing electricity Energy MME infrastructures and provide recommendations

21 Climate proofing existing and future solar/hydropower Energy MME infrastructure 35 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Adaptation action Sector / Sub Ministry sector

22 Enable effective decision-making for health interventions Human health MOH through generation of information and improved surveillance or early-warning systems

23 Enhance climate resilience in health service delivery Human health MOH

24 Strengthen and provide capacity building of technical Human health MOH guidelines for diagnosis, detection, control, prevention and treatment of vector-borne and water-borne diseases, injuries and other food poisoning illnesses arising from climate change

25 Conduct water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) assessments on Human health MOH climate change and develop planning for communities and health facilities.

26 Strengthen institutional capacities to effectively integrate Human health MOH climate risks and adaptation options in health sector planning and implementation

27 Heat stress adaptation for industrial production Industry MISTI

28 Integrating climate change response measures onto the Infrastructure MLMUPC construction design for buildings and for rural housing (use of - Buildings modern integration of technology)

29 Develop resilient infrastructure of school buildings in response Infrastructure MOEYS to climate change - Buildings

30 Implement climate change and disaster resilient construction Infrastructure NCDM and infrastructure standards including for public sector and - Buildings community-focused buildings covering public health, education, WASH etc.

31 Prepare spatial planning (city/district/municipality) Infrastructure MLMUPC guidelines at all levels for climate change adaptation - Land use planning Integrating climate change response measures to the commune land use planning

32 Integrating climate change response measures to the policy of Infrastructure MLMUPC social land concession (SLC) and its procedures - Land use planning

33 Prepare modality of standardized green spaces for urban Infrastructure MLMUPC planning or new sub-cities to address vulnerability of - Land use urbanization. planning

34 Vulnerability assessment towards the development of climate Infrastructure MLMUPC change strategic plans to respond to the impacts on land, - Land use housings, coastal management and building due to climate planning change

35 Promote Land Use Planning Tools for urban houses and Infrastructure MLMUPC building construction adaptive to climate change benefits to the - Land use low-income and homeless people planning

36 Promote proper low-cost shelters for low-income households Infrastructure MLMUPC resilient to climate change, practically in the area of social land - Land use concession planning

37 Development of building code with mainstreaming climate Infrastructure MLMUPC change into building designs - Land use planning

38 Mainstream climate change response measures into coastal Infrastructure MLMUPC development planning against sea water intrusion, sea water - Land use rise and seasonal storm destruction, and rising temperature planning 36 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Adaptation action Sector / Sub Ministry sector

39 Strengthening Climate Resilient Cities Infrastructure NCDD - Land use planning

40 Develop national road construction and maintenance design Infrastructure MPWT standards for national and provincial roads, considering - Roads climate change impacts, including developing an M&E framework for climate proofing and low-carbon technology roads

41 Repair and rehabilitate existing road infrastructure and ensure Infrastructure MPWT effective operation and maintenance systems, considering - Roads climate change impact

42 Rural road rehabilitation and improvement for climate change Infrastructure MRD resilience - Roads

43 Develop and annually update national and subnational multi- Livelihoods, NCDM hazard and climate risk assessments, including the poverty and identification of the most vulnerable communities biodiversity

44 National end-to-end early warning systems with focus on Livelihoods, NCDM effective dissemination to populations at risk poverty and biodiversity

45 Implement community–based disaster and climate risk Livelihoods, NCDM management programs poverty and biodiversity

46 Building resilience of biodiversity conservation and restoration Livelihoods, MOE to adapt to climate change poverty and biodiversity

47 Integrated village development Livelihoods, MRD poverty and biodiversity

48 Strengthen flood resiliency capacity of communities around Livelihoods, NCDD lake Tonle Sap (access to clean water, off grid renewable energy poverty and and waste management) biodiversity

49 Building climate resilient livelihood and public infrastructures Livelihoods, NCDD in social land concession for vulnerable communities poverty and biodiversity

50 Provide capacity building and supports for climate change Tourism MOT innovation at the provincial along Tonle Sap River

51 Raising public awareness on climate change innovation at all levels Tourism MOT

52 Practicing smart agriculture in tourism sector Tourism MOT

53 Establish an automated nation-wide hydromet monitoring Water MOWRAM network and data transmission program, including the resources collection of climate and hydrological data

54 Establish a centralized and standardized approach to climate- Water MOWRAM resilient water management resources

55 Establish a national climate and flood warning system, Water MOWRAM including a service centre and flood emergency response plans resources

56 Integrated groundwater management in Cambodia Water NCDD resources

57 Establish nationally standardized best-practice systems for Water MOWRAM irrigation resources

58 Resilient and Adaptive rural water supply and sanitation Water MRD construction resources Source: Ministries’ submission 37 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Enabling actions In addition, a number of Ministries also play an enabling role to facilitate the implementation of actions within the NDC. Such actions can be divided into the followings (29):  Education (4 actions)  Gender (6 actions)  Governance (2 actions)  Information (4 actions)  Knowledge sharing (1 action)  Policy and planning (12 actions) Table 11 Enabling actions No. Action Cross- Lead cutting Ministry

1 Upgrading curriculum and training methodologies, including Education MOEYS libraries, to include climate change subjects in primary schools

2 Upgrading curricula to include climate change for non-formal Education MOEYS education

3 Build centres of excellence for delivering climate change courses Education MOEYS and research among Universities

4 Conduct training for education officials on climate change e.g. as a Education MOEYS required component of teacher training

5 Strengthen institutional capacities at national and sub-national Gender MOWA levels to integrate gender responsiveness in climate change adaptation policies, plans, programming, including gender sensitive budgeting

6 Enhance coordination and implementing accountability Gender MOWA mechanisms to reduce climate change vulnerabilities of disadvantaged women and other marginalized groups such as ethnic minority women and men, People with Disabilities (PWD), youth, and the elderly

7 Enhance monitoring and evaluation systems of sectoral ministries Gender MOWA to track gender outcomes in climate change initiatives with a particular focus on collecting and managing sex-disaggregated data, gender indicators and budgeting, outcome-based reporting and the dissemination and up-scaling of the gender and climate change adaptation related knowledge generated.

8 Capacity Development for GCCC members and sectoral ministries Gender MOWA on Gender analysis, gender responsive budgeting and NDC

9 Develop technical guidelines for Gender mainstreaming in NDC Gender MOWA process

10 Market supply chain of rural women entrepreneurs resilient to Gender NCDD climate change

11 Local government and Climate Change-III (LGCC3) Governance NCDD

12 Reducing vulnerability of local communities though sub-national Governance NCDD climate governance reform (focusing on policy) 38 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) No. Action Cross- Lead cutting Ministry

13 Enhance the quality of broadcasting means and expand the Information MOINF capacity of coverage for raising awareness on climate change nationwide

14 Training and enhancing human capacity on climate change in the Information MOINF information sector

15 Urge private media organizations to participate in covering Information MOINF climate change related topics and to complement state broadcasting agencies.

16 Urge and encourage to reduce (or ban) all forms of commercial Information MOINF advertisement that has negative impact on the environment

17 News coverage and program production for awareness raising on Knowledge MOINF climate change and its impacts sharing

18 Building climate resilience for district and commune governance Policy and NCDD through policy and strategic development plan reform (Focus on planning implementation)

19 Mainstreaming climate change into Education Strategic Plan 2019- Policy and MOEYS

2023 Strategic Plan and SDG4 Roadmap for Education 2030 planning

20 Strengthen the cooperation with local and International Policy and MOINF development agencies, NGOs and relevant institutions for planning technical and financial support to implement the adaptation planning in the media sector

21 Development of climate change national/capital/ provincial Policy and MOP development plans including an M&E system with specific planning indicators

22 Development of a climate change public investment program for Policy and MOP the national/capital/ provincial levels planning

23 Building adaptive and resilient capacity for MRD officers at Policy and MRD national and sub-national level for mainstreaming climate change planning into rural development planning processes and technical design.

24 Build adaptive capacity on climate change for Village leaders Policy and MRD (Village Development Committees, VDCs) planning

25 Strengthen resilience and adaptation capacity to climate change in Policy and NCSD the most vulnerable provinces/districts/communes (produce planning vulnerability index maps at the commune level, integrate climate change into investment and development plans, demonstrate the identified actions at pilot sites)

26 Update and implement the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Policy and NCSD Plan (CCCSP) for 2024-2033 planning

27 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, Policy and NCSD strategies and sectoral strategies and plans planning

28 Enhance institutional capacity on climate change (mitigation, Policy and NCSD adaptation, policy, strategies, planning, and finance) through planning awareness raising, training, and advocacy.

29 Development of a long-term low emission strategy Policy and NCSD planning Source: Ministries’ submissions 39 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)

4 Cross-cutting areas The initial NDC was developed in a short period of time, which made far-reaching consultations challenging. As such, it was understood that some crucial areas of climate change policy and implementation were not adequately analysed, specifically 1) Gender; 2) Youth involvement; and 3) Private sector engagement. Most Ministries included the implications of each action across these areas. These are presented and summarised below. It is also important to highlight an additional area related to Indigenous People. The Cambodian Constitution recognises that all Khmer citizens (which include indigenous people under the National Policy on the Development of Indigenous Peoples) are equal before the law regardless of race, colour, national origin, etc. Indigenous people are also protected by the Land Law (2001), the Forest Law (2002), the Protected Areas Law (2008), and the National REDD+ Strategy, among others. During the NDC implementation and particularly for mitigation measures in the FOLU, the RGC will seek to promote the rights of indigenous peoples, specifically concerning land ownership. Respect for the traditional knowledge held by indigenous peoples is integral to an understanding of traditional livelihoods and of culture and is, therefore, an essential component of safeguarding these rights. Gender Overview Climate change affects gender minorities disproportionately, including women and girls. The areas where women play a central role - food security, nutrition, energy, livelihoods, health, natural resource management, among others - are those most directly impacted by climate change. By exaggerating gender inequality, climate change also reinforces a structural root cause of violence against women and girls18. In prioritising climate solutions, a gender-balanced approach should incorporate the intersectional needs of the population to ensure inclusivity. Addressing gender inequalities

18 Gender, Climate change, Health WHO: https://www.who.int/globalchange/GenderClimateChangeHealthfinal.pdf?ua=1 40 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is, therefore, a priority for Cambodia and gender has been effectively mainstreamed across planning and budgeting, including in the context of addressing climate change. Notably, the CCCSP includes a strategic objective to ‘reduce sectoral, regional, gender vulnerability and health risks to climate change impacts’. The Ministry mandated with planning and facilitating the implementation of gender issues is the Ministry of Women’s Affairs (MOWA). The MOWA has formed a Gender and Climate Change Committee, which gathers information on gender and climate change, conducts studies on the impact of climate change on women and children and builds climate change capacity in the ministry’s departments. The MOWA has also integrated climate change, green growth, and disaster risk management into Neary Rattanak IV, the National Policy on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment. In addition, as part of Cambodia’s periodic reporting to the Convention on Ending all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the Cambodia National Council for Women (CNCW) responds specifically to the disproportionate impacts of climate change on rural women and acknowledges the policy and programme efforts underway in Cambodia to mitigate these impacts19. As part of this NDC update, all Ministries acknowledged the importance of addressing gender issues, particularly women’s participation in climate action. Most priority actions have a specific target for women’s participation that ranges from 15% to 70%. Gender and age disaggregated data are crucially important in measuring the success of the gender targets, not only related to women’s participation but also women’s access to skills and technology, as well as women in climate-related decision making. Mitigation Mitigation priority actions, including energy, waste, and transport, all have linkages to gender equality and social inclusion and the potential to contribute to several gender-based indicators. In relation to energy priorities such as (1) access to energy in rural areas and (2) the diversification of household and community energy generation sources to reduce reliance on biomass as an energy source, women are often responsible for household energy- related decisions in rural areas, and women, the poor and the marginalised are often last to

19 CEDAW (2018) Sixth periodic report submitted by Cambodia under Article 18 of the Convention, due in 2017. 41 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) gain energy access. Gender-responsive mitigation actions and indicators will help measure these changes and also contribute to measuring the success of SDG 5, Cambodia’s CEDAW commitments, and the CCCSP. All mitigation sectors have encouraged the equal involvement of men and women in mitigation actions. However, the waste and energy sectors show a higher tendency of maintaining a gender balance and encouraging women’s participation. For example, women and children often constitute a large portion of informal waste pickers. Therefore, formalising the waste sector management and creating decent jobs could have a significant impact on ensuring stable livelihoods for women. Projects such as those in the composting market can benefit both men and women. There is high potential to contribute to gender equality through increasing energy access in rural areas, by diversifying household and community energy generation sources. For example, by reducing the reliance on biomass as an energy source. Women are also often responsible for the majority of household energy-related decisions in rural areas. Gender equality can be encouraged in mitigation actions such as through eco-payments. In the transport sector, women generally use public transport more than men. Ensuring safe, efficient and comfortable transport for women may increase their access to higher education centres, skills development centres and other resources in urban areas. Women constitute a higher proportion of the working population in agriculture, and the forestry sector is seen as providing strong opportunities to improve gender balance. In the forestry sector, and particularly for REDD+, there is a need to recognise the diversity of stakeholders, particularly among forest communities. In addition to continuing the enhancement of ‘invited spaces’ for women’s groups, it will be important for gender outcomes to be adequately captured in the country’s REDD+ Safeguards Information Systems and the broader REDD+ monitoring system. 42 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Adaptation Skilled agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers are the most common occupations (31%) among Cambodia’s working population20. Women (32.5%) make up slightly more of the employed population than men (28.5%)21. This category, however, this does not account for the self-employed or those working their own land, which is very common in Cambodia’s agrarian-based economy. Women have a strong role to play in this sector and in value chain development in particular. Priorities include the need to increase women’s income generation while decreasing their work burden by improving agricultural practices and access to technology, as well as fostering women’s collective working groups. In terms of infrastructure, particularly in climate proofing of buildings and roads, opportunities for women to contribute more prominently to restoration and construction are needed, in order to increase their access to income and livelihoods. In the human health sector, the importance of gender-disaggregated data is considered a priority, especially to understand the different impacts of air-and vector-borne diseases on women and men. This is of particular significance to women, who often carry the burden of household care including medical care for the family, but who also play an important role in championing behavioural patterns which may improve health and hygiene and reduce disease spread22. In Disaster Risk Management (DRM), little gender-disaggregated data collection exists, therefore information on the differentiated impacts of disasters on women, the elderly, children, disabled people, and other socially marginalised groups is largely anecdotal. Data collection needs to be prioritised and the role of women in DRM strengthened, particularly in the potential role women and children can play a key role in developing and monitoring emergency response plans. Enabling actions It is crucial to develop training and awareness materials that take particular gender-based needs and priorities into account to ensure that women and girls benefit equally from

20 National Institute of Statistics (2018). CSES 2017 Final Report

21 National Institute of Statistics (2018). CSES 2017 Final Report

22 See Cambodia’s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC (2015) for more information and targets on reducing risk to and death due to malaria transmission. 43 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) climate action. The training of trainers and ‘women champions’ are being rolled out in an effort to reach women in particular, and this work will be continued and scaled up where possible. The linkages between more targeted education and an increase in school enrolment for children, in particular girls, are also key to ensure the impacts of climate change do not disproportionately affect girls in terms of access to, and the completion of, education. Youth involvement Overview The Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports (MoEYS) is the lead Ministry mandated with ensuring youth engagement in all relevant sectors, including in climate change. Some Ministries have indicated where youth engagement can be most appropriate. Mitigation The involvement of youth in mitigation actions tends to be lower than in adaptation. However, youth are encouraged to participate in programmes in the relevant sectors, including energy, industry, and transport. Adaptation In the infrastructure sector, youth could provide inputs in construction design, given their role as workers. In DRM they can promote and share knowledge of Early Warning Systems (EWS) with their communities. In human health and water resources (especially conservation), their role in awareness-raising campaigns is crucial. Youth also play a key role in the tourism sector, from working in eco-tourism to promoting local organic products. Youth are also a target of higher education abroad programmes, especially in the water resources sector. Overall, they can engage in volunteering activities related to education, training, and outreach and also through specific media programmes. Enabling actions Beyond direct engagement in these sectors, children and youth play a critical role in the development, implementation, monitoring, and enforcement of climate actions across sectors – they need to be engaged at the national and local levels to participate meaningfully in the development of climate policies, including the NDC and NAP. They need to be empowered to be able to act as leaders of the next generation, educated on their 44 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) environmental rights and equipped with the necessary skills, knowledge and training for a green transition. Private sector engagement Overview Most actions will be effective only through the engagement of the sector-appropriate private sector players, including through Public Private Partnerships (PPPs). Private sector entry points have been identified with most of the ministries, and engagement is highlighted in the NDC implementation through directed actions. Private sector partners will need to be engaged to develop PPPs for climate solutions, beyond a donor-based approach, that can be applied sector-wide. Some of the challenges and opportunities for PPPs include23:  An absence of reliable data on private sector investments, including difficulties in identifying adaptation measures supported by the private sector and issues in covering all parts of the economy;  The size of the informal sector which accounts for more than half of Cambodia’s GDP; and  Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) make up the majority of businesses in Cambodia (only 0.2 % are companies with at least 100 employees; 98% of companies employ 10 people or fewer) and provide around two-thirds of the country’s employment. Through addressing some of these challenges and opportunities, there is potential to accelerate climate action with the private sector through PPPs. Mitigation In general, all mitigation sectors require strong public and private sector collaboration to ensure effectiveness. Based on existing climate related data and information available, the private sector is predominantly involved in the industry, waste and energy sectors, while less information is available for other sectors, namely transport, forestry, and agriculture.

23 UNICEF EAPRO Climate Action Advocacy Development in ASEAN Region draft report 45 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Adaptation While the main potential to scale up private investments relate to mitigation efforts, barriers can be removed in order to stimulate private sector adaptation engagement, not least in the agriculture, human health, and fisheries sectors24. In all sectors, and crucially in buildings and infrastructure, it is in the interest of the private sector to be involved in policymaking and planning and to ensure guidelines and standards are appropriate and implementable. Private sector players are equally involved as input and technology providers (such as in innovative and more resilient clean energy, agriculture, and water spaces), as service providers (such as in eco-tourism or technical assistance to sectors such as water) or as financiers to many other actions, or can themselves be involved in awareness, training and education, such as through private media and universities.

5 Governance and Implementation Processes The NDC update process The Department of Climate Change (DCC) of the GSSD led a preliminary assessment of the NDC implementation and identification of gaps, as well as the development of the corresponding NDC Roadmap and Stakeholder Engagement Plan. This ensured that the country was able to review her NDC targets by the COP 26 meeting and is expected to achieve her stated contributions by 2030. The process for the formulation of the NDC roadmap allowed for an initial engagement of stakeholders in key sectors in the discussion of which resources and mechanisms could be leveraged and what would still need to be put in place to ensure full delivery of the NDC targets. The NDC Roadmap, with expected timelines and targets for Cambodia’s NDC implementation, as emerged from the process detailed above, is presented below.

24 Source: NCSD (2016) 46 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) By 2020 By 2025 By 2030 Governance Governance systems set up NDC and climate change NDC and other planning governance systems systems perfectly increasingly mainstreamed mainstreamed and used to report on NDC and SDGs Mitigation Implementation of mitigation Increased ambition, Real-time economy-wide actions economy-wide mitigation mitigation targets and targets and implementation implementation Adaptation NAP process ongoing and NDC linked to NAP process NDC linked to NAP process adaptation actions in NDC and resilience improved implemented Finance Finance systems set up and Climate investment plan Middle-income level of concessional financing operational and increased financial sophistication terms sophistication of finance achieved system MRV/Transparency Limited measurement of Transparency system Transparency system progress and development of partially operational upgraded and fully transparency system operational Figure 11 Summary of the NDC implementation timeline and targets Source: NDC Roadmap (2019) The NDC update process initiated with the line ministries in March 2020 helped ascertain whether certain targets would need to be adjusted and whether Cambodia would be able to raise her level of ambition. Strong engagement continued throughout the process: experts from development partners, including UNWOMEN, FAO, UNDP, UNICEF, World Bank, GGGI, and WHO provided specialist advice both to line ministries and inputting directly in this document. In addition, a private sector event was organised, with wide participation of stakeholders from different sectors, and local communities and indigenous peoples have been engaged in the process. Every effort was made to conduct such consultations in a gender responsive way. Overarching policy structures Cambodia’s NDC places strong focus on the CCCSP 2014-23 (2013) and related Sectoral Action Plans for its implementation, in addition to the following, some of which have been developed since 2015:  Cambodia’s Sustainable Development Goals (CSDGs) 2016-30 (2018) have been developed, adapting the global SDGs to Cambodia’s context by adding ‘Goal 18 of De- mining’ and tailoring the indicators 47 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)  The National Strategic Plan on Green Growth (NSPGG) 2013-2030 (2013) was prepared to move Cambodia towards a green economy  The Rectangular Strategy IV (2018) was developed, focusing on fostering socio- economic development  National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) 2019-2023 was developed. There are four climate change indicators in the current NSDP. The line ministries will be required to develop their own sectoral development plans; and  The Circular Economy Strategy and Action Plan is also being advanced. This outlines the key vision, mission, strategies, and roadmap for Cambodia to transition towards a circular economy through the improvement of many aspects of the economy and society. In addition, there are a number of other sectoral policies and strategies, detailed action by action in the Annexes, including the below:  National Protected Area Strategic Management Plan 2017-2031 (2017)  National Cooling Plan (draft)  National REDD+ Strategy 2017 – 2021 (2017) and the National REDD+ Action and Investment Plan (2019)  National Energy Efficiency Policy (draft)  National Environmental Strategy and Action Plan 2016–2023 (2018); and  Strategic Planning Framework for Fisheries 2010 – 2019 (2010). Stakeholder roles and responsibilities The NCSD is the focal point for the UNFCCC, in addition to covering a number of other roles. The DCC/GSSD has played a key role in coordination within the government, integration into planning and budgeting, in addition to capacity building and overall stakeholder engagement across all sectors. The NCSD promotes sustainable development aimed at ensuring economic, environmental, social, and cultural balance within the Kingdom of Cambodia. It also includes an Executive Committee and a Secretariat (housed at the Ministry of Environment). 48 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) A General Secretariat (GSSD) was established to support the operations of the NCSD and for coordinating the development of policies, strategic plans, action plans, and legal instruments concerning sustainable development, including the green economy, climate change, biodiversity conservation and biosafety, and science and technology. The Department of Climate Change (DCC) is under the GSSD and has led technical efforts for climate change adaptation and mitigation response and reporting. A Climate Change Technical Working Group (CCTWG) was established to facilitate and provide technical support to the National Council for Sustainable Development (NCSD) in addressing climate change in the Kingdom of Cambodia. The TWG is key to governance and to ensure decision making and implementation by key line ministries. Committees or technical working groups have been created in several line ministries to take on the coordination responsibilities for climate change actions within their respective sectors. Civil society is recognised as an important voice for the community and plays an important role in policy implementation. The NGO Forum is one way in which civil society can bring a voice to the NDC formulation and implementation. Development partners also provide a platform for NGO collaboration and women-focused NGOs were consulted during the process of this NDC update. An illustration of the roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder in relation to the NDC implementation can be seen in the following table. Table 12 Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders Stakeholder Role and functions in NDC implementation NCSD  Coordination and integration  Capacity building and knowledge management  Stakeholder engagement MoP, MoEF  Support to integration of NDC implementation in national and subnational planning and budgeting  Support to MRV development and implementation Line  NDC planning and implementation in respective sectors ministries/Government  Provision of information to NCSD Institutions 49 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) NGOs  NDC implementation  Provision of information  Provision of support  Engagement in policymaking  Representation of vulnerable groups Private/finance sector  NDC implementation  Engagement in policymaking  Provision of information Development partners  Provision of support  Engagement in policymaking Academia  Provision of research, development, innovation, and information  Engagement in policymaking Source: NDC Roadmap (2019) Stakeholders are represented in the following organogram. Policy NCSD Approval - Policy Review - Approval of NDC review and -Development of NDC initiatives implementation plans and Policy development, coordination, GSSD - Lead in coordination, integration, policies capacity building and knowledge management, stakeholder engagement and awareness, legal Legend frameworks, NDC review Internal stakeholders CCTWG Monitoring & Reporting Key -Coordination with Internal stakeholders Stakeholders for inputs and reporting -Development of NDC strategies and supports Ministries/Public Development Private/financial Institutions NCDD Partners Sector NGOs/SCOs Academia Planning, implementation, -Support to -Coordination -Provision -Provisionofof -NDC -NDC -NDC Provision of integration with sub- support support implementation implementation implementation research, -NDC planning national -Engagement -Engagement -Engagement -Engagement -Engagement development, and administrations ininpolicy policyand and ininpolicy policyand and in policy innovation and implementation for inputs and provisionofof provisionofof provision provision dialogues Reporting information to information in respective reporting information to information to information to the GSSD -Dissemination the GSSD sectors -Working on NCSD-S NCSD-S of information -Reporting via NDC strategies CCTWG and supports -Reporting to CCTWG Figure 12 Stakeholder roles and responsibilities Source: NDC Roadmap (2019) 50 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)

7 Means of Implementation This section presents an overview of the means of implementation across finance, capacity building, and technology. Finance Despite ongoing efforts, financial needs remain high and most actions require financial support (detailed actions are listed in the Annexes). Future resource mobilisation will look towards a reasonable mix of national and international funds, in addition to market mechanisms, where appropriate, and in line with progress on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. The NDC Roadmap indicated that Cambodia will also require the development of a climate investment plan to aggregate finance needs, gaps, sources, options, and the creation of a project pipeline. Mitigation The following table summarises the finance needs per sector as reported by each ministry in their mitigation submissions. The total funding required for mitigation actions is over US $ 5.8 billion. The FOLU, waste, and energy sector mitigation actions require the most funds. These are mostly conditional upon international support. (Further information is provided in Appendix 4). Table 13 Summary of mitigation finance necessary Sector Estimated finance necessary (million US $) Agriculture 49.4 Energy 672.1 Forestry 3,466.4 Industry 78.7 Waste 1490.3 Transport 10.6 General25 3.1 TOTAL 5,770.6 Source: Ministries’ submissions

25 This row includes the estimated finance necessary for mitigation actions that cannot be included in the other categories (Energy, Waste, IPPU, Agriculture, FOLU), such as: 1) Promoting One Tourist, One Trees campaign; 2) Installing air quality monitoring equipment in all provinces across and establishing an air quality data monitoring center with mobile application for public information and access. 51 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Adaptation The table below summarises the finance needs per sector as reported by each ministry in their adaptation submissions. The total funding required for adaptation actions is just over US $ 2 billion. Infrastructure, water, and agriculture require the highest funding. Table 14 Summary of adaptation finance necessary Sector Estimated finance necessary (US $) Agriculture 306,268,600 Coastal zones 72,000,000 Enabling actions 21,050,000 Energy 322,000 Human health 467,685 Industry Not reported Infrastructure 957,990,000 Livelihoods, poverty and biodiversity 211,125,000 Tourism 2,500,000 (as minimum) Water resources 468,798,900 TOTAL 2,040,522,185 Source: Ministries’ submissions Of the amount indicated above, the majority is conditional upon international support. In fact, almost half of the actions specifically included an indication of conditionality, whilst only five specified that implementation may be possible, at least partially, through existing budget allocations (see detailed table in Appendix 2). In any case, more analysis will need to be carried out as part of the NDC tracking process to ensure transparency. Barriers and capacity needs The NDC review identified the need for capacity building for the NDC implementation, especially for the NCSD/DCC, CCTWG, and sectoral (and sub-national) TWGs. In addition, each ministry submitted its own capacity building requirements. The table below summarises the barriers and capacity needs for the NDC implementation as submitted by each ministry and identified in the NDC review, the tackling of which will require strong international support. 52 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Table 15 Barriers and capacity needs Ministry Barriers Capacity needs MISTI • Technical capacity • Financial support • Finance • Human resource training • Regulatory framework • Support from top management • Inter-ministerial cooperation • Participation from private sector (factory owners and workers) • Labour skill • Data from factories • Equipment MLMUPC • Finance (budget for • Capacity on climate change (otherwise activity implementation) MLMUPC has full technical capacity) • Climate change • Support to strengthen the CCTWG of information toolkit and MLMUPC Capacity support for technical capacity staff of the four General Department within • Data systems to monitor MLMUPC as well as horizontal (line and evaluate the impacts agencies) and vertical actors (sub-national of climate change government) in carrying out the activities. interventions MME • Lack of regulatory • Human and institutional capacity building framework • Financial support • Limited capacity for data • Capacity on mainstreaming climate change collection and into energy infrastructure planning and monitoring development • Lack of data • Integrated decision support system for management system integration of climate data (from various • Lack of integrated ministries) to support resilient energy decision support system infrastructure MOE • Climate model expertise As coordinator for the NDC implementation, the • Concept note and MOE would be expected to build its own capacity proposal development and the one of the line ministries in a number of • Data management and areas, including: reporting • Coordination and integration • Capacity building and knowledge management • Stakeholder engagement • Mitigation and adaptation including: • Environmental, social, economic impact assessment • ESS and gender implementation • Sectoral knowledge and best practices • GHG measurement and accounting • Vulnerability assessment • Policy development and appraisal • MRV/Transparency including: • GHG measurement and accounting • Negotiations skills • Public financial management • Database development 53 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) MOEYS • Finance • Concept and case studies on climate • Concept note change, DRR, climate emergency, response development planning • Technical capacity • Data collection and monitoring systems • Integration of climate change into school curriculum and teacher training curriculum, • M&E framework and systems for Education Management Information System (EMIS) and climate change. MOH • Finance for climate • Technical and financial support from change infrastructure external sources both for policy and innovation development, infrastructure and behaviour • Human resources change communication and awareness • Gender involvement raising • Technical support MOINF • Finance • Cooperation from stakeholders and expert • Technical ministries is crucial • Human resources on climate change and environment MOP • Finance • MoP has the capacity to guide sectoral • Capacity ministries to implement their activities • Technical Assistance • Capacity building is necessary for all staff (by sector) on climate change • MoP and NCSD need capacity to assist in mainstreaming climate change in development plan. Being the key ministry to coordinate finance to the sectors, MoP might also require support in the following areas: • Financial and technology needs assessments • Financial modelling and cost benefit analysis • Business case and project concept note writing • Financial and investment terminology • Understanding of the constraints and requirements of investors • Accreditation and access to climate finance • Environmental, Social Safeguards (ESS) and gender MOT • Finance • Cooperation from stakeholders and expert • Technical ministries is crucial • Human resources on climate change and environment MOWRAM • Finance • Technical support and cooperation from • Capacity of staff the private sector is required • Needs assessment - particularly on technology 54 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) • Data/information centres MPWT • Finance • Capacity on climate change to be built for • Human resource implementation and access to finance (capacity building) • Research and development MRD • Finance • Outsourcing some services to firms on • Human resources project design and quality assurance • For the implementation of the Government budget, MRD have enough capacity to deliver NCDD • Capacity of • Existing capacity is not yet sufficient for implementers and NCDD implementation. Climate change is still new • Finance • Human Resources are dedicated mostly for • Policy (at the national decentralisation and de-concentration, as level) reflected in the upcoming NCDD Strategy for 2021-2030 NCDM • Resource person • NCDM would be able to deliver with • Finance from technical and finance support development partners (governmental budget is limited) • Policy/standards (for example private engagement in DRM) MOWA • Capacity building to • Resource person needs better understand the • Technical support concept of gender and • Gender safeguards mitigation measures gender analysis, implementation • M&E • Finance • Coordination (institutional arrangements) MAFF • Human resources • Capacity building on Enhance • Finance Transparency Framework (ETF) and • AFOLU GHG data Management Information System(s) (MIS) • Technology • Technical support to establish and operate a tracking system for the NDC, CSDG and other relevant climate change strategies • Technical support for improving activity data and emission factor Source: Ministries’ submissions and NDC Roadmap (2019) Technology needs and availability Overview Cambodia has developed a technology needs assessment for adaptation and mitigation. Technology needs also feature prominently in the sectoral climate change action plans. 55 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) However, these are mostly out of date, as such, each ministry provided an action by action indication of technology needs and availability (see the Annexes) and summarised here. Mitigation Limited information has been provided on technology availability in mitigation sectors. In waste, required technology is available in the country and region (e.g. Thailand, Vietnam, and Malaysia). In the energy sector, technologies such as Solar Home Systems (SHS), direct and alternating current (AC/DC) micro grids, and solar battery charging stations are available in the country. In the agricultural sector for example, compost technology is currently available. Key technologies in the transport sector include digital systems for GHG emission MRV; spatial planning tools for network management, including traffic management and newer technologies for electric mobility. Adaptation The agricultural sector indicated detailed technology needs for climate smart practices in all its proposed actions, ranging from stress tolerant varieties, to systems of rice intensification to integrated pest management and integrated soil and nutrient management. There are a number of innovative information platforms and databases in use for disaster risk management, including CAMDI (to monitor the impact of disasters, and the DesInventar package), real-time technology-based weather forecasting methods and technology transferred from the French and Finnish meteorological societies, in addition to manuals and toolkits such as the Community Based Disaster Risk Management Field Practitioners Handbook and the KoBo toolbox for community assessment. The energy sector continues to adapt renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies to the Cambodian context. The health sector makes use of a number of systems, such as the National Dengue Surveillance System, or the CAMEWARN, a case-based surveillance system which covers seven epidemic prone diseases and syndromes. The infrastructure sector makes use of several guidelines for climate proofing investment developed by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the World Bank. Technologies in use in the land use planning sector include land survey high technology, aerial photography for mapping, soil tests for spatial planning, downscaled climate projections and network-level vulnerability assessments. In the water resources sector, groundwater analysis, vulnerability and risk assessments, in addition to groundwater monitoring systems are in use. 56 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Enabling technologies The enabling sectors use a range of known technologies including radio, TV and social media for information and awareness to sharing lessons learned from other countries, or the National M&E Manual to monitor progress on indicators.

