Watersheds Policy for Jamaica

Layout 1 Watersheds Policy for Jamaica GOVERNMENT OF JAMAICA 2024 Watersheds Policy for GOVERNMENT OF JAMAICA DRAFT Jamaica 2024 Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 1 tentsTabTable of Conte MESSAGE BY DR. THE MOST HONOURABLE ANDREW HOLNESS, ON, PC, MP 3 ACRONYMS 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 1. INTRODUCTION 9 2. BACKGROUND 12 2.1 Physical Setting 12 2.2 Situational Analysis 14 2.2.1 Activities Affecting Watersheds 14 2.2.2 Status of Watersheds 15 2.2.3 Threats to Jamaica’s Watersheds 17 2.2.4 Impact of Climate Change on Watersheds 19 3. CURRENT LEGISLATION, POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 20 3.1 Existing Legislative Framework 20 Proposed Legislative Amendments 22 3.2 Existing Policy Framework 23 3.3 Institutional Framework 25 3.3.1 Natural Resources Conservation Authority (NRCA)/National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA) 25 3.3.2 Forestry Department 26 3.3.3 Water Resources Authority (WRA) 26 3.3.4 The National Integrated Watershed Management Council 26 3.3.5 The Integrated Water Resources Management Council (IWRMC) 27 3.3.6 Watershed Area Management Mechanism (WAMM) 27 3.4 Regional and Global Commitments 29 3.5 National Projects/Programmes on Watershed Management 30 3.6 Summary of Gaps and Challenges 30 4. POLICY 32 4.1 Vision 32 4.2 Goals 32 4.3 Policy Statement 32 4.4 Guiding Principles 32 4.5 Objectives 33 5. POLICY IMPLEMENTATION 39 5.1 Policy Implementation Plan 40 5.2 Institutional Arrangement 65 6. MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK 66 7. RISK MATRIX 82 8. GLOSSARY 83 9. REFERENCES 85 10. APPENDICES i 1 Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 2 Figure 1: Watershed Diagram 9 Figure 2: Soil Map of Jamaica 12 Figure 3: Map of Jamaica illustrating the 26 Watershed Management Units 13 Figure 4: Classification of Watershed Management Units (WMUs) 16 Figure 5: Institutional arrangement for watershed management 65 Table 1: Summary of Key Issues and Concerns regarding Watershed Management 31 Table 2: Strategic Activities Required to Attain the Policy Objectives 40 Table 3: Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 66 Table 4: Potential Risks Associated with the Development and Implementation of the Policy 82 Appendix I: Policies and Plans Relevant to Watershed Management i Appendix II: Approaches to the Management of Land and Water Resources iv Appendix III: Declared Watershed Areas v Appendix IV: Watershed Management Units and Hydrologic Basins vi Appendix V: Global and Regional Commitments Relevant to the Management of Watersheds vii Appendix VI: Main Global Agreements Focused on Sustainable Development xiii Appendix VII: Consolidated List of Watershed Management Projects (Direct and Indirect) 2006–2020 xv TA B LE O F FI G U R ES TA B LE O F TA B LE S TA B LE O F A P P EN D IC ES Message by Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 3 The health and productivity of the island’s watersheds are critical to the economic growth and development and environmental sustainability of the country based on the myriad of ecosystem functions and services that they provide. Hence, it is imperative that the island’s twenty-six (26) watershed management units are effectively restored and rehabilitated, particularly those that are severely degraded. According to the 2017 State of the Environment Report, more than a third of the total watershed areas in Jamaica were classified as either degraded (22%) or severely degraded (14%). The importance of these watersheds to the quality of life we experience cannot be overly emphasized. It is estimated that the Hope-Yallahs River Watershed is the source of water for approximately 40% of the Kingston Metropolitan Area. The restoration of these areas will require an integrated and coordinated approach involving various stakeholders, including the public and private sectors, civil society and importantly the general public working collaboratively to achieve a common objective – the preservation of the island’s watersheds. In this regard, every Jamaican is encouraged to play his/her part in facilitating the requisite paradigm shift in how we treat the environment, on which lives and livelihoods depend. Small positive actions by many can have a domino effect and result in significant outcomes. One of the primary functions of watersheds is to provide an area for the filtration, catchment and storage of the island’s water resources. Hence, the sustainable management and resilience of these areas are particularly important in responding to the impacts of climate change. Indeed, watersheds may be deemed as the natural reservoirs for our water resources. Therefore, it is important that we protect these areas from all sources of pollution, including air pollution, discharge of inadequately treated or untreated effluent, chemical pollution (pesticide and fertilizer run off from agricultural areas) and improper disposal of solid wastes, ecosystem degradation, including deforestation and habitat destruction due to human activities (including open burning), as well as inappropriate construction and development practices. The Watersheds Policy for Jamaica will provide the policy prescriptions necessary to inform the amendment of the Watersheds Protection Act (WPA), 1963. Indeed, the Policy seeks to, inter alia, identify and institute the governance arrangements and institutional framework necessary to allow for the sustainable management of the island’s watersheds. Additionally, the Policy recommends the establishment of a sustainable finance mechanism DR. THE MOST HONOURABLE ANDREW HOLNESS, ON, PC, MP Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 4 to support watershed management as well as the promotion and facilitation of sustainable land management practices. Once the Policy is approved, the Ministry of Economic Growth and Job Creation will be tasked with amending the WPA to align it with the Policy prescriptions. The Watersheds Policy will support and complement existing policies and strategies, including the National Water Sector Policy and Implementation Plan, the Forest Policy, the Climate Change Policy Framework for Jamaica and the Emissions Policy Framework as well as the relevant pieces of legislation, namely the Natural Resources Conservation Authority Act, the Water Resources Act, Forest Act, Public Health Act, Pesticides Act and the Mining Act. Additionally, it is also important to promote tools and arrangements such as payments for ecosystem services (also referred to as payments for environmental services) where individuals within the watershed areas are ‘incentivized’ or ‘compensated’ to conserve and maintain the ecological integrity within these areas. I would like to thank the Environment and Risk Management Branch of the Ministry of Economic Growth and Job Creation for their coordination in the development of this draft Policy. I would also like to encourage all stakeholders to become actively engaged in the finalization of this Policy and its effective implementation. Dr. the Most Honourable Andrew Holness, ON, PC, MP Prime Minister and Minister of Economic Growth and Job Creation Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 5 AGC Attorney-General's Chambers BPOA Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBO Community-based Organisation CCAM Caribbean Coastal Area Management Foundation CCD Climate Change Division CDB Caribbean Development Bank CLME Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystems (Project) EFJ Environmental Foundation of Jamaica ERMB Environment and Risk Management Branch FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FD Forestry Department GEF Global Environment Facility GIS Geographic Information System GIS-DSS Geographic Information System - Decision Support System GOJ Government of Jamaica IDB Inter-American Development Bank IWCAM Integrating Watershed and Coastal Area Management IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management IWRMC Integrated Water Resources Management Council JAS Jamaica Agricultural Society JIS Jamaica Information Service JBI Jamaica Bauxite Institute JCF Jamaica Constabulary Force JSIF Jamaica Social Investment Fund LFMCs Local Forest Management Committees LIWRMC Local Integrated Water Resources Management Committee LRD Legal Reform Department MAF Ministry with responsibility for Agriculture and Fisheries MCs Municipal Corporations MDA Ministries, Departments and Agencies MEGJC Ministry of Economic Growth and Job Creation MEYI Ministry with responsibility for Education, Youth and Information MFPS Ministry with responsibility for Finance and Public Service MGD Mines and Geology Division MHW Ministry with responsibility for Health and Wellness MIC Ministry with responsibility for Industry and Commerce MLGCD Ministry with responsibility for Local Government and Community Development MLSS Ministry with responsibility for Labour and Social Security MM Ministry with responsibility for Mining MPP Ministry with responsibility for Physical Planning MRE Ministry with responsibility for the Environment MRL Ministry with responsibility for Land MRW Ministry with responsibility for Water MT Ministry with responsibility for Tourism NCTFJ National Conservation Trust Fund of Jamaica NEPA National Environment and Planning Agency NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NIC National Irrigation Commission NIWMC National Integrated Watershed Management Council NIWMP National Integrated Watershed Management Programme NLA National Land Agency NRCA Natural Resources Conservation Authority NSDMB National Spatial Data Management Branch NWC National Water Commission OCPC Office of the Chief Parliamentary Counsel ODPEM Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management ACRONYMS Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 6 OUR Office Of Utilities Regulation PASMP Protected Areas System Master Plan PES Payments for Ecosystem Services PIOJ Planning Institute of Jamaica PSOJ Private Sector Organisation of Jamaica RADA Rural Agricultural Development Authority SBAJ Small Business Association of Jamaica SIDS Small Island Developing States SDC Social Development Commission SPAW Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife STATIN Statistical Institute of Jamaica SWB Sustainable Watersheds Branch TCPA Town and Country Planning Authority TPDCo Tourism Product Development Company UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USAID United States Agency for International Development WAMM Watershed Area Management Mechanism WMCs Watershed Management Committees WMU Watershed Management Unit WPA Watersheds Protection Act WRA Water Resources Authority “ ” Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The term ‘watershed’ is defined as the land area in which rain falls and from which water drains into a stream or river (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2022). This area covers not only the mountains and hill slopes but also includes the forests, farms, industries and housing developments. Jamaica is divided into 10 hydrologic basins and 26 watershed management units (WMUs) each usually identified by the name of the major river, which runs through it. While the protection of watersheds and adjoining areas as well as the promotion of the conservation of water resources were assigned to the Watershed Commission1 with the enactment of the Watersheds Protection Act (WPA), 1963, the range of issues to be addressed