8 Transparency Overview The RGC’s approach to developing and operationalising its domestic measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) systems focuses on integration into the existing climate change M&E framework structure of the CCCSP rather than setting up new layers of institutional structures. Figure 13 MRV systems in Cambodia Source: NCSD (2020) Cambodia has made significant efforts in establishing robust information systems for MRV. The country has five well-established MRV systems (GHG emissions, CCCSP, which includes adaptation and mitigation, REDD+, Project level MRVs for two planned Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), 12 Clean Development Mechanism (CDMs), 6 Joint 57 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Crediting Mechanism (JCMs), and 6 Verified Emissions Reductions (VERs) and Support received). MRV for NDC Tracking Cambodia puts great emphasis on the development of an integrated and detailed MRV system, which is also aimed at achieving the implementation of the NDC. It will be comprised of the following components (mitigation, adaptation, GHG inventory, support received, and support needed). Figure 14 Components of MRV for NDC tracking Source: NCSD (2020) The system will detail how monitoring will happen, and how data will be managed, aggregated and translated into reports, with particular attention paid to gender and vulnerable groups. A simple, accessible and understandable NDC tracking online system will be developed and the tool will be made accessible online. It is expected that, to the extent possible, the system will harmonise and track all data needs for the relevant international agencies and domestic stakeholders. It will serve as a data repository for in-country stakeholders, including to provide knowledge management for the private sector and to track their contributions to the SDGs, and international ones, particularly the UNFCCC and 58 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) any other relevant international reporting agency. Verification from third parties, including academic institutions, will be considered. The system will also consider the ISAF (accountability framework) supported by the NCDD (financed by the WB). This ensures proper accessibility of information at the community level (Information for Citizens I4C) and accountability at the commune levels to follow-up on the proposed measures. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Information for the UNFCCC Timeframes Timeframe for implementation 2020-2030 Scope and coverage Scope of gases included in the Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O) contribution Geographies covered by the All national territories contribution Assumptions and methodological approaches Methodology for estimating emissions Historical Data: The reported estimates of emissions of and projections (Excluding the FOLU GHGs and removal of CO2 are based on data reported in the sector) 2019 GHG Inventory Report and First Biennial Updated Report (BUR, 2020) developed by the Government of Cambodia. Tier 1 methodologies set out in the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 Guidelines and IPCC default emission factors and country specific activity data from 1994 to 2016 were used for the BAU assessment. Baseline Scenario: Projections were generated by forecasting the calculated emissions within the period of 2000 to 2016 using PROSPECT+ modelling tool for electricity, transport, buildings, cement, other industry (excluding cement), agriculture and waste sectors. Default emission factors and activity data were collected from a wide range of sources but focusing mainly on the latest update of BUR and the defaults values which were given by the model itself. All projections considered current macroeconomic conditions, policy conditions, market conditions and events in other sectors. For each sector, a BAU scenario was developed by extrapolating past emission trends, interpolating to fill data missing in a sequence and using relevant influential factors (GDP, population, forestry growth rate). Mitigation Scenario: These were formulated based on submissions from relevant ministries. All the possible 59 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) mitigation actions were considered to develop the NDC scenario using PROSPECT+ model. Approaches for land use, land-use EX-ACT tool was used for this sector because PROSPECT+ change and forestry emissions doesn’t cover the FOLU sector. Historical Data: Most of the activity data was taken from the National GHG Inventory prepared in 2019 and the BUR finalised in 2020. Besides those, default values which are given by the EX-ACT based on 2006 IPCC guidelines were considered. (Data from 2000 to 2016 were used) Baseline Scenario: projections for the FOLU sector were generated by calculating emissions within the period of 2000 to 2016 using EX-ACT. Then the BAU forecasts were developed based on the forest cover percentage and deforestation rates in the country. Mitigation Scenario: These were formulated based on proposed actions submitted from all relevant ministries. The main FOLU sector targets were considered to developed mitigation scenarios. Global Warming Potentials (GWP) GWP values used for estimating CO2e were taken from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report to be in line with the latest updated BUR submitted in 2020 Reference point Business as Usual (BAU) emissions in Selected BAU scenario: 213 million tCO2e/year for the year the target year 2030 Projection methodology for low carbon PROSPECTS+ model was used to estimate baseline and NDC scenarios emissions for sectors other than the FOLU, and EX-ACT tool for the FOLU sectors. Most of the activity data were taken from the ‘National GHG Inventory 1994-2016’ prepared in 2019 and a study on “A Design of Low Carbon Development Plan Towards 2050 in Cambodia in 2016”. Fairness and ambition The core mitigation commitments of the Paris Agreement are common to all parties, but there is some differentiation in requirements. Developed countries “should” undertake absolute economy-wide reduction targets, while developing countries “are encouraged” to move toward economy-wide targets over time. Cambodia, despite being a least developed country, with an eighth of the per capita emissions when compared to the global average26, sets, in this updated NDC, ambitious sectoral reduction targets and structured and comprehensive adaptation actions.

26 Source: The World Bank, CO2e emissions per capita global database. Estimates for 2016. 60 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)

9 Sustainable Development Climate change mitigation and adaptation will be crucial not only to achieve SDG 13 on Climate Action, but a number of other SDGs, in addition to the Paris Agreement and given the cross-cutting nature of climate change. SDG 13 has significant implications on the achievement of other key priorities of each country, such as poverty reduction, food security, gender equality, water and sanitation, energy access, reduced inequalities, sustainable cities, and sustainable land use and ecosystems27. As such, the NDC implementation can contribute to almost all SDGs, and gender sensitive approaches can help redress gender inequalities (SDG5) and ensure women are engaged and can benefit at all levels. As part of the Cambodia NDC revision process, an analysis on how the NDCs can impact the achievement of the SDG was carried out. Each mitigation measure and adaptation action was screened against the attainment of the SDGs. For mitigation, the SCAN tool was utilized. Given the overlap between the SDGs and climate change action, the MRV/Transparency systems used for the NDC implementation can potentially be used to track the SDG implementation as well, especially the goals related to mitigation, adaptation, and finance. They could also be used to track the gender sensitive impact of climate actions and effectiveness of gender mainstreaming initiatives if appropriate gender indicators are embedded into the M&E framework and appropriate resources and monitored.

27 Source: CDKN (2019) 61 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Table 16 Summary of the SDG assessment of mitigation actions Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, SDG contribution social, adaptation) Industry Urban planning tools for climate change MLMUPC Air pollution reduction, mitigation and the urban planning solution in three sub cities Improvement of process performance of EE MME Training of a certain number of by establishment of energy management in energy managers/companies by buildings/industries DTEBP Efficiency energy and pollution management MAFF Energy saving, reduce GHG and in latex and rubber wood processing pollution from waste water, health and environment friendly, increased income and value added and employment, and safety working environment Waste Development of strategies for waste MISTI management including hazardous waste management (MISTI focuses on technical aspect of waste management inside the factories; Improve process only) New sanitary landfills with LFG extraction MoE Reduced fire hazard and LFG extraction at the Dangkor Landfill - Decrease risk of collapse - Odour control Potential for private sector engagement in - Reduced health hazard financing, constructing, and operating - Energy for leachate evaporation sanitary landfill and LFG systems -Prevention of surface and groundwater contamination from toxic waste components 62 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, SDG contribution social, adaptation) - leachate capture and treatment - Employment creation Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction MAFF Contributing people's livelihood as compared to 2000)(Small size (2-3-4m3); well as better economy Medium size(6-8-10m3), Large size(>10m3) Composting of biodegradable organic MoE Job creation -Reduced odour fraction of MSW supplemented with nuisance- local organic fertilizer separation of organic waste (at source). production-less leachate leakage from landfill-less landfill space Can be done at different stages in the waste required, so cost-savings (but management value chain, either at space required for composting) household, community level or at landfill site. Private sector can invest in and operate the composting facilities Production of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) MoE 1. Job creation from either a) fresh MSW or b) old MSW 2. Reduced odour nuisance mined from the Dangkor landfill. The 3. Local organic fertilizer mechanical and biological separation and production (bioslurry) treatment of waste will be combined with an 4. Less leachate leakage from anaerobic digestion plant (generation of landfill biogas from organic waste) to power 5. less landfill space required facilities at the landfill. The produced RDF can be sold to e.g. cement industry as fuel. Private sector can invest in and manage the RDF and anaerobic digestion plant Implementation of National 3R strategy MoE Achieving a recycle process with an environmental and economic purpose contributes to the goal of the environment and sustainability 63 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, SDG contribution social, adaptation) Centralized recycling facility for industrial MISTI Provides job opportunities for waste from the garment sector landfill pickers in a safer environment-Reduces energy costs and Provides a more comfortable environment for the occupiers of The buildings equipped with insulation-Improves local air quality by reducing The open burning of garment waste, including at The landfills-Reduces The need for landfill space-Reduces The need of virgin materials for manufacturing building products Energy Application of electrical equipment labelling MME Labelling and standard product & MEPS information of the consumption of (Lighting, Cooling & Equipment) energy Public awareness campaigns, DTEBP-EE info MME 1. Reducing inefficient centers appliances/technologies uses 2. Informing the citizens of possibilities to improve EE and of related benefits Building codes and enforcement/certification MME Energy efficiency standards, laws for new buildings and those undergoing and regulations concerning major renovation building energy codes are being elaborated and promulgated 64 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, SDG contribution social, adaptation) Introduction of efficient electrical industrial MME Resolve of economic viability of motors and transformer investing in the improvement of energy efficiency of the equipment Improve sustainability of charcoal MME Forest fire prevention and production through enforcement of biodiversity protection regulations Increase energy access to rural area MME Local community has electricity 24 hours Incorporate renewable energy resources MME Reduce imports energy sources and (solar, wind, hydro, biomass) into energy mix increase clean energy Diversification of household and community MME energy generation sources to reduce reliance on biomass as an energy sources Reducing GHG emission though off grid street NCDD a) Improve knowledge of local lightening of rural municipality governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission b) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action Toward Battambang city to green city NCDD a) Improve knowledge of local governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG 65 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, SDG contribution social, adaptation) emission) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action) Paradigm shift Cooling of public sector buildings NCSD The cooling of public buildings has many benefits, including: • Reduced GHG emissions – climate-friendly solutions to cooling buildings reduces the reliance on ACs which are a source of GHGs • Improved living conditions – as temperatures rise, cooling of buildings in a necessity to avoid heat stress and the subsequent health risks Promote sustainable energy practices in MISTI Improving energy productivity, manufacturing reducing ambient temperatures 1: Sustainable energy practices in garment through ventilation and cooling industry optimization and decreasing fugitive heat losses from steam and 1.1: Upgrade to efficient boiler compressed air delivery systems 1.2: Sewing machine 1.3: Washing machine 1.4: Drying machine 1.5: Compressors 1.6: Efficient lightning appliance 2: Sustainable energy practices in brick Improving brick kiln efficiency can industry improve the safety of brick kiln operation through implementation 2.1: Boat-to-rotary kiln upgrade of better safety features that reduce 2.2: Modified boat-to-rotary kiln upgrade risk of injury during loading of fuel and handling of bricks. Reducing 66 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, SDG contribution social, adaptation) the toxicity and amount of emission pollutants coming from brick kilns is also an expected benefit to implementing energy efficient technology. 3: Sustainable energy practices in food & Improving energy productivity, beverage Industry reducing ambient temperatures through ventilation and cooling 3.1: Replacing inefficient boilers in the F&B optimization and decreasing industry fugitive heat losses from steam and compressed air delivery systems 4: RECP practices in the manufacturing industries 4.1: Replace an LPG fired boiler consuming about 704,428 L/year with a biomass- residues fired boiler in a Food Import and Export company 4.2: Replace a diesel-fired dynamo with grid electricity at a milling factory; the diesel dynamo is consuming 12 liters/hour operating for 8 hours/day, 20 days/month 4.3: Improve operations at a noodles manufacturing unit to reduce the usage of one boiler from existing four-boiler system 4.4: Install a system to collect and re-use waste steam and hot water from meat steamer, resulting in about 524 m3/year of fuel wood saving 67 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, SDG contribution social, adaptation) Transport Promote integrated public transport systems MPWT in main cities Enhance maintenance and inspection of MPWT 1. Reduce maintenance cost/saving vehicle(Piloting maintenance and emission cost inspections of vehicles) 2. Reduce traffic accident, injury and fatality 3. reduce air pollution 4. reduce GHG emission5. innovate technology E-mobility MPWT Establish green belts along major roads for MPWT climate change mitigation Shift long distance freight movement from MPWT trucks to train Agriculture Increasing the effectiveness and sustainability MAFF Sustainable land management, of agricultural land management techniques reduce emission from burned (Conservation Agriculture) agriculture residue, protect soil from erosion Organic input agriculture and bio-slurry; and MAFF Reduction of chemical fertilizer deep placement fertilizer technology utilization, contribution to mitigate the greenhouse gases, reduce production cost and pollution, and soil improvement 68 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Mitigation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, SDG contribution social, adaptation) Promote fodder production to improve high MAFF Increase soil organic carbon, nutrient rich and high-quality forage feed Enhanced adoption by farmers of value agriculture by-products technology to improved fodder technology has support cattle production significantly increased animals’ production and household income Promote manure Management through MAFF Increase GAHP “Good Animals compost making process to reduce carbon Health Practice” enhanced adoption emission by improving animal farms and slaughterhouses; household Seedlings distribute to public and local MAFF Contributing forest cover, promote community CF livelihoods, and cultural Forestry FOLU: Reduce 50% of historical emission by REDD+ Technical Combating the climate change and

2030 Secretariat (RTS) promoting people's livelihood 69 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Table 17 Summary of the SDG assessment of adaptation actions Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (environmental, SDG contribution social, adaptation) Agriculture Towards an Agroecological transition in the NCDD a) Climate Change mitigation as the uplands of Battambang project considering of low-carbon agricultural technology b) Improved new management approach in agroecosystem c) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate actions according to GCF standards Development of Rice crops for increase MAFF Promote climate-friendly Agri- production, improved quality-safety; business rice value chain and profit harvesting and post harvesting technique in rice production value chains. and agro-business enhancement Mitigating impact of rice farming on environment Development of Horticulture and other food MAFF 47.1% of youth who involved in crops for increase production, improved agriculture sectors, will be quality-safety; harvesting and post provided capacity development, harvesting technique and agro-business technology transfer in various form enhancement of sustainable agriculture including Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP) and Good Agriculture Practice (GAP). Youth will be strongly involved in pre and post-harvest technology, and Agriculture Cooperative (ACs), Enterprise development and other agro- business enhancement to ensure 70 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) food security and income generation among the youth groups. Development of Industry crops for increase MAFF Promote climate-friendly Agri- in production, improved quality-safety; business value chain and profit harvesting and post harvesting technique generation boosting local food and agro-business enhancement security through diversification, reduction in soil degradation and greenhouse gas emissions through fostering eco-system services through CSA practices. Improvement of support services and MAFF Increasing resilience to climate capacity building to crop production resilient change and natural disasters, and to climate change by promoting research, improving resilience facilities, tools trials and up-scaling climate-smart farming and technologies. systems that increase resilience to CC and extreme weather events Building climate change resilience on cassava MAFF Mitigation: reduce pollution from production and processing processing Environmental: Prevent soil erosion Social: healthy living conditions for people in the cassava production areas Research for the development and MAFF Promotion of environment and enhancement of agricultural productivity, conservation of natural resources quality, and transfer through strengthening of crop variety conservation and new crop variety release responding to the impacts of climate change Development of new technologies and MAFF Promotion of environment and increased yields by using new crop varieties conservation of natural resources which adapt to climate change 71 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Development of rubber clone varieties MAFF Maintain and improved rubber suitable for AEZ and resilient to climate production and provide change employment; Improvement of rubber plant genetic and fully scientifically documented; Increased revenue by reduced maintaining cost; Mitigation as rubber plantation requested CO2e Economic growth Enhancing institutional and capacity MAFF Sustainable rubber production to development on climate change impact, support economic development vulnerability assessment, adaption measures and employment and mitigation related to rubber sector Improvement of animal breeding technology MAFF Environmental, social and in Cambodia through Artificial Intelligence adaptation (AI) which can adapt to climate change Promotion of research capacities on animal MAFF Environmental, social and genetic, animal breeding, and animal feed is adaptation strengthened to adapt to climate change Strengthening capacities for risk prevention MAFF Environmental, social and and reduction, effective emergency adaptation preparedness and response at all levels; enhancing livestock and disease-related early warning system, and integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation measures into recovery and rehabilitation initiatives in the livestock sector Promoting aquaculture production systems MAFF Develop aquaculture system and practices that are more adaptive to increase production, enhance climate change livelihoods related to food and nutrition security, reduce fishing pressure on fisheries resources 72 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Promoting climate resilience in the capture MAFF Develop fishes and aquatic habitats, fisheries sector sustain fish yields, strengthen food and nutrition security Scaled up climate‐resilient agricultural NCDD a) GHG emission reduction through production through increased access to solar solar irrigation irrigation systems and other climate‐resilient b) NCDD will also implement ESS, practices Gender, M&E along with climate actions according to GCF standards Developing a training manual and providing MRD -Adaptive capacity of rural poor training on approaches for development of people will contribute to livelihood climate-smart and sustainable livelihood to promotion and be environmentally rural poor people friendly Coastal zones Protection, risk mitigation, and resilience MoE Mitigation: reduce GHG emission building from marine pollution particularly from waste in oceans caused by activities on land including marine pollution from waste and aquaculture activities. Effective management and protection of MoE Biodiversity of marine resources ecological systems of marine and costal zones to avoid adverse impacts from various factors, build their resilience and restore its functions for productive and healthy oceans Energy Conduct climate risk analysis for the existing MME a) Forest fire prevention and electricity infrastructures and provide biodiversity protection recommendations b) Local community safety and life protection c) Water and air pollution Climate proofing of existing and future MME solar/hydropower infrastructure 73 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Human Health Enable effective decision-making for health MOH - Social: improve health care interventions through generation of system and enable remote information and improved surveillance or village to have proper access to early-warning systems healthcare -Indirect: reduce risks of life- lost and losing money on long- distance travel to healthcare - To reduce of time lag on reporting number of cases to the National Level - Reduce diagnostic errors Enhance climate resilience in health service MOH - Community has better planning delivery to maintain a reliable, safe supply of water, sanitation - Community hygiene can prevent diseases as-well-as can lower death rates - Improving quality of care through water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities - Reduce environmental pollution through proper waste management Strengthen and provide capacity building of MOH Capacity for health professionals technical guidelines for diagnosis, detection, improved to identify and treat control, prevention and treatment of vector- climate-sensitive health issues borne and water-borne diseases, injuries and other food poisoning illnesses arising from climate change 74 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Conduct water sanitation and hygiene MOH Population (WASH) assessment on climate change and develop planning for communities and health facilities. Strengthen institutional capacities to MOH Capacity of health personnel effectively integrate climate risks and improved to identify and treat to adaptation options in health sector planning climate-sensitive disease and implementation Industry Integrating climate change response MLMUPC 1) Stakeholders (designer, user, measures onto the construction design for and building commercial owner) buildings and for rural housing (use of are aware of the risks and potential modern integration of technology) impacts of environment posed by variability in weather patterns and observed and projected climate changes on the different types of building construction 2) Environmental Risk Management and Mitigation is created because the construction equipment operations consume a lot of natural resources, such as electricity and/or diesel fuel. 3) The measure includes enacting strict laws to enforce institutions to make environmental impact assessment (EIA) in the early stage of projects, and enhancing the awareness of construction participants with regard to impacts of construction in the environment 75 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) The results also revealed that "search about alternative methods for construction to mitigate the adverse impacts of construction on the environment" was ranked in the second position with regard to proposed solutions to mitigate the environmental impacts of construction. Develop resilient infrastructure of school MOEYS a) Energy saving buildings in response to climate change b) Low carbon building c) Strengthen school capacity to accommodate more students Implement climate change and disaster NCDM - Technical guidelines cross- resilient construction and infrastructure beneficial to other sectors standards including for public sector and - Potential for community groups community-focused buildings covering public (e.g. school support health, education, WASH, etc. committees) to be involved in construction/retrofitting - Increased energy-efficiency, and use of climate-aware products (DLUP) Prepare spatial planning MLMUPC Enhance terrestrial, aquatic (city/district/municipality) guidelines at all resources of each ecosystem of the levels for climate change adaptation commune and district location to preserve and conserve (CLUP) Integrating climate change response environmental degradation (35% measures to the commune land use planning of total commune land are green spaces) and enhance social stakeholder to participate the during road map design and CLUP/DLUP study 76 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Integrating climate change response MLMUPC The country’s land poor and measures to the policy of social land landless families have received concession (SLC) and its procedures land, have improved their livelihoods via land allocation, and land recipients have capacity to challenge with climate change impacts because they have been trained and educated on climate change. On the other hand, allocated land to people to use for their farming creates soil fertility Prepare modality of standardized green MLMUPC Mitigation co-benefit: contribution spaces for urban planning or new sub-cities to the local GHG emission to address vulnerability of urbanization. Environment co-benefit: ecosystem restoration (i.e. regulate water) Social co-benefit: job creation, improved public health Vulnerability assessment towards the MLMUPC Contribution to climate data related development of climate change strategic to cities through finding of the plans to respond to the impacts on land, assessments housings, coastal management, and building due to climate change Promote land use planning tools for urban MLMUPC The project will produce low- houses and building construction adaptive to carbon emissions to enhance climate change benefits to the low-income environmental atmosphere and homeless people Social co-benefit: build assets (housing) for low income and homeless people Promote proper low-cost shelters for low- MLMUPC The project will produce low- income households resilient to climate carbon emission that is to enhance change, practically in the area of social land environmental atmosphere concession Social co-benefit: reduce land 77 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) conflict, improve livelihood of beneficiaries through provision of low-cost shelters in the areas of social land concession Development of building code with MLMUPC Energy consumption in building mainstreaming climate change into building sectors designs Reduction of GHG in atmosphere Promote low-cost materials for building and housing Improve health and safety of city inhabitants Mainstream climate change response MLMUPC Promote sea engineering measures into coastal development planning environment, sea water rise, sea against sea water intrusion, sea water rise tidal hazard, seawater intrusion and seasonal storm destruction, and rising and sea erosion temperature Disaster management to protect coastal populations Strengthening climate resilient city NCDD Strengthen knowledge and capacity on resilient city. Financing for resilient cities. Partnership and communication. Develop national road construction and MPWT Reduce road repair/ rehabilitation maintenance design standards for national cost and provincial roads, considering climate Reduce vehicle maintenance change impact including M&E framework Save time develop for climate proofing and low-carbon Ensure flow of traffic and technology roads transportation 78 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Repair and rehabilitate existing road MPWT - GHG mitigation using low carbon infrastructure and ensure effective operation technology road and maintenance systems, considering - Building road with less impacts climate change impact on forest, biodiversity - Planting tree along road and highway to reduce heat and emission produced by road - Ensure sustainability of water run-off for the intersection of water way and road line Rural road rehabilitation and improvement MRD - Contribute to GHG reduction for climate change resilience - Food Security, - Agriculture market connectivity, Skill development, - Improve productivities Livelihoods, poverty and vulnerability Develop and annually update national and NCDM - National risk assessment can be subnational multi-hazard and climate risk used as a basis for priority areas of assessments, including identification of most adaptation and mitigation activities vulnerable communities. - Enhanced database on disaster occurrences in Cambodia - Being an instrument in monitoring disaster impacts across the country; can be used to informed priority areas and actions on mitigation activities. - Can be used alongside ID Poor system National end-to-end Early Warning Systems NCDM Other sectors, i.e. water resources with focus on effective dissemination to and meteorology, agriculture will populations at risk be of benefited by potential cross- sectoral mitigation activities. 79 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Implement community–based disaster and NCDM - Social resilience at community climate risk management programs level and increased engagement in disaster preparedness and response - Reduced asset, infrastructure, and life loss due to disasters Building resilience of biodiversity MOE Environment conservation and restoration to adapt to climate change Integrated village development MRD - Job creation - Food security - Behaviour Change - Better living environment - Wellbeing and environmental friendliness of communities to improve Strengthen flood resiliency capacity of NCDD a) Improve knowledge of local communities around Tonle Sap (access to governance on impact of climate clean water, off grid renewable energy, and change will lead to mitigate GHG waste management) emission though reducing fire wood consumption and waste pollution. b) Strengthen resilient capacity of women and girl in flooding community though accessing to clean water and clean energy. NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action 80 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Building climate resilient livelihood and NCDD Modality: the project designed as public infrastructures in social land potential for scaling up through its concession for vulnerable communities key success of implementation. It would be the key recommendation for the improvement of social land concession implementation to include climate change as one of main focus while community will really need support to cope with such climate change issues when settle-in new development area of social land concession sites. Improve knowledge: the project will help to improve understanding for sub-national level, local authorities on climate change both of adaptation and mitigation though join implementation follow decentralize approach under coordination of National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development Secretariat (NCDDS). Similarly, the community groups will also receive training and awareness raising to build their sense understanding climate change to engage fully participation for the project implementation. This will positively contribute to both of adaption and mitigation action in the future. 81 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Tourism Provide capacity building and supports for MOT Encouraging all involvement climate change innovation at the provincial tourism stakeholders for better the along Tonle Sap River understanding and to engage their contribution on adaptation to two beneficiaries: 1) Environmental Education Development on green tourism, 2) Peam Krosoap was estimated be upgrade and innovated for climate change adaptation. Cambodia CBET/CET standard, 3) The quality of ecotourism services and products would improve through by tourism innovation. 4) Reducing poverty and contribute to responding effectively to climate change, so it is increasing the gross domestic product of Cambodia (GDP). Raising public awareness on climate change MOT innovation at all levels Practicing smart agriculture in tourism MOT sector Water resources Establish an automated nation-wide MOWRAM Data can be used cross-sectorally hydromet monitoring network and data and for short- and long-term transmission program, including collection of projection climate and hydrological data Supporting disaster risk reduction, 82 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and other mitigation activities Supporting River Basin management planning and monitoring activities Supporting hydrological modelling works and decision support system (DSS) Establish a centralized and standardized MOWRAM Improved relationships between all approach to climate-resilient water major water users management Improved water allocation and abstraction limits -> reverse/halt overdevelopment impacts Protection of environmental flows as the support of basin human needs and ecosystem Establish a national climate and flood MOWRAM Other sectors, i.e. agriculture will warning system, including a service centre benefit by potential cross-sectoral and flood emergency response plans mitigation activities Flood risk reduction and mitigation Integrated groundwater management in NCDD a) Sustainable water management Cambodia b) Reduce water pollution c) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate actions according to GCF standards Establish nationally standardized best MOWRAM Improved relationships between all -practice systems for irrigation major water users Increased productivity of agricultural sector 83 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Improved water allocation and abstraction limits and reverse/halt overdevelopment impacts Protection of environmental flows as the support of basin human needs and ecosystem Increased drought management Resilient and adaptive rural water supply MRD Changing attitude and practices of and sanitation construction rural people to be more environmentally friendly Education Upgrading curriculum and training MOEYS Students shall understand: methodologies, including libraries, to include climate change subjects for primary schools a) climate change mitigation b) Pollution c) Biodiversity d) Environment conservation e) 5Rs Upgrading curriculum to include climate MOEYS Students shall understand: change for non-formal education a) climate change mitigation b) Pollution c) Biodiversity d) Environment conservation e) 5Rs Build centres of excellence for delivering MOEYS a ) climate change mitigation climate change courses and research among b) Pollution reduction Universities c) Biodiversity d) Environment conservation e) 5Rs 84 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Conduct training for education officials on MOEYS a) climate change mitigation climate change e.g. as a required component b) Pollution of teacher training c) Biodiversity d) Environment conservation e) 5Rs Gender Strengthen institutional capacities at national MOWA Improve gender equality, Gender and sub-national levels to integrate gender responsive action, Gender responsiveness in climate change responsive budgeting in policies adaptation's policies, plans, programming, planning of action and programmes including gender budgeting Enhance coordination and implementing MOWA Increase collaboration with accountability mechanisms to reduce climate Ministries, institutions, civil society, change vulnerabilities of disadvantaged development partners and the women and other marginalized groups such private sector in an efficient and as ethnic minority women and men, People accountable manner with Disability (PWD), youth, and elderly Extending the scope of partnership building Increase the family economy, food and nutrition Security Enhance monitoring and evaluation systems MOWA - Gender Responsive M&E of sectoral ministries to track gender - Reducing Gender Gap in social outcomes in climate change initiatives with environment particular focus on collecting and managing sex-disaggregated data, gender indicators and budgeting, outcome-based reporting, and dissemination and up-scaling of the gender and climate change adaptation related knowledge generated. 85 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Capacity development for GCCC members MOWA Capacity development and sectoral ministries on Gender analysis, Promotion of gender in social gender responsive and NDC inclusiveness Reduction of gender gap in social environment Develop a technical guidelines for gender MOWA Mainstreaming gender and social mainstreaming in NDC process inclusion in NDC Analysis of gender integration in NDC (both adaptation and mitigation) Market supply chain of rural women NCDD a) Improve knowledge of local entrepreneurs resilient to climate change governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission b) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action c) Builds market capacity of rural women entrepreneur in the context of climate resilient and DRR Governance Local government and Climate Change-III NCDD a) Improve knowledge of local (LGCC3) governance on impact of climate change will lead to mitigate GHG emission b) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate actions according to GCF standards c) Create enabling environment for local solution to address climate change Reducing vulnerability of local communities NCDD a) NCDD will also implement ESS, though sub-national climate governance Gender, M&E along with climate reform (focusing on policy) actions according to GCF standards 86 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) b) Create enabling environment for local solution to address climate change Information Enhance the quality of broadcasting means MOINF - GHG mitigation and expand the capacity of coverages for - Environmental protection raising awareness on climate change - Forest protection nationwide - Biodiversity conservation Training and enhancing human capacity on MOINF - GHG Mitigation climate change in information sector - Enhance journalistic professionalism - Reduce the spread of disinformation Urge private Media organizations to MOINF - Reduce cost of climate risk participate in covering/broadcasting the - informed society and active climate change topics and to complement the citizens state broadcasting agencies. - GHG Mitigation Environmental protection - Forest protection - Biodiversity conservation Urge and encourage to reduce (or ban) all MOINF - Reduce cost of climate risk forms of commercial advertisement that has - GHG Mitigation negative impact on environment Environmental protection - Forest protection - Biodiversity conservation Knowledge sharing News coverage and program production for MOINF - Reduce cost of climate risk awareness raising on climate change and its - GHG Mitigation impacts Environmental protection - Forest protection - Biodiversity conservation Policy and planning 87 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Building climate resilience for district and NCDD a) Improve knowledge of local commune governance through policy and governance on impact of climate strategic development plan reform (Focus on change will lead to mitigate GHG implementation) emission b) NCDD will also implement ESS, Gender, M&E along with climate action c) Improve performance-based of sub-national government on climate change planning and accessing to climate resilient grants Mainstreaming climate change into MOEYS a) Climate change adaptation Education Strategic Plan 2019-2023 Strategic b) Policy, Planning & Guidelines, Plan and SDG4 Roadmap for Education 2030 c) Strengthening d) Research enhancement Strengthen the cooperation with local and MOINF - GHG Mitigation International development agencies, NGOs - Environmental protection and relevant institutions for technical and - Forest protection financial support to implement the - Biodiversity conservation adaptation planning in media sector Development of climate change national/ MOP Climate change adaptation and capital/ provincial development plans mitigation and other environmental including an M&E system with specific issues (air pollution, water indicators pollution, waste management, biodiversity, etc.) will be integrated into a single plan Development of a climate change public MOP Mitigation investment plan investment program for the national/capital/ Public awareness on climate provincial levels investment and fund will be improved Building adaptive and resilient capacity for MRD Contribute to the improvement of MRD officers at national and sub-national rural development work in level for mainstreaming climate change into challenging environment 88 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) rural development planning processes and technical design. Build adaptive capacity on climate change for MRD Contribute to rural community village leaders (Village Development development planning and Committees, VDCs) practices in challenging environment Strengthen resilience and adaptation NCSD capacity to climate change in the most vulnerable provinces/districts/communes (produce vulnerability index maps at the commune level, integrate climate change into investment and development plans, demonstrate the identified actions at pilot sites) Update and implement the Cambodia Climate NCSD Change Strategic Plan (CCCSP) for 2024-2033 Integrate climate change measures into NCSD national policies, strategies and sectoral strategies and plans Enhance institutional capacity on climate NCSD change (mitigation, adaptation, policy, strategies, planning, and finance) through awareness raising, training, and advocacy Development of a long-term low emission NCSD strategy 89 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)

Appendix 1: Detailed Mitigation Measures GHG mitigation Baseline and Co-benefits(adaptation, Finance costs Technology Conditional/ No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority Finance benefits Gender Youth Private sector SDGs potential targets environmental, social) (USD) availability Unconditional 1 Urban planning tools for Industry Ministry of Land Urban Strategic Policy Three urban planning 1. 70% of the three Air pollution reduction, 1. Costs: for policy Technology is Job targets at Conditional 5, 8, 9, climate change mitigation Management, 2020. solutions will be urban planning independency in terms of formulation is 2.5 available, but it least 32% of 11, 12 and the urban planning Urban Planning implemented through the completed by 2025 energy generation, improve million needs to have women solution in three sub city and Construction toolkit and formulated (unconditional) resilience of urban planning 2. Costs: for three complemented (MLMUPC) policy in the case area to 2. 100% of the three through access high urban planning from reduce GHG emissions urban planning technical motivation solution is 25 million international from earth construction, completed by 2030 places resulting in the saving of (unconditional) 2360 tons of CO2 2 Improvement of process Industry Ministry of Mines Implementation of 0.1 MtCO2e/year 1. Conduct the Training of a certain USD 50 million USD 60 million Implementation 30% Conditional Required 5, 8, 9, performance of EE by and Energy energy audit and mandatory energy number of energy of international corporation 11, 12 establishment of energy (MME) enforcement of audits for managers/companies by standards such from private management in industries to adopt companies with an DTEBP as 50001 companies buildings/industries energy management annual energy standards consumption of more than prescribed within the laws/regulation 2. Voluntary scheme for other companies, especially for SMEs to reduce 10% in 2030 3 Efficiency energy and Industry Ministry of CCPAP 2016-2020 NA Piloting and Energy saving, reduce GHG USD 1,158,000 It is expected trained Waste water Women 5, 8, 9, pollution management in Agriculture, establishment one and pollution from waste latex and wood treatment plant participation in 11, 12 latex and rubber wood Forestry and completed water, health and processors will and biogas all production processing Fisheries (MAFF) demonstration local environment friendy, contribute to climate capture chain factory for latex and increased income and value change impact technology, rubber timber added and employment, and through waste water latex processing (energy safety working environment treatment and biogas processing, saving, pollution capture technology. wood free, less chemical Safety working processing, input, and improve environment and timber quantity and quality pollution free. treatment, of raw products) 5 New sanitary landfills Waste Ministry of 1. PPCA conditional GHG emission reductions This action aims to Reduced fire hazard Conditional NDC Estimated accrued Available in the Gender diversity Conditional 5, 8, 9, with LFG extraction and Environment short-term and mid-to due to avoidance of increase the share 1. Decrease risk of collapse action: Cumulative income in the period region, incl. target: 40-60% 11 LFG extraction at the (MOE) long term target (2035) anaerobic decomposition of waste disposed at 2. Odour control 2020-2030 investment of 2020-2030: Thailand of workforce are Dangkor Landfill 2. CSDG indicator 11.6 .1 of organic waste in sanitary landfills 3. Reduced health hazard in sanitary landfills: 1. Electricity sales: female at all 3. National Waste landfills & dumpsites. with LFG extraction 4. Energy for leachate USD 664 million for USD 69.8 million levels (workers Potential for private Strategy Objective C from 0% in 2020 to evaporation flaring and USD 788 2. Carbon revenues: to middle and sector engagement in 4. CCCSP strategy 1f and - 1.12 MtCO2e or 1 MtCO2e 50% by 2030 and 5. Prevention of surface and million including USD 25.97 million executive financing, constructing, 4 in case action #2 extract LFG from the groundwater contamination electricity generator based on USD managers) and operating sanitary composting is Dangkor Landfill from toxic waste (excluding land 5/carbon credit) landfill and LFG systems implemented in 2030 components acquisition) 6. leachate capture and - Dangkor Landfill treatment potential is around 0.14 to 7. Employment creation 0.16 MtCO2e /year in 2020 6 Composting of Waste Ministry of National Waste Strategy GHG emission reductions Increasing share of Job creation Conditional NDC Sale of local fertilizer Available in Gender equality Conditional 5, 8, 9, biodegradable organic Environment B (recycling + Strategy A due to avoidance of total MSW 1. Reduced odour nuisance action: (compost) Cambodia (e.g. will be 11 fraction of MSW (MOE) (Separation) anaerobic decomposition generated that is 2. Local organic fertilizer 1. A one-time 1. Implementation of COMPED and promoted by supplemented with of organic waste in composted from production Investment cost quality standards CSARO are implementing separation of organic - PPCA Action Area 2-2 landfills & dumpsites. 2% in 2016 to 10% 3. Less leachate leakage (CAPEX): From USD required, so that operating a good practices waste (at source). (Recycling Organic by 2030. from landfill 40-60 per annual produced compost composting and involving Waste) -If 10% of all MSW 4. Less landfill space tonne for has the right quality facilities) women at all Can be done at different generated is composted required, so cost-savings windrow/static pile (no pollutants) and locations where stages in the waste by 2030 then up to 0.5 (but space required for composting to USD can be sold. the actions will management value chain, MtCO2e/year of GHG composting) 300-500 per annual 2. Basic quality of be implemented. either at household, emissions can be avoided tonne for in-vessel compost can be sold community level or at by 2030 (depending on composting. for USD 120 per Women will landfill site. BAU and operational 2. Operating costs: at tonne. play a crucial practices during least USD 32 per tonne role in Private sector can invest composting). for static pile composting in and operate the composting. activities at composting facilities household scale as traditionally women are more involved in cooking activities. Target: 90 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) GHG mitigation Baseline and Co-benefits(adaptation, Finance costs Technology Conditional/ No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority Finance benefits Gender Youth Private sector SDGs potential targets environmental, social) (USD) availability Unconditional 60% of ppl involved are women 7 Production of Refuse- Waste Ministry of 1. National Waste 1. GHG emission 1,100 ton/per day 1. Job creation Investment: USD Sale of surplus Available in Promote gender Conditional 5,8,9,11 Derived Fuel (RDF ) from Environment Strategy B (recycling + reductions due to of MSW (fresh and 2. Reduced odour nuisance 16,880,000 (excluding electricity to EdC regions, equality and either a) fresh MSW or b) (MOE) Strategy A (Separation) avoidance of anaerobic landfill mining 3. local organic fertilizer land) - Sale of RDF: USD including workers safety old MSW mined from the 2. PPCA Action Area 2-2 decomposition of organic production (bioslurry) 25/ton Thailand and (health) Dangkor landfill. The (Recycling Organic waste in landfills & 4. less leachate leakage from - Sales of Vietnam situation by mechanical and biological Waste) dumpsites. landfill slurry/compost implementing separation and treatment 2. GHG ER for composting 5. less landfill space (quality standards good practices of waste will be combined => see 5. required required) with an anaerobic 3. GHG ER from RDF + Target: digestion plant anaerobic digestion <0.2 40 to 60% of ppl (generation of biogas MtCO2e/year involved are from organic waste) to women’s power facilities at the landfill. The produced RDF can be sold to e.g. cement industry as fuel. Private sector can invest in and manage the RDF and anaerobic digestion plant 8 Implementation of Waste Ministry of 1. PPCA action area 2 1. GHG reduction due to Cities and Achieving a recycle process 1. Low cost for 1. In-country Available in the Proportion of 5, 8, 9, National 3R strategy Environment SDG indicator 12.5 reduced amount of plastic secondary towns with an environmental and promoting recycling will have region young women 11 (MOE) 2. Sub-Decree on Solid waste generated and economic purpose awareness/campaign significant economic (Vietnam, engages in Waste Management burned. GHG reduction contributes to the goal of for public benefits Thailand, waste (SSWM) due to recycling of paper / the environment and participation 2. Reduction of Malaysia) management 3. The national strategy wood sustainability 2. High cost for waste to be education. 50% on 3R for waste 2. GHG emissions recycling plastic (USD landfilled of women will management in reduction 0.42 4,000/ton) benefit from this Cambodia MtCO2e/year action. 9 Bio-digesters Waste Ministry of NSDP 2019-2023; ASDP Methane (CH4) = sum ((n 1,500 bio-digester contributing people's USD 12,750,000 Benefit in term of Develop an Women 5, 8, 9, construction (85% Agriculture, 2019-2023; Strategic small scale*EFs) +(n plant per year livelihood as well as better gas or fuel-wood acceptable and participation 11 reduction compared to Forestry and Planning Framework for mediunscale * EFm)+(n (include: economy reduction (250 suitable were 2000)(Small size (2-3- Fisheries (MAFF) Livestock 2016 - 2025 big scale * EFb)); the small=1450; USD/4m3plant biodigester for encouraged 4m3); Medium size(6-8- convert to C02 (using medium= 45; /year/HH and get farmers and 10m3), Large GWP); 4m3 = 4ton CO2e large=5) slurry (1,5- farms; Develop size(>10m3) 2,0t/4m3plant/HH) an effective bio- slurry for safe crop garden/farms to supply markets 10 Centralized recycling Waste Ministry of - The GHG benefit targeted Accurate data 1. Provides job Indicative capital Income derived from Gender equality Special 5, 8, facility for industrial Industry, Science, from the action is 0.12 generated on opportunities for landfill investment cost in the waste collection fees will be an Economic Zone; 9,11 waste from the garment Technology and MtCO2e from 2021-2030 garment waste pickers in a safer range of USD 2-3 and selling the important part GMAC; and sector Innovation at an average of 0.01 profile, quantity and environment2. Reduces million which includes products, as well as of the project Building (MISTI) MtCO2e/year management-50% energy costs and Provides a collection trucks, seeking financial and strongly Industry of suitable garment more comfortable warehouse, conveyor support from well- promoted. Many waste captured for environment for The belts, established women work as recycling occupiers of The buildings shredder/grinder, international buyers. waste pickers at equipped with insulation3. compactors/moulders. the landfills and Improves local air quality by This cost will vary creating job reducing The open burning depending on the final opportunities in of garment waste, including technologies safer at The landfills4. Reduces selected.Operational environments The need for landfill space5. costs will mostly would be a Reduces The need of virgin consist of truck diesel central element materials for manufacturing (most garment of such project. building products companies are in the Women Phnom Penh area), represent 85% labour and electricity. of garment manufacturing employees and their knowledge and technical know-how will be tapped in for assessing recycling options. 91 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) GHG mitigation Baseline and Co-benefits(adaptation, Finance costs Technology Conditional/ No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority Finance benefits Gender Youth Private sector SDGs potential targets environmental, social) (USD) availability Unconditional 11 Better management of Waste Ministry of 1. GHG savings due to the Due to the lack of 1. Reduced energy and The total cost will Gender equality 5, 8, 9, industrial wastewater in Industry, Science, anaerobic decomposition available data, it is water costs at factories, by depend on the number will be an 11 the food & beverage Technology and of carbon matter in the difficult to estimate reduce water use and/or of factories targeted. important part sector Innovation IWW and the inefficient current GHG reuse treated wastewater Installing a new of the project (MISTI) running of treatment emissions and 2. Improved air quality system is a net cost, and strongly systems. therefore derive (odours) for workers and but a basic system can promoted. Many 2. Water reuse will emission saving local populations be installed relatively women work in decrease the reliance on targets (this should 3. Improved water quality cost effectively for factories. fresh water, which is be built into the for local populations as SMEs. Improvements Furthermore, sometimes extracted from project). direct discharge pollutes of existing systems they are likely to depleting wells (e.g. in Assessment of sources of water that may will be done according be more Bavet) methane production be used for cleaning, to cost benefits exposed by the 3. Less pollution of local potential from IWW cooking and farming analysis, aiming to direct discharge waterways which may streams is 4. Provides job work with factories of IWW in local impact farmlands, depending on the opportunities for the that will save money. waterways as especially in the dry concentration of installation of WWTPs Overall, It could be they are season when the IWW is degradable organic 5. Opportunities to reuse aimed to set up a primarily not diluted matter in the the sludge, depending on finance vehicle of USD responsible for wastewater, the the contamination profile 5-10 mn to support cooking and volume of factories with co- washing. wastewater, and the financing. propensity of the industrial sector to treat their wastewater in anaerobic systems, or not treat it at all. One of the best ways to reduce GHG emission is to capture the methane generated by anaerobic IWW treatment processes. However, this can be only economically feasible for large scale operations. A study in China targeting IWW with a high concentration of organics treated with anaerobic systems indicated that the amount of gas recycled in 2010 was only 5.4% of total CH4 emissions. Therefore, a target of 5-10% for Cambodia may be realistic as a starting point. Other targets may include: - 40% of required WWTPs are installed - 50% of identified improvement are implemented 12 Application of electrical Energy Ministry of Mines Increase market share of 1 Mt CO2e/year Reduce 1.2 TWh Labelling and standard USD 250 million USD 280 million Labelling of 30% Conditional Require private 5, 7, 8, equipment labelling & and Energy higher-class efficient (29.7%) of product information of the electrical (With Support sectors 9, 11 MEPS (MME) appliances electricity use in consumption of energy regulated from Japan and (Producer, (Lighting, Cooling & 2030 appliances Korea) Importer, Equipment) Comply with Retailers) to be MEPS for engaged and to electrical comply with regulated MEPS appliances 92 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) GHG mitigation Baseline and Co-benefits(adaptation, Finance costs Technology Conditional/ No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority Finance benefits Gender Youth Private sector SDGs potential targets environmental, social) (USD) availability Unconditional 13 Public awareness Energy Ministry of Mines 1. Investments in energy 0.03 Mt CO2e/year Providing the 1. Reducing inefficient USD 20 million USD 32 million 1. Develop 30% Conditional Public sector 5, 7, 8, campaigns and Energy efficiency are seen more necessary appliances/technologies curriculum for and Private 9, 11 (MME) favourably to decrease fundamentals to uses educational sector energy consumption understand energy 2. Informing the citizens of institutions 2. Creation of both in efficiency issues possibilities to improve EE 2. Social media relation to the use of when in and of related benefits to promote energy efficient professional saving activities appliances, as well as practice to reduce and concerning the features 2% in 2030. preparation of the buildings The approximate and number of broadcasting of awareness a documentary programmes film on scheduled for a Sustainable year? (25 Energy programmes) 14 Building codes and Energy Ministry of Mines Certification level new 1. Reduce 10% of Energy efficiency standards, USD 25 million USD 40 million Information 30% Conditional Public sector 5, 7, 8, enforcement/certification and Energy buildings built or electricity laws and regulations needed to and Private 9, 11 for new buildings and (MME) undergoing major consumption in concerning building energy improve energy sector those undergoing major renovation 2030 codes are being elaborated efficiency in renovation 2. kWh/m2 and promulgated building reduction of energy designs demand in new buildings /buildings undergoing major renovation 15 Introduction of efficient Energy Ministry of Mines Enforcement of efficient 0.08 Mt CO2e/year Reduce 2.3% of Resolve of economic USD 16 million USD 21 million Request to 30% conditional Public sector 5, 7, 8, electrical industrial and Energy electrical current electricity viability of investing in the comply with and Private 9, 11 motors and transformer (MME) transformers/motors in consumption in improvement of energy new high- sector utilities /buildings/ 2030 efficiency of the equipment efficiency industries which reduces electric motors electricity consumption 16 Improve sustainability of Energy Ministry of Mines Draft Biomass Strategy Strengthen climate- 100,000 ton/year Forest fire prevention and USD 10 million USD 20 million Mixing Rice 30% Conditional Incentives for 5, 7, 8 charcoal production and Energy Plan (MME) resilient energy through by 2025 biodiversity protection husk, Coconut green charcoal through enforcement of (MME) increase clean charcoal 200,000 ton/year shield and cops companies to be regulations production by 2030 able to compete with traditional charcoal 17 Increase energy access to Energy Ministry of Mines At least 90% of Strengthen climate- 1. Increase energy Local community has USD 40 million USD 55 million 1. Solar Home 30% Conditional Public sector 5, 7, 8 rural area and Energy household has access to resilient energy through access to 80% by electricity 24 hours. System (SHS) and Private (MME) electricity grid by 2030 electricity infrastructure 2020 2. DC Micro grid sector improvement in order to 2. Increase energy 3. AC Micro grid respond to climate related access to 85% by Solar Battery disasters. 2025 Charging 3. 90% by 2030 station 18 Roadmap study on Energy Ministry of Mines Target of generation Strengthen energy 25 % of RE source Reduce imports energy USD 300,000 USD 600,000 1. Solar PV 2. 30% Conditional Public sector 5, 7, 8, Integration of renewable and Energy power from various reliability into power mix sources and increase clean Onshore wind +Unconditional and Private 9, 11 energy resources (solar, (MME) types renewable sources (generation energy 3. Dam sector wind, hydro, biomass) capacity) by 2030 reservoir / run into energy mix (solar, wind, hydro river 4. Waste and biomass) to Energy 19 Diversification of Energy Ministry of Mines Draft Biomass Strategy Strengthen climate- 30% Conditional 5, 7 household and and Energy Plan (MME) resilient energy through community energy (MME) increase clean charcoal generation sources to production reduce reliance on biomass as an energy sources 20 Reducing GHG emission Energy National CCCSP 2014-2023: Reducing GHG emission 10 Sangkat of 1. Improve knowledge of USD 10 million USD 15 million 1. Climate 30% Private sector 5, 7, 8, though off grid street Committee for 1. Leverage the though energy Senmonorom local governance on impact change engagement 9, 11 lightening of rural Sub-National decentralization process consumption of street Municipality, Kep of climate change will lead governance through municipality Democratic to strengthen financial lightening of the rural Municipality, and to mitigate GHG emission 2. Climate technical Development and institutional municipality Preah Sihanuk 2. NCDD will also implement vulnerability support (NCDD) processes for local Municipality ESS, Gender, M&E along and impact adaptation integration of with climate action assessment for 2. Mainstream climate climate change into 5 target change into national and financial Sangkat sub-national management, 3. National development plans and institutional Green Growth the NSPS arrangement and Policy policy reform by 2028 93 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) GHG mitigation Baseline and Co-benefits(adaptation, Finance costs Technology Conditional/ No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority Finance benefits Gender Youth Private sector SDGs potential targets environmental, social) (USD) availability Unconditional 21 Toward Battambang city Energy National CCCSP 2014-2023: Reducing GHG emission 5 Sangkat of 1. Improve knowledge of USD 8 million USD 15 million 1. Climate 30% Youth Private sector 5, 7, 8, to green city Committee for 1. Leverage the though green city Battambang local governance on impact change volunteers in engagement 9, 11 Sub-National decentralization process planning and ecofriendly municipality of climate change will lead governance green space through Democratic to strengthen financial habitant. integration of green to mitigate GHG emission 2. Climate arrangement technical Development and institutional city, and ecofriendly 2. NCDD will also implement vulnerability support (NCDD) processes for local into financial ESS, Gender, M&E along and impact adaptation management, with climate assessment for 2. Mainstream climate institutional action) Paradam shif 5 target change into national and arrangement and Sangkat sub-national policy reform by 3. National development plans and 2025 Green Growth the NSPS Policy 22 Eco-payment based on Energy National CCCSP 2014- Reducing GHG emission 20 communes of 1. Improve knowledge of USD 7 million USD 15 million 1. Climate 30% Youth Private sector 5, 7, 8, changing behavior on fire Committee for 2023:a) Leverage the though avoiding the Prasat Bakong local governance on impact change volunteers in investment 9, 11 wood use of community Sub-National decentralization process extraction of the forest district, Kulen of climate change will lead governance green space through eco- in Angkor and Kulen Democratic to strengthen financial from Angkor conservation District, Norkor to mitigate GHG emission 2. Climate arrangement tourism or PPP Conservation Park Development and institutional park and Kulen Krav District, and 2. NCDD will also implement vulnerability (NCDD) processes for local conservation park for Banteay Srey ESS, Gender, M&E along and impact adaptation) Mainstream housing, fire wood District, of Siem with climate action assessment for climate change into consumption, and Reap Province 5 target national and sub- agriculture land. integration of Sangkat national development climate change into 3. National plans and the NSPS financial Green Growth management, Policy institutional 4. Performance arrangement and based climate policy reform by resilient grant 2030 23 Cooling of public sector Energy Ministry of 1. MME Standards & 1. GHG emissions are Without stronger Cooling of public buildings USD 67 million 5, 7, 8, buildings Industry, Science, Labelling for cooling reduced by a decreased measures to has many benefits, 9, 11 Technology and appliances (DRAFT) reliance and use of encourage the including: Innovation 2. MOE Guidelines for mechanical ACs uptake of more 1. Reduced GHG emissions – (MISTI) Green Building 2. GHG emissions are efficient units, IEA climate-friendly solutions to (DEVELOPING) reduced by through estimates that rising cooling buildings reduces 3. MME (with EU and energy efficient retrofits electricity demand the reliance on ACs which ADB) Energy Efficiency in public buildings from cooling alone are a source of GHGs Policy (DRAFT) 3. The adoption of is projected to 2. Improved living climate-friendly cooling require around 200 conditions – as across all Cambodian GW of additional temperatures rise, cooling public sector buildings generation capacity of buildings in a necessity to would results in 0.04 in 2040 and cooling avoid heat stress and the MtCO2e reductions against could be subsequent health risks BAU per year responsible for as much as 30% share in the ASEAN region’s peak electricity demand. Deploying more efficient ACs, along with other efficient equipment and building efficiency improvements, would permit ASEAN countries to save 110 TWh of electricity by 2040. This NDC action aims to implement climate-friendly cooling in public buildings to reduce GHG emissions: The adoption of climate-friendly cooling across all Cambodian public sector buildings would result in 0.04 MtCO2e reductions against BAU per year. 94 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) GHG mitigation Baseline and Co-benefits(adaptation, Finance costs Technology Conditional/ No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority Finance benefits Gender Youth Private sector SDGs potential targets environmental, social) (USD) availability Unconditional 24 Promote sustainable Energy Ministry of The National Policy, Technology Energy Conditional Possibility for Private sector 5, 7, 8, energy practices in Industry, Science, Strategy and Action Plan transfer in key efficiency youth involvement 9, 11 manufacturing Technology and on Energy Efficiency in industrial sub- measures cut engagement through Innovation Cambodia (MIME 2013), sectors which the production related to factories, GMAC, (MISTI) Basic Energy Plan are process cost and factories, retailers, ESCOs (2019), The National heat intensive: significantly retailers, and technology Policy on Green Growth bricks, food and boost technology vendors and the National beverage competitiveness vendors etc. Strategic Plan on Green and productivity Growth 2013-2030 and of Industrial Development manufacturing, Policy 2015-2025. enabling job creation. Women account for 25% of the industry workforce and around 85% of garment workers, Cambodia’s largest industrial sector 1: Sustainable energy Garments 2.3MtCO2e, 55% Improving energy practices in garment vs BAU by 2030 productivity, reducing Industry ambient temperatures through ventilation and cooling optimization and decreasing fugitive heat losses from steam and compressed air delivery systems 1.1: Upgrade to efficient - GHG emission Each efficient boiler is In monetary terms, boiler reductions: 0.03 estimated at USD savings represent MtCO2e/year for 26 60,000 cost. USD 13.2 million in boilers, approximately avoid wood biomass cost at an average value of USD 40.61/ton. 1.2: Sewing machine GHG emission reduction is Each efficient sewing In monetary terms, estimated at 0.002 machine is estimated electricity savings MtCO2e/year for 3,500 at USD 200. represent USDk 468 new electric machines. in a year, at an average electricity cost USD 0.1475/kWh. 1.3: Washing machine GHG emission reduction is Each efficient washing In monetary terms, estimated at 0.0002 machine is estimated electricity savings MtCO2e/year for 130 new at USD 3,500. represent USDk 34.8 washing machines in a year, at an average electricity cost USD 0.1475/kWh. 1.4: Drying machine GHG emission reduction is Each efficient drying In monetary terms, estimated at 0.0001 machine is estimated electricity savings MtCO2e/year for 65 new at USD 3,500. represent USDk 17.4 drying machines. in a year, at an average electricity cost USD 0.1475/kWh. 1.5: Compressors GHG emission reduction Each compressor is Introducing 40 is estimated at 0.0007 estimated at USD compressors will MtCO2e/year for 40 new 20,000. save 693 MWh/year compressors. electricity, totaling 6,930 MWh by 2030. (40 compressors x 17.3 MWh x 10 years) 1.6: Efficient lightning - GHG emission reduction Each lightbulb is In monetary terms, appliance is estimated at 0.005 estimated at USD16. electricity savings MtCO2e/year for 150,000 represent USDk 730 new efficient lightning in a year, at an appliances. average electricity cost USD 0.1475/kWh 95 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) GHG mitigation Baseline and Co-benefits(adaptation, Finance costs Technology Conditional/ No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority Finance benefits Gender Youth Private sector SDGs potential targets environmental, social) (USD) availability Unconditional 2: Sustainable energy Bricks 1.8 MtCO2e, 44% vs Improving brick kiln practices in brick BAU by 2030 efficiency can improve the industry safety of brick kiln operation through implementation of better safety features that reduce risk of injury during loading of fuel and handling of bricks. Reducing the toxicity and amount of emission pollutants coming from brick kilns is also an expected benefit to implementing energy efficient technology. 2.1: Boat-to-rotary kiln Roughly estimated GHG Each rotary efficient In monetary terms, upgrade emission reductions: 0.03 kiln is estimated at savings represent MtCO2eq/year for 8 rotary USD 200,000 cost. USD 1.57 million in kiln replacing same avoid wood biomass amount of boat kilns. cost each year, at an average value of USD 40.61/ton. 2.2: Modified boat-to- Roughly estimated GHG Each rotary efficient In monetary terms, rotary kiln upgrade emission reductions: 0.01 kiln is estimated at savings represent MtCO2e/year for 6 rotary USD 200,000 cost. USDk 700 in avoided kiln replacing same wood biomass cost amount of modified boat each year, at an kilns. average value of USD 40.61/ton. Food and Beverage 1.04 Improving energy 3: Sustainable energy MtCO2e, 25% vs BAU by productivity, reducing practices in food & 2030 ambient temperatures beverage Industry through ventilation and cooling optimization and decreasing fugitive heat losses from steam and compressed air delivery systems 3.1: Replacing inefficient Roughly estimated GHG One efficient boiler is In monetary terms, boilers in the F&B emission reductions: 0.02 estimated at USD savings represent industry MtCO2e/year for 17 highly 37,000 cost. USDk 830 in avoid efficient boiler replacing wood biomass cost same amount of low each year, at an efficient units. average value of USD 40.61/ton. 4: RECP practices in the manufacturing industries 4.1: Replace an LPG fired Reduction of firewood by Savings in monetary boiler consuming about 20%, it represents value USD 263/year 704,428 L/year with a 0.00001 MtCO2e/year biomass-residues fired boiler in a Food Import and Export company 4.2: Replace a diesel-fired Installation of new Savings in monetary dynamo with grid additional biomass value USD 263/year electricity at a milling residue briquette- factory; the diesel based boiler equipped dynamo is consuming 12 with gas treatment liters/hour operating for system, USD 33,850 8 hours/day, 20 days/month 4.3: Improve operations Switch to new system Savings in monetary at a noodles for collective value US 5,301 manufacturing unit to distribution using 3 reduce the usage of one boilers instead of 4 boiler from existing four- independent boilers. boiler system 4.4: Install a system to Install a system to collect and re-use waste reuse the deposits of steam and hot water from steam USD 6,495 meat steamer, resulting in about 524 m3/year of fuelwood saving 96 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) GHG mitigation Baseline and Co-benefits(adaptation, Finance costs Technology Conditional/ No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority Finance benefits Gender Youth Private sector SDGs potential targets environmental, social) (USD) availability Unconditional 25 Actions to promote Energy Ministry of 1. The Forest Law of Year - Annual climate 1. 6000 ha of timber Co-benefits to this action Total investment Challenges with Children, Conditional Private sector 5, 7, 8, sustainable sourcing of Industry, Science, 2002 impact - Total climate plantations include the following: costs: Approximately selection of especially girls, engagement 9, 11 fuel wood in the garment Technology and 2. National REDD+ impact established between 1. Improved air quality due USD 19,590,250 appropriate and women will through industry Innovation Strategy (NRS) 2017- 2019 40,360 40,360 2021-2030 to reduced wood fuel variety of benefit from this factories and (MISTI) 2021 2020 51,052 91,412 2. 1800 ha of combustion and fuelwood and action by plantations 2021 72,895 164,307 3. National Forest firewood improvement in combustion lands for reducing the 2022 118,702 283,009 Program 2010-2029 2023 115,426 398,435 plantations efficiency sustainable amount of 4. Industrial 2024 137,269 535,704 established between 2. Reduction of soil erosion fuelwood distance they Development Policy 2025 184,169 719,873 2021-2030 and silting of lakes and production have to extract 2015-2025 2026 179,965 899,838 rivers fuelwood. 2027 213,899 1,113,737 Further evaluations 3. Increased productivity of 2028 135,403 1,249,140 have to be carried agricultural land affected by 2029 135,487 1,384,627 2030 135,487 1,520,114 out to set a deforestation quantified target for 4. Job creation from this action. implementing demand side Achieving the energy efficiency measures defined target will 5. Increased export industry be highly dependent competitiveness on availability of climate finance, including both public and private sources, to conduct and scale up the defined activities. Linked government actions in the forestry value chain that incentivize demand side investment, such as reducing the availability and hence pushing up the cost of unsustainable fuel wood, is key to achieving the defined targets. Accessing climate finance associated with forest preservation to fund demand side interventions is a necessary barrier to overcome to scale factory investment that affect unsustainable wood fuel production. 26 Implementation of Energy Ministry of Land Integration of the Kigali Emissions – 1.09 MtCO2e Enhanced MEPS and Improvement in Costs: USD 50 million Low GWP Conditional 5, 7, 8, National Cooling Action Management, Amendment to Montreal emissions by 2030 F-gas transition for affordability and access to refrigerants 9, 11 Plan Urban Lanning Protocol mandated F-gas room air cooling for the population Benefits: like R1234yf, - Direct emission and Construction transition plans with Direct GHG Emissions conditioners and Total cumulative R32, CO2, reduction due F-gas (MLMUPC) plans to improve cooling reduction – 0.17 MtCO2e residential Improvement in local R&D savings after 10 years Hydrocarbons, transition in air- efficiency and access to emissions refrigerators and manufacturing of implementation etc., conditioning and cooling. targeting the new & USD 1,320 Million refrigeration Indirect GHG emissions existing equipment Enhancement of customer through energy High Seasonal - Indirect emission NCAP and its roadmap to reduction – 0.92MtCO2e stock in the country. trust and promotion of new savings by 2030 Energy reduction due to support the adoption of & local market players Efficiency improved cooling Enhanced MEPS for (Considering USD 50 Room Air efficiency cooling appliances and Generation of jobs and million investment conditioners - Additionally, Inclusion improve existing energy boost in economy and 10 years of performance policies. cumulative electricity Climate requirements of Passive savings of 6.1 TWh adaptive and Cooling Systems in through NCAP) energy efficient Building Energy Code and refrigerators implementation of “passive cooling” measures in the cities can be carried out as part of the implementation of the NCAP – see below 97 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) GHG mitigation Baseline and Co-benefits(adaptation, Finance costs Technology Conditional/ No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority Finance benefits Gender Youth Private sector SDGs potential targets environmental, social) (USD) availability Unconditional 27 Inclusion of performance Energy Ministry of Land Environment and 0.14 MtCO2e emissions 20% of the newly Improved air quality, more Costs: USD 750,000 Envelope Conditional 5, 7, 8, requirements of passive Management, Natural Resources Code, until 2030 constructed jobs and better economy, ROI: 44% insulation, high 9, 11, cooling systems in Urban Lanning which has a chapter on buildings will better energy security and Payback period: 2.25 performance building energy code of and Construction Sustainable Cities, comply with grid reliability years glazing, Cambodia (MLMUPC) making it a requirement Building Energy Insulated for the capital city and Code door/window cities over 200,000 frames, air- people to develop tightness, a Green City Strategic shading, Plan and identify green ventilation, cool city development roofs projects. 28 Implementation of Energy Ministry of Land Environment and 0.07 Mt CO2e emissions 2 cities ( Phnom Health and well-being of the Costs: USD 49 million Urban planning, Conditional 5, 7, 8, “passive cooling” Management, Natural Resources Code, until 2030 Penh and Siem citizens, energy cost savings ROI: 22% cool/green roof 9, 11, measures in the cities Urban Lanning which has a chapter on Reap) analysed for to the consumers, improved Payback period: 4.5 and greening of (addressing urban heat and Construction Sustainable Cities, mitigating UHIE and aesthetics, increased years city island effect [UHIE]), (MLMUPC) making it a requirement projects are productivity of the public buildings and for the capital city and implemented population, vegetation commercial buildings. cities over 200,000 - 2% of the existing acting as carbon sinks people to develop public and a Green City Strategic commercial Plan and identify green buildings are city development retrofitted with projects. passive cooling measures 29 Promote integrated Transport Ministry of Public 1. Cambodia Climate Conditional 3, 5, 8, 9 public transport systems Works and Change Strategic Plan in main cities Transport(MPWT) 2014-2023, 2. NSDP 2019-2023, 3. Rectangular Strategy, 4. National Policy on Green Growth, 5. Sectoral development plans. 30 Enhance maintenance Transport Ministry of Public 1. Cambodia Climate 20 or 30 vehicle 1. Reduce maintenance USD 600.00 Benefit Technology is Conditional 3, 5, 8, 9 and inspection of vehicle Works and Change Strategic Plan inspection centers cost/saving cost 1. Public and public 1. Time saving unavailable and (Piloting maintenance Transport 2014-2023, will be in operation 2. Reduce traffic accident, 2. Private partnership 2. Reduce costly; and emission inspections (MPWT) 2. NSDP 2019-2023, by 2030. 1 million injury and fatality investment maintenance however, the of vehicles) 3. Rectangular Strategy, vehicles are 3. Reduce air pollution opportunity cost/saving cost originated 4. National Policy on expected to be 4. Reduce GHG emission 3. Purchasing/ 3. Reduce traffic country is Green Growth and inspected by 2030 5. Innovate technology upgrading the current accident, injury and seeking sectoral development system fatality for/requiring plans. 4. Demonstrate the 4. Reduce air assistant from system pollution and GHG foreign country. Lack of experts and staffs need to be trained. 31 E-mobility Transport Ministry of Public Baseline: 09 Conditional 3, 5, 8, 9 Works and vehicles(battery vehicle) Transport are registered by 2020; (MPWT) 32 Establish green belts Transport Ministry of Public 3, 5, 8, 9 along major roads for Works and climate change mitigation Transport (MPWT) 33 Shift long distance freight Transport Ministry of Public By 2030: No available 3, 5, 8, 9 movement from trucks to Works and train Transport (MPWT) 34 Increasing the Agriculture Ministry of National Action Program NA Battambang ; Preah Sustainable land USD 24,963,000 Reduce emission and Conservation Encourage the 2, 6, 15 effectiveness and Agriculture, to combat land Vihea and Kampong management, reduce soil erosion, increase agriculture; participation of sustainability of Forestry and degradation 2018-2027 Cham Provinces emission from burned soil organic carbon Minimum women agricultural land Fisheries (MAFF) agriculture residue, protect andvicrop yield tillage, management techniques soil from erosion mulching with (Conservation crop residue, Agriculture) and crop rotation; legum growing; 98 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) GHG mitigation Baseline and Co-benefits(adaptation, Finance costs Technology Conditional/ No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority Finance benefits Gender Youth Private sector SDGs potential targets environmental, social) (USD) availability Unconditional 35 Organic input agriculture Agriculture Ministry of National Action Program NA 10 provinces Reduce of chemical fertilizer USD 2.6 million Reduce production Composting, Encourage the 2, 6, 15 and bio-slurry; and deep Agriculture, to combat land utilization, contribution to cost and pollution bio-digester, participation of placement fertilizer Forestry and degradation 2018-2027 mitigate the greenhouse from chemical manure women technology Fisheries (MAFF) gases, reduce production fertilizer, sustainable management cost and pollution, and soil land management improvement 36 Promote fodder Agriculture Ministry of NSDP 2019-2023; ASDP NA 1year/1ha/province Increase soil organic carbon, USD 625,000 Reduce cost of feed fodder manual Women 2, 6, 15 production to improve Agriculture, 2019-2023; Strategic Enhanced adoption by and medicine input is available participation high nutrient rich and Forestry and Planning Framework for farmers of improved fodder were high-quality forage feed Fisheries (MAFF) Livestock 2016 - 2025 technology has significantly encouraged to value agriculture by- increased animals’ take care it products technology to production and household support cattle production income; 37 Promote manure Agriculture Ministry of NSDP 2019-2023; ASDP NA 25 provinces and Increase GAHP “Good USD 21.25 million reduce environment Compost Women 2, 6, 15 Management through Agriculture, 2019-2023; Strategic cities Animals Health Practice” pollution from technology is participation compost making process Forestry and Planning Framework for enhanced adoption by Farms and available were to reduce carbon Fisheries (MAFF) Livestock 2016 - 2025 improving animal farms and slaughterhouses and encouraged emission slaughterhouses; household household 38 Seedlings distribute to Agriculture Ministry of NFPs_(F.3)strategic NA 100,000,000 Contributing forest cover, Long term USD 1 Revenue is referred Simple guide Women 2, 6, 15 public and local Agriculture, indicators, JMI (2020), seedling promote CF livelihoods, and /seedling; medium to social, for tree participation community Forestry and National arbor day cultural plan USD 0.5/seedling environmental and plantation, were Fisheries (MAFF) ; Fast growing USD promoted people Nursery encouraged 0,3/ per seedling livelihood management 39 REDD+ Forestry REDD+ Secretariat Key Indicator of Reducing of CO2e emission 21.54 Mt CO2 - 2, 15 1. Strengthen Rectangular Strategy e/year management of forest phase - 4 conservation areas, such as protected areas and flooded and mangrove conservation areas - Promote forest land tenure security through forest land classification, zoning, demarcation, and registration 2. Strengthen law enforcement activities to address unauthorized logging, and encroachment 3. Monitor the status of ELCs and SLCs for compliance with regulations and strengthen capacity for effective monitoring 4. Support harmonization of legal frameworks for effective management of forest resources 5. Strengthen regulatory framework and capacity for social and environmental impact assessment and compliance 6. Strengthen capacity for data management and establish decision support systems for forest and land use sector 99 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) GHG mitigation Baseline and Co-benefits(adaptation, Finance costs Technology Conditional/ No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority Finance benefits Gender Youth Private sector SDGs potential targets environmental, social) (USD) availability Unconditional 7. Strengthen and scale up community-based forest management 8. Engage and encourage the private sector to implement alternative and sustainable supply chains from agro industrial plantations, and to reduce emissions 9. Expand afforestation, reforestation and restoration activities 10. Enhance timber supply and wood-based energy sourced from community-based forest management areas and private plantations to reduce pressure on forest areas 11. Promote effective, equitable, sustainable management and use of forests, forest lands and non-timber forest products 12. Identify and implement alternative and sustainable livelihood development programmes for local communities most dependent on forest resources 13. Support mechanisms to mainstream policies and measures that reduce deforestation in relevant government ministries and agencies14. Strengthen national and subnational capacity for improved coordination mechanisms for national land use policy and planning 15. Strengthen capacity, knowledge and awareness of stakeholders to enhance their contribution to reducing deforestation and forest degradation 16. Encourage public engagement, participation and consultations in forestry and land use planning, and promote the involvement of multiple stakeholders 17. Strengthen capacity of academic and research institutions in training, research and technology development associated with forestry and land use 18. Establish partnerships with development partners in building knowledge and human resources related to forestry, land use and climate change 100 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) GHG mitigation Baseline and Co-benefits(adaptation, Finance costs Technology Conditional/ No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority Finance benefits Gender Youth Private sector SDGs potential targets environmental, social) (USD) availability Unconditional 40 1. Promoting one tourist, Tourism Ministry of Royal Government of Baseline: 5 locations Reducing natural disaster, USD 2 million USD 2.5 million Public toilet, Encouraging Small 1. Youth could 1. Private sector one tree campaign Tourism (MOT) Cambodia labels tourism Kompong Speu job creation for local people, education women, elderly, unconditional for join by in-kind could join by in- sector as “Green Gold”. 20,000 tree poverty alleviation, social signboard, children, planting tree, and cash to kind and cash to Tourism is a non-smoke welfare improvement, billboard, poorest to state-public land support the support the industry which import in Kratie (Kosh Trong) cultural and environmental rubbish bin etc. involve, they activity activity. places. 5,000 trees conservation, protecting The M&E might Conditional to 2. Private sector Kompot (Kompong biodiversity. system will be understand and support and community Samaki) 500,000 aligned with support new community for could take and other locations National mindset that developing and benefits approximately is Monitoring and would provide maintain/care 500,00 Evaluation (for adaptation tree Framework for projects). Target: 25 locations Climate Change. covering all provinces/city 41 2. Practicing responsible Tourism Ministry of Baseline: 58 Hotel Conditional MoT will closely travel manner in order to Tourism (MOT) (3 start) work with protect and conserve travel agencies environment, Target: 150 Hotels and private biodiversity, culture and sector to local livelihood promote those improvement relevant guidelines. 42 3. Always remind and Tourism Ministry of Target: all tourist Conditional Private would practice 3R in all Tourism (MOT) activities would be provide bags, tourists´acivities targeted re-fill bottle water, support recycle shops or association. Provide big bottle water for refilling. 43 4. Reducing energy use, Tourism Ministry of Emission reduction: 1- Be Conditional Private improving energy Tourism (MOT) more activities from sector/agencies efficiency, increasing the tourists including; are key use of renewable energy, adventure, cycling, carbon offsetting, waste walking, hiking, management and Stop using car, bus, van recycling, and water and other vehicle by using conservation gas/energy into tourist sites by replace of cow cart, ride bicycle, or walking. 44 5. Operating sustainable Tourism Ministry of Emission reduction: 1- Be Conditional Private destination management Tourism (MOT) more activities from sector/agencies tourists including; are key adventure, cycling, walking, hiking, Stop using car, bus, van and other vehicle by using gas/energy into tourist sites by replace of cow cart, ride bicycle, or walking. 45 6. Promoting adventure Tourism Ministry of Emission reduction: 1- Be Conditional Private and green tourism Tourism (MOT) more activities from sector/agencies activities tourists including; are key adventure, cycling, walking, hiking, Stop using car, bus, van and other vehicle by using gas/energy into tourist sites by replace of cow cart, ride bicycle, or walking. 46 Installing air quality Other Ministry of Conditional Private sector monitoring equipment in industry Environment engagement all provinces across the (MOE) through countries and technical establishing air quality support data monitoring center with mobile application for public information and access 101 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) GHG mitigation Baseline and Co-benefits(adaptation, Finance costs Technology Conditional/ No. Mitigation action Sector Ministry Government priority Finance benefits Gender Youth Private sector SDGs potential targets environmental, social) (USD) availability Unconditional 47 Establishing air quality Other Ministry of Cost (Installing air Conditional Private sector monitoring and industry Environment quality monitoring engagement broadcasting center (MOE) equipment and through establishing data technical center and mobile support application). Cost of air quality monitoring equipment is around USD 5,000/unit (215 X 5,000 = USD 1,075,000) - Benefit (air quality data, public health early warning system) 48 Improving urban Policy and Ministry of Conditional Private sector environmental planning Environment engagement management through (MOE) through increasing green spaces technical in the city support 49 Emission management Other Ministry of Unconditional Require full from factories industry Environment private sector (MOE) engagement 50 Air quality management Other Ministry of USD 500,000 Unconditional Require full from construction sites industry Environment private sector (MOE) engagement 51 Development of a long- Policy and National Council Conditional Require full term low emission planning for Sustainable private sector strategy Development engagement (NCSD) 102 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)