is wide and involves several Ministries, Departments and Agencies. Since the enactment of the WPA, there have been changes in the institutional, policy and legislative frameworks related to management of the island’s watersheds. Additionally, new technologies have become available, several projects and programmes implemented and new global commitments made. It is within this context that this Policy seeks to address the governance and management arrangements for effective watershed management. The Government of Jamaica’s policy prescription as articulated in the Watersheds Policy seeks to respond to the degradation of the island’s watersheds, challenges in the management of these areas, the need for greater coordination and partnership, at all levels, outdated laws and policies, as well as threats posed by global environmental issues such as climate change. According to the State of the Environment Report 2017, with respect to the status of the country’s watersheds, “…all 26 WMUs have been assessed as degraded to some extent… More than a third of the total watershed areas in Jamaica were classified as either degraded (22%) or severely degraded (14%); these are generally located on the eastern side of the island. The most severely degraded WMUs included Rio Minho, Wagwater, Hope River and Yallahs”. This Policy outlines the goals, objectives and principles that should guide decision-making by public sector agencies that have mandates concerning watershed management and includes provisions related to the engagement of communities and other stakeholders in watershed protection. The Policy takes into account commitments made by Jamaica under various global agreements related to environmental protection and sustainable development as well as the goals and objectives of related national plans and policies. The Vision of the Watersheds Policy for Jamaica is aligned with Vision 2030 Jamaica – National Development Plan, which is: Jamaica has healthy and optimally functional watersheds that provide sustained ecosystem services for the benefit of all in society. The Goals of the Policy are: 1. Strengthening of the legislative and institutional frameworks governing Jamaica’s watersheds to support effective and efficient management 2. Enhancement of capacities (human, technical, technological and financial) at all levels to allow for integrated watershed management 3. Increased access to data and information to facilitate informed decision-making at all levels 4. Increase awareness among Jamaicans regarding the importance of watersheds and encourage active participation in their conservation 5. To promote appropriate land use and sustainable land management 1The Watersheds Commission is the Natural Resources Conservation Authority as per section 42 of the Natural Resources Conservation Authority Act. Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 8 The Government will, to the extent possible, provide the requisite support to the responsible entities to enable them to effectively manage and protect critical areas within the island's WMUs. In this regard, partnerships will be forged at all levels— national and local —and include community-based and non-governmental organisations, academia, the private sector and multilateral agencies – to address common interests and concerns with respect to watershed management. The Policy includes eleven guiding principles: I. Transparency and accountability II. Precautionary approach III. Participation and collaboration IV. Conflict resolution V. Environmental economic tools and technology VI. Protection and sustainable use of water resources VII. Evidence-based approach VIII. Polluter Pays Principle IX. Access to information, justice in environmental matters and participation in the decision-making process (Principle 10 of Rio Declaration) X. Sustainability XI. Inter- and Intra-generational equity The five objectives of the Policy are: 1. Rationalization of legislative and institutional frameworks governing watershed and water resources management; 2. Enhance national capacities for effective watershed management; 3. Increase access to appropriate information and data for effective watershed management; 4. Increase public education, awareness and engagement to foster positive attitudes towards watershed protection and conservation; and 5. Support integrated land-use initiatives to conserve and preserve critical watershed areas The monitoring and evaluation of this Policy will be carried out by the Ministry with responsibility for the environment. Additionally, actions included in the Policy Implementation Plan will be included in the Medium-Term Socio-Economic Policy Framework (MTF) of Vision 2030 as well as the corporate and operational plans of the relevant agencies. All issues related to watershed management will be addressed by the Natural Resources Conservation Authority (NRCA) with the support of the National Integrated Watershed Management Council (NIWMC). Also, Reports on the State of the Environment will continue to include information on the state of Jamaica's watersheds. Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 9 The main purpose of this Policy is to address the institutional, policy and legislative frameworks for more effective management of Jamaica's critical watershed areas, taking into account all relevant policies and legislation as well as Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development. Definitions The Watersheds Protection Act, (1963), the principal law governing the island's management of watersheds, does not include a definition of the term 'watershed'. It is therefore imperative that this Policy defines key terms, including 'watershed' and 'watershed management unit', which are as outlined below: a. Watershed: "Area having a common outlet for its surface runoff" (World Meteorological Organization & United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2012). b. Watershed Management Unit: "A defined land area from the ridge of a mountain to the coast within which a group of sub-hydrological basins drain into a major water body." 1. INTRODUCTION Figure 1: Watershed diagram Adapted from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2022 Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 10 The watershed is the land area in which rain falls and from which water drains into a common outlet/common body of water such as a stream or river (Figure 1). This area covers not only the mountains and hill slopes but also includes the forests as well as the farms, industries and housing developments on them. Generally, watersheds provide many functions including a wide range of ecosystem services and goods, such as provision for freshwater, timber, food, fibre, soil formation, water and air filtration, nutrient cycling, carbon storage and medicinal plants. Watersheds typically feature high terrestrial bio-diversity, ground and surface water catchment and high mineral content. As a result of drainage and surface water flow, watersheds are linked to mountains/high elevations making the two systems interrelated. Watersheds and mountains are often fragile ecosystems that are susceptible to erosion, landslides and other natural hazards, which make them a priority area for strengthening resilience to climate change (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2017). Productive and healthy watersheds can also provide opportunities for recreation, ecotourism and sustainable livelihoods. It should be noted that in countries like Colombia and Costa Rica, payments for ecosystem services (PES) programmes compensate or incentivize landowners as encouragement for the conservation of land, enabling others to benefit from the ecosystem services provided. In this regard, sustainable land management and best management practices in watersheds must be observed. Integrated Watershed Management Approaches Land and water resources management activities have been undertaken in Jamaica since the late 1800s when recommendations were made to establish forest reserves in the Blue Mountains and in certain limestone formations for soil conservation, the retention of timber trees and protection of the hillsides from clearing (Hooper, 1886, as cited in Forestry Department, 2017). Documented reports from the 1900s continued to highlight the need for forest cover to improve water retention in catchments to ensure reliable potable/domestic water and reduce soil erosion (National Environment and Planning Agency, 2013). In the 1900s, the Government of Jamaica took steps to strengthen the legislative and institutional frameworks for watershed management. The Government undertook the following agriculture and land-use initiatives in collaboration with key stakeholders: • establishment of Land Authorities; • enactment of the Watersheds Protection Act of 1963; • implementation of the Farm Development Scheme; • Integrated Rural Development Project 1978- 1983; and • Hillside Agriculture Development Project of 1987-1997. In the 1980s, the emphasis gradually shifted to an integrated approach, which combined soil conservation and rural development, including improvement in livelihood opportunities. Following the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1992), watershed conservation programmes focused on the improvement of the rural environment and living standards, alleviation of poverty and public participation, as well as the protection of tropical forest and other natural resources. Several projects in the 2000s employed the ridge- to-reef approach, which is a holistic method considering the interconnectivity between coastal and marine areas ('reef') and their uplands ('ridge'). One such project was the 'Ridge to Reef Watershed Project'. This was a five-year initiative between the Government of Jamaica's National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The 'Integrating Watershed and Coastal Areas Management (IWCAM)' Project, funded by the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and implemented by NEPA, was another project during this period which also utilized the ‘ridge-to-reef’ approach. Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 11 As per the National Water Sector Policy and Implementation Plan, 2019, a key goal of water resources management decisions is the protection of watersheds at all points — from ridges and headwaters to the coastal waters that they feed. Jamaica's National Ecological Gap Report (2009) (NEGAR) noted that research on marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystem connectivity in protected areas should be a priority for the effective conservation of 'ridge to reef' areas. The NEGAR also considers how ecological connectivity could be incorporated into conservation strategies such as zoning and restoration. Another approved method for watershed management is the ecosystem-based approach, which views watershed management as the management of a complex ecosystem. It regards all its components — air, land, water, wildlife and humans — as interrelated. Appendix II provides a brief overview of the various strategies that have been employed in watershed management in Jamaica. Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 12 2.1 Physical Setting The island of Jamaica consists primarily of mountainous regions with over 60 per cent of the island having altitudes greater than 230 metres above sea level. It is often described as having a mountainous backbone attributed to the central ridge that transverses the length of the island. In the east, the crest of the ridge exceeds 2,100 metres above sea level for at least 16 kilometres, with the highest summit in the Blue Mountains. Limestone soils cover about 65 per cent of the watersheds, with the remainder being soils derived from weathered igneous and metamorphic rocks. Alluvial soils are mostly along the coastal plains and interior valleys. Figure 2 shows the distribution of soil types across the island. The watershed includes all the land from the mountains to the sea. Lands in the upper parts of the watersheds are characterised by steep slopes, the majority of which are greater than 20 degrees. The Blue Mountains Range — the island's highest and most extensive mountain form — is composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks and is dissected by a network of steep-sided ravines. This land formation gives rise to surface drainage by an extensive network of streams and rivers. In the limestone areas drainage by rivers is significantly less dominant. Under section 5 of the Watersheds Protection Act (WPA), the Minister by order, upon the recommendation of the Natural Resources Conservation Authority2 (NRCA), declared thirty- three (33) watershed areas from 1964 to 1983 with the majority being between 1982 and 1983 (Appendix III). 2. BACKGROUND Figure 2: Soil Map of Jamaica - Sources: NEPA (Design) and Rural Physical Planning Division [RPPD] (Data), 2020 2 On or after July 5, 1991, any reference to the Watershed Commission in any enactment or regulations was construed as a reference to the Natural Resources Conservation Authority (section 42 of the NRCA Act). Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 13 In 1995, for management purposes, the Underground Water Authority (later replaced by the Water Resources Authority [WRA]) and the NRCA, in collaboration with other agencies3, divided the island into 26 watershed management units (WMUs) each usually identified by the name of the major river, which runs through it. The WMUs are composites of watersheds within the 10 hydrological basins. Figure 3 illustrates the subdivision of the island into the WMUs, while the list of the areas, their approximate sizes and related hydrological basins are presented in Appendix IV. Each watershed has three physical and management subdivisions. These are the upper watershed, which begins at mountain tops and is characterised by steep slopes often over 20 degrees; the middle watershed, which separates the upper and lower areas; and the lower watershed, which consists of gently undulating foothills and flatlands ending on the coast. The upper and middle watersheds (lands 305 metres or 1000 feet and above) occupy almost three-quarters of the island and approximately 40 per cent of Jamaica's population is located therein, including the majority of small farmers, and a significant portion of Jamaica's non-traditional crops. Urban centres are mainly established in coastal areas, particularly on the southern side of the island, where there are more extensive, better- developed plains. 3The collaborating agencies included the National Water Commission, National Irrigation Commission, Meteorological Service of Jamaica, Rural Physical Planning Division, Caribbean Agricultural Research & Development Institute and the Planning Institute of Jamaica - State of the Environment Report 2013 (National Environment and Planning Agency, 2015). Figure 3: Map of Jamaica illustrating the 26 watershed management units - Source: NEPA, 2023 Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 14 Many upland watersheds — due to their location — are of utmost importance for providing water for urban, industrial, and agricultural development. Also, they are the sites for many other resources such as forestry, energy, recreation, mineral, and domestic and export crops, as well as the homes of small- scale farmers. Healthy forests play a crucial role in maintaining the overall well-being of watersheds, which are vital components of ecosystems responsible for water supply, regulation and purification. Some key aspects of the link between forest health and watershed health are: • Water Regulation: Forests act as natural sponges, absorbing and storing rainwater. They regulate the flow of water by releasing it gradually, preventing rapid runoff and reducing the risk of floods. This regulated flow helps sustain streamflow in watersheds. • Water Quality: Healthy forests contribute to better water quality. The root systems and forest floor filter pollutants and sediments, ensuring that water entering streams and rivers from the forested areas is cleaner and more suitable for various uses. • Groundwater Recharge: Forested areas faci- litate groundwater recharge by allowing rainwater to infiltrate the soil. This process helps maintain the water table and contributes to a sustained supply of groundwater within watersheds. • Climate Regulation: Forests play a role in climate regulation by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. Stable climate conditions, influenced by healthy forests, contribute to the overall resilience of watersheds. • Sustainable Resource Management: Forests provide timber and non-timber forest products. Sustainable management of these resources in healthy forests ensures that watersheds can contribute to benefit from these services without compromising long-term health. The health of forests and watersheds is intrinsically linked, with each influencing the well-being and functioning of the other. Conservation and sustainable management of forests are essential for maintaining the health and resilience of watersheds, contributing to overall ecosystem sustainability. 2.2 Situational Analysis 2.2.1 Activities affecting Watersheds The lowland areas are associated with many of the same environmental problems observed in the ridge area, notably erosion and poorly managed and excessive application of agricultural chemicals to cash crops such as sugar cane, papayas, bananas, and coconut plantations. Larger population centres and industries characterise these areas. The human settlements in the lowland areas are the major contributors to environmental degradation in many of the watersheds, primarily because of inadequate solid waste disposal practices and lack of sewage infrastructure or treatment. In urban watershed areas, there has been an increase in impervious surfaces. Water quality can be impacted by harmful pollutants in urban stormwater runoff which are channelled into gullies, rivers and other waterways. Surface water runoff, which may contain contaminants and sediments, is less likely to be intercepted before reaching surface waters. Further, hydrological functions, especially stream flows and channels, are substantially altered. Urban sprawl into areas zoned for agriculture can cause decreasing availability of agricultural land (Edwards, 2003). Soil erosion, land slippage and slope failure are widespread in the non-limestone watersheds as a result of the steep slopes, and thin or erosive soils, compounded with heavy and high-intensity rains in the upper watershed areas. Other particular features of Jamaica that necessitate due diligence in the protection of watersheds include the country's location within an area of earthquake susceptibility and hurricane tracks (Edwards, 2003). Anthropogenic activities exacerbate the pre- existing vulnerabilities, including cultivating without soil conservation, indiscriminate forest removal, improper construction and maintenance of roads, uncontrolled grazing, and unregulated and illegal quarrying and mining. All the above factors result in heavy siltation to surface waters such as rivers, reservoirs, irrigation Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 15 canals, water intakes, as well as harbours. Surface runoff is significantly increased from the excavation of slopes, diminished vegetation cover, compacting of soils, and other activities that reduce water intake to the soils. During heavy rains and hurricanes, floods become more frequent and severe. Contrastingly, in dry seasons, water shortage becomes a severe problem. NEPA's monitoring of watersheds has shown that improper solid waste disposal is also negatively impacting the condition of watersheds (NEPA, 2019). The solid waste problem has health, environmental, and aesthetic dimensions. Unplanned development exacerbates garbage accumulation. Further, many urban areas outside the major cities lack managed sanitary landfills. These unmanaged disposal sites are a nuisance, harbour rodents, and result in noxious odours. They may also result in the leaching of various pollutants into rivers, streams, and coastal bays. The ubiquitous litter, burning trash piles, and unmanaged dumps detract from the scenic beauty of the countryside. The problem of water pollution has also drastically increased in recent decades due to agricultural expansion and intensification, the use of more agricultural chemicals, agro-industry, and resettlement programmes in the watersheds. Pollution not only degrades water quality for domestic and industrial use, but also affects coastal resources including beaches, seagrass and coral reefs, and has direct and indirect negative impacts on the tourism industry. 2.2.2 Status of Watersheds In 1999, a National Watershed and Monitoring Programme for Jamaica was developed by Computer Assisted Development Inc. (CADI) for the Government of Jamaica. The 26 WMUs were classified into four groups of management priorities, mainly according to their physical conditions and management needs (Figure 4). A process for the identification of priority water- sheds was employed using the following steps: • Limestone vs Non-Limestone Areas In step 1, WMUs dominated with limestone, using a 60% area in the upper watershed as a cut-off line, were not considered high priority areas. These are areas dominated by karst topography, especially in white limestone regions. Little can be done in such areas to influence hydrology regimes, including water quantity, quality, erosion and sediments (CADI, 1999). Lucea River, Montego River, Martha Brae, Rio Bueno, Deans Valley River, Black River, Gut- Alligator Hole, Milk River and Drivers River were dominated by limestone; therefore, they were not considered as high priority areas and were placed in Group 4. Hence, the remaining WMUs were considered at step 2 below for further priority ranking. • With and without downstream interests The second step was to differentiate WMUs with downstream interests and those without. Downstream interests include cities, tourist attractions, reservoirs or dams. WMUs with downstream interests were considered for further priority ranking and those without downstream interests (such as Rio Nuevo, Spanish River, Plantain Garden River and New Savannah River) were placed into Group 3. • Watershed stability classification A stability evaluation was done for upper watersheds, using factors such as permanent vegetative cover, erosion hazards, landslide risk, rainfall intensity, stream density and road density. Each factor was given a value of "1" or "0" according to its condition. WMUs that had a score above 4 were more critical. South Negril/Orange River, Great River and Cabarita River were relatively stable; hence they were assigned to Group 3. However, the remaining WMUs were assigned to either Group 1 or 2. WMUs that had a score from 4-5 were assigned to Group 2 (second priority) and those with a score of 6 were assigned to Group 1 (first priority) (Figure 4). The WMUs of the highest priority for intervention were Hope River, Yallahs River, Wagwater River and Rio Minho (CADI, 1999). Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 16 In 2010, the Ecosystems Management Branch of the NEPA assessed 17 of the 26 WMUs, using four parameters namely: stream density, road density, downstream interest and population density. The results showed that several of the watersheds had deteriorated compared with the ranking done in 1999, except for Swift River, New Savannah River and Drivers River WMUs. These units are in the same category as they were in 1999, while improvements were noted in the Oracabessa-Pagee River and Rio Nuevo watersheds (Ecosystems Management Branch, 2010). The 2010 findings resulted in five key recommendations; one of which is that “…the Agency needs to engage in aggressive on the ground watershed initiatives to watershed users and so create the paradigm which is needed in our Jamaican Watersheds.” The other recommendations addressed watershed assessment and classification; database management; and the regulation of land use within watersheds, including the incorporation of zoning plans specific to watershed areas into development orders. According to the State of the Environment Report, 2017 regarding the status of the island’s watersheds, “all 26 WMUs have been assessed as degraded to some extent by the Global Environment Facility-Integrating Watershed and Coastal Area Management project… In terms of the relative proportion of land area, just over half (52%) of the total watershed area was classified as ‘Least Degraded’. These included nine of the 26 WMUs, including the two largest WMUs (Rio Bueno-White River and the Black River). Another seven WMUs (accounting for 12% of the total watershed area of Jamaica) were classified as “Less Degraded,” including the Great River and the Cabarita River. More than a third of the total watershed areas in Jamaica were classified as either degraded (22%) or severely degraded (14%); these are generally located on the eastern side of the island. The most severely degraded WMUs included Rio Minho, Figure 4: Classification of watershed management units (WMUs) - Source: NEPA, 1999 Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 17 Wagwater, Hope River and Yallahs” (National Environment and Planning Agency, 2019). One important observation that is being addressed by NEPA is the inclusion of water quality within watersheds as a parameter to support the watershed classification process. It started in 2021 and should last for a period of seven years. In this regard, the Agency has commenced routine water quality monitoring in the following watershed areas: Black River, Rio Cobre, Montego River, White River, Negril Orange River and Rio Minho. This National Water Quality Monitoring Programme will be expanded over time to include other watershed areas. It should be noted that the existing watershed boundaries (Figure 4) are currently being redefined. This redefinition is informed by updated analyses from the WRA as well as ongoing discussions on the subject between that Agency and the MEGJC, NEPA, the Forestry Department, and other key stakeholders. This activity aligns with new data and research from the WRA indicating the need for boundary updates. This redefinition of the boundaries of the watersheds is significant in that it will ensure that watershed conservation and the generated flow of ecosystem services benefit the targeted WMU as a whole. 2.2.3 Threats to Jamaica’s Watersheds In 2013, the Forestry Department conducted a land use cover assessment of the pressures and threats that Jamaica’s forests face. The key activities identified and their impacts are as follows: • The encroachment by farmers and informal settlers into forested areas, especially in the upper watersheds and riparian forests (along riverbanks), seeking to carry out small farming; • Illegal logging for lumber — especially for highly prized hardwoods such as Jamaican Mahogany and Blue Mahoe — but also for trees to make stakes for yam (yam sticks), scaffolding, fence poles and posts, or wood for charcoal kilns. These activities contribute to reduced quality of the country’s forests; • Infrastructural development to link major conurbations in Jamaica — in particular, the development of Highway 2000 and new toll roads — which facilitate greater access to forested areas for agriculture expansion and growth; • Forest removal to facilitate the extraction of minerals. When this removal occurs in areas of native limestone forest, the impact on biodiversity and the quantity and quality of groundwater can be significant. Furthermore, following mine closure, in line with provisions under the Mining Regulations, 1947 amended 2006, sites are to be restored “to the level of agricultural or pastoral productivity or of utilisation for afforestation purposes or such other uses as may be approved by the Commissioner or the Town and County Planning Authority”; and • Climate variability and change are leading to longer dry periods, which make forests more vulnerable to fires, droughts, and more intense hurricanes which — when coupled with deforestation, especially in the most critical watersheds — have increased human vulnerability to disasters and the loss of natural barriers to the spread of disease and the reproduction of pollinators. It is of note that an updated land use change assessment was undertaken by the Forestry Department in February 2021 which confirmed many of the drivers of land use identified in the 2013 assessment. NEPA conducted 20 stakeholder consultations over the 2013/14 financial year4 (National Environment and Planning Agency, 2015), and the top six issues impacting watersheds were identified as: • improper disposal of solid waste; • flooding; • poor farming practices including the improper use of agricultural chemicals; • soil erosion and landslides; • clearing of wetlands; and • blockage of drains and sinkholes. 4This is the last evaluation of multiple WMUs. Since then, NEPA has taken a more targeted approach at watershed management doing more in-depth studies such as rapid ecological assessments in a few WMUs per financial year. Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 18 Other issues identified were charcoal burning, poisoning of fish in rivers and poor quarrying practices. In a similar assessment conducted in the 2011/12 financial year, similar problems affecting the majority of the island’s watersheds were identified by NEPA. In the 2011/12 financial year assessment, the additional issues identified included deforestation and indiscriminate land clearance. Several of the factors contributing to these activities included socio-economic concerns such as people’s need to earn and support themselves financially, have a place to live and have access to essential social services. Another critical finding was the disinclination towards proactive enforcement of environmental and planning legislation, opting instead for reactive approaches (Ecosystems Management Branch, 2012). Urban watersheds are not without challenges, although they slightly differ from rural sections. The issues in urban watersheds include: • rapid population growth; • finite land resources; • vulnerability to natural disasters; • soil erosion; • chemical contamination; • lack of land tenure; • infrastructural development; • informal settlements; • deforestation; • forest conversion; • large developments linked to tourism in commercial and residential areas; • poor access to and availability of freshwater resources; Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 19 • inadequate solid waste disposal; and • groundwater pollution—from sewage, suspended solids, agricultural chemicals and runoff. 2.2.4 Impact of Climate Change on Watersheds The modelling of climate projections shows that temperatures in the Caribbean region are increasing, which could result in changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, more significant climate variability (Ministry of Water, Land, Environment and Climate Change, 2013) and rising sea levels. As noted in the Third National Communication of Jamaica to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2018, these changes will adversely affect Jamaica’s critical sectors including agriculture, fisheries, tourism, human health and energy. Several floods and hurricanes have had a significant impact on Jamaica. In 1996 and 1998, Portland experienced floods which had an associated rehabilitation cost of approximately JA$261.5 million and JA$832.3 million, respectively. For Hurricane Ivan (2004), the total cost of repairs was estimated at over JA$36 billion with the damage to environmental assets — excluding any loss of ecological services — accounting for more than ten per cent (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2004). The island experienced the effects of Hurricane Dean in 2007 with resulting damage of over JA$23 billion; however, as there was a lack of information on environmental assets before its passing, it was unrealistic to assess the impacts of this system quantitatively. Damage to the coastal and inland ecosystems was described to be a result of “storm surge, and defoliation; destruction of wildlife habitats; landslides and vegetation damage” (Planning Institute of Jamaica, 2007). The Climate Change Policy Framework for Jamaica, 2023, lists the following potential impacts of climate change on water resources: • contamination of groundwater resources due to the intrusion of seawater into coastal aquifers as sea level rises; • higher levels of sedimentation in reservoirs and dams and sediment transport to coastal areas as soil erosion increases with higher incidences of more intense rainfall and hurricane events; • adverse shifts in climatic conditions for agricultural cultivation due to changes in temperature; • increasing degradation and destruction of watersheds caused by the displacement of traditional activities/livelihoods such as farming; • shortage of water during periods of prolonged droughts; and • damage to infrastructure (roads, bridges, electricity generation and transmission systems, seaports, airports, pipelines and dams) caused by extreme and slow onset events. The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) conducted an overview of the economics of climate change in Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC, 2014). The integrated management of watersheds and coastal areas as well as the protection of coastal wetlands and education on ecosystem services were amongst the adaptation measures proposed to combat the impact of climate change on agriculture, coastal areas and the water sector. Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 20 3. CURRENT LEGISLATION, POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS Jamaica is guided by the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms. The Charter is the legal framework that outlines and protects the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals. It establishes the foundation for the protection of these rights, ensuring that they are respected and upheld within the legal and judicial systems of Jamaica. Section 13(3)(l) of the Charter guarantees all Jamaicans the right to enjoy a healthy and productive environment free from the threat of injury or damage from environmental abuse and degradation of the ecological heritage. 