Appendix 2: Detailed Adaptation Actions Co-benefits Government Resilience (mitigation, Finance Finance Conditional/ SDG No. Adaptation action Sector Ministry Baseline and targets Technology availability Gender Youth Private sector priority building potential environmental, costs (USD) benefits Unconditional s social) 1 Towards an Agriculture National CCCSP 2014- Strengthen local Baseline is 0. 1. Climate Change 10,000,000 11,000,000 1. 10 elements of agroecology by Target 30% women Private sector from 2, 5, agroecological Committee 2023: agricultural mitigation as the FAO beneficiaries the agriculture supply 12, transition in the for Sub- 1. Leverage the practice to respond Target: 100,000 by project considering 2. GCF funding modalities and 50% participation of chain 13 uplands of National decentralization to climate hazards 2026 (with policy of low-carbon investment criteria standards women in stakeholder Battambang Democrati process to through innovation intervention the agricultural 3. NCDD accreditation standards consultations and 50% c strengthen of agroecological project has the technology women representation on Developm financial and technology potential to scale-up to 2. Improved new project decision making ent institutional 5 million people management boards (NCDD) processes for accounting for 30% of approach in The component of project local adaptation total population) agroecosystem output to be aligned with 2. Mainstream 3. NCDD will also Policy on Promotion of climate change implement ESS, Gender Equality for Sub- into national and Gender, M&E along national Democratic sub-national with climate actions Development of NCDD development according to GCF plans and the standards NSPS 2 (Program 1: Agriculture Ministry of ASDP (2019- Increase rice Baseline: 11.51 million Promote climate- 37,122,000 25 provinces; Stress tolerant varieties, Enhance women's Youth represents Various private sector 2, 5, Improvement of Agricultur 2023) productivity, tonne in 2020 friendly Agri- Agriculture(CSA), Sustainable Rice economic empowerment 47.1% in players i.e. rice miller, 12, Agricultural e, Forestry reduce loss during business rice value 2,439,000,000 ( Platform (SRP),Good Agricultural and promote the agriculture sectors. processing, exporter, 13 Productivity and and and post Target: 3% increased chain and profit in master plan of Practices (GAP), Organic participation of women in They will be producers; inputs Diversification and Fisheries harvesting and production/year rice production MAFF 2019- Agriculture, ISNM, Integrated Pest decision-process within engaged in capacity suppliers; buyers will Agri-Business) (MAFF) improve rice value chains. 2030) management (IPM), water saving the value chain, with development, be promoted in rice Development of rice quality, safety. techniques, System of Rice emphasize on post- technology transfer crop production. crops for increase Mitigating impact of Intensification (SRI), Complex harvesting opportunities in relation to production, rice farming on Rice System (for example duck- and agro-business (incl. sustainable The private sectors improved quality- environment rice farming), Agroforestry, on- women in Rice ACs, agriculture will be strongly safety; harvesting farm seed conservation and capacity development for including Climate engaged/involved in and post harvesting selection technics and post- leadership roles within Smart Agriculture working with small technique and agro- harvests technologies, Sustainable ACs etc.). (CSA), Good scale farmers such as business landscape management (land Agriculture Practice providing technical enhancement levelling, integrated micro- Ensure women's (GAP), and pre and assistance, support to watershed management). meaningful and active post-harvest provide credit so that participation in capacity techniques. Youth farmers can access to development and will be strongly inputs and opportunities. This involved in contracting to buy the requires gender related Sustainable Rice product targets such as, (1) equal Platform (SRP), and representation of women Agriculture and men (50% women) Cooperative (ACs), participate in stakeholder enterprise consultations; (2) 35% development and (suggest this could be 50% agro-business to be equal with men) of activities to ensure the total project food security and beneficiaries of extension income generation services, training and among the youth inputs are female farmers, groups. and (3) 50% of women beneficiaries self-report a reduction in their work burden as a result of project activities At least 35% of female- farmers (including female- headed households) will benefit from relevant trainings, access to resources, extension services taking into account their work burdens. 103 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3 Development of Agriculture Ministry of ASDP (2019- Increase Baseline: 70% in 2020 47.1% of youth who 15,238,000 25 provinces; Stress tolerant varieties, Climate At least 35% of women Youth represents Promote and 2, 5, horticulture and Agricultur 2023) horticulture involved in Investment Smart Agriculture (CSA), are involved in agriculture 47.1% in engagement of private 12, other food crops for e, Forestry production and Target: Increased agriculture sectors, return not Conservation Agriculture sector. agriculture sectors. sector including 13 increase production, and productivity and supply of vegetable 2% will be provided estimated (CA),Good Agricultural Practices Empowering women They will be investors/input improved quality- Fisheries profit in /year to local market capacity (GAP), ISNM, Integrated Pest through strengthening engaged in capacity suppliers, exporters, safety; harvesting (MAFF) horticulture development, Management (IPM), Participatory their roles and capacities development, and SME/ and post harvesting production value technology transfer Guarantee Systems (PGS), Organic in the horticultural value technology transfer entrepreneurs to be technique and agro- chains through in various form of Agriculture, water saving chains, increasing income in relation to involved in the business using tress tolerant sustainable techniques post-harvests generation and food sustainable horticulture value enhancement varieties and CSA agriculture including technologies and stress tolerant security at the same time agriculture chains that can boost practices and Climate Smart species and varieties, through for example including Climate multiple and double increasing Agriculture (CSA), intercropping, agroforestry, crop surplus selling of home Smart Agriculture cropping to adapt resilience to Sustainable Rice rotation, mixed cropping garden systems. Decrease (CSA), Good with climate climate change. Platform (SRP) and /companion planting, integrated work burden for women Agriculture Practice variability; Fostering local Good Agriculture farming system approach through improved (GAP), and pre and particularly in dry chemical free Practice (GAP). practices and technologies post-harvest season for produced Youth will be (for example drip techniques. Youth smallholders and vegetable value strongly involved in irrigation) empower will be strongly medium farmers chains by pre and post-harvest women through improved involved in aiming to improve improving technology, and nutrition to their Sustainable Rice food security and sustainable water Agriculture household. Platform (SRP), and income generation. management Cooperative (ACs), Target: Agriculture practices, Enterprise 1. 40% of total Cooperative (ACs), promoting development and beneficiaries receiving enterprise diversification to other agro-business training on horticulture development and increase food enhancement to are women; 2. 50% of all agro-business security, access to ensure food security women project activities to ensure healthy food and and income beneficiaries avail food security and diversified income generation among childcare services to income generation opportunities the youth groups. enable their full among the youth resilient to climate participation in groups. change. horticulture training programs; 3. 50% of all gender awareness training participants are men; 4. 50% of all women project beneficiaries report an increase income as a result of project activities; and 5. 50% of women project beneficiaries report a reduce in hours spent on horticulture activities as a result of access to improved practices and technologies (Ref:FAO and MAFF, 2017: Gender Assessment in Agriculture sector. MAFF, 2015: Gender mainstreaming policy and strategic framework in Agriculture 2016-2020. MoP, 2017: Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2017) 104 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 4 Development of Agriculture Ministry of ASDP (2019- Increase industry Baseline: 19.166 Promote climate- 12,506,000 25 provinces; Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), Promote women in Youth represents Promote private 2, 5, Industry crops for Agricultur 2023) crop productivity million tons in 2020 friendly Agri- Investment Agroforestry, Integrated Soil and collective business and 47.1% in sector players in 12, increase in e, Forestry and profit in the business value chain return not Nutrient Management (ISNM), provide relevant technical agriculture sectors. various phases of 13, production, and production value Target: 10% increased and profit estimated Integrated Pest Management trainings and capacity They will be industrial crop value 15 improved quality- Fisheries chains through production per year generation boosting (IPM), Botanical pesticide building on quality, safety, engaged in capacity chain. They will be safety; harvesting (MAFF) stress-tolerant local food security production, organic fertilizer, harvest, post-harvest, development, involved in support to and post harvesting varieties and CSA through Conservation Agriculture (CA), financial literacy, technology transfer provide sustainable technique and agro- practices and diversification, water saving techniques and post- enterprise development in relation to agriculture practices, business increasing reduction in soil harvests and processing and processing/packaging sustainable techniques and enhancement resilience to degradation and technologies and improving stress skills. agriculture technology transfer, climate change. greenhouse gas tolerant species and variety At least 50% women are including Climate improving water emissions through selection. engaged in consultation, Smart Agriculture management Diversification will fostering eco-system planning and decision (CSA), Good practices, pre and also contribute to services through CSA making process for Agriculture Practice post-harvest increase in income practices. sustainable landscape (GAP), and pre and technology, (Land equivalent management through the post-harvest processing (i.e. ratio) and application/replicate of techniques. Youth cashew nut/cassava diversification of the CSA practices, will be strongly processing) and economic agroforestry, conservation involved in certification for opportunities of agriculture, etc. Sustainable Rice market expansion. farmers to adapt to Strengthen women's Platform (SRP), and climate change. leadership roles and Agriculture knowledge sharing on Cooperative (ACs), Increase in income women-led success stories enterprise through women's good practices to development and improvement in improve women's agro-business processing opportunities within the activities to ensure technologies. Value Chains and/or food security and sustainable market income generation accessibility which among the youth ultimately contribute their groups. increase in income generation and food security. 50% of women beneficiaries report an increase in income generation as a result of improved market accessibility 50% of women beneficiary’s report food security through a 12- month period as a result of the project activities. 5 Improvement of Agriculture Ministry of ASDP (2019- Boosting climate- Baseline: Departments Increasing resilience 69,562,000 10 Departments Crop production manuals (e.g. 35% of female farmers Youth represent The private sector 13, support services and Agricultur 2023) resilient of GDA and 12 Seed to climate change of GDA, 12 Seed SRP, GAP, Post-harvest participate in capacity 47.1% in players active in 2, 5, capacity building to e, Forestry agriculture farms, research and natural farms research technologies/tools, Agricultural development35% of agriculture sectors. capacity development, 12 crop production and adoption by stations and disasters, and stations and Organic Standards, irrigation female farmers receive They will be investment of resilient to climate Fisheries Institutional development and improving resilience development facilities, saving water extension services35% of engaged in capacity technology innovation change by promoting (MAFF) capacity building training centers, facilities, tools and and training technologies/tools, green houses) female farmers report a development, to adapt with the research, trials and and extension selected Agricultural technologies. centers, and and Irrigation facilities and reduction in hours spent technology transfer climate sensitivity (i.e. up-scaling climate- services to transfer Cooperatives.Targets: selected agricultural machinery tools/ on their agricultural in relation to suitable agriculture smart farming CSA technology to Increasing resilience Agricultural equipment), Climate Smart activities as a result of sustainable equipment and systems that farmers. This will to climate change and Cooperatives. Agriculture (CSA), Agroforestry, project activities agriculture machinery), improved increase resilience to enable farmers to natural disasters, and Integrated Soil and Nutrient Strengthen women's including Climate access to quality CC and extreme respond to climate improving resilience management (ISNM), Integrated leadership roles and Smart Agriculture inputs, pre- and post- weather events hazards, improve facilities, tools and Pest Management (IPM), Botanical knowledge sharing on (CSA), Good harvest technologies, food security and technologies. pesticide production, organic women-led success stories Agriculture Practice processing and productivity, and fertilizer, Conservation women's good practices to (GAP), and pre and marketing. increase ecological Agriculture (CA), water saving improve women's post-harvest and economic techniques (rainwater harvesting, opportunities within the techniques. Youth resilience while drip irrigation etc.) and post- Value Chains and/or will be strongly harvests and processing sustainable market involved in 105 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) mitigating climate technologies and improving stress accessibility which Sustainable Rice change effects. tolerant species and variety ultimately contribute their Platform (SRP), and selection, crop rotation, mixed increase in income Agriculture cropping /companion planting, generation and food Cooperative (ACs), integrated farming system security. 25% increase in enterprise approach, Participatory Guarantee women in leadership development and Systems (PGS), water saving positions in project agro-business techniques (drip irrigation, activities activities to ensure rainwater harvesting and storage, food security and integrated aquaponics systems), income generation Sustainable Rice Platform among the youth (SRP),Good Agricultural Practices groups. (GAP), Organic Agriculture, ISNM, Integrated Pest management (IPM), water saving techniques, System of Rice Intensification (SRI), Complex Rice System (for example duck-rice farming), on- farm seed conservation and selection technics and post- harvests technologies, Sustainable landscape management (land levelling, integrated micro- watershed management). 6 Building climate Agriculture Ministry of Climate Change Building the Baseline: N/A Mitigation: reduce 2,890,000 a). Economy of 1. Variety improvement program Women have been actively Further analysis on Private sectors will be 2, 5, change resilience on Agricultur Priorities Action resilience of pollution from national and for Cassava Mosaic Virus Disease; involved in different youth involvement actively participating 12, cassava production e, Forestry Plan for country cassava Target: Cassava processing cassava farmers 2. Prevention of soil erosion and phases of research and in cassava in capacity 13 and processing and Agriculture, production and farmers in at least 15 Environmental: improved; b). soil nutrient leaching; enhancing of agricultural production, development, supply Fisheries Forestry and processing for provinces in the Prevent soil erosion Land erosion 3. Appropriate waste productivity, improvement capacity and of inputs, (MAFF) Fisheries Sector economic country, or more than Social: healthy living and soil fertility management for cassava of quality and agriculture necessary improvement 2016-2020 development, 0.6 million hectares in conditions for people degradation processing developed technology transfer. resources is processing facilities human health and cassava production in the cassava minimized; required. and technology and environmental (MAFF, 2018), plus the production areas c). Health of At least 50% of women exportation. sustainability growing cassava populations involved in agricultural Provide capacity processing industry living in the research will participate in building based on cassava new technology the need, ongoing processing development and technical support, areas improved distribution. Women's improve access to voices and needs will be resources ensured along the process (financial, inputs, of the climate resilient suitable research and technology equipment) in development. cassava production Gender responsive target and processing. suggestions: # of women in leadership positions in new technology development and distribution # of women and other socially marginalized groups consulted as part of climate research # of gender analyses conducted as part of new research 106 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 7 Research for the Agriculture Ministry of CCPAP 2016- Increase and Baseline: 38 varieties Promotion of 2,000,000 £3,000,000.00 More than 38 crop types/varieties Women have been actively More than 50% of It is important to 2, 5, development and Agricultur 2020; Strategic stabilization of conserved in 2019 environment and are being conserved in CARDI’s involved in different youths (who are work with all 12, enhancement of e, Forestry plan in respond to crop production 1 new variety released conservation of gene-bank and on field for long phases of research and involved in the stakeholders such as 13 agricultural and the impact of CC through in 2019 (MAFF, 2020) natural resources term utilization.; New crop enhancing of agricultural proposed priorities farmers agricultural productivity, quality, Fisheries 2019-2023; ASDP conducting varieties released to respond to productivity, improvement for agricultural communities, and transfer through (MAFF) 2019-2023.; research on plant Target: 200 varieties climate change ; new crop of quality and agriculture development agricultural strengthening of National genetic conservation and varieties with high yielding and technology transfer. sector) will be cooperatives, SME, crop variety Demography conservation and rejuvenation per year; quality, resistant to biotic and engaged to and Cambodian rice conservation and Policy 2016-2030 utilization, release At least 2 new crop abiotic stresses. At least 50% of women participate in new milling association. new crop variety of new crop varieties released per involved in agricultural technology release responding varieties with high year research will participate in development and to the impacts of yield and quality, new technology distribution. They climate change resistant biotic and development and include students, abiotic stresses. distribution. Women's researchers, voices and needs will be scientists, sellers ensured along the process and farmers. of the climate resilient research and technology development. Gender responsive target suggestions: # of women in leadership positions in new technology development and distribution # of women and other socially marginalized groups consulted as part of climate research # of gender analyses conducted as part of new research 8 Development of new Agriculture Ministry of CCPAP 2016- Technology Baseline: NA Promotion of 1,500,000 £2,250,000.00 Mung-bean grown within short Women will be engaged to More than 50% of All stakeholders 2, 5, technologies and Agricultur 2020; Strategic package for rice environment and duration variety (Less than participate in research and youths (who are including farmer 12, increased yields by e, Forestry plan in respond to crop Target: At least 5 types conservation of 55days from planting till first technology development. involved in the agricultural 13 using new crop and the impact of CC diversification; of new technologies natural resources harvesting) and irrigated with proposed priorities communities, varieties which Fisheries 2019-2023; ASDP New upland soil developed responding small amounts of water; More than 50% of female for agriculture agricultural adapt to climate (MAFF) 2019-2023.; classification and to climate change Upland soil map development farmers will benefit from development cooperatives, SME, change National fertilizer with Fertilizer recommendation; capacity building and sector) will be and Cambodian rice Demography recommendations; Technology transfer of rice seed extension services in engaged to milling association Policy 2016-2030 Land erosion, purification technique for farmer particular new participate in new will be engaged to be degradation, and level; technologies on crop technology involved in soil fertility Quality seed produced and Pre- diversification, variety development and developing new management in and post-harvest technology selection of stress tolerant distribution. They technologies, facilities lowland and development crops, and soil fertilities include students, to develop, test and upland areas management in low and researchers, demonstrate the upland areas, pre and post- scientists, sellers resilience of crop harvest technology. and farmers. varieties. 9 Development of Agriculture Ministry of ASDP (2019- Resilient rubber Baseline: 363 farmers Maintain and 9,248,600 $13,872,900.00 Horticulture, Cloning and Implementation of gender Ensure the Private sector will be 2, 5, rubber clone Agricultur 2023) and CCAP clone varieties trained in 2019 (DGR, improved rubber breeding, Plantation trial and sensitive extension engagement of at engaged in capacity 13 varieties suitable for e, Forestry 2016-2020 suitable for AEZ in 2019)Target: 3, 500 production and analysis, Land suitability, soil services and promotion of least 80 % of youth development and AEZ and resilient to and Cambodia for trained planter in 5 provide improvement. women roles in value involved in the adopt/using clone climate change Fisheries sustainable AEZ; at least 1 new employment;Improv chain development. 50% rubber production technology after (MAFF) production and clone variety ement of rubber of rubber producers in capacity training. The private reduced developed plant genetic and participating in trainings development sectors will be maintaining fully scientifically are women. 50% of including supported with cost.Rubber clone documented;Increas women beneficiary’s development rubber seeds that are trial and ed revenue by report extension services rubber clone suitable for AEZ and experimental to reduced maintaining meet their specific needs variety that are resilient to climate produces best cost; Mitigation as and priorities # of women suitable for AEZ change. accessions variety rubber plantation report new waged and resilient to by AEZ in term of requested CO2e positions in rubber value climate change. resilient, good Economic growth chain development yield and rubber quality.Carbon sequestration and contribute to sound ecological function. 107 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 10 Enhancing Agriculture Ministry of ASDP (2019- Overcome the Baseline: 171 sub- Sustainable rubber 3,852,000 $5,778,000.00 PSP (permanent sample plot) All levels of interventions Ensure the Private sector will be 2, 5, institutional and Agricultur 2023) and CCAP unique challenges national/extension production to establishment, data recording and will target at least 30% of engagement of at involved in capacity 13 capacity e, Forestry 2016-2020 of rubber involved workers trained in support economic analyses technique; women beneficiaries and least 80 % of youth development, development on and in responding to 2019. development and Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), 50% representation of involving in the planning to improve climate change Fisheries climate change it employment Agroforestry, sustainable land women and men in rubber production the effectiveness of impact, vulnerability (MAFF) must be able to act Target: 5 permanent management. stakeholder consultations. in capacity adaptation measures assessment, on foresight, learn sample plots (PSP) development and mitigation actions adaption measures and adapt, build equipped with mini Equally involve specifically on related to the rubber and mitigation collaborative weather stations; participation of men and climate change sector. related to rubber coalitions for 150 well trained women in Vulnerability vulnerability sector action through national technical staff, Impact Assessment (VIA) impact assessment, research and/or 1500 extension to assess the needs and improvement of enhance existing worker, and 30 rubber constraints to ensure adaptation and GAP subjective to small holder comprehensive gender mitigation measure rubber plantation association; analysis in the report. related to rubber practices. Support to sub- production. national level 20 times. All data measuring vulnerability will be disaggregated by gender, age, location, income Include gender-sensitive indicators in the institutional development i.e. at least 30% of women will be represented in particular in leadership positions 11 (Program 2: Promote Agriculture Ministry of Strategic Planning Strengthened Baseline: Animal breed Environmental, 12,500,000 Increase AI, feed fodder, cooling systems At least 23% of Youth represent Private sector/ animal 2, 5, animal production Agricultur Framework for climate-resilient production: 338 of social and animals’ and deworming, and vaccine beneficiaries will be 5% in animal husbandry farm 13 and animal health) e, Forestry Livestock animal breed Cattle breeds adaptation production and programmes female-farmers will be production. They owners will be Improvement of and Development201 through modern produced and 123347 meat by involved in various will be supported in supported on AI animal breeding Fisheries 6-2025 technology of piglets produced in 3%/year; capacities in the capacity building technology to produce technology in (MAFF) 2019. Meat production development of animal and animal and sell high quality Cambodia through AI 239,115 tones in 2019 At least breeding technologies and breeding of cattle sperm, to which can adapt to (MAFF, 2020) 1,611,646 genetic management of technology to adapt improve the quality of climate change households animal production. They to climate change. cattle productions. Target: Increase keeping, raising will be also engaged in They will provide animal breed by livestock will animal management Youth engagement technical support and 3%/year and meat benefit from the technology, feeding, will be promoted extension services to production by 3% for prioritized grazing and disease through whole smallholders for 25 provinces/ year activities in 5 management, process of animal improving adaptive different AEZs improvement of access production value capacity and (RGC,2013) information, services, chain. household production engagement in the roles of livestock commercialization and livestock production. 12 Promotion of Agriculture Ministry of Strategic Planning Strengthened Baseline: 16,199,864 Environmental, 50,000,000 Reduced Animal Breeding and Feeding (AI At least 20% of women 40% of youth The private sector 2, 5, research capacities Agricultur Framework for research skills and of animal received social and mortality to less technique, Fodder Programme), will be engaged and (animal raisers) will play important 13 on animal genetic, e, Forestry Livestock Improved breeding vaccines in 2019 adaptation than 5%; cooling systems, de-worming and improved technology will be engaged in role in replicating and animal breeding, and and Development201 technologies; (MAFF, 2020) expected to vaccine programmes, Animal literacy and technical research and piloting the animal feed is Fisheries 6-2025 improved increase disease surveillance) capacity on animal development of technologies strengthened to (MAFF) vaccination. Target: get 1 3%/year husbandry. animal genetic, including adapt to climate vaccination after 10 animal breeding improvement in change years; Vaccines to Suggested target: 20% of and animal feeding animal breeding, AI reach 77%/year all beneficiaries of technologies (i.e. AI technologies, cooling technology literacy on technology, fodder systems, deworming, animal husbandry are programme), vaccine programmes, women cooling systems, animal disease deworming and surveillance and Promote women's roles as vaccine fodder programmes. livestock ownership, care programmes to providers, feed gatherers, adapt to climate processors, users and change. sellers as a key aspect of local economic development. 50% of women beneficiaries report new assets (livestock) 70% of women beneficiaries report new skills in animal husbandry 108 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 13 Strengthening Agriculture Ministry of Strategic Planning Animal Health and Baseline: NA Environmental, 6,250,000 Provide benefits Animal breed and waste trustable At least 60% of female 5% of youth Promote capacity 2, 5, capacities for risk Agricultur Framework for Production social and to 750 farmers and acceptable technology to animal raisers/ farmers involved in animal development, and 13 prevention and e, Forestry Livestock cooperatives Target: 5 Animal adaptation /year; expected farmers and cooperatives will be engaged in capacity production will be technical response for reduction, effective and Development201 establishment and Health and Production increase strengthening to prevent supported on risk prevention and emergency Fisheries 6-2025 Technical cooperatives/year 5%/year risk, and increase capacity reduction. preparedness and (MAFF) guidelines for (150 persons/year) preparedness and development The private sector response at all animal health and response to climate particularly on risk will be also promoted levels; enhancing production set up, change. reduction, to support climate livestock and Integration with preparedness and adaptation measures disease-related early farming systems 75% of women response to climate to mobilize financial warning system, and based on animal beneficiaries’ report shocks as well as resources and integrating disaster production is increase knowledge, technology transfer, technical capacity, risk reduction and expanded inputs and technologies to knowledge and leverage the efforts of climate change respond to the changing skills on early governments, engage adaptation measures climate warning systems civil society and into recovery and and disease community efforts, rehabilitation Provide technical support management. They and develop initiatives in the and adaptation measures will be also be innovative climate livestock sector to women groups/ animal engaged in services and production cooperatives collective adaptation with veterinary services businesses, technologies. (i.e. vaccination, enterprise monitoring of diseases), development, credit, and other form of financial recovery, rehabilitation accessibility and measures and market market linkage. linkages. # of women's groups/animal production cooperatives benefit from project activities 14 (Program 3: Fishery Agriculture Ministry of Joint Monitoring Increase Baseline: 307,408 tons Develop aquaculture 15,600,000 (i) Domesticate and produce both 50% of beneficiaries in 65.5% of youth Private sector 2, 5, management and Agricultur Indicators (JMIs) adaptation, (MAFF, 2020)Target: system increase 4,700,00026,49 indigenous and exotic species that improved aquaculture involved in engagement/cooperat 12, aquaculture e, Forestry 2019-2023; strengthen Increased aquaculture production, enhance 6 households are more adaptable to climate production are aquaculture will be ion in fisheries 13, development ) and Climate Change livelihoods and yields by 20% livelihoods related to will be engaged change;(ii) Promote aquaculture women50% of women engaged in product and food 14 Promoting Fisheries Priorities Action safeguard food and annually food and nutrition in aquaculture in plastic ponds and composite report improved access to construction and safety in response to aquaculture (MAFF) Plan for nutrition security security, reduce production and ponds; (iii) Promote cage and pen markets50% of operations of climate change and production systems Agriculture, of small-scale fishing pressure on benefits (RGC, culture in man-made reservoirs beneficiaries of in farm fishponds, fish disaster risk and practices that Forestry and fishermen fisheries resources 2013) and out farm activities are hatching, and fish reduction. They will are more adaptive to Fisheries Sector women marketing. They be strongly engaged climate change 2016-2020 will receive in the process of support in term of capacity development, technical training input supplies (i.e. and capacity feed), trading and development in processing collective business, technologies and development of marketing. fishponds, hatchery facilities, selecting of brood stock, transferring, feed preparation, harvest and post- harvest technology and marketing. 15 Promoting climate Agriculture Ministry of Joint Monitoring Sustainable use of Baseline: 0? Develop fishes and 33,500,000 53,000,000 (i)Dredging and rehabilitation of 50% of participants in 30% of youth Private sector will be 2, 5, resilience in the Agricultur Indicators (JMIs) fisheries resources aquatic habitats, fish refuges and critical habitats; rehabilitation of fish involved in fishery engaged in protection 12, fisheries sector e, Forestry 2019-2023; and Increase Capture fisheries sustain fish yields, 680,311 (ii) Protection of flooded and refuges and mangrove sector will be of flooded forests and 13, and Climate Change adaptation, production from all strengthen food and households mangrove forests as the spawning, forest are women engaged in reforestation 14,1 Fisheries Priorities Action strengthen sources sustained to nutrition security engaged with nursing and feeding habitats for 50% of beneficiaries consultation activities for example 5 (MAFF) Plan for livelihoods and around 600,000 fishing activities fish and other aquatic animal receiving extension meetings, engaging with the incentives for Agriculture, safeguard food and metric tons annually will benefit services are women sustainable fishery ecosystem services Forestry and nutrition security from the 50% of women management and certification scheme Fisheries Sector intervention beneficiaries have protection the or as a part of Social 2016-2020 (RGC,2013) successfully been critical habitats and Corporative approved for loans (or mangroves and Responsibilities credit services) and gained flooded forests. activities. access to fisheries resources 109 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 16 Scaled up climate‐ Agriculture National INDC: Developing Strengthen the Baseline: 0 1. GHG emission 10,000,000 17,000,000 Solar water pumps Improved access to Will be important to 2, 5, resilient agricultural Council for climate-proof adaptive capacities reduction through Medical cold chain sustainable agriculture engage with the 6, 7, production through Sustainabl agriculture of smallholder 30 communes of 7 solar irrigation and medical cold chain for private sector in the 13 increased access to e systems for farmers and provinces namely 2. NCDD will also food security and better agriculture and solar irrigation Developm adapting to coastal Takeo, Pursat, implement ESS, health services for women energy sectors to systems and other ent (NCSD) change in water communities, Battambang, Siem Gender, M&E along and men in vulnerable ensure adequate climate‐resilient variability to especially women Reap, Kampong Thom, with climate actions communities as well as capacity. practices enhance crop and most Kandal and Prey Veng according to GCF safe drinking water for yields vulnerable groups, with integration of standards coastal communities to cope with climate change into impacts of climate financial management, Target: change induced institutional 30% of beneficiaries challenges on their arrangement and receiving cold chain livelihoods as well policy reform by 2030 services (for food storage) as on water- are women energy- food 50% of all project security. beneficiaries reporting access to safe drinking water are women 17 Developing a Agriculture Ministry of -Rectangular Building adaptive Baseline: 0 Adaptive capacity of 10,000,000 Poor villagers Lessons learnt and best practice In poor villagers both men Conditional Youth among the 1, 2, training manual and Rural strategy capacity of rural rural poor people will change from other countries can be and women participate in poor family (15-35 5, 13 providing training Developm -NSDP poor people for 2,000 Rural poor will contribute to their behavior applied. training program . years old) are on approaches for ent (MRD) -MRD Strategic better living People (Poor 1, & Poor livelihood promotion and attitudes in engaged development of Plan standards 2). and environmentally working hard Target: 50% of program climate-smart and friendly for their beneficiaries are women sustainable betterment of livelihood to rural their livelihoods poor people and communities 18 Protection, risk Coastal Ministry of NSDP Effective coastal % of coastal pollution Mitigation: reduce 2,000,000 Conditional 5, mitigation, and zones Environme zone management reduction through GHG emission from 13,1 resilience building nt (MOE) resilience to marine conservation waste in ocean 4 from marine climate change as activities Biodiversity of pollution well as projection % of coastal pollution marine resources particularly caused of other impacts reduction through by activities on land that caused by solid waste including marine human activities management of the 4 pollution from waste coastal cities and and aquaculture provinces activities. % of coastal pollution reduction through waste water management of the 4 coastal cities and provinces 19 Effective Coastal Ministry of NSDP Resilience of Main function and GHG emission 70,000,000 Construct the baseline data for Conditional 5, management and zones Environme coastal zone services of marine and reduction through economic value of ocean ecology 13,1 protection of nt (MOE) through coastal zone ecological restoration of Preparation of documents for 4 ecological systems of restoration of its system is protected mangrove and collection of ocean ecological marine and costal functions that will and restored by 2030 improvement of services zones to avoid reduce the impacts % of flooded forest ocean capacity to GHG inventory of mangrove adverse impacts from different and mangrove which capture the carbon Selection of mangrove species from various factors, factors including will be restored and from atmosphere resilient to climate change build their resilience climate change protected Preparation of mechanism, and restore its protection and management of functions for protected area productive and healthy oceans 110 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 20 Upgrading Education Ministry of 1. Cambodia Strengthen 1. Develop and Students shall 2,000,000 2,500,000 Textbook ratio for primary, lower Increase percentage of Textbook Field testing for 4, 5, curriculum and Education, National resilience through implement the understand:1. secondary and upper secondary girls for:1. Enrollment publication- curricula and 13 training Youth and Adaptation Plan education in order supplementary Climate change schools rate2. Promotion unconditional textbook methodologies, Sport Financing to respond to documents (from mitigation2. rateTarget: 47.9% for girls (National budget including libraries, (MOEYS) Framework and related climate primary to Pollution.3. by 2023 partners)Others: to include climate Implementation disasters by: 1. secondary)2. Increase Biodiversity 4. Conditional change subjects for Plan for MoEYS, Developing the the Eco-school from 10 Environment primary schools p242. supplementary to 1000 schools.3. At conservation5. 5Rs. CCCSP2014- documents for least 8000 schools 2023a) Enhance supporting across the country will the teaching and increase awareness implementation learning at school about CC thought of Article 6 of the levels.2. Increase Khmer, Science and UNFCCC on nationwide Eco- Social study subjects education, school.3. Integrate training, CC into Khmer, awareness, Science and Social participation and study subjects. access to information by the people, and inter-national cooperation for climate change response.b) Integrate climate change into curricula for all levels of education.c) Develop targeted awareness programmes aimed at key audience such as most-vulnerable groups, women, children, youths and minorities.3. Curriculum framework 2016a) Enhance the implementation of Article 6 of the UNFCCC on education, training, awareness, participation and access to information by the people, and inter-national cooperation for climate change response.b) Integrate climate change into curricula for all levels of education.c) Develop targeted awareness programmes aimed at key audience such as most-vulnerable groups, women, children, youths and minorities.3. Curriculum framework 2016 111 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 21 Upgrading Education Ministry of 1. Cambodia Strengthen (2020-2030) Students shall 950,000 990,000 1. CLC Standard Increase percentage of Textbook Field testing for 4, 5, curriculum to Education, National resilience through understand: 2. Criteria for ranking CLC girls for: publication- curriculum and 13 include climate Youth and Adaptation Plan education in order Increase the update of 1. Climate change 1. Enrollment rate unconditional textbook change for non- Sport Financing to respond to CLC from 17 in 2020 to mitigation 2. Promotion rate (National formal education (MOEYS) Framework and related climate 145 LLC in 2030 2. Pollution budget+partners) Implementation disasters by: 3. Biodiversity Target: 30% for girls by Plan for MoEYS, 1. Develop the 4. Environment 2023 Others: Conditional p24 supplementary conservation 2. CCCSP2014- documents for 5. 5Rs. 2023 support teaching a) Enhance the and learning at implementation school levels. of Article 6 of the 2. Increase UNFCCC on nationwide Eco- education, school. training, 3. Integrate CC into awareness, Khmer, Science participation and and Social study access to subjects. information by 4. Mainstreaming the people, and NFE curriculum, inter-national such as literacy cooperation for program, income climate change generation response. program b) Integrate (community climate change learning center) into curricula for and Equivalency all levels of program in education. response to c) Develop climate change targeted 5. Integrate into awareness national action programmes plan on lifelong aimed at key learning audience such as most-vulnerable groups, women, children, youths and minorities. d) Policy of Non- Formal Education 2002 e) National policy on lifelong learning 22 Build centers of Education Ministry of 1. Cambodia 1. Strengthen Baseline: 1 1. Climate change 3,250,000 3,300,00 Standards and criteria of center of Target: 25% of all new Engage youth in all Engage private 4, 5, excellence for Education, National climate-resilience mitigation excellence course spaces are allocated aspects including universities to be 13 delivering climate Youth and Adaptation Plan education through Target: 3 centers of 2. Pollution to women research, centers change courses and Sport Financing innovation, excellences in 2023 as reduction curriculum, etc.… research among (MOEYS) Framework and research and data mentioned in the ESP 3. Biodiversity Develop gender safeguard Universities Implementation management target and increase to 4. Environment guidance and best practice Plan for MoEYS, center. 7 in 2030 conservation for climate change p24 2. Document 5. 5Rs. 2. National Action lessons learn and Plan 2017 best practices for Development of climate resilience knowledge and development to information share among system on climate practitioners change 3. CCCSP2014- 2023 4. Enhancing knowledge management related to climate change adaptation and promoting innovation that is needed based 5. Develop a 'knowledge management center' for facilitating access to up-to-date information for climate change responses 112 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 23 Conduct training for Education Ministry of 1. Cambodia Strengthening Baseline: No data 1. Climate change 900000 950,000 Training assessment Target: 46% of all trainees Conditional Engage youth in all Engage private 4, 5, education officials on Education, National climate-resilient available mitigation Capacity Development are women aspects including universities to be 13 climate change e.g. Youth and Adaptation Plan education through 2. Pollution Assessment tool research, centers as a required Sport Financing capacity building Target: 60% of reduction curriculum, etc. component of (MOEYS) Framework and and institutional teachers primary and 3. Biodiversity teacher training Implementation strengthening secondary trained on 4. Environment Plan for MoEYS, climate change conservation p24 concepts. 5. 5Rs. 2. CCCSP2014- 2023 3. Strengthen education quality of teachers and build capacity of planning officers on teaching and learning methodologies of climate change 24 Conduct climate risk Energy Ministry of National Strengthen Baseline: 0? 1. Forest fire 322,000 500,000 Adapting the Energy Sector to Include gender indicators 5, 7, analysis for the Mines and Adaptation Plan climate-resilient 1. Vulnerability prevention and Climate Change by International and identifying the 13 existing electricity Energy Financing energy through assessment of existing biodiversity Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) adaptation options by infrastructures and (MME) Framework and electricity 5 power plants protection women in climate-resilient provide Implementation infrastructure 2. Vulnerability 2. Local community A Framework Strategy for a energy sector recommendations Plan, p. 24 for improvement in assessment of the safety and life Resilient Energy Union with a MME order to respond existing 1000km of protection Forward-looking Climate Change # of gender analyses to climate related national power 3. Water and air Policy by EU Climate Change conducted as part of disasters. transmission network pollution Vulnerability Assessment by X? climate risk analysis for electricity infrastructure 50% of stakeholders consulted should be made up of socially marginalized groups, such as women, the elderly, the disabled, remote communities, indigenous communities 25 Climate proofing of Energy Ministry of Increase storage Amplified by - - - - - Gender analysis forms part 5, 7, existing and future Mines and capacity runoff conditions, of the analysis for scoping 13 solar/hydropower Energy the resulting and feasibility studies for infrastructure (MME) by adjust water change in water solar/hydro infrastructure release schedule availability Stakeholder consultations to maximize determines will include women and generation whether power women's groups, the output is reduced disabled, the elderly, or increased indigenous groups and all local communities impacted by the proposed infrastructure 26 Strengthen Gender Ministry of - Mainstreaming Optimize the Baselines:1.1.1. Improve gender 500,000 600 000US$ Technology is well available 25% of VCMG and CCDM Conditional MoWA Could be good to 5, 13 institutional Women's Gender and implementation of Baseline: 2,352 local equality, Gender DCDM, PCDM and prefers to incorporate youth capacities at national Affairs Climate Change policy, action community members, responsive action, NCDM50%,50% implement this as community and sub-national (MOWA) Strategic Plan plans, programs of including 1,771 Gender responsive participants are actions base on volunteers levels to integrate 2014-2023-Neary gender women1.1.2. 7 budgeting in policies female/male Women available fund gender Ratanak V, mainstreaming in coordination meeting planning of action leaders and women civil (small CCCA responsiveness in MoWA- GCCC 5 climate change conducted with line and programmes servants participated in support) climate change years plan, MoWA adaptation at ministries 1.2.1. the formulation, adaptation's policies, national and sub- Baseline: 0Targets:- implementation and plans, programming, national levels Five Sectoral implementation of climate including gender Ministries such as change adaptation policies budgeting Agriculture, Health, at national and sub- Education, Water national levels.Gender resources and Rural response/mainstreamed development (wash into climate change management) has adaptation policy Plans mainstreamed gender and Programmes at in their own policy national and sub-national plan and programme levels # of polices and of climate change plans have gender adaptation in 2030- mainstreamed with Officials of relevant appropriate gender ministries have the indicators and resources capacity to allocated mainstream gender into climate change adaptation policy plan and programmes in 2025 113 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 27 Enhance Gender Ministry of - Mainstreaming -Increase the Baseline: Increase 50,000 Technology is well available (ITC, Target: 50%/50% Conditional 5, 13 coordination and Women's Gender and effectiveness and - 7 coordination collaboration with Social media…….) participants are implementing Affairs Climate Change accountability of meeting conducted Ministries, female/male accountability (MOWA) Strategic Plan coordination - MOWA strengthened institutions, civil mechanisms to 2014-2023 mechanisms the institutional society, development Stakeholder consultations reduce climate - Neary Ratanak between capacity by producing partners and the include representatives of change V, MoWA ministries, gender mainstreaming private sector in an differing social groups, vulnerabilities of - GCCC 5 years institutions, civil policy documents, efficient and women, the disabled, the disadvantaged plan, MoWA society, trained respective accountable manner elderly, the indigenous and women and other development officials ethnic minorities marginalized groups partners and the - GCCC conducted sex- Extending the scope Women represent 25% of such as ethnic private sector in disaggregated baseline of partnership decision makers in sub minority women and reducing - Four pilot projects on building national climate change men, People with vulnerability of agriculture, water, committees Disability (PWD), women and other health and Increase the family youth, and elderly vulnerable and infrastructure to economy, food and marginalized demonstrate how nutrition Security -Promote gender equality, groups. gender responsive and and innovation -Women, gender equitable -Leave no one behind vulnerable groups climate change -Women empowerment and other adaptation investment -Women in leadership marginalized groups have an Targets: ability into Climate - Mechanism and change adaptation accountability of coordination mechanisms between ministries, institutions, civil society, development partners and the private sector to reduce the vulnerability of women, vulnerable groups and other marginalized groups by at least 40% by 2030 - Women, vulnerable groups and other marginalized groups have the ability to adapt to climate change by at least 20% by 2030 28 Enhance monitoring Gender Ministry of - Mainstreaming Develop and Baseline: 0 -Gender Responsive 200,000 Technology in the design and Women leaders have Conditional 5, 13 and evaluation Women's Gender and strengthen the M&E implementation of gender supported female civil systems of sectoral Affairs Climate Change effectiveness of the Targets: -Reducing Gender performance monitoring and servants in collaborating ministries to track (MOWA) Strategic Plan collection and Gap in social evaluation systems of climate with key sectoral NCSD has fund for gender outcomes in 2014-2023 management of At least five key environment change adaptation initiatives ministries in the design system and training climate change - Neary Ratanak gender- sectoral ministries and implementation of as part of Enhanced initiatives with V, MoWA disaggregated have developed and gender performance Transparency particular focus on - GCCC 5 years data, performance- implemented an M&E monitoring and evaluation Framework collecting and plan, MoWA based reporting, system to monitor systems in climate change Implementation managing sex- dissemination and gender outcomes in adaptation initiatives. disaggregated data, promotion of climate change gender indicators gender-sensitive initiatives by 2025. Gender and age and budgeting, knowledge in disaggregated data on the outcome-based response to By 2030 at least ten impact of climate change is reporting, and climate change sectoral ministries collected dissemination and adaptation. have developed and 50% of all new studies and up-scaling of the implemented this M&E report collect and use gender and climate system gender and age change adaptation disaggregated data related knowledge generated. 114 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 29 Capacity Gender Ministry of -Mainstreaming Builds effectively Baseline: 3 training Capacity 400,000 Technology is well available Target: 50% participants Conditional 5, 13 development for Women's Gender and and optimize of session conducted development in capacity development GCCC members and Affairs Climate Change capacity for with 357 persons, Promotion of gender are female sectoral ministries (MOWA) Strategic Plan members of GCCC including 189 (53%) in social on gender analysis, 2014-2023 and sectoral women inclusiveness Women participate in gender responsive -Neary Ratanak V, ministries on Reduction of gender capacity development and NDC MoWA Gender analysis, Targets: 20 members gap in social -GCCC 5 years gender responsive of GCCC and 24 officers environment plan, MoWA and NDC from sectoral Ministries developed capacity on Gender analysis, gender responsive and NDC in 2025 This activity target only gender and NDC. The target group is GCCC member (around18 participants/each) 30 Develop a technical Gender Ministry of - NDC Roadmap Baseline: 0 Mainstreaming 120,000 Gender-responsiveness Target: 50% participants Conditional 5, 13 guidelines for gender Women's and stakeholder gender and social restoration in NDC process are female mainstreaming in Affairs engagement plan Target: A Technical inclusion in NDC NDC process (MOWA) 2019-2030 guideline for Gender Analysis of gender - Mainstreaming mainstreaming in NDC integration in NDC Gender and process has developed (both adaptation and Climate Change and launched in 2025 mitigation) Strategic Plan 2014-2023 - Neary Ratanak V, MoWA - GCCC 5 years plan, MoWA 31 Market supply chain Gender National CCCSP 2014- Strengthen Baseline: Testing in 1. Improve 8,000,000 13,000,000 1. Climate change governance Target: 60% women Conditional Supplier of green 2, 5, of rural women Committee 2023: climate-resilient Takeo and Pursat (4 knowledge of local 2. Climate vulnerability and report increase in income technology and solar 7; entrepreneurs for Sub- 1. Leverage the communities districts) governance on impact assessment for 25 target and access to markets: application 13 resilient to climate National decentralization though local impact of climate communes 1. Promote inclusiveness, change Democrati process to business supplier Target: 25 communes change will lead to 3. Climate Change Index gender equality, and c strengthen of clean energy and of 3 provinces namely mitigate GHG accountability by engaging Developm financial and green technology Takeo, Kampong emission Solar for hatching and heating, more women in ent institutional Thom, and Prey Veng 2. NCDD will also solar pumping station. institutional arrangement (NCDD) processes for with integration of implement ESS, for climate change local adaptation climate change into Gender, M&E along 2. Cambodia Gender and 2. Mainstream financial management, with climate action Climate Change Action climate change institutional 3. Builds market Plan into national and arrangement and capacity of rural 3. Policy on gender for sub-national policy reform by 2030 women sub-national democratic development entrepreneur in the development plans and the context of climate NSPS resilient and DRR 32 Local government Governanc National CCCSP 2014- Strengthen Baseline: 8 1. Improve 13,185,000 14,000,000 1. Climate change governance2. Target: 30% of (Co-financing: Volunteers in Service providers: 5, 13 and Climate Change- e Committee 2023:1. Leverage climate-resilient districtsTargets: knowledge of local Climate vulnerability and impact participants in the 10,000,000 from agriculture, public capacity building, III (LGCC3) for Sub- the local governance 90,000 Direct governance on assessment for 20 target institutional arrangements GCF) Conditional health and infrastructure & National decentralization through financial, Beneficiaries impact of climate communes3. GCF funding are womena. Promote environment construction Democrati process to institutional, policy equivalent to 3% of change will lead to modalities and investment criteria gender equality by c strengthen and strategic plan total population by mitigate GHG standard4. NCDD accreditation engaging more women in Developm financial and reform in order to 2026 emission2. NCDD standards institutional arrangement ent institutional respond to current will also implement for climate change (NCDD) processes for and projected ESS, Gender, M&E local adaptation2. climate hazards along with climate Mainstream and prevent from actions according to climate change loss and damage GCF standards3. into national and due to hazard Create enabling sub-national environment for development local solution to plans and the address climate NSPS change 115 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 33 Reducing Governanc National CCCSP 2014- Strengthen local Baseline: National 1. NCDD will also 10,000,000 10,500,000 1. Capacity building program Target: 30% participation Conditional Consultation with Develop policy which 5, 13 vulnerability of local e Committee 2023: climate solution to policy to be implement ESS, develop for civil servants of MoI of women in the process NGOs which focus include PPP for communities though for Sub- 1. Mainstream respond to climate transferred to sub- Gender, M&E along 2. GCF funding modalities and on youth relevant sectors in sub-national climate National climate change hazards through: national with climate actions investment criteria standards The component of project sub-national governance reform Democrati into national and 1. Improved administration: according to GCF 3. NCDD accreditation standards output to be aligned with adaptation planning (focusing on policy) c sub-national awareness, climate change, waste standards Policy on Promotion of Developm development capacity and skills management, public 2. Create enabling Gender Equality for Sub- ent plans and the 2. Adaptation health, education, environment for national Democratic (NCDD) NSPS planning is water resource, local solution to Development of NCDD 2. Strategic Plan integrated in sub- agriculture, rural address climate on Capacity national planning development, climate change Development for 3. Local adaptive change adaptation civil servant of infrastructure and planning (Sub-national MoI and human service climate change resources at sub- adaptation-NAP) national level (2019-2023): Target: 40% of total Strategy 1: population by 2030 Improve efficiency of capacity building program 34 Enable effective Human Ministry of 1. Train health 1. Strengthen Health care providers -Social: improve 113,519 - CamEWARN Target: 40% of decision Conditional Youth could engage 2023-2030 (15% of 3, 5, decision-making for health Health care providers on climate-resilient working with dengue health care system - HIS makers at the local and sub through campaign/ participants are 13 health interventions (MOH) reporting & data health program to and other water-borne and enable remote - Climate change risk: national level are female awareness private sector) through generation surveillance respond to health disease village to have vulnerability assessment at least 40% are of information and 2. Strengthening risk posted by proper access to - National Dengue Surveillance Risk assessment on the youth (15-35 age) Dengue stakeholder improved clinical diagnostic climate change Baseline: 5 existing healthcare System impact of dengue fever to (clinic) are also from surveillance or early- (rapid usage 2. Dengue sentinels provinces (Siem Reap, -Indirect: reduce women and men to private sector. MoH warning systems guideline expansion Takeo, Kampong risks of life-lost and understand the have engaged clinic development) Cham, Battambang, losing money on disproportionate impacts into actions through 3. National Action and Kampot) long-distance travel capacity building and Plan for Dengue New selected sits: to healthcare Identify age of patients, awareness campaign and other Kampong Thom, -To reduce of time children, adult. Gender Arboviral Disease Kampong Chhnang, lag on reporting and age disaggregated data Prevention and Kratie, Preveng, and number of case to will be collected Control Tbong Khmom. the National Level 4. SOP for dengue - Reduce diagnostic surveillance Target: 11 for dengue errors system for unconditional (2020-2023) 15 entomological centennial site (2023-2030) 35 Enhance climate Human Ministry of 1. Develop rural 1. TWG-Meeting on Baseline: 25 Health 1. Community has 246,758 - Paper based survey, Emailing, Target: 40% project Youth could engage Private sector could 3, 5, resilience in health health Health water safety WASH-Health Care Centers and 15 better planning to Telegram, Mobile phones beneficiaries of health through campaign/ support by 6, 13 service delivery (MOH) planning Facilities related to Communities 75 maintain a reliable, services are female awareness participation in 2. WASH Climate Change villages in Ratanakiri safe supply of water, at least 40% are training workshop or Assessment tools 2. The assessment (water sanitation) sanitation Reduce challenges for youth (15-35 age) activities development for was conducted at Target: 100 Health 2. Community women and girls in access health care 25 health centers Centers and 60 hygiene can prevent to water facilities and in Ratanakiri Communities and 300 diseases as-well-as 50% of women report communities 3. The assessment villages in 4 can lower death increased access to water 3. Establishment was conducted at vulnerability province rates. for themselves and their of technical communities in on climate change 3. Improving quality families as a result of working group three districts, 15 of care through project activities for CC on Health communes, and 75 Baseline: 277person/ water, sanitation and at Ratanakiri villages. 9 trainings/6province) hygiene in health Target: care facilities 810particpants/27 4. Reduce trainings/ 18 environmental provinces/municipalit pollution through y proper waste management Baseline: 90 Participants/3Training from 5 provinces) Target : 150/ 5 Training/ 15 Province/Municipality 116 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 36 Strengthen and Human Ministry of Clinical Diagnosis Treatment for -HC, HP, RHP Capacity for health Emailing, Telegram, Mobile Reduce health impact of Unconditional 3, 5, provide capacity health Health - Vector-borne: water-borne and professionals phones climate change for women 6; building of technical (MOH) National vector-borne improved to identify Conduct a study on the 13 guidelines for guideline for diseases related to and treat climate- differentiated impacts of diagnosis, detection, Clinical climate change are sensitive health vector borne and water control, prevention Management of strengthened issues borne diseases on women and treatment of Dengue (WHO’s and men, girls and boys. vector-borne and funded, 2018 Based on these results, water-borne update guidelines which diseases, injuries - Water-borne: focus on women (or and other food +Leptospirosis, men's) vulnerability and poisoning illnesses +Schistosomiasis role in control and arising from climate Endorse Pending prevention of vector borne change Melioidosis, and water borne diseases Endorsed and ensure women and men equally play a role in diseases management. Suggest target: # of women and # of men reporting they have new knowledge and skills on how to prevent and control vector and water borne diseases in the home and at their workplace 50% of project beneficiaries receiving support to manage vector borne or water borne diseases are women 37 Conduct water Human Ministry of Putting Health Broadcasting and Public awareness Population Emailing, Telegram, Mobile Reduce health impact of Unconditional 3, 5, sanitation and health Health Data in to CAMDI, publishing health phones climate change for women 13 hygiene (WASH) (MOH) NCDM data related to CC Gender, age, disability assessment on in the public status and location climate change and disaggregated data are develop planning for included in health communities and databases health facilities. 38 Strengthen Human Ministry of - Capacity - TWG Meeting on Baseline: 1 RTK (water -Capacity of health 107,408 - Climate change website for Target: 40% of 2020-2023 Youth could engage Private sector could 3, 5, institutional health Health building for Development sanitation and personnel improved Department of Preventive beneficiaries of health unconditional through campaign/ support by funding or 6, 13 capacities to (MOH) government staff syllabus Climate hygiene) to identify and treat Medicine sector initiatives are 2023-2030 awareness material support effectively integrate (National and Sub Change for Health to climate-sensitive - Emailing, Telegram, Mobile women conditional at least 40% are participant in training climate risks and national) on to integrate into - Key national and disease phones Women make up 30% of youth (15-35 age) workshop adaptation options climate change master’s Degree of provincial staff at decision-making positions in health sector and health CC Ministry of Health and in local and sub national planning and - Sharing Weather - Strengthening other key ministries planning for health sector implementation data with Climate Change - Master’s degree of initiatives National Dengue Adaptation and climate change Control Disaster students of Royale Reduce health impact of Programme Management for University Phnom climate change for women - Strengthen health Penh, pursuing and children especially Capacity of environmental health marginalized community Climate Change courses. women and people with Technical disability Working Group Baseline: 1 education - Update climate institution (RUPP, change curricular UHS, NIPH) (for in university climate change courses (Draft: mainstreaming) Syllabus) Target: 2 public -Climate Change university (UHS & Vulnerability NIPH) assessment in health facilities and communities Target 4 provinces (Kratie, Preh Vihear, Tbong Khmom and Prey Veng) 117 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 39 Heat stress Industry Ministry of Heat stress In 2050, reduced Baseline: Projections Promote more The Under BAU, by '- Women account for 25% The private sector 3, 5, adaptation for Industry, mitigation and labour show that heat stress labour efficient investment 2050, reduced of the industry workforce will play a large role 8, 9, industrial Science, adaption are productivity will cause an average farming systems costs for labour and around 85% of GTF in driving adaption 13 production Technolog aligned with the accounts for 57% reduction in with flexible farm this productivity workers, Cambodia’s actions, motivated by y and following of all loss and productivity in work scheduling; adaptation accounts for largest industrial sector. labor productivity and Innovation plans/actions:- damage. It affects Cambodia, across all improved working action has 57% of all loss Adaptive actions to reduce associated profits, but (MISTI) Addressing all sectors but is sectors, of 6.54% by practices on to be and damage heat stress in occupational the government can Climate Change particularly high in 2055 under a worst- construction sites; calculated from climate settings, such as GTF provide support Impacts on manufacturing and case climate change better working for change. It factories, will significantly through raising Economic Growth constructionFactor scenario. This NDC conditions in implementi affects all affect women due to their awareness, in Cambodia, MEF ies can improve aims to increase the factories (e.g. ng a sectors but is high participation. - Heat information, advice, and NCSD 2019- their resilience to focus on adaptation to ventilation, drink combinatio particularly stress can lead to and policy Promoting heat stress by: - avoid loss and breaks, more flexible n of high in heatstroke and may even implementation. Private Sector Permitting flexible damages caused by schedules during following manufacturing have a fatal outcome. Heat Depending on the Contribution to working schedules heat stress, including heatwaves …); aspects:1. and stress adaption actions actions, other the Climate during periods of reduced labor improved Costs construction will improve public health government entities Change heat stress so that productivity. Around understanding of involved in by reducing exposure to and actors will need Responses in workers avoid 86% of industrial risks amongst retrofitting dangerous temperatures to be involved. Cambodia, NCSD working under workers are employed workers and the and working 2016- Cambodia high temperatures- by the garment, textile, employers; workplace, conditions75% of women Climate Change Improving working and footwear (GTF) improved industries workers report improved Financing conditions in sector. Target: The forecasting and and factory working conditions Framework, MoE factories such as adoption of heat stress measurement of floors2. 2015- Cambodia supplying water, adaption actions in heatwaves; and Investment Industrial ventilation, regular GTF factories could planning to protect costs for Development breaks, and benefit up to 800,000 supply chains from either Policy 2015- adapting work workers, reducing heat stress adding or 2025, RGC 2015 - wear - Introducing their exposure to improving The Cambodia mechanization to health risks and specific Decent Work avoid heavy increasing their amenities to Country manual labor productivity. the Programme during periods of workplace3. (DWCP) 2019- heat stress Costs for 2023, RGC and training and ILO 2019 capacity- building for the workforce 40 Enhance the quality Informatio Minister of -National -Increased Broadcast/disseminat -GHG mitigation 5,000,000 80% of -TV Women groups at home Youth issues will be Private sector would 4, 5, of broadcasting n Informatio AdaptationPlan knowledge and e climate change -Environmental population is -Radio able to receive timely promoted introduce the new 13 means and expand n (MOINF) FinancingFrame level of awareness policies, action plans protection well-informed -Website climate change technology, providing the capacity of work 2017 among the public and information via -Forest protection about climate -App information and able to fund, develop coverages for raising - Cambodia on climate change existing government -Biodiversity change and its -Social respond accordingly. broadcasting station awareness on Climate Change so they can media agencies to conservation adaptation. -Media 50% of women reported climate change Strategic Plan prepare in a timely reach out to 80% of an increase in available nationwide (2014-2023) manner should any total population. CBA analysis and timely climate change catastrophe occur. would be information -Ministry of -Increased Baseline: 60% conducted 50% of women reported Information participation (national radio), 50% ability to make their own Strategic Plan among public in (TVK) decisions based on environmental Target: Coverage all available and timely protection. province and area in climate change Cambodia through information - Well-informed digital broadcasting # of Women groups that people on climate means have the capacity, change able to information and skills to change their living actively participate in attitudes and environmental protection strengthen their capacity towards climate change adaptation. -Promote access to information among the public on climate change. 118 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 41 Training and Informatio Minister of -National -Increase the Baseline: 4 capacity -GHG Mitigation 750000 100 media Face to face or Virtual (Webinar) Encourage and empower Conditional Participants could Journalists and 4, 5, enhancing human n Informatio Adaptation Plan capacity of media buildings and training -Enhance journalistic officials and 200 female media officials and be youth ( age private broadcasting 13 capacity on climate n (MOINF) Financing officials and workshops on climate professionalism journalists journalists to participate in between 15-35) media organization change in Framework 2017 journalists so they change have been participate in these programs. are invited to information sector -Cambodia are enabled to conducted in Phnom - Reduce the spread these programs Target: 30% of training participate in these Climate Change covers/report on Penh, Preah Sihanouk of disinformation recipients are female trainings Strategic Plan climate change and Battambang 75% of training recipients The experts from line (2014-2023) issues in an Province. (approx.: 50 report increased skills to ministries specially accurate and person) report on climate change MoE are invited to be -Ministry of professional issues a resource person. Information manner. Targets: Strategic Plan -Organize 20 Workshops/Seminars -Conduct 20 training -Organize 10 study exchanges 42 Urge private media Informatio Minister of -National -The participation Baseline: No baseline -Reduce cost of 1250000 80% of -TV Target: 30% of those Some cases need News Collaboration with 4, 5, organizations to n Informatio Adaptation Plan of private media available. climate risk population is -Radio interviewed report funding anchors/hosts who private media 13 participate in n (MOINF) Financing organizations There were several -informed society well-informed -Website increased awareness of majority are youth organizations. covering/broadcasti Framework 2017 enabled to expand private media and active citizens about climate -App climate change are women working at media ng the climate -Ministry of the capacity of organizations such as change and its -Social Media organizations play Support private change topics and to Information coverages to CBS, Hang Meas and -GHG Mitigation adaptation Women groups living in a vital role to media organization on complement the Strategic Plan remote and Bayon collaborating Environmental implications remote and vulnerable encourage/ technical, specialist state broadcasting vulnerable areas. with Ministry of protection areas are able to receive promote the public and funding. agencies. -Strengthen Information so far. comprehensive news on on Climate Change cooperation and -Forest protection climate change and adaptation experience sharing Target: 90% of private actively participate in on climate change media organizations -Biodiversity environmental protection. broadcasting including Electronic, conservation between public Traditional and Online and private media media participate in organizations. climate change broadcasting campaigns. 43 Urge and encourage Informatio Minister of -Ministry of Discouraging (or Baseline: 0 - Reduce cost of 500000 Minimizing -TV Target: 30% of people that Unconditional News Urge for 4, 5, to reduce (or ban) all n Informatio Information banning) all forms climate risk commercial ads -Radio report changing behaviour anchors/hosts who participation/ 13 forms of commercial n (MOINF) Strategic Plan of commercial ads Target: Encourage the -GHG Mitigation of any -Website as a result of advertising majority are youth collaboration among advertisement that that effect climate public to consume products/goods -App are women working at media media organizations has negative impact change is a direct products or goods that Environmental that has -Social Media organizations play in this campaign on environment and effective are not harmful to the protection negative impact Encourage women group a vital role to (Private agencies is a respond environment and on environment to consume all products or encourage/ target) reduce the commercial -Forest protection goods that are do not harm promote the public ads of any product or the environment. on Climate Change good that has negative -Biodiversity adaptation impact on conservation environment to minimum. MoInfor will provide advise/counsel to media organizations to study the pro and con of the goods/services before accepting for advertisement 119 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 44 Integrating climate Infrastruct Ministry of Strategic National Strengthen Baselines: 0- By 2030: 1. Stakeholders 3,400,000 Benefits: Restoration can be a Provide inputs in Full engagement of 5, 9, change response ure - Land Action Plan for regulation and Development of (designer, user, and according to the crucial opportunity for construction design private sector in 13 measures onto the Buildings Manageme Disaster Risk capacity for Technical Climate building commercial CPEIR, climate women economic as they are the construction sector is construction design nt, Urban Reduction in construction sector Change Toolkit s for owner) are aware of related empowermentTarget: 20% main input needed for buildings and for Lanning Cambodia 2008- especially/includin Mainstreaming the risks and investment for of poor women headed providers for rural housing (use of and 2013 g in the coastal Climate Change potential impacts of construction household access to MLMUPC modern integration Constructi zone locations to Measures and environment posed sector is about climate change resilient of technology) on adaption to climate formulation of Climate by variability in $300,000 per housing20% of all (MLMUPC) change. Change Toolkit s for weather patterns year. beneficiaries involved in coastal area and observed and construction design are management for both projected climate women land use, building and changes on the housings- By 2025: All different types of (200 Engineers) building Building Planner and construction2. Designer Received Environmental Risk Capacity Building on Management and Kits - By 2026: At least Mitigation is created 30% of building because the permits are fully construction followed the Toolkits equipment By 2030: At least 60% operations consume of Building Permits are a lot of natural fully with toolkit s resources, such as elements - By 2026: electricity and/or Infrastructure and diesel fuel. 3. The building development measure includes in one coastal zone is enacting strict laws designed and to enforce mainstreaming institutions to make through climate environmental change toolkit s impact assessment against sea water rise, (EIA) in the early tidal, and waste water stage of projects, and management storage - enhancing the By 2050: awareness of Infrastructure and construction building development participants with in two coastal zones is regard to impacts of designed and construction in the mainstreaming environmentThe through climate results also revealed change toolkit s that "search about against sea water rise, alternative methods tidal, and waste water for construction to management storage mitigate the adverse (conditional) impacts of construction on the environment" was ranked in the second position with regard to proposed solutions to mitigate the environmental impacts of construction. 120 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 45 Develop resilient Infrastruct Ministry of 1. Cambodia Strengthen Baseline: 5 a) Energy saving 1,950,000 2,000,000 Following last updated Standard Increase enrollment rate of Provide construction 4, 5, infrastructure of ure - Education, National climate-resilient b) Low carbon Design of MoEYS and Climate girls with more schools guidelines to 9, 13 school buildings in Buildings Youth and Adaptation Plan education through Target: 18 school building Change to implement as pilot closed to home. companies response to climate Sport Financing infrastructure buildings can be c) Strengthen school project including the components change (MOEYS) Framework and development in targeted according to capacity to as below: Target: 47% of all new Implementation order to respond the planned budget accommodate more school enrollments are Plan for MoEYS, to climate related and the implementing students 01 tiling roof school building with girls p24 disasters such as period is to build 5 05 classrooms, equipped with temperature schools in 2020 to 18 furniture for students and 2. National increase, drought, schools in 2030. teachers, electricity power Adaptation Plan flood, storms and connection, indoor ventilation, 2017 lightning. lightning protection equipment, latrine and sanitation room, water 3. Promote well and water tank, planting tree climate proofing and garden etc... and retrofitting of existing and planned schools and university infrastructure 4. ESP 2019- 2023: a) Strategy 1.2: Develop physical infrastructure with clean and safe learning environments in line with primary school standards, especially for incomplete and disadvantaged schools (p29) b) Strategy 1.3: Expand physical infrastructure and facilities for secondary schools (p36) 46 Implement climate Infrastruct National - 2015 Law on - Increased Baseline: Standard is - Technical 400,000 The standard - Existing know-how and policies Target: 30% of all new Conditional Youth would be an Private sector would 5, 9, change and disaster ure - Committee Disaster infrastructure in draft now, and guidelines cross- will benefit to to reduce global buildings sector jobs would be taken up by employee, workers engage in process by 13 resilient Buildings for Management resilience to further development beneficial to other (needs to be social and energy use by 2050. women learning from construction and Disaster (Article 10, 11) withstand impacts and implementation sectors enhanced to economy - Key Findings from the standard and apply infrastructure Manageme - Climate Change of disasters are needed account for (28,000K) Intergovernmental Panel on these gained standards including nt Strategic Plan - Interlinked with - Potential for reconstructi 1$ investment Climate Change Fifth Assessment knowledge to their for public sector and (NCDM) 2014-2023 energy-efficiency - 100% of new community groups on of older produce 70$ Report – Climate Change project community-focused (Strategic policies for Climate building compliant (e.g. school support buildings) benefit Implication for Buildings. buildings covering Objective 4) Change Adaptation with climate and committees) to be http://bpie.eu/wp- public health, disaster resilient involved in content/uploads/2015/10/Templ education, WASH etc. - National Action construction construction/retrofit ate_AR5_-_Buildings_v10_- Plan for Disaster guidelines ting _Web_Pages.pdf Risk Reduction 2019-2023 - Conditional: 20% of - Increased energy- (Priority 11) older buildings efficiency, and use of retrofitted climate-aware products - Established guidelines for incorporating climate and disaster risk assessments into design and construction of new buildings and critical infrastructures (school, health facility and other facilities). - Established or improved national legislative frameworks for resilient construction and its implementation mechanism. 121 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 47 (DLUP) Prepare Infrastruct Ministry of National Policy Strengthen legal Baseline: 0 Enhance terrestrial, 586,000 Benefit from Land Survey High Technology 32% (Standard of ADB and Engage youth in Private sector: 5, spatial planning ure - Land Land and Strategic Plan framework and aquatic resources of reforestation world bank) of local and implementation contract consultants 13, (city/district/munici use Manageme for Green Growth national and sub- CLUP and DLUP with each ecosystem of Of which: programme: Aero Photo for mapping sub national decision to provide technical 14, pality) guidelines at planning nt, Urban 2013-2030 national capacity strong vision of the commune and US$ 6,355,000 makers are women aspect on planning 15 all levels for climate Lanning for resilient urban climate change district location to 326,000 Soil Test for spatial planning Women make up 50% of and full engagement change adaptation and National Urban growth measures (Conserve preserve and those consulted as part of for implementation Constructi Development 35% of area for Green conserve 16,300 per the CLUP processes (CLUP) Integrating on Strategy Space to buffer urban environmental CLUP/DLUP climate change (MLMUPC) development from degradation (35% of implementa Restoration can be a response measures climate hazards): total commune land tion of crucial opportunity for to the commune land are green spaces) adaption women’s economic use planning 20 districts: and enhance social designing empowerment: 32% of 20% by 2024 stakeholder to activities in restoration jobs go to 60% by 2026 participate the 350 women in the community By 80% by 2030, and during road map communes 100% by 2034 design and and 20 CLUP/DLUP study Districts 350 communes land (unconditio use planning (CLUP) nal) have been completed Baseline:20% of 260,000 communes,2024) 60% by US$13,000 2026(unconditional) per District By 80% (conditional) (conditional by 2030, and ) 100% by 2034 48 Integrating climate Infrastruct Ministry of NAP Financing (1) Builds capacity Baselines: 0By 2023: The country’s land 1860000 Target: 30-50% of Conditional Youth will be Private sector will be 5, change response ure - Land Land Framework and to effectively the sub-decree 19 and poor and landless stakeholders consulted are targeted in the engaged at the 13, measures to the use Manageme Implementation respond to food other related legal families have womenRestoration can be consultation implementation stage 14, policy of social land planning nt, Urban Plan: Sector #34, insecurity and documents of Social received land, have a crucial opportunity for process of the SLC to market activities 15 concession (SLC) and Lanning Sector#35, and reduces the risks Land Concession is improved their women’s economic to endure they are (for instance, to buy its procedures and Sector#16 related to disasters fully revised with livelihoods via land empowerment. 32% of well informed, and agriculture products Constructi such as floods and mainstreaming climate allocation, and land restoration jobs go to their needs are from the on droughts in social measureBy 2026, at recipients have women in the address in the communities) (MLMUPC) land concession least two to three capacity to challenge communityIdentification planning and areas. (2) Climate- social land concession with climate change and selection process of implementation of proof Low-cost areas are fully impacts because SLC policies and procedure the SLC shelter intervened by climate they have been will include women construction for change measures, trained and educated beneficiaries land recipients. especially farming land on climate change. and residential land On the other hand, are allocated with full allocated land to climate change people to use for concerns and their farming creates technologyBy 2030: All soil fertility housings and other associate infrastructures in allocation in SLC are fully climate-proofed. By 2030: 100% of land recipients are well aware of climate change through capacity buildings 49 Prepare modality of Infrastruct Ministry of National Policy All vulnerable or Baseline: 0 Mitigation co- 7860000 Target: 30% of consulted Conditional Needs of youths Private companies 5, standardized green ure - Land Land and Strategic Plan highly vulnerable benefit: contribution community members are will be reflected in such as construction 11, spaces for urban use Manageme for Green Growth communes can be By 2023: Green to the local GHG women the urban or sub- companies, gated 13 planning or new sub- planning nt, Urban 2013-2030 covered. Building Development emission city planning communities, cities to address Lanning toolkit is formulated. Restoration can be a process architect companies, vulnerability of and (1) Development Green physical space is Environment co- crucial opportunity for engineers, etc. will be urbanization. Constructi of Guidance toolkit standardized for benefit: ecosystem women’s economic engaged to ensure on for Enhancing commercial purpose restoration (i.e. empowerment. climate change issues (MLMUPC) climate change and other small city regulate water) are reflected in their vulnerability and use practices adaptation Social co-benefit: job assessment toward By 2030: At least 50% creation, improved zoning in spatial of small city public health planning; development request (2) Development are permitted with of toolkit for fully use of all Zoning and elements in toolkit prioritizing By 2030: All small adaptation enlarged city is measures and standardized with full promote low- physical and climate carbon land use resilient norms development and addressed in tool planning toolkit. 122 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3) Introduction of toolkits into practical use 50 Vulnerability Infrastruct Ministry of Climate Change Improve Baseline: 0 Contribution to 2560000 Target: 30% of Conditional Youth issues will be Climate change 5, 9, Assessment towards ure - Land Land Action Plan of knowledge on climate data related vulnerability assessment included at the impacts on private 14, the development of use Manageme MLMUPC urban By 2030, 60% of cities to cities through (data enumerators and assessment design sector investment and 13 climate change planning nt, Urban vulnerabilities to in urban and cities finding of the analysis staff) are women and analysis stages private sector roles in strategic plans to Lanning National Urban climate risks for assessed on its assessments # of assessment that reducing respond to the and Development cities in urban and vulnerabilities include gender and age vulnerabilities will be impacts on land, Constructi Strategy rural areas (conditional) disaggregated data part of the assessment housings, coastal on By 2050, 100% of management, and (MLMUPC) Strengthen early cities in urban and Restoration can be a building due to warning systems cities assessed on its crucial opportunity for climate change for urban and rural vulnerabilities women’s economic slumps (unconditional) empowerment. 51 Promote land use Infrastruct Ministry of NAP Financing Improve adaptive Baseline: 0 The project will 2560000 Climate-resilient building Target: 30% Conditional The tools will be 1, 5, planning tools for ure - Land Land Framework and capacity of low - produce low-carbon construction technology and Low- disseminated to 9, urban houses and use Manageme Implementation income households By 2023: Complete emissions to cost affordable housing Restoration can be a construction sector to 10, building planning nt, Urban Plan: Sector #34, and vulnerable zoning and all toolkits, enhance technology crucial opportunity for encourage them 13 construction Lanning Sector#35, and households and guidelines environmental women’s economic engage them in adaptive to climate and Sector#16 through provision atmosphere empowerment. climate resilient change benefits to Constructi of climate-proofed By: 2008: Complete Ensure socially projects the low-income and on shelters 50% of Urban Social co-benefit: marginalized and low homeless people (MLMUPC) Buildings build assets income/homeless people And 50% of rural (housing) for low are consulted in the housing income and process of developing homeless people guidelines for By 2030: Complete building/construction 100% of Urban 50% of house beneficiaries Buildings and 100% of are low income women rural housings 52 Promote proper low- Infrastruct Ministry of NSDP 2019-2023 Improve resilience Baseline: 0 The project will 32560000 Target: 30% Conditional The tools will be 1, 5, cost shelters for low ure - Land Land and NAP of ecosystem produce low-carbon disseminated to 10, income households use Manageme Financing (through reduction By 2023: Complete emission that is to Restoration can be a construction sector to 13, resilient to climate planning nt, Urban Framework and or resource zoning and all toolkits, enhance crucial opportunity for encourage them 15 change, practically in Lanning Implementation depletion and guidelines environmental women’s economic engage them in the area of social and Plan: Review of atmosphere empowerment. climate resilient land concession Constructi Priority Action, By: 2008: Complete projects on and Construction 50% of rural housing Social co-benefit: 50% of all newly (MLMUPC) Law 2019 reduce land conflict, contracted rural shelters By 2030: Complete improve livelihood are used by women 100% of rural shelters of beneficiaries 100% of all rural shelters in social land through provision of include separate spaces concession low-cost shelters in (rooms with doors and the areas of social lavatory facilities) for land concession women and children use 53 Development of Infrastruct Ministry of National Policy Improve Baseline: 0 Energy consumption 6560000 Restoration can be a Conditional Youth issues and Building code will be 5, 9, building code with ure - Land Land and Strategic Plan regulations and in building sectors crucial opportunity for roles will be enforced amongst 13 mainstreaming use Manageme for Green Growth national capacity By 2024: Toolkit women’s economic integrated in the private sector climate change into planning nt, Urban 2013-2030 on building code to finalized, and Reduction of GHG in empowerment. development practices building designs Lanning adapt to climate launching atmosphere Target: 30% of trained process of the and change professionals and building code Constructi By 2026: 50% of Promote low-cost engineers are women on building permits are materials for (MLMUPC) mainstreamed, building and housing By 2030: 100% of building permits are Improve health and fully mainstreamed safety of city By 2026: 1000 inhabitants engineering professionals trained, and by 2030: 2000 professionals are trained 54 Mainstream climate Infrastruct Ministry of National Policy Build climate Baseline: 0 Promote sea Operation Restoration can be a Youth: socio- Private sector as change response ure - Land Land and Strategic Plan resilience of engineering Cost and TA crucial opportunity for economic, construction design measures into use Manageme for Green Growth coastal ecosystem By 2024: Complete all environment, sea cost: (1) women’s economic geographical, ESIA, and implementation coastal development planning nt, Urban 2013-2030 associate tools and water rise, sea tidal 4,500,000 empowerment. Climate Change and planning against sea Lanning planning scenarios for hazard, seawater Target: 30% of all other study water intrusion, sea and National Urban building, housing, and intrusion and sea (2) Sea construction jobs go to water rise and Constructi Development coastal protection erosion Wall: women seasonal storm on Strategy 98,000,000 30% of all training and destruction, and (MLMUPC) Cambodia Climate By 2030: 100 km sea Disaster Total: awareness raising rising temperature Change Strategic wall completion management to 102,500,00 participants are women Plan (conditional) protect coastal 0 populations 123 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 55 Strengthening Infrastruct National NAP-2017: Strengthening sub- Baseline: 0Target: 3 Strengthen 10,000,000 15,000,000 1. Climate change governance2. The component of project climate resilient city ure - Land Committee Climate risk national capacities municipalities of Siem knowledge and Climate vulnerability and impact output to be aligned with use for Sub- management and and processes for Reap, Kampong Cham capacity on resilient assessment 3. National Green Policy on Promotion of planning National rehabilitation of localizing and and Tbong Khmum city.Financing for Growth Policy Gender Equality for Sub- Democrati small, medium, delivering on SDGs resilient national Democratic c and large-scale and building cities.Partnership Development of NCDD Developm irrigation resilience at the and communication. ent infrastructureCCC city level, the (NCDD) SP 2014-2023: initiative will seek Introduce to address technologies in unstainable water work pattern of urban development and growth. Climate rehabilitation in exacerbated response to the impact is also negative impacts adding challenges of climate to sustainable changeCCCSP growth, the 2014- initiative will also 2023:Leverage consider integrate the climate planning in decentralization city planning and process to investment strengthen projects. It will financial and tackle the barriers institutional on: 1. knowledge processes for and capacity; 2. local access to finance, adaptationMainst and 3. partnership ream climate engagement. change into national and sub- national development plans and the NSPS 56 Develop national Infrastruct Ministry of Cambodia Climate The future national Baseline: 0 Reduce road repair/ 500,000 600,000 USD. Guidelines for Climate Proofing 25% at least of workers or Unconditional-for 5, 9, road construction ure - Roads Public Change Strategic transport rehabilitation cost -Climate Investment in the Transport beneficiaries are female publication 13 and maintenance Works and Plan 2014-2023 infrastructure is - One guidebook on Reduce vehicle (Experts, proofed Sector Road Infrastructure (national design standards for Transport climate proofed, climate proofing roads maintenance data standard design Projects by ADB The climate proofing road budget)+Training national and (MPWT) NSDP 2019-2023 especially in with design standards Save time collection is built, quality standard will consider provincial roads, sensitive/vulnerab will be developed by Ensure flow of traffic and of road Guidelines for climate proofing gender considerations to considering climate Rectangular le area where new 2022 and transportation analysis, infrastructure investment in the transport ensure the women have change impact Strategy standards have - All repair and new review and resilience to sector: Road infrastructure full access to roads and use including M&E been used in road construction will risk extreme climate projects by WB roads as a means to framework develop National Policy on design phase of follow the climate assessment event improve their income and for climate proofing Green Growth construction proofing design of climate Capacity building program for livelihood. and low-carbon 2013-2030 projects. standard by 2030 change reduce stakeholders on climate proofing technology roads Sectoral - M&E framework impact, …) maintenance road standard 30% of local women Development develop for climate and report increased mobility Plans proofing standard rehabilitation all year round due to road by 2023 cost, good improved roads condition of road will result in better combustion led to GHG reduction 57 Repair and Infrastruct Ministry of Cambodia Climate Strengthen climate Baseline: 0 - GHG mitigation 10,000,000 11,000,000 Guidelines for Climate Proofing 25% at least of workers or For new road, this will 5, 9, rehabilitate existing ure - Roads Public Change Strategic road resilience to using low carbon Investment in the Transport beneficiaries are female be under construction 13 road infrastructure Works and Plan 2014-2023, avoid loss and New national road technology road (road Sector Road Infrastructure companies (Private and ensure effective Transport damage due to construction using - Building road with constructio Projects by ADB New and repaired roads Sector) operation and (MPWT) National climate hazards climate proofing road less impacts on n and will ensure access of maintenance Adaptation Plan and ensure full and standards by 2030. forest, biodiversity maintenanc Guidelines for climate proofing women particularly those systems, considering Financing sustain road - Planting tree along e) investment in the transport living in the climate hard climate change Framework 2017 operations for road Repair road using road and highway to sector: Road infrastructure hit area and enable them impact users particularly climate proofing reduce heat and projects by WB to access necessary basic most vulnerable standards by 2030. emission produced need such as markets, group by road Capacity building program for healthcare, water -Ensure stakeholders on climate proofing resources. sustainability of road standard water run-off for the 30% of local women intersection of water report increased mobility way and road line all year round due to improved roads 124 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 58 Rural road Infrastruct Ministry of -Rectangular Improve resilient Baseline: 0 - Contribute to GHG 800,000,00 - Better rural The current technology is Target: 30% of those who All construction 5, 8, rehabilitation and ure - Roads Rural strategy capacity of rural reduction 0 connectivity available for resilient road receive skills training are companies as are all 9, 13 improvement for Developm -NSDP road s DBST 3166 Km - Food Security, will promote a construction; however, more women private climate change ent (MRD) -MRD Strategic Concrete: 812 Km Agriculture market better rural advanced tech is still needed for 50% of those benefiting resilience Plan connectivity, economic, and construction in a challenging from social and economic Skill development, environmental Environment. facilities are women Improve activities productivities Men and women have access to social and economic facilities. 59 News coverage and Knowledge Minister of -National -Producing Baseline: No baseline -Reduce cost of 3000000 - Hundreds of -TV Women is among the Conditional Youth is one of the final 4, 5, program production sharing Informatio Adaptation Plan diversified and available (several climate risk educational -Radio targeted audience in which targeted group in production/materials 13 for awareness n (MOINF) Financing pluralistic contents climate change topics -GHG Mitigation materials being -Website they feel the sense of which the contents will be raising on climate Framework enable to attract ,news feature, and Environmental produced and -App inclusivity. to be produced for. published/broadcast change and its (2017) the attention of roundtable discussion protection documented -Social Media at private media impacts Cambodia Climate different types of have been produced) -Forest protection - Different types Target: 30% of roundtable organizations Change Strategic audiences on -Biodiversity of audience participants are women Plan (2014-2023) climate change Targets: conservation being informed through -Produce numbers of on climate -Ministry of educational spot, educational spots change Information featuring news, - Numbers of Strategic Plan roundtable Roundtable discussion discussion and session being entertainments. conducted -Featuring/ Reporting news related to climate change - Produce numbers of songs, and other entertainment. National Radio Cambodia (RNK) plan to produce - 120 topics of news feature related to climate change and 60 Hours of Airing - 120 topics on Climate Change to be discuss at “Suntanea Matik” Talk Show and 240 Hours of Airing - Cover 360 news article on Climate Change and 18 Hours of Airing 60 Develop and Livelihood National - 2015 Law on - Risk-informed, Baseline: 0Targets: 25 - National risk 1,500,000 $2,000,000 (just - INFORM Risk Index, 30% of presentation Conditional Ao- that is at a NCDM will engage the 5, 13 annually update s, poverty Committee Disaster country-wide provinces/City based assessment can be benefit from www.inform-index.org, an open- participants femaleGender technical stage private sector in national and and for Management hazard assessment on the identified used as a basis for CAMDI) source methodology for and age disaggregated data process. They could subnational multi- biodiversit Disaster (Article 16)- to be used as a hazard- CamDI priority areas of quantitatively assessing crisis and is collected and made support NCDM for hazard and climate y Manageme National Action guidance for (Cambodia Disaster adaptation and disaster risk. - Global Disaster available as per the funding, material or risk assessments, nt Plan for Disaster development Database) operational mitigation activities Database, EM-DAT guidance of SFDRR.At least cooperation including (NCDM) Risk Reduction planning- Disast and regularly - Enhanced http://www.emdat.be/database, 20% of women in technical identification of 2019-2023 er risk information updated.- One national database on disaster which houses country-level positions and decision most vulnerable (Priority 3, 4)- can be used as presentation on CamDI occurrences in information of past disasters making roles at national communities. Climate Change evidence to inform organized every Cambodia- Being an (since the early 1900s).- Country- and subnational Strategic Plan local development year.- National Risk instrument in level information also available on levels.Gender and disaster 2014-2023 planning- Centra Assessment/Profile, monitoring disaster compiled platform managed by vulnerability atlas could be (Strategic lized database updating the available impacts across the the ReliefWeb developed. Objective 5) managed by NCDM risk assessment in country; can be used (http://reliefweb.int/countries)- increases Cambodia- Spatial risk to informed priority Various / existing climate change institutional analysis / multi- areas and actions on scenarios studies developed for resilience. hazard risk mitigation Cambodia.- CamDI platform - Inter- assessments an activities.- Can be (www.camdi.ncdm.gov.kh) - ministerial national and sub- used alongside ID CamDI user’s manual (developed agreement/s on national level, Poor system in 2014, updated in 2020).- After mechanisms and incorporating climate adoption of Sendai Framework for protocols on change scenarios Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR), climate and the country’s data base is to follow disaster data and DesInventar database.DesInventar information software is available for country’s sharing among adoption, available here: government https://www.desinventar.net/ ministries and agencies. - Vulnerable communities identified, and can become better prepared for future disasters 125 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 61 National end-to-end Livelihood National - 2015 Law on - Availability of Baseline: only one Other sectors, i.e. 15,000,000 $100,000,000 - Automatic Weather and Females to make up 40% Conditional Youth could Private sector would 1, 5, early warning s, poverty Committee Disaster real-time climate system naming 1294 water resources and Hydrological Stations of subscriptions to promote and share take some roles 13 systems with focus and for Management data for informed (specifically on flood) meteorology, configuration in Cambodia, EWS1294 system the system to (subject to discuss on effective biodiversit Disaster (Article 11) climate with covering 25 agriculture will be of including Integrated Water community people more) for example dissemination to y Manageme - National Action information provinces (baseline- benefited by Management System and other Gender-sensitive EWS to introduction new populations at risk nt Plan for Disaster - Enables there are some potential cross- data bases established. be implemented, including technology/knowledg (NCDM) Risk Reduction community-level cooperation with NGOs sectoral mitigation inclusion of disability and e (mobile company 2019-2023 preparedness and activities. - Realtime technology-based other most vulnerable provide the data) (Priority 16) response to Target: to scale up to forecasting developed by group. Specific EWS - Climate Change disasters all communes/districts advanced meteorological societies medium is to be Strategic Plan - Installation of 100 worldwide, e.g. Meteo France implemented for various 2014-2023 Automatic Weather International, Finnish types of disability. (Strategic Stations and 100 Meteorological Society Objective 2, 5) Automatic Hydrological Stations - EWS1294 technology for national coverage. (http://ews1294.info/en/home/) - Introduction of climate smart agriculture / drought resistance agriculture techniques in drought vulnerable provinces, based on the multi hazard risk assessment. - Nation-wide coverage for multi- hazard (flood, drought and storm) early warning - Transboundary flood early warning systems with Vietnam and Thailand established 62 Implement Livelihood National - 2015 Law on Strengthened Baseline: 2 (at Kompot - Social resilience at 6,000,000 $42 million - Community Based Disaster Risk Females represent 25% of Conditional Could incorporate Private sector would 1, 5, community–based s, poverty Committee Disaster community and Kep provinces) community level and 1$ investment Management Field Practitioners VDMG and CCDM youth as engage in process by 13 disaster and climate and for Management preparedness and increased produce 70$ Handbook: community learning from risk management biodiversit Disaster (Article 10) adaptation Target: 75% of engagement in benefit https://www.adpc.net/igo/catego Training of trainers of volunteers standard and apply programs y Manageme - Climate Change capacities. communities have disaster ry/ID428/doc/2014-xCSf7I- Women Champion in DRR these gained nt Strategic Plan preparedness and preparedness and ADPC-12handbk.pdf and CCA – ensuring more knowledge to their (NCDM) 2014-2023 contingency plans response - KoBo toolbox for community representative of women project (Strategic developed and assessment on disaster and climate Objective 3) updated bi-annually, - Reduced asset, https://www.kobotoolbox.org/ risk management. including disaster infrastructure, and - National Action simulation and climate life loss due to 25% increase of women in Plan for Disaster change adaptation disasters climate change community Risk Reduction strategies based decision making 2019-2023 positions (Priority 9) 63 Building resilience of Livelihood Ministry of National Baseline: 0 Environment 1,125,000 To improve the Promote biodiversity 25% of eco-tourism Ecotourism 13, biodiversity s, poverty Environme Protected Areas knowledge conservation and restoration inputs/initiatives are Forest restoration 5, 15 conservation and and nt (MOE) Strategic 15 PAs with species- base, support directed to women restoration to adapt biodiversit Management plan specific conservation conservation Women make up 50% of to climate change y 2017-2031 action plans action, and representatives in 15 PAs with forest strengthen the biodiversity conservation restoration plans enabling inanities (decision making, under implementation environment for training, capacity building, Total budget: addressing services etc.) 1,250,000+3,750,000= threats to species and ecosystem Number of PAs with species- specific conservation action plans 64 Integrated village Livelihood Ministry of -Rectangular Building adaptive Baseline: 10 villages in -Job creation 200000000 Lessons learnt and best Target: 30% of total Conditional for 170 Incorporate youth 1, 2, development s, poverty Rural strategy capacity of rural Takeo, 10 in Kampong -Food security community practices from beneficiaries are female villages as community 5, 13 and Developm -NSDP family to be smart Speu and 10 Thbaung -Behavior Change advanced countries volunteers. biodiversit ent (MRD) -MRD Strategic in agricultural Kmom -Better living Gender-responsiveness y Plan productivities and environment towards more other livelihood Targets: - -Wellbeing and participation in decision promotion in environmental making and benefits. changing friendliness of Women will be environment. communities to empowered in improve communities and households. 126 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 65 Strengthen flood Livelihood National CCCSP 2014- Strengthen Baseline: 0 a) Improve 10,000,000 20,000,000 1. Climate change governance Target: 30% of women Conditional For waste Companies for waste 2, 5, resiliency capacity of s, poverty Committee 2023: climate-resilient knowledge of local 2. Climate vulnerability and 30% of women report management collection, green 7, communities around and for Sub- local governance Targets: 10 communes governance on impact assessment for 10 target increased access to clean technology and clean 12, Tonle Sap (access to biodiversit National a) Leverage the through financial, of 4 provinces namely impact of climate communes water water 13 clean water, off grid y Democrati decentralization institutional, policy Battambang, Pursat, change will lead to Climate vulnerable map 30% of women report renewable energy, c process to and strategic plan Kampong Chhaning, mitigate GHG access to off grid and waste Developm strengthen reform in order to and Siem Reap emission though renewable energy management) ent financial and respond to current Province with reducing fire wood technology and inputs (NCDD) institutional and projected integration of climate consumption and processes for climate hazards change into financial waste pollution. a) Promote inclusiveness, local adaptation and prevent from management, b) Strengthen gender equality, and b) Mainstream loss and damage institutional resilient capacity of accountability by engaging climate change due to hazard arrangement and women and girl in more women in into national and policy reform by 2028 flooding community institutional arrangement sub-national though accessing to for climate change development clean water and b) Cambodia Gender and plans and the clean energy. Climate Change Action NSPS NCDD will also Plan implement ESS, c) Policy on gender for Gender, M&E along sub-national democratic with climate action development 66 Building climate Livelihood National Rectangular The Climate Baseline:0Targets: 12 Modality: the project 14,500,000 18,000,000 1- Development of Information Adapt with Policy on resilient livelihood s, poverty Committee Strategy Phase IV resilience at local communes, 7 districts designed as potential and Communication Technology Promotion of Gender and public and for Sub- 2018-2023:The 4 level, within the and 5 provinces across for scaling up (NSDP 2014-2023)2- Climate Equality for Sub-national infrastructures in biodiversit National priority areas social land different geographical through its key change governance3- Climate Democratic social land y Democratic include Road, concession area of Cambodia success of Change Index4- Social Land DevelopmentGender and concession for Developm Water, Electricity communities will including Kampong implementation. It Concession sub-degree 5- Climate Change, green vulnerable ent and People to set be strengthened Thom, Kampong would be the key National REED+ strategy 2017- growth, and disaster communities (NCDD) the agenda for and adapted Chhnang, Kampong recommendation for 2026 managementCambodia development through integrated Spue, Tboung Khmum the improvement of Gender and Climate while priority into the support and Kratie province to social land Change Action PlanThe order of these community receive the resilient concession Project will also contribute four priority infrastructures and infrastructures implementation to to the goals of the RGC’s areas have been sustainable services, improving include climate new “Five Year Strategic changed management their livelihood change as one of Plan to Promote Gender according to response to flood, alternatives and main focus while Equality and Women’s development drouth, strong sustainable growth. community will Empowerment 2019- phase. In the first wind. In addition, The project is planning really need support 2023”, which aims to two Legislatures, the GHG also to scale up to other to cope with such address women’s limited the Rectangular effectively reduces potential areas as climate change access to assets and Strategy gave the from the introduce nationwide through issues when settle-in services. inclusiveness, top priority to of sustainable land lesson learnt and key new development gender equality, and Road, followed by management success of its area of social land accountability by engaging Water, Electricity practices by adopt implementation concession sites. more women (at least and People. In to resilience Improve knowledge: 30%) in institutional the Rectangular agriculture the project will help arrangement and StrategyNSDP activities and to improve implementation 2019-2023: forest resources understanding for Development of management that sub-national level, physical will positively local authorities on infrastructure create alternatives climate change both including:- livelihood for the of adaptation and Development of potential mitigation though Transport and vulnerable join implementation Urban communities. Help follow decentralize Infrastructure- to build ownership approach under Water Resources and decision- coordination of and Irrigation making process at National Committee System the community for Sub-National ManagementCCCS level as resulted Democratic P 2014-2023:- from the project, Development Climate change the community will Secretariat (NCDDS). implication on be able to engage Similarly, the infrastructure- in local planning community groups Mainstream and will also receive climate change implementation training and into national and with regards awareness raising to sub-national action to adapt build their sense development with future trends understanding plans and the of climate change. climate change to NSPS engage fully participation for the project implementation. This will positively contribute to both of adaption and mitigation action in the future. 127 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 67 Building climate Policy and National CCCSP 2014- Strengthen Baseline: 0 a) Improve 10,000,000 15,000,000 1 - Climate change governance Target: 30% women in Conditional Engage youth in 5, 13 resilience for district planning Committee 2023: climate-resilient knowledge of local 2 - Climate vulnerability and local (commune and analysis on impact and commune for Sub- a) Leverage the local governance 50 communes of 9 governance on impact assessment for 50 target district) government of climate change governance through National decentralization through financial, provinces namely impact of climate communes participate in capacity and integrate cc policy and strategic Democrati process to institutional, policy Takeo, Battambang, change will lead to 3 - Climate Change Index building and awareness into development development plan c strengthen and strategic plan Peahvihear, Krati, mitigate GHG raising on climate impacts reform (focus on Developm financial and reform in order to Steng treng, Kampong emission implementation) ent institutional respond to current Chhaning, Prey Veng, b) NCDD will also a. Promote inclusiveness, (NCDD) processes for and projected Svayreng, and Kampot implement ESS, gender equality, and local adaptation climate hazards with integration of Gender, M&E along accountability by engaging b) Mainstream and prevent loss climate change into with climate action more women in climate change and damage due to financial management, c) Improve institutional arrangement into national and hazards institutional performance-based for climate change sub-national arrangement and of sub-national b. Cambodia Gender and development policy reform by 2027 government on Climate Change Action plans and the climate change Plan NSPS planning and c. Policy on gender for sub- accessing to climate national democratic resilient grants development 68 Mainstreaming Policy and Ministry of 1. SDG4 Roadmap Strengthen Baseline: Integrated in a) Climate change 800,000 900,000 1 - SDG4 Roadmap for education Gender participated in the 4, 5, climate change into planning Education, for education resilience through ESP 2019-2023 adaptation 2030 planning process on SDG4 13 Education Strategic Youth and 2030 education policy, primary and b) Policy, Planning & 2 - ESP 2019-2023 and ESP Plan 2019-2023 Sport 2. ESP 2019-2023 research and secondary sub-sector Guidelines, 3 - Strategies and interventions in Strategic Plan and (MOEYS) 3. CCCSP2014- planning reform in (Only strategies) c) Strengthening the ESP and SDG4 Target: 47% by 2023 SDG4 Roadmap for 2023: order to respond d) Research Education 2030 to climate related Target: climate change enhancement Capitalize on hazards. concepts are lessons learned, mainstreamed into local knowledge ESP and SDG4 and good Roadmap for practices for education 2030 development of policies and actions for adaptation and mitigation. 69 Strengthen the Policy and Minister of -Ministry of Strengthen the Baseline: No baseline -GHG Mitigation 100000 Strengthen -TV Target: 30% are female Conditional Collaboration with 5, 13 cooperation with planning Informatio Information cooperation with available. Environmental bond of -Radio private media local and n (MOINF) Strategic Plan local and protection cooperation -Website organizations International international The latest cooperation. between -App development development Moinfo implemented a -Forest protection Ministry of -Social Media agencies, NGOs and agencies, NGOs and project on Climate Information and relevant institutions relevant Change knowledge and -Biodiversity stakeholders. for technical and institutions is the Capacity building conservation The latest financial support to best approach to through TV/ Radio and cooperation. implement the accelerate the Media, supported by Moinfo adaptation planning strategic plan NCSD / CCCA (2017- implemented a in media sector implementation 2019) project on and ensuring the Climate Change sustainability of Target: MoInfo will knowledge and projects. seek and work with Capacity relevant stakeholders building agencies including through TV/ government and non- Radio and government Media, institutions and supported by accelerate the strategic NCSD / CCCA plan implementation (2017-2019) 70 Development of Policy and Ministry of NSDP, Building climate Baselines: 0 Climate change 5,000,000 6,000,000 National M&E All gender actions and Climate change 5, 13 climate change planning Planning RS IV, resilience adaptation and Cost of Integrated Manual/Guideline/Handbook strategies to respond to mainstreaming is national/capital/ (MOP) CCCSP, development Formulation of the mitigation and other trainings, development climate change are also conditional (Both provincial CSDGs planning in the National/ Capital/ environmental consultation plan - M&E Capacity Building Plan integrated into financial and development plans formulation and Provincial issues (air pollution, s, and - Training on M&E incl. data development planning and technical capacity including an M&E reporting of the Development Plan to water pollution, follow-up collection methods as well as data National M&E Guideline for ToT) system with specific implementation of include climate change waste management, activities interpretation and presentation and System. indicators the development strategies/ policies biodiversity, etc.) - Annual Progress plans and public and action plans by will be integrated -Sub- Report/Voluntary National Gender target %-NSDP investment 2030 into a single plan. national Review of the implementation of (only for action plan). Only programs at planning NSDP/CSDGs" priority is mentioned in national and sub- Reporting the progress capacity development plans national level of the achieving of the building set indicators, under Training on gender and Building including climate budget of age disaggregated data transparent and change indicators in government collection will prioritized credible the NSDP and the . information Cambodia Sustainable reporting the Development Goals progress of the (CSDGs) 2016-2030 indicators, and the achievement including CC and status of the indicators set in integration of climate NSDP and CSDGs change into the sub- 128 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) as well as sector national development development plans plans All indicators reported with credible and reliable resource of information by 2030 The National M&E Manual/Guideline/Ha ndbook formulated and disseminated for official use A long-term M&E capacity building program developed by 2030 At least 10 M&E trainings courses organized Target: 25 provinces 71 Development of a Policy and Ministry of NSDP,RS Building climate Baselines: 0The Mitigation 3,000,000 3,500,000Integr Climate-Informed Decisions: The Gender involvement is Conditional (Private and financial 5, 13 climate change planning Planning IV,CCCSP,CSDGs resilience National/ Capital/ investment ated Public National/ Capital/ Provincial highly considered in the including detail sector)PIP online. public investment (MOP) investment Provincial three-year planPublic Investment Public Investment Program project implementation as technology Ministries to record program for the planning through rolling Public awareness on Program including the Climate Change- stated in the project all investment plans national/capital/ the formulation Investment Program, climate investment related Projects as a Mechanism information sheet/ including climate provincial levels and compilation of including the Climate and fund will be for Lowering Carbon Emissions document.Gender change in investment. information of Change-related improved target/%-at 5% of total (no training yet and climate investment Projects will be project staff. Encourage information to be fund to assist in developed every participation of women-% available online for making decision year.Online climate of gender will be specified climate investment for climate change investment and in the project document actions and funding information which will be determined priority. will be available to by partners public by 2030 which include the trend of climate expenditure and potential funding information which will be updated every year. 72 Building adaptive Policy and Ministry of -Rectangular -Strengthen Baseline: Number of - Contribute to the 10,000,000 Knowledgeable - Lesson learnt and best practice Target: 30% of MRD Conditional 5, 13 and resilient planning Rural Strategy capacity for trainings have been improvement of VDC will help from other countries can be female staffs will receive capacity for MRD Developm -NSDP Climate Change in conducted by MRD and rural development their applied. capacity building officers at national ent (MRD) -MRD Strategic rural development others but there is no work in challenging community 75% of capacity building and sub-national Plan planning & proper system to environment better in term of recipients report increased level for technical design. record development knowledge and application mainstreaming and challenging of gender integration in climate change into Target: By 2030, about environment their work rural development 30% of Technical Gender is considering in all planning processes Officials in MRD and stages of project or and technical design. PDRD have been programme to promote trained gender mainstreaming. Gender participation indicator will be included. 73 Build adaptive Policy and Ministry of -Rectangular Strengthen Baseline: 0 - Contribute to rural 10,000,000 Lessons learnt and best practice Target: 40% of VDC Conditional 5, 13 capacity on climate planning Rural strategy capacity on climate community from other countries can be members in committee are change for village Developm -NSDP resilience. Target: 200 VDCs have development applied. female leaders (Village ent (MRD) -MRD Strategic been trained (1000 planning and Development Plan VDC members) practices in Gender is considering in all Committees, VDCs) challenging stages of project or environment programme to promote gender mainstreaming. Gender participation indicator will be included. 74 Strengthen resilience Policy and National Cambodian Infrastructure: The vulnerability in 10,000,000 20,000,000 30-60% of beneficiaries Conditional Plays an important Can provide funding, 5, 13 and adaptation planning Council for Development road, water, the provinces around role in capacity services and capacity to climate Sustainabl Goals Framework Policies and Tonle sap lake and building activities, technology change in the most e (2016-2030) planning Svay Rieng reduced implementation of vulnerable Developm Agriculture (90 communes) the pilot projects provinces/districts/c ent (NCSD) Ecosystem-based and as beneficiaries ommunes (produce services -Baseline: 2019 vulnerability index vulnerability index maps at the commune level, integrate climate change into investment and development plans, demonstrate the identified actions at pilot sites) 129 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 75 Update and Policy and National The CCCSP for 2024- 5,000,000 Conditional 5, 13 implement the planning Council for 2033 developed and Cambodia Climate Sustainabl the implementation Change Strategic e successfully conducted Plan (CCCSP) for Developm until 2030. 2024-2033 ent (NCSD) 76 Integrate climate Policy and National Cambodian Enhanced 5,000,000 Conditional 5, 13 change measures planning Council for Development transparency into national Sustainabl Goals Framework framework set in place policies, strategies e (2016-2030) and the sectoral M&E and sectoral Developm strengthened through strategies and plans ent (NCSD) capacity building 77 Enhance Policy and National Cambodian Enhanced capacity of/ 2,000,000 Conditional 5, 13 institutional capacity planning Council for Development and coordination on climate change Sustainabl Goals Framework regarding climate (mitigation, e (2016-2030) change related issues adaptation, policy, Developm with line ministries strategies, planning, ent (NCSD) and institutions both and finance) through at the national and awareness raising, sub-national levels. training, and advocacy Baseline: KAP3: 2020 78 Provide capacity Tourism Ministry of -Royal -Promoting Baseline: 0 Encouraging all 2,000,000 - Public toilet, education signboard, Target: 70% of training Youth inside of Cambodia Authority 5, building and Tourism Government of livelihood involvement tourism 2,500,000 billboard, rubbish bin etc. participants are female target communities of Travel Agencies 12, supports for Climate (MOT) Cambodia labels resilience through 1. Strengthen the stakeholders for The M&E system will be aligned will be engaged (CATA) where consist 13 Change Innovation at tourism sector as CBT/CBE tourism capacity building on better the with National Monitoring and Encouraging women, through campaign of dozens agencies- the provincial along “Green Gold”. development. Environmental understanding and Evaluation Framework for Climate elderly, children, poorest activities mostly are private Tonle Sap River -Tourism is a -Improving Education to engage their Change. to involve, they might sector would provide non-smoke tourism standards Development (EED) in contribution on understand and support technical support, industry, which to improve the tourism to adaptation to two new mindset that would strategy development import in places. quality of services stakeholders among 6 beneficiaries: provide (for adaptation and cooperation Ministry of and products. Provinces. 6 provinces 1) Environmental projects). Tourism (MOT) -Innovating new are just based on first Education has developed its products design priority strategy plan Development on Climate Change and efficiency of MoT where are green tourism. Action Plan for natural resources higher tourist area. 2) Peam Krosoap Tourism Sector management Those are Kg Thom, was estimated be 2019-2023 Battambang, Siem upgrade and Reap, Kg Cham, Kg innovated for Chhnang and Pursat. climate change 2. Providing supports adaptation. for Kampong Thom, Cambodia CBET/CET Siem Reap, Koh Kong standard. Provinces 3) The quality of ecotourism services and products would improve through by tourism innovation. 4) Reducing poverty and contribute to responding effectively to climate change, so it is increasing the gross domestic product of Cambodia (GDP). 79 Raising public Tourism Ministry of -Royal -Promoting Target: 60% of women Youth plays an MoT build this 5, 13 awareness on Tourism Government of livelihood (including children) important role in all awareness through climate change (MOT) Cambodia labels resilience through respond to having an activities of MoT tourist innovation at all tourism sector as CBT/CBE tourism increased awareness of such as camping, agencies/travel levels “Green Gold”. development. community based tourism cycling campaign. agencies -Tourism is a -Improving and the impacts of climate non-smoke tourism standards change on this sector industry, which to improve the import in places. quality of services Ministry of and products. Tourism (MOT) -Innovating new has developed its products design Climate Change and efficiency Action Plan for natural resources Tourism Sector management 2019-2023 130 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 80 Practicing smart Tourism Ministry of -Royal -Promoting MoT will work closely Target: 40% of training Youth Engagement: Support to the local 2, 5, agriculture in Tourism Government of livelihood to expert ministries to participants are women Promotion on agriculture product, 12, tourism sector (MOT) Cambodia labels resilience through enhance the climate (including children)40% of quality of organic enhance Agric- 13 tourism sector as CBT/CBE tourism resilience farming at beneficiaries for new foods/vegetable to ecotourism in “Green Gold”. - development.- local community. This ecotourism product extend using and community by bring Tourism is a non- Improving tourism activity is attractive development are women support on local tourists to visit and smoke industry, standards to much to tourist. one products. involve agriculture which import in improve the village one product active and create places.Ministry of quality of services strategy Baseline: 6 wonderful memories Tourism (MOT) and products.- locations Target: 30 and fun. Pushing on has developed its Innovating new locations/provinces Smart-agriculture Climate Change products design plantation and extend Action Plan for and efficiency on the more create of Tourism Sector natural resources cycle systems 2019-2023 management including; fish, meat, vegetable, so on. 81 Establish an Water Ministry of Climate Change Enables better Baseline: 80 auto Data can be used 47,900,000 The benefit of Automatic Weather and Target: 5-10% females to Conditional 20 students sent Consulting firm 5, 6, automated nation- resources Water Strategic Plan preparedness and hydromet system cross-sectorally and this activity is Hydrological Stations be involved in network abroad for higher installed system and 13 wide hydromet Resources 2014 - 2023 response to already installed. for short and long contributed to configuration in Cambodia and monitoring plan education (Master) technical training to monitoring network and (Strategic environmental term projection other adaption development. (Unconditional) operate the system and data Meteorolo Objective 1) shocks Targets (by 2030): activities (e.g. Real time hydro-meteorological (service provider) transmission gy National Water Enables inter- a) 90+ automated Supporting disaster #2, #3 and #4) platform incorporating data from program, including (MOWRA Resources ministerial hydrological stations risk reduction, and MoWRAM’s hydro and meteo collection of climate M) Management and agreement/s on b) 51 automated other mitigation station and hydrological Sustainable mechanisms and weather stations activities data Irrigation Road protocols on 94 automated water World Meteorological Map and climate and quality stations Supporting River Organization (WMO) guidelines Investment disaster data and c) 410 automated Basin management on Integrated Urban, Program 2019 – information ground water stations planning and Hydrometeorological, Climate and 2033 sharing among d) Coverage: at least monitoring activities Environmental Guidelines. government 40 % of the country ministries and with priority areas Supporting agencies e) 26 PDWRAM offices hydrological modelling works and Can be used to By: 2050 decision support develop climate- Coverage: 100 % of the system (DSS) informed risk country (Conditional) assessments and strategies Increased national meteorological and hydrological data 131 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 82 Establish a Water Ministry of Climate Change Increased Baseline: 0 Improved 49,600,000 Benefits: The Target: 10-20% female Send around 20 Construction of center 5, 6, centralized and resources Water Strategic Plan environmental relationships benefit can be 40% of education project students abroad for and technical support 13 standardized Resources 2014 - 2023 resilience By: 2030 between all major estimated from beneficiaries are women higher education on capacity building approach to climate- and (Strategic water users the damage and Gender and age (Master)- resilient water Meteorolo Objective 1) More equitable - 10 River Basins have recovery cost by disaggregated data is Conditional management gy National Water water updated River Basin Improved water flood and collected and used at the (MOWRA Resources distribution/acces Management Plans allocation and drought or water resource M) Management and s to vulnerable - 1 Water Resource abstraction limits -> other water management info center Sustainable groups and Storage reverse/halt related disaster Irrigation Road Sustainable Assessment for River overdevelopment as below. The Map and development and Basin Group impacts potential Investment framework for completed, for 3+ benefits Program 2019 – disaster risk River Basin Groups/25 Protection of include: 2033 reduction, and can River Basins environmental flows - Flood damage therefore act as a - 1 National Water as the support of and loss cost: mechanism of Resource Management basin human needs 356 million USD coherence among Information Centre and ecosystem (based on 2013 these global established, with flood) frameworks facilities to store, -Post flood analyze and report on recovery cost water resources data 306.28 million and information, and USD (based on inform management 2013 flood) decisions, and established process for data sharing. - Development of modern and modular fit-for-purpose Decision Support Systems (database, water modelling packages, user interfaces) incorporating remote sensing and observed field data, economic and social information that covers at least 25 River Basins - 20+ of PDWRAM staff, FWUCs, and young-to-middle level Cambodian water professionals receive quarterly training in water resource management - 252 of communities educated on climate and water resource management - Establishment of 252 knowledge hubs to build local understanding of water resources (water and soil), scheme condition and performance, changes in agricultural inputs and outputs etc. - 1 National Water Analytic System covering 32 river basins 132 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 83 Establish a national Water Ministry of 2015 Law on Communities Baselines: 0 Other sectors, i.e. 8,800,000 Benefits: can be Real-time technology-based Target: 50% of all 20 students sent Construction of center 5, 6, climate and food resources Water Disaster (including agriculture will estimated from forecasting developed by stakeholders in abroad for higher and technical support 13 warning system, Resources Management vulnerable ones) By 2030: benefit by potential the damage and advanced meteorological societies consultations on flood education (Master) on capacity building including a service and (Article 10, 11) more resilient to cross-sectoral recovery cost by worldwide, warning systems are center and flood Meteorolo disasters 1 National Centre mitigation activities flood and women emergency response gy Climate Change Established with drought the EWS1294 technology plans (MOWRA Strategic Plan Increased risk Decision Supporting Flood risk reduction same as #2 (http://ews1294.info) Females to be involved in M) 2014 - 2023 knowledge System and mitigation emergency response plan (Strategic More accurately Existing community based DRR development, and gender Objective 4) monitoring and 100% of provinces and CCA guidelines mainstreamed throughout. predicting risk have Flood Emergency 30% of women in National Action Dissemination of Response Plans instutional arrangements Plan for Disaster information to for climate and flood Risk Reduction public warning systems 2019 - 2023 Responsive to (Priority 11) warnings and disasters National Water Resources Management and Sustainable Irrigation Road Map and Investment Program 2019 – 2033 84 Integrated Water National NAP-2017: Strengthen Baseline: 0 1. Sustainable water 10,000,000 15,000,000 1. Groundwater Analysis, The component of project Youth engagement Private sector 5, 6, groundwater resources Committee Climate risk resilience of most management Vulnerability and Risk Assessment output to be aligned with on groundwater engagement on 13 management in for Sub- management and vulnerable groups 90 communes of 9 2. Reduce water 2. Groundwater monitoring Policy on Promotion of conservation groundwater Cambodia National rehabilitation of to respond to provinces namely pollution system Gender Equality for Sub- campaign and management through Democrati small, medium, water shortage Peahvihear, 3. Capacity building and advocacy national Democratic involvement on exchange of c and large-scale issues through Banteymeanchey, 3. NCDD will also program for ground water Development of NCDD water conservation technology adoption. Developm irrigation sustainable Oudormeanchey,Kratie implement ESS, 50% of stakeholders advocacy. ent infrastructure management of , Steng treng, Pursat, Gender, M&E along consulted are women, and (NCDD) CCCSP 2014- ground water Battambang, Siem with climate actions people from socially 2023: Introduce Reap, and Kampong according to GCF marginalised groups technologies in Thom with integration standards (people with disabilities, water work of climate change into the elderly, ethnic development and financial management, minorities) rehabilitation in institutional response to the arrangement and negative impacts policy reform by 2030 of climate change 133 Cambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 85 Establish nationally Water Ministry of Climate Change Improved drought Baselines: 0By 2030: - Improved 2,498,900 Benefits: Net Regulation & water law (river 25% of participants for 20 students sent FWUC provide 2, 5, standardized best- resources Water Strategic Plan resilienceClimate 10+ regional exchange relationships return from basin planning, IWRM regional exchange are abroad for higher capacity building on 6, 13 practice systems for Resources 2014 - 2023 resilience to countries that have between all major irrigation etc.)Existing Irrigation design female40% of Farmer education (Master) technology+NGOsSoil irrigation and (Strategic irrigation systems globally recognized water scheme is concept and management Water User Committees (Conditional) assessment Meteorolo Objective and sustainable specialized irrigation usersIncreased estimated 6028 methodologyFarmer Water User female (consulting gy 1)National Water agriculture and water resources productivity of million USD per Communities (FWUC) sub- degree firm)Standard for (MOWRA Resources production experience- 1 nation- agricultural year in term of and the FWUC Development irrigation: M) Management and wide (35 river basins) sectorImproved paddy rice Policy and Guidelines of participation in Sustainable soil assessment water allocation and production of MoWRAMMoWRAM’s O&M plan design Irrigation Road program for irrigation abstraction limits the whole and guideline for irrigation standardcutting edge Map and investment and reverse/halt country with schemes Existing irrigation technology and Investment established- 1 national overdevelopment 95% of the technologies (e.g., Drip irrigation, advance irrigation Program 2019 – standard for design, impactsProtection of irrigation Precision mobile drip irrigation, practice: construction 2033Strategic construction and environmental flows service fee Center pivot irrigation, Fertigation Framework for performance as the support of (ISF)Net return and Chemigation technology)Food irrigation sector monitoring of basin human needs from irrigation and Agriculture Organization irrigation schemes and scheme is (FAO) guidelines on Transfer of developed- Establish ecosystemIncreased estimated to be irrigation management services 502 long-term O&M drought 3904 million contracts for large management USD per year irrigation schemes to for case of set-up organizational, paddy and management, vegetation operational, financial combined and administration production systems, including building PDWRAM and Farmer Water User Committee capabilities- Establish 10+ small pilot trials (50 ha to 100 ha) to test cutting edge technology and advance irrigation practice, including testing water delivery systems, preparation measures, crop types and patterns, fertilizers, and potential scale up cost and benefits- Establish 544 Farmer Water User Committees6 large water storage infrastructures500+ rehabilitated and new irrigation schemes with O&M plans 86 Resilient and Water Ministry of -Cambodia WASH Baselines: 0 Changing attitude 350,000,00 The current technology is Target: 50% of project Incorporate youth All private companies 5, 6, adaptive rural water resources Rural Sustainable infrastructure in and practices of 0 available for resilient and beneficiaries are women as community as suppliers 13 supply and Developm Development the rural area Water Supply 58% rural people to be adaptive water supply and 50% of stakeholders in volunteers, Water sanitation ent (MRD) Goals resilient and Sanitation 71% more sanitation consultations are women user group for construction -Rectangular adapted to CC. environmentally 50% of training maintenance of the strategy friendly participants on new equipment -NSDP technologies and adaptive -MRD Strategic water systems are women Plan Gender will be engaged in planning and using and maintaining water supply infrastructure . 134