3.1 Existing Legislative Framework The following legislations primarily govern watershed management in Jamaica: the Watersheds Protection Act (WPA) (1963), the Natural Resources Conservation Authority Act (NRCA Act) (1991), the Forest Act (1996), Water Resources Act (1995), and Rural Agricultural Development Authority Act (RADA Act) (1990). As per section 42 of the NRCA Act, any reference to the Watersheds Commission in any enactment or regulations or any instrument in writing issued pursuant to a statutory power and having effect on or after July 5, 1991, shall be construed as a reference to the NRCA. Section 22 of the WPA empowers the Commission5, subject to the Minister’s approval, to “…from time to time appoint committees to be known as Watersheds Protection Committees to whom work may be committed by the Authority.” These Committees have all the functions of the Authority in the watershed within which it is assigned, except for the powers of making regulations, entering into an assisted improvement agreement (without the Authority’s authorization) and the acquisition and disposal of property as outlined in section 23 of the WPA. The objective of the Watersheds Protection Act, 1963, is to protect water resources by effectively controlling land use and regulating specific activities that are likely to harm water resources. Under section 5 of the WPA, Ministerial Orders for the declaration of thirty-three (33) Watershed Areas were issued over the period 1964 – 1983. The Watersheds Protection Commission was also appointed for a period. The WPA is outdated and has no provisions regarding participatory approaches, public education or the involvement of local communities in watershed management. Several key definitions are not included in the Act, including the term ‘watershed’. Additionally, no regulations have been promulgated per the WPA, which limits the effectiveness of implementing the Act. Notably, however, the WPA included novel concepts on the protection of watersheds such as the Assisted Improvement Agreement6 and provisional schemes7 partnership between the government and the private sector. The Natural Resources Conservation Authority Act, 1991, establishes the provisions for the effective management of the physical environment of Jamaica to ensure the conservation, protection and proper use of its natural resources and promotes public awareness of the ecological systems of Jamaica and their importance to the social and economic life of the island. In performing its functions, the Authority may develop, implement and monitor plans and programmes relating to the 5 Natural Resources Conservation Authority is deemed as Watersheds Commission 6According to section 10 (1) of the WPA: “Subject to subsections (2) and (3), the Authority may enter into an agreement with the owner of any construction parcel and with any other interested person for the carrying out of improvement works in relation to such construction parcel (in this Act referred to as an assisted improvement agreement). The WPA defines the Authority as the NRCA. 7Section 12 of the WPA: “…after the preparation of any provisional scheme, the authority shall cause to be published in not less than three issues of the Gazette, and at intervals not less than seven or more than ten days in three issues of the daily newspaper printed for sale and published in Jamaica.” Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 21 management of the environment and the conservation and protection of natural resources (section 4). Under the Natural Resources Conservation (Permits and Licences) (Amendment) Regulations, 2015, environmental permits are required for the following: • River basin development and improvement projects; • Irrigation and water management projects including improvements; • Land reclamation and drainage projects; and • Watershed development and soil conservation projects, including river training such as works in river channelling and water resources transferal amongst river basins, check dams and retaining walls. The Natural Resources Conservation Authority (Environmental Protection Measures) Order, 2016, outlines measures to address the threat of wildfires, which are associated with dry conditions, to biodiversity, ecosystems and watersheds. The Order specifies that annually, from February to October, special environmental protection measures are to be applied, along with any requirements for land use, in ten watershed areas (as declared under section 5 of the WPA), namely: i. Black River ii. Yallahs Valley iii. Bull Savannah iv. Rio Minho Extension v. Wag Water vi. Fresh River vii. Rio Minho viii. Hermitage ix. Hope River x. Rio Cobre The Forest Act, 1996, provides for the Forestry Department to, inter alia, protect and preserve Forest Reserves and Forest Management Areas. The Forest Act includes among the functions of the Forestry Department, the “protection and preservation of watersheds in forest reserves, protected areas and forest management areas” (section 4 [n]). This mandate is further articulated in the Forest Policy for Jamaica, 2017. Proposals for the amendment and updating of the Forest Act are included in the Forest Policy, 2017, and the National Forest Management and Conservation Plan 2016– 2026. However, given the volume of amendments proposed for the Forest Act, a policy decision was made that the Act should be repealed and replaced instead of amended. In this regard, Cabinet by Decision No. 5/24, dated February 12, 2024, approved the repeal and replacement of the Forest Act. The Water Resources Act, 1995, established the Water Resources Authority (WRA) to regulate, allocate, conserve and manage the water resources of Jamaica. The Act also enables the WRA to perform such other functions relating to the management, conservation and use of water resources as may be assigned to it by or under this Act or any other enactment. The Authority may obtain, compile, store and disseminate data concerning the water resources of Jamaica and prepare a Master Plan for the proper management of such resources. Section 14 of the Act provides for the appointment of a Water Resources Advisory Committee to inform the Minister of (i) general policy matters related to the management, development, conservation and use of water resources, and (ii) the Master Plan and Water Quality Control Plans, among other things. The Climate Change Policy Framework for Jamaica, 2023, supports the objectives outlined in Vision 2030 Jamaica - National Development Plan. The Policy Framework particularly focuses on supporting the implementation of Goal 4 ‘Jamaica has a healthy natural environment’. Additionally, it contributes to achieving National Outcomes 13 and 14, which involve the sustainable management of environmental and natural resources and hazard risk reduction and adaptation to climate change, respectively. The Framework recognises the potential impact of climate change on water resources and the economic sectors that depend on water. Water plays a crucial role as a vital input for various sectors, encompassing agriculture, energy, mining and quarrying, manufacturing, tourism, Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 22 housing, sanitation and health services. The Framework highlights initiatives such as rainwater harvesting for water conservation. The Rural Agricultural Development Authority Act, 1990, provides for the Authority to “encourage and, so far as may be practicable, having regard to the financial and other resources and to the statutory powers of the Authority, to secure the proper economic and efficient utilisation of land in the rural areas” (section 4 [1] [b]). A provision of ‘improvement work’ is included in section 9 (1) of the WPA and section 14 (1) of the RADA Act. The main difference is that the RADA Act stops short of a reference to the conservation of water resources. The Town and Country Planning Act, 1957, addresses the orderly development of land primarily through development orders which are the primary means of control of land use in Jamaica. Section 5 (1) provides that “the Authority may after consultation with any local authority concerned prepare so many or such provisional development orders as the Authority may consider necessary in relation to any land, in any urban or rural area, whether there are or are not buildings thereon, with the general object of controlling the development of the land comprised in the area to which the respective order applies, and with a view to securing proper sanitary conditions and conveniences and the coordination of roads and public services, protecting and extending the amenities, and conserving and developing the resources, of such area.” Several of the more recently promulgated development orders contain sectoral policies that speak to watershed protection; particularly the recent ones such as Hanover. Other legislation relevant to watershed management include: • Country Fires Act, 1942; • Wild Life Protection Act, 1945; • Mining Act, 1947; • Floodwater Control Act, 1958; • Land Development and Utilization Act, 1966; • River Rafting Act, 1970; • Quarries Control Act, 1983; • Public Health Act, 1985; • National Solid Waste Management Act, 2001; • The Pesticides Act, 1987; • National Water Commission Act, 1963; and • Disaster Risk Management Act, 2015. Proposed Legislative Amendments There are proposals for the amendment of laws or the promulgation of new legislation relevant to watershed management. Both the Forest Policy for Jamaica (2017) and the National Forest Management and Conservation Plan refer to proposed amendments to the Forest Act, 1996, and the Forest Regulations, 2001. The proposed amendments to the Forest Act included expansion of the regulatory function of the Forestry Department as it relates to forest management and protection including, inter alia, regulation of certain activities in privately owned forests, stricter controls on activities allowed in forest reserves, and strengthening the capacities of Local Forest Management Committees to co-manage forested areas. The National Water Sector Policy and Implementation Plan, 2019, addresses the need for amendment of the Water Resources Act — including the institutional arrangements for integrated water resources management— and the Floodwater Control Act. Section 14 of the Mining Act of 1947 provides for the acquisition of lands, that are wholly or in part covered by an active mining lease, for public purposes. The National Minerals Policy (2017- 2030) refers to proposals to modernise the Mining Act of 1947, incorporating best practices for environmental management. The Public Health Act (1985), the Country Fires Act (1942) and the National Solid Waste Management Act (2001) require in-depth review and updating given the institutional and policy developments since their enactment. In 2005, preliminary drafting instructions were prepared for the development of the National Environment and Planning Act to marry environmental and planning laws such as the Wild Life Protection Act (1945), the Watersheds Protection Act (1963), the Town and Country Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 23 Planning Act (1957) and the Land Development and Utilization Act (1966). The preliminary instructions include a new structure for environmental management. This proposal is still under review. It should be noted that work has commenced on the amendment of the Wild Life Protection Act (1963). The Watersheds Protection Act (WPA) will be amended to take into account the related proposals outlined in the