Appendix 3: Selected Bibliography  Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft (2019). World Risk Index, Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft publisher  CDKN (2016). Planning for NDC implementation: a Quick Start Guide, Climate Development Knowledge Network  Davies, G.I., McIver, L., Kim, Y., Hashizume, M., Iddings, S. and Chan, V., (2015). Water- borne diseases and extreme weather events in Cambodia: Review of impacts and implications of climate change, International journal of environmental research and public health, 12(1), pp.191-213. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/12/1/191  Eckstein, D et al. (2019). Global Climate Risk Index 2020, Germanwatch  GSSD (2017). National Adaptation Plan Financing Framework and Implementation Plan. General Secretariat of National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment, Kingdom of Cambodia, Phnom Penh.  NCSD (2015). Second National Communication, National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment, Kingdom of Cambodia, Phnom Penh.  NCSD (2016). Promoting private sector contribution to the climate change response in Cambodia, National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment, Kingdom of Cambodia, Phnom Penh.  NCSD (2018). Addressing climate change impacts on economic growth in Cambodia, National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment, Kingdom of Cambodia, Phnom Penh.  NCSD (2020). Cambodia’s First Biennial Update Report (BUR), National Council for Sustainable Development/Ministry of Environment, Kingdom of Cambodia, Phnom Penh.

Appendix 4: Emission reduction estimates No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry ER (ktCO2e)28 1 Promote sustainable energy practices in manufacturing MISTI 5133 Garments: 2,291 GgCO2e, 55% by 2030 Bricks: 1,799 GgCO2e, 44% by 2030 Food and Beverage: 1,043 GgCO2e, 25% by 2030 2 Urban Planning Tools for Climate Change Mitigation and MLMUPC 2.36 the urban planning solution in three sub cities 3 Application of electrical equipment’s labelling & MEPS MME 1000 (Lighting, Cooling & Equipment) Reduce 1.2 TWh (29.7%) of electricity use in 2030 4 Improvement of process performance of EE by MME 100 establishment of energy management in buildings/industries Voluntary scheme for other companies, especially for SMEs to reduce 10% in 2030 5 Public awareness campaigns, DTEBP-EE info centres MME 25 Reduce 2% of energy consumption in 2030 6 Building codes and enforcement/certification for new MME N/a29 buildings and those undergoing major renovation Reduce 10% of electricity consumption in 2030 7 Introduction of efficient electrical motors and boilers MME 80 Reduce 2.3% of current electricity consumption in 2030 8 Improve sustainability of charcoal production through MME 200 enforcement of regulations 9 Roadmap study on Integration of RE (Renewable Energy) MME N/a resources. 25 % of renewable energy in the energy mix (solar, wind, hydro, biomass) by 2030 10 New sanitary landfills with LFG extraction and LFG MoE 1272 extraction at the Dangkor Landfill Increase the share of waste disposed at sanitary landfills with LFG extraction from 0% in 2020 to 50% by 2030 and extract LFG from the Dangkor Landfill 11 Composting of biodegradable organic fraction of MSW MoE 500 supplemented with separation of organic waste (at source). If 10% of all MSW generated is composted by 2030 then up to 500 ktCO2e/year of GHG emissions can be avoided by 2030 28 These emission reduction values were submitted by the lead ministry 29 N/a: sectoral projections were used. No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry ER (ktCO2e)28 12 Production of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) from either a) MoE 200 fresh MSW or b) old MSW mined from the Dangkor landfill. GHG ER from RDF + anaerobic digestion up to 200 ktCO2e/year 13 Implementation of National 3R strategy MoE 421 14 Enhance maintenance and inspection of vehicle MPWT N/a30 (Piloting maintenance and emission inspections of vehicles) 30 vehicle inspection centres in operation by 2030 15 Promote integrated public transport systems in main MPWT N/a cities 16 Reducing GHG emission though off grid street lightening NCDD N/a of rural municipality 10 Sangkat of Senmonorom municipality, Kep municipality, and Preah municipality integration of climate change into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 2028. 17 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to MAFF 121.8 2000) (Small size (2-3-4m3) 18 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to MAFF 10.08 2000) Medium size(6-8-10m3) 19 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to MAFF 8.96 2000) Large size(>10m3) 20 Centralized recycling facility for industrial waste from MISTI 10.847 the garment sector Reduce 108,472 tCO2e/at an average of 10,847 tCO2e/year 21 Climate-friendly cooling of public sector buildings NCSD 43 Reduce 43 000ton/year 22 Toward Battambang city to green city NCDD N/a 5 Sangkat of Battembang municipality integration of green city by 2025 23 Shift long distance freight movement from trucks to train MPWT N/a 24 Emission management from factories MoE N/a Monitor air quality at 105 factories annually and provide permit letter on air emission to 90 factories. 90% of factories to be licensed. 25 Increasing the effectiveness and sustainability of MAFF N/a agricultural land management techniques (Conservation Agriculture) 26 Organic input agriculture and bio-slurry; and deep MAFF N/a31 placement fertilizer technology 30 N/a: sectoral projections were used. 31 N/a: sectoral projections were used. No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Ministry ER (ktCO2e)28 10 Provinces by 2030 27 Promote manure Management through compost making MAFF N/a process to reduce carbon emission 25 provinces and cities by 2030 29 Better management of industrial wastewater in the food MISTI N/a & beverage sector 30 Implementation of National Cooling Action Plan MLMUCP 1090 31 Inclusion of performance requirements of Passive MLMUCP 140.9 Cooling Systems in Building Energy Code of Cambodia 32 Implementation of “passive cooling” measures in the MLMUCP 74.5 cities (addressing urban heat island effect [UHIE]), public buildings and commercial buildings. No FOLU sector targets Lead ER (ktCO2e) Ministry 1 FOLU NDC Scenario 1: 60% forest cover by 2030 MAFF, Rectangular 302.8 Strategy IV, INDC 2 FOLU NDC Scenario 2: Reduce 50% of historical emission REDD+ Technical 38.1 by 2030 Secretariat (RTS) 3 FOLU NDC Scenario 3: INDC emission reduction (4.7 INDC 3.8 tCO2e/ha/year)