Watersheds Policy. The proposals include, inter alia, definition of key terms, amendment of sections 22 and 23 of the WPA to delete all references to Watersheds Protection Committees (WPCs) which will be replaced instead by the establishment of Watersheds Management Committees (with specified functions; not expansive as that outlined for WPCs) and the appointment of the National Integrated Watershed Management Council (NIWMC) with its constitution and procedure specified in a new Schedule of Act. The omnibus Protected Areas legislation will be promulgated once the new Protected Areas Policy is finalized. In the 2023/24 Financial Year, Protected Areas Regulations were promulgated under the NRCA Act. 3.2 Existing Policy Framework Several policies, plans and guidelines developed by the Government are of relevance to watershed management as they affect many types of activities which take place in watershed areas. Several national policies related to natural resources management have been approved since 2015 or are in the process of being revised or updated. Vision 2030 Jamaica — National Development Plan 2009–2030 has four national goals: Goal 1: Jamaicans are empowered to achieve their fullest potential; Goal 2: The Jamaican society is secure, cohesive and just; Goal 3: Jamaica’s economy is prosperous and; Goal 4: Jamaica has a healthy natural environment. Goal 4, which considers the environment and, is most applicable under this policy has three National Outcomes: Outcome 13 (Sustainable Management and Use of Environmental and Natural Resources), Outcome 14 (Hazard Risk Reduction and Adaptation to Climate Change), and Outcome 15 (Sustainable Urban and Rural Development). Goal 4 recognises that healthy, productive and protective environments, social systems and economies are the basis of development, sustainability and human welfare. While substantial progress in environmental management has been made, a myriad of challenges still exists including: • watershed degradation; • loss of biodiversity; • net loss of forest cover; • deteriorating air and water quality; • poor management of solid, liquid and hazardous wastes; and • increasing incidence of fires. The central policies and plans relevant to watershed management include: • The National Land Policy (1997): The objectives of this policy are to ensure sustainable, productive and equitable development, use and management of the country’s natural resources. Revisions made to the policy in 2017 address watershed protection, noting among the issues the lack of a coordinated approach to the management of watersheds, forests, protected areas, coastal areas and waste, including hazardous waste. • Policy for Jamaica’s System of Protected Areas (1997): This policy defines a protected area as an area of water or land that is managed for the protection and maintenance of its ecological systems, biodiversity and specific natural, cultural or aesthetic resources. The policy includes the category of ‘protected watershed.’ A draft Overarching Policy for Jamaica’s Protected Areas System was prepared in 2019 under the project ‘Strengthening the Operational and Financial Sustainability of the National Protected Areas System’, funded by the Global Environment Facility. The draft took into account, inter alia, the existing policy and legislative gaps in the protected areas system and the tenets of the 2013–2017 Protected Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 24 Areas System Master Plan (PASMP). It is anticipated that this new Policy, which will replace the 1997 Protected Areas Policy for Jamaica, will be finalized in the 2024/25 Financial Year. • Protected Areas System Master Plan [PASMP] 2013–2017: The matter of inter-agency coordination is central to the PASMP. The Plan is based on the Protected Areas Programme of Work of the Convention on Biological Diversity. One of the main principles of the PASMP is to “Protect habitats, ecosystems, species and genetic resources and cultural and natural heritage”. This includes restoration and protection of watersheds, rivers, wetlands, forests, coral reefs, and other critical ecosystems so that essential resources, such as water, soil, and related ecosystem services are available for the sustainable development of the country. • Forest Policy for Jamaica (2017): The goals of the Forest Policy are (i) Improved Governance Arrangements in Relation to the Management of the Island’s Forests; (ii) Increased Forest Ecological System Conservation and Protection; and (iii) Incorporation of Socio-Economic Considerations into Forest Conservation and Preservation. The Forestry Department’s supporting role to the executing agencies, NEPA and WRA, is set out in the policy, including its responsibility to protect and preserve Forest Reserves and Forest Management Areas in the upper watersheds around water sources. It noted that transparency, public participation, education and awareness and the involvement of communities and the private sector are essential aspects of forest management. • National Forest Management and Conservation Plan (NFMCP) 2016–2026: The National Forest Management and Conservation Plan updates the five-year Strategic Forest Management Plan for the period 2010–2015. The goal of the NFMCP is to “Sustainably manage and utilise Jamaica’s forest resources to enhance social and economic development and contribute to building the country’s climate resilience.” Among the issues noted in the plan is that there is insufficient institutional capacity in the Forestry Department, its partners and forest communities to support the efficient and effective implementation of the NFMCP. Coordination and harmonization among stakeholders are identified as a cross-cutting issue. • National Strategy and Action Plan on Biological Diversity in Jamaica 2016-2021 (2016): The Strategy outlines plans and programmes for the sustainable use of Jamaica’s biodiversity and notes that the protection and conservation of forests and watershed areas are critical to species diversity and the preservation of ecosystems and habitats. The NBSAP will be updated to take into account the Kunming- Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework which was adopted by the 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in December 2022. This updated NBSAP will include, inter alia, new national biodiversity targets. • National Water Sector Policy and Implementation Plan, 2019: The Policy provides an update to the 2004 Water Sector Policy Strategies and Action Plan and outlines the current situation in the water and wastewater sector and the principles, objectives and policy directions for the management of the country’s water resources in keeping with Vision 2030 Jamaica—National Development Plan. The Policy recognizes the critical role that water resources play in the realization of the National Vision “Jamaica, the place of choice to live, work, raise families and do business,” and will therefore seek to manage the resources in a sustainable and integrated way to facilitate the population having universal access to potable water and adequate sanitation by 2030. The National Water Sector Policy and Implementation Plan focuses on the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) approach and the mainstreaming of climate adaptation initiatives and participatory processes in the sector. The goal of the policy is to ensure that Jamaica’s water resources are Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 25 effectively managed to provide for our nation’s social, economic, and environmental well-being, now and in the future. The vision, goals and objectives of the National Water Sector Policy and Implementation Plan are consistent with those in the Watersheds Policy for Jamaica. • Local Sustainable Development Plans: Several local authorities have prepared Local Sustainable Development Plans. The purpose of the Local Sustainable Development Plans is to guide the orderly growth and development of parishes while identifying and integrating projects and activities that will facilitate long- term growth. • National Minerals Policy (2017–2030): Goal 3 of the policy recognises that land use should consider watershed, forest and ecological protection. It considers coordination between economic development and environmental conservation to achieve the sustainability of both sectors. According to the policy, a strategy related to environmental stewardship is to “ensure effective rehabilitation of mined-out and other disturbed lands”. In order to improve environmental stewardship in the mining sector, best environmental management practices should be adhered to, including the disposal of waste materials that are generated by the sector. • Jamaica’s Comprehensive Disaster Risk Management Policy and Strategy (2020- 2040) (Green Paper): Over time, the deterioration of ecosystems, including forests, wetlands, watersheds, and coral reefs, has played a role in amplifying the consequences of natural disasters in Jamaica. These natural systems, essential for their protective functions, are now compromised. Anticipated trends, such as accelerated urbanization, escalating environmental degradation, and the effects of climate change, are expected to perpetuate the impacts of natural hazards, further intensifying disaster risk and undermining resilience. The objective of this Disaster Risk Management Policy is to strengthen Jamaica’s social and economic resilience by the year 2040, effectively mitigating the adverse impacts of national disasters stemming from natural hazards, climate change, man-made disasters, and biological hazards. Other relevant policies pertaining to watershed management and conservation include the Housing8, Transport, Land Use, and Agricultural Land Utilization Policies. A recurring theme among the policies and actions related to the supply of water is the evaluation of watersheds and identification of practices and activities that contribute to degradation; the establishment of corrective guidelines and monitoring strategies to mitigate degradation; and the promotion of public involvement and participation in the decision-making process. 3.3 Institutional Framework The institutional framework for watershed management in Jamaica comprises a mix of management structures based on regulatory, technical, advisory and extension functions. Currently, management functions are undertaken by government agencies established by statute, ad hoc coordinating committees, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and external funding agencies. 3.3.1 Natural Resources Conservation Authority (NRCA)/National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA) The NRCA has the responsibility to manage, conserve and protect the natural resources of Jamaica. Overall responsibility for local watershed management is conferred on the Authority, which by section 42 of the NRCA Act, 1991 is the NRCA. As per section 4 of the WPA, the duty of the Authority in the promotion of the conservation of water resources is to “…institute such measures and to recommend to the Minister for the implementation of such programmes as it considers necessary for the protection of those areas which constitute or adjoin the watersheds of the Island”. 8The National Housing Policy for Jamaica was finalized in 2023. Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 26 With the establishment of NEPA in 2001 (a merger of the staff of the NRCA, the Town Planning Department and the Land Development and Utilization Commission), the Sustainable Watersheds Branch (SWB) came into being which replaced the Watersheds Protection Management Unit of NRCA. The focus of the SWB was on monitoring and coordinating activities within watersheds, providing general oversight and promoting public awareness of watershed issues. The SWB was then merged with the Biodiversity and Coastal Zone Management branches of NEPA to form the Ecosystems Management Branch (EMB). Although the NEPA no longer carries out physical works, the Agency advises the National Works Agency on watershed- related works, primarily restoration, as the need arises. 3.3.2 Forestry Department The Forestry Department has responsibility for, inter alia, the protection and preservation of watersheds in areas declared as forest reserves, protected areas or forest management areas. The National Forest Conservation and Management Plan (2016– 2022) sets out in detail the Department’s plans to manage forests9. In some forest reserves in upper watershed areas, forest management plans are developed by the Local Forest Management Committees (LFMCs) established under section 12 of the Forest Act. Pursuant to section 12 (3) of the Forest Act, the Conservator shall, from time to time, make available to any forest management committee technical advice and assistance as may be necessary to assist the committee in its functions. Eighteen LFMCs have been established to date. 3.3.3 Water Resources Authority (WRA) The role of the Water Resources Authority established under the Water Resources Act, 1995, includes the management of water resources, allocation of water and control of the quality of water resources. Additionally, section 14(1) of the Act established the Water Resources Advisory Committee (WRAC) has as its functions the provision of advice to the Minister on: (i) matters of general policy relating to the management, development and conservation of the island’s water resources, (ii) the Master Plan and Water Quality Control Plans and any amendments thereto, and (iii) and such other matters related to water resources that the Minister may refer to it. The Chief Executive Officer of the WRA serves as the Secretary of the WRAC (Second Schedule of the Water Resources Authority Act). In terms of inter-agency responsibility for water quality, there is a Memorandum of Understanding among WRA, NRCA/NEPA, the Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency and the Ministry of Health and Wellness. This Agreement was signed in 2020 for an effective period of five years, with the option of extending for a further three years. It represents the shared acceptance of the responsibility of these agencies for water quality management, amongst other things. 3.3.4 The National Integrated Watershed Management Council The National Integrated Watershed Management Programme (NIWMP), 1999, included a recommendation for the establishment of the National Integrated Watershed Management Council (NIWMC). In 2000, the Cabinet approved the appointment of a multi-disciplinary and multi- sectoral Council whose role was to improve cohesion, planning, fundraising, resource allocation, coordination, monitoring and evaluation and implementation of watershed programmes and projects. The Council was to be the critical link with donor and lender agencies that are active in watershed management in Jamaica and provide policy advice to Cabinet. The Council was to report to Cabinet and the Minister responsible for the environment portfolio on the implementation of the NIWMP Framework. Included in the responsibility of the NIWMC are: • ensuring consensus for acceptance by all major stakeholders, of future/projects and development proposals; 9The Forestry Department has prepared a National Mangrove and Swamp Management Plan which will address issues related to the island’s mangrove forests. Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 27 • ensuring that planning is based on an integrated approach and incorporates the input of the local stakeholders; • identifying funding in support of the programmes; • liaising with NEPA in monitoring the effectiveness of the NIWMP; and • preparing and submitting progress reports to the Houses of Parliament. NIWMC’s achievements included the implementation of the Better Environments for Social Trans- formation (BEST) Community Competition and Programme; an annual national competition and programme aimed at the sustainable development of communities and Jamaica (BEST Community Competition and Programme, 2008). It encouraged community self-help activities in a variety of areas. It also sought to establish partnerships between communities and those who have technical, professional, spiritual, educational and financial capabilities. The priority areas included the built environment; natural environment; socio-economic; hazard mitigation and disaster preparedness; education; health; waste management and heritage and culture. However, the NIWMC has not functioned over several years due to varying reasons, including capacity constraints. After an assessment of the previous weaknesses of the Council, this Policy has recommended that the Council be re-established with its constitution and procedure included as one of the proposed amendments of the WPA. 3.3.5 The Integrated Water Resources Management Council (IWRMC) Under the National Water Sector Policy and Implementation Plan 2019, the Integrated Water Resources Management Council (IWRMC) was established with an expanded role replacing the National Integrated Watershed Management Council. Similar to the NIWMC, the IWRMC is a multi- disciplinary and multi-sectoral body led by the Ministry with portfolio responsibility for water and reporting to the Cabinet. It involves key stakeholders in the land, water and water-related sectors. The responsibilities assigned to the IWRMC include: • making recommendations to the Minister responsible for water for all IWRM-related matters; • overseeing the preparation of a comprehensive IWRM framework; • coordinating the implementation of water management plans/programmes at the macro and micro levels. This will eliminate the overlapping of responsibilities of Ministries, Departments and Agencies, which often results in conflicting objectives; • reviewing, monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the IWRM framework; • identifying financial and technical support for projects and programmes; • making recommendations for amendments to existing laws and/or the need for new laws; • periodically reviewing development plans within the context of the IWRM framework; • liaising with agencies to obtain relevant data to guide decision-making; • recommending incentives for private sector investment for improving water resources in Jamaica; • developing criteria and procedures for the establishment of Local Integrated Water Resources Management Committees (LIWRMC) and the integration of existing groups; • reviewing and monitoring the institutional capacities and strengthening of the LIWRMC and governance mechanisms; and • preparing and submitting progress reports through the Ministry with portfolio responsibility for water to the Cabinet. 3.3.6 Watershed Area Management Mechanism (WAMM) The Watershed Area Management Mechanism (WAMM) was developed under the GEF/UNEP/UNDP/GOJ project “Integrating Watershed and Coastal Area Management in Caribbean Small Island Developing States” (2006–2011). The development and subsequent implementation of the WAMM was one of the outputs of Jamaica’s component under the regional project. The WAMM provides a framework Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 28 for collaboration between public bodies to achieve an integrated approach to watershed management and to focus on attitudinal and behavioural changes of community members individually and collectively. It also provides a means of replication of watershed initiatives as experiences are recorded and shared. The WAMM has 10 main components which are: I. Engagement of the Community II. Formalisation of Governance Approach III. Reconnaissance of Resources IV. Capacity Building through Training V. Establishing Indicators for Assessment and Evaluation VI. Environmental Monitoring, Mitigation and Evaluation VII. Capacity Building to Access External Funding VIII. Developing Sustainable Livelihoods IX. Capturing Lessons Learnt X. Broadcasting the Experience The WAMM was implemented as a pilot in the Driver’s River watershed management unit by the project between 2009–2010. Since its development, various components of the WAMM have been implemented in selected communities in 14 WMUs. Due to limited financial and human resources, the full implementation of all WAMM components within the 26 WMUs was constrained. The Medium Term Socio-Economic Policy Framework (2015–2018) specified that the WAMM was to be further refined based on a review. This review was finalized under the Government of Jamaica/Inter- American Development Bank/Global Environment Facility Integrated Management of the Yallahs and Hope River Watershed Area Project (2014–2020) in 2020. The recommendations arising out of the review have informed the policy prescriptions included in this Policy on the WAMM. Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 29 3.4 Regional and Global Commitments Jamaica has commitments under several environmental treaties and has developed related Action Plans for implementation accordingly. An overview of the main treaties which are relevant to the protection of biodiversity and watershed management is provided in Appendix V and outlined below: • The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992; • The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1994; • The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa (UNCCD), 1994; • The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 1971 (Ramsar Convention); • The Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region, 1983 (Cartagena Convention); • The United Nations Forest Instrument, 2015 — formally known as the Non-Legally Binding Instrument on All Types of Forests (NLBI); • The Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities, 1995; • Regional agreement on access to information, public participation and justice in environmental matters in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2018 (based on Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development); • The Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972 (the UNESCO World Heritage Convention); and • International Plant Protection Convention, 1951. While the international agreements/treaties do not speak specifically to watershed management, the country’s obligations to these agreements focus on the conservation and sustainable use of the resources of the terrestrial and marine environment. Appendix VI highlights the key global agreements that are focused on sustainable development. With Agenda 21, the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) established sustainable development as a shared global priority and identified integrated approaches to the management of natural resources as a means to achieve it (UNCED, 1992). The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 2016–2030, comprises 17 global goals, 169 targets and 230 indicators. Several of the goals are relevant to watershed management, specifically: • Goal 2: Zero Hunger End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. • Goal 5: Gender