Appendix 5: NDC Scenarios In all sectors except FOLU, there is only one NDC scenario. The FOLU sector has three NDC scenarios, as follows:  FOLU NDC Scenario 1: 60% forest cover by 2030 – (MAFF, Rectangular Strategy IV). Increment of forest cover up to 60% of national land area was suggested by the MAFF. According to the received information, this target is agreed with the “Rectangular Strategy IV, angle 2 (60% of forest cover is maintained)”.  The FOLU NDC Scenario 2: Reduction 50% of historical emission by 2030 (REDD+ programme); This target is based on the REDD+ national strategy which was included due to the suggestions of REDD+ Technical Secretariat (RTS) and the Department of Climate Change. The main assumption of the calculation was to reduce historical emissions from the forest sector by half (76.3 million tCO2e) by 2030 (38.1 million tCO2e), with an average annual reduction of 21 million tCO2e/year.  The FOLU NDC Scenario 3: INDC emission reduction (INDC, 2015) - (4.7 tCO2e/ha/year). This scenario was based on the FOLU sector target presented in the country’s INDC report. The INDC target was also developed in the expectation of maintaining 60% forest cover of the total land area. However, the considered base year was 2010. The effort necessary to increase the forest cover was less (from 57% forest cover in 2010 to 60% in 2030. The increment is 3%). Therefore, emission reduction for the increasing 1 hectare of forest cover was estimated as 4.7 tCO2e/ha/year in INDC. However, actual forest cover is around 42% in 2020. The 18% of forest cover increment should be applied to achieve 60% target in 2030. Here It was observed how much emission reduction can be achieved using the same emission factor value (4.7 tCO2e/ha/year) in the current circumstances. The following three overall NDC scenarios were developed based on the three NDC scenarios of the FOLU sector:  NDC Scenario 1: FOLU NDC scenario 1 combined with available NDC scenarios of other sectors  NDC Scenario 2: FOLU NDC scenario 2 combined with available NDC scenarios of other sectors  NDC Scenario 3: FOLU NDC scenario 3 combined with available NDC scenarios of other sectors Estimated emission reductions under the different NDC scenarios are shown in Figure 15 below. Overall GHG emission reductions for different NDC scenarios (including the FOLU) 200 150 GHG Emission (million tCO2e) 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 Year BAU Scenario NDC Scenario 1 NDC Scenario 2 NDC Scenario 3 Figure 15 Overall GHG emission reduction (including the FOLU) Source: NCSD (2020) As per Figure 15, the estimated emission reduction with FOLU by 2030 under different NDC scenarios will be approximately:  NDC scenario 1: 329.2 million tCO2e/year (212.4 % reduction, of which 92% is from FOLU),  NDC scenario 2: 64.6 million tCO2e/year (41.7% reduction, of which 59.1% is from FOLU); and  NDC scenario 3: 30.2 million tCO2e/year (19.7 % reduction, of which 12.5% is from FOLU). NDC Scenario 1 - Contribution by different sectors The share of distribution of the planned emission reduction under the NDC scenario 1 among the sectors is indicated in Figure 16 below. GHG emission reduction under the NDC scenario 1- 2030 1.8% 1.9% 0.2% 4.2% 329.2 million tCO2e 92.0% FOLU Energy Agriculture Industry(IPPU) Waste Figure 16 GHG emission reduction under the NDC scenario 1 in 2030 Source: NCSD (2020) Table 18: Sectoral share and absolute number of GHG emissions reduction under the NDC scenario 1 in 2030 Sector Sectoral share (%) GHG emission reduction (MtCO2e) FOLU 92.0 302.8 Energy 4.2 13.7 Agriculture 1.9 6.2 Industry (IPPU) 1.8 5.9 Waste 0.2 0.6 Total 100% 329.2 The NDC Scenario 1 has a mitigation target of 329.2 million tCO2e/year by the year 2030. This is a 212.4 % reduction compared to the BAU scenario. The FOLU is to provide the major share of 92% emission reduction by 2030. Other sectors like energy (4.2 %), agriculture (1.9%), industry (IPPU) (1.8 %), and waste (0.2 %) are also expected to contribute in a minor way. The FOLU sector would contribute to 49.2% of the total GHG emissions of the country by 2030 and 61% by 2016. However, this is a high national ambition. A main reason for the reduction of forest area is utilizing forest land for agriculture. Therefore, supporting policies such as increasing the yield of agricultural lands and possible interventions like forest gardens where a combination of large and small useful trees are planted in home gardens need to be explored in order to achieve this target without hindering the production of the agriculture sector. NDC Scenario 2 - Contribution by different sectors The share of distribution of the planned emission reductions under the NDC scenario 2 among different sectors is indicated in Figure 17 below. GHG emission reduction under NDC scenario 2- 2030 0.9% 9.1% 9.6% 64.6 million tCO2e 59.1% 21.3% FOLU Energy Agriculture Industry(IPPU) Waste Figure 17 GHG emission reduction under the NDC scenario 2 in 2030 Source: NCSD (2020) Table 19 Sectoral share and absolute number of GHG emissions reduction under the NDC scenario 2 in 2030 Sector Sectoral share (%) GHG emission reduction (MtCO2e) FOLU 59.1 38.1 Energy 21.3 13.7 Agriculture 9.6 6.2 Industry (IPPU) 9.1 5.9 Waste 0.9 0.6 Total 100% 64.5 Under the NDC scenario 2, an emission reduction of 64.6 million tCO2e/year is expected by 2030. This is a 41.7 % reduction compared with the BAU case. Even under this scenario, the FOLU is expected to provide the major share of the 59.1% reduction in emissions by 2030. Other sectors like energy (21.3%), agriculture (9.6%), Industry (IPPU) (9.1%), and waste (0.9%) are also expected to contribute in a significant way. This approach will have an even wider participation than scenario 1 and will have even better resilience to failures in the mitigation activities. Yet one disadvantage of the involvement of many sectors could be the need for more experts in many fields. However, this could be considered as an opportunity to develop or strengthen Cambodia’s capacity. NDC Scenario 3 - Contribution by different sectors The share of distribution of the planned emission reduction under the NDC scenario 3 among the various sectors is indicated in Figure 18 below. GHG emission reduction under NDC scenario 3- 2030 1.9% 12.5% 19.5% 30.2 million tCO2e 45.5% 20.6% Energy Agriculture Industry(IPPU) FOLU Waste Figure 18: GHG emission reduction under NDC scenario 3 in 2030 Source: NCSD (2020) Table 20 Sectoral share and absolute number of GHG emission reduction under the NDC scenario 3 in 2030 Sector Sectoral share (%) GHG emission reduction (MtCO2e) Energy 45.5 13.7 Agriculture 20.6 6.2 Industry (IPPU) 19.5 5.9 FOLU 12.5 3.8 Waste 1.9 0.6 Total 100% 30.2 Under the NDC scenario 3, the target emission reduction is 30.2 million tCO2e/year by 2030, which is a 19.7 % reduction compared with the BAU scenario. The main emphasis for emission reduction under this scenario is on the Energy sector (45.5%), followed by the Agriculture sector (20.6%). The Industry (IPPU) sector is at third place with a 19.5% expected contribution. The FOLU will also join with above sectors to make a more than 95% contribution in the emission reduction. Placing less emphasis on the FOLU could be more socially acceptable as the rapid de- forestation of the country would have been linked to the expansion of agriculture. Expecting a 20.6% share of emission reduction from agriculture also may be more acceptable to rural farming communities. However, there could be an effect on soil, water and other natural resources not considered in the GHG mitigation study. Mitigating emissions from the electricity sector will be directed mainly on renewable energy power generation. There will be barriers imposed by the availability and the absorption capacity of the grid which would have to be addressed for the achievement of the targets. Mitigating transport sector emissions would require policy instruments and carbon pricing instruments to promote low emission transport modes. Social acceptance would depend on the chosen approaches, public awareness and the instruments used. The other industrial sectors will expand and play a major role during Cambodia’s development. Therefore, energy efficiency and the process of developing existing and new industries must be improved to minimize the effect on emissions. As the cost of the RE is on the reducing trend use of renewable energy will be a cost-effective mitigation strategy. The RGC can decide on an NDC scenario to be followed based on the adaptability under the environmental, cultural, economic, technical and political conditions and priorities of the country. Mitigation measures The DCC of the GSSD, supported by CCCA, have been coordinating stakeholder engagement and collecting submissions from line ministries on priorities for the NDC revision for both mitigation and adaptation activities. The template used to ensure comparability across mitigation actions is the following. Table 21 Template for ministerial submissions for Mitigation Projects No Mitigation Government GHG Targets Co-benefits Finance Technology Gender Final action priority mitigation (environmental, availability score potential social, Costs Benefits adaptation) Scoring Government priority: 1=not in line with a government priority 2= no government policy in place 3=in line with the government priorities Mitigation potential (as example) 1= 0 k-15k, 2=15k-30k, 3=30k-60k, 4=60k-100k, 5=>100k tCO2e/year Targets: 1= target is difficult to reach 2= target is easy to reach Co-benefits: 1= action does not have many co-benefits 2= action has many co-benefits Finance: 1= cost/benefits= negative 2=cost/benefits=medium 2= cost/benefits= positive Technology: 1= not available 2= available Gender: 1= no impact on equality, no gender inclusion possible 2= medium impact on equality, medium gender inclusion possible 3= good possibility to build equality, gender inclusion Mitigation actions were identified from the NDC related information provided by the relevant ministries (MAFF, MISTI, MLMUPC, MME, MoE, MOEYs, MoT, MPWT, and NCDD). These projects were filtered and a list of mitigation projects was prepared. The mitigation projects are distributed among seven mitigation sectors: energy generation, waste, industry, transport, agriculture, building, and the FOLU. Table 22 shows the identified list. Table 22 Mitigation projects No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Sector Ministry 1 Promote sustainable energy practices in manufacturing MISTI Other Industries Garments: 2,291 GgCO2e, 55% by 2030 Bricks: 1,799 GgCO2e, 44% by 2030 Food and Beverage: 1,043 GgCO2e, 25% by 2030 2 Urban Planning Tools for Climate Change Mitigation and MLMUPC Building the urban planning solution in three sub cities residential Building commercial 3 Application of electrical equipment’s labelling & MEPS MME Building (Lighting, Cooling & Equipment) residential Building Reduce 1.2 TWh (29.7%) of electricity use in 2030 commercial 4 Improvement of process performance of EE by MME Other Industries establishment of energy management in Building buildings/industries residential Building Voluntary scheme for other companies, especially for SMEs to commercial reduce 10% in 2030 5 Public awareness campaigns, DTEBP-EE info centres MME Building residential Reduce 2% of energy consumption in 2030 Building commercial 6 Building codes and enforcement/certification for new MME Building buildings and those undergoing major renovation commercial Reduce 10% of electricity consumption in 2030 7 Introduction of efficient electrical motors and boilers MME Building commercial Reduce 2.3% of current electricity consumption in 2030 Other Industries 8 Improve sustainability of charcoal production through MME Building enforcement of regulations residential 9 Roadmap study on Integration of RE (Renewable Energy) MME Energy generation resources. 25 % of renewable energy in the energy mix (solar, wind, hydro, biomass) by 2030 10 New sanitary landfills with LFG extraction and LFG MoE Waste -MSW extraction at the Dangkor Landfill Agriculture - land- Increase the share of waste disposed at sanitary landfills with related LFG extraction from 0% in 2020 to 50% by 2030 and extract LFG from the Dangkor Landfill 11 Composting of biodegradable organic fraction of MSW MoE Waste- MSW supplemented with separation of organic waste (at source). If 10% of all MSW generated is composted by 2030 then up to 500 ktCO2e/year of GHG emissions can be avoided by 2030 12 Production of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) from either a) MoE Cement sector fresh MSW or b) old MSW mined from the Dangkor landfill. Waste -MSW No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Sector Ministry GHG ER from RDF + anaerobic digestion up to 200 ktCO2e/year 13 Implementation of National 3R strategy MoE Waste -MSW 14 Enhance maintenance and inspection of vehicle MPWT Passenger (Piloting maintenance and emission inspections of transport vehicles) 30 vehicle inspection centres in operation by 2030 15 Promote integrated public transport systems in main cities MPWT Passenger transport 16 Reducing GHG emission though off grid street lightening of NCDD Building rural municipality commercial Building 10 Sangkat of Senmonorom municipality, Kep municipality, residential and Preah municipality integration of climate change into financial management, institutional arrangement and policy reform by 2028. 17 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to MAFF Building 2000) (Small size (2-3-4m3) residential Agricultural land related 18 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to MAFF Energy generation 2000) Medium size(6-8-10m3) Agricultural land related 19 Bio-digesters construction (85% reduction compared to MAFF Energy generation 2000) Large size(>10m3) Agricultural land related Waste -MSW 20 Centralized recycling facility for industrial waste from the MISTI Waste -MSW garment sector Reduce 108,472 tCO2e/at an average of 10,847 tCO2e/year 21 Climate-friendly cooling of public sector buildings NCSD Building commercial Reduce 43 000ton/year 22 Toward Battambang city to green city NCDD Building commercial & 5 Sangkat of Battambang municipality integration of green Residential city by 2025 23 Shift long distance freight movement from trucks to train MPWT Freight Transport 24 Emission management from factories MoE Other Industry Monitor air quality at 105 factories annually and provide permit letter on air emission to 90 factories. 90% of factories to be licensed. 25 Increasing the effectiveness and sustainability of MAFF Agriculture land- agricultural land management techniques (Conservation related Agriculture) 26 Organic input agriculture and bio-slurry; and deep MAFF Agriculture land- placement fertilizer technology related 10 Provinces by 2030 No Mitigation Projects/Activities Lead Sector Ministry 28 Promote manure Management through compost making MAFF Agriculture land- process to reduce carbon emission related 25 provinces and cities by 2030 29 Better management of industrial wastewater in the food & MISTI Wastewater beverage sector 30 Implementation of National Cooling Action Plan MLMUCP Building commercial 31 Inclusion of performance requirements of Passive Cooling MLMUCP Building Systems in Building Energy Code of Cambodia commercial 32 Implementation of “passive cooling” measures in the cities MLMUCP Building (addressing urban heat island effect [UHIE]), public commercial buildings and commercial buildings. Source: Ministries’ submissions Table 23 FOLU targets No FOLU target Lead Sector Ministry 1 FOLU NDC Scenario 1: 60% forest cover by 2030 MAFF, FOLU Rectangular Strategy IV, INDC 2 FOLU NDC Scenario 2: Reduce 50% of historical emission REDD+ FOLU by 2030 Technical Secretariat (RTS 3 FOLU NDC Scenario 3: INDC emission reduction (4.7 INDC FOLU tCO2e/ha/year) Source: Ministries’ submissions and REDD+ Technical Secretariat (RTS)