Equality Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. • Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. • Goal 13: Climate Action Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. • Goal 14: Life Below Water Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. • Goal 15: Life on Land Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. The Watersheds Policy is consistent with Jamaica’s international obligations concerning the protection of biodiversity and watershed management and Jamaica’s commitment to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Indeed, the Road Map for SDG Implementation, 201710, was developed to assist Jamaica in achieving the Agenda 2030 and the 10The Road Map is the product of a collaboration between the national focal points — the Planning Institute of Jamaica (PIOJ), Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade (MFAFT) and the Statistical Institute of Jamaica (STATIN) — and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 30 SDGs. It covers the alignment of the SDGs with Vision 2030, the implementation of which is monitored by the Planning Institute of Jamaica (PIOJ), and other national priorities, financing, accelerators to galvanise progress towards national development objectives, data requirements, institutional coordination and advocacy (Government of Jamaica, 2017). Jamaica has reported on its progress in meeting the SDGs through the submission of Voluntary National Reviews to the United Nations (in 2018 and 2022). The Government of Jamaica has committed to maintaining a ‘no-net-loss’ policy for its forests. This is embodied in the country’s efforts towards the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+). This commitment will also contribute to progress on the Sustainable Development Goals. 3.5 National Projects/Programmes on Watershed Management There have been several national projects and programmes focused on watershed management from 2006 to 2020; Appendix VII provides an overview of these projects. Several projects are highlighted below: • GEF/UNEP Integrating Watershed and Coastal Areas Management [GEF/UNEP IWCAM] (2006– 2011) — Watershed Area Management Mechanism (WAMM); • IDB/GEF Integrated Management of the Yallahs and Hope Watershed Management Areas Project (2014–2020) — Conservation Plan for the Yallahs and Hope River WMUs and the Geographic Information System Decision Support System (GIS-DSS); • USAID Jamaica Rural Economy & Ecosystems Adapting to Climate Change [Ja REEACH] Reforestation Initiative (2010–2018) — Disaster and Climate Risk Management Plans; • USAID Jamaica Rural Economy and Ecosystems Adapting to Climate Change II [Ja REEACH II] (2014–2018); • The Water Project Jamaica; • Jamaica National Group (JN)/IDB/Pilot Program for Climate Resilience; and • The Nature Conservancy (TNC) Water Fund. 3.6 Summary of Gaps and Challenges The legislative and institutional frameworks for watershed management require urgent attention as do human resources and technical capacity, at all levels. Effective integrated management is challenging to put into effect. Since the management of watersheds is interdisciplinary and multi-sectoral, no single organisation can do the job thoroughly and efficiently. Strengthened institutions and commitment, as well as a willingness to collaborate in the pooling of resources, are essential. Therefore, coordination amongst Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) becomes necessary. Efforts should be made to promote mutual interests among agencies, specify the details of coordination and responsibilities, locate resources, and set up proper mechanisms for working together to obtain effective stakeholder coordination (Sheng, Challenges and Strategies of Integrated Watershed Management in Developing Countries, 1994). In other words, coordination needs to be pursued with specific details and objectives among related agencies, not merely as a general agreement. An ambitious watershed project or programme which coordinates too many agencies and integrates too many activities will seldom succeed. Both the items of work and the institutions should be carefully selected. The main areas for which issues and concerns have been identified for watershed management include legislative, policy and institutional framework; human resources and technical capacity; finances; public awareness and governance; and land use (Table 1). W atersheds Policy for Jam aica 3 1 Table 1: Summary of Key Issues and Concerns regarding Watershed Management Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 32 4. POLICY “ ” 4.1 Vision The vision of the Watersheds Policy for Jamaica, in alignment with Vision 2030 Jamaica — National Development Plan, is: Jamaica has healthy and optimally functional watersheds that provide sustained ecosystem services for the benefit of all in society. 4.2 Goals The Goals of the Policy are: 1. Strengthening of the legislative and institutional frameworks governing Jamaica’s watersheds to support effective and efficient management; 2. Enhancement of capacities (human, technical, technological and financial) at all levels to allow for integrated watershed management; 3. Increased access to data and information to facilitate informed decision-making at all levels; 4. Increase awareness among Jamaicans regarding the importance of watersheds and encourage active participation in their conservation; and 5. To promote appropriate land use and sustainable land management. 4.3 Policy Statement The Government of Jamaica will provide the enabling framework to support the effective management and protection of critical areas within the island's watershed management units, including through partnerships at the national and local levels with community-based and non-government organisations, academia, the private sector and multilateral agencies. 4.4 Guiding Principles I. Transparency and accountability: There is a commitment to open and transparent decision- making processes, accountable governance and provision of opportunities to encourage and facilitate the participation of all citizens in the implementation of programmes aimed at addressing watershed management issues. II. Precautionary approach: Ensure that the precautionary approach (Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration 1992) is applied as widely as possible to avoid or minimise environmental degradation and loss of biodiversity. III. Participation and collaboration: Local involvement and community engagement in watershed management are essential, and planned interventions and implementation will include non-governmental organisations (NGOs), community-based organisations (CBOs), youth and gender matters. Close collaboration and coordination among government agencies and between public and private entities are essential for success. IV. Conflict resolution: Where possible, compromise and complementary approaches are employed in resolving conflicts of interest that may arise in resource uses. V. Environmental economic tools and technology: Adequate investment in financial capital for resource management tools and technology for the benefit of the communities concerned, upstream and downstream, and for all sectors. VI. Protection and sustainable use of water resources: Conservation work carried out in a watershed requires maintenance and must be considered an integral part of the watershed programme. VII. Evidence-based approach: The best scientific information — social and technical —is integrated with local knowledge to form an interdisciplinary body of knowledge by the decision-makers. VIII. Polluter Pays Principle: An environmental policy principle that requires that the cost associated with pollution be borne by those who cause it - Principle 16 of the Rio Declaration (United Nations, 1992). IX. Principle 10 of the Rio Principles: This Principle focuses on ensuring that every person has access to information, can participate in the decision-making processes and has access to justice in environmental matters with the aim of safeguarding the right to a healthy and Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 33 sustainable environment for present and future generations.11 X. Sustainability: The effective management of watersheds will provide many functions for present and future generations including a wide range of ecosystem services and goods, such as freshwater, timber, food, fibre and medicinal plants. XI. Inter- and Intragenerational equity: Ensuring fairness and justice among individuals within the current generation and across generations by distributing watershed benefits equitably. 4.5 Objectives The objectives of the Watersheds Policy for Jamaica are: 1. Rationalization of legislative and institutional frameworks governing watershed and water resources management 2. Enhance national capacities for effective watershed management 3. Increase access to appropriate information and data for effective watershed management 4. Increase public education, awareness and engagement to foster positive attitudes towards watershed protection and conservation 5. Support integrated land-use initiatives to conserve and preserve critical watershed areas The Policy directives are derived from the implementation strategies and necessary activities needed to attain the stated objectives. The strategies and activities are examined in the text below. Objective 1: Rationalization of legislative and institutional frameworks governing watershed and water resources management Implementation Strategy & Key Actions: Strengthen the legislative and institutional frameworks governing watershed management i. Review and streamline the provisions of the Watersheds Protection Act to address gaps and weaknesses as well as ensure complementarity and synergies with key pieces of legislation including the NRCA Act, RADA Act, the WRA Act, the Fisheries Act and the Forest Act. • The amendment of the Watersheds Protection Act, 1963, will include: (a) definition of key terms including watershed and watershed management unit, (b) streamlining of termi- nologies (e.g. ‘watershed’ vis-a-vis ‘watershed area’) (c) declaration of watershed management units and zones of protection including their boundary descriptions, (d) provisions for compliance schemes, (e) the appointment of the National Integrated Watershed Management Council and Watershed Management Committees and their respective designated functions, (f) preparation of management and zoning plans for WMUs, and (g) increase in fines and related custodial sentences (Table 1). • The WMUs will be reviewed and, as necessary and appropriate refined, and further developed to include: (a) a possible increase in number, (b) defined boundaries, and (c) spatial maps. ii. Review legislation related to point source pollution (e.g., fishing utilizing chemicals, livestock facilities, and improper disposal of solid wastes), as well as non-point source pollution, in the context of watershed protection and make recommendations for amendments as required. iii. Re-establishment of the National Integrated Watershed Management Council to provide technical and scientific oversight in the management of the island’s watersheds. The NRCA/NEPA will, from time to time, appoint Watershed Management Committees to support the Authority in the management of priority WMUs. iv. Identify and establish synergies between the National Integrated Watershed Management Council and the Integrated Water Resources Management Council in the execution of projects and programmes related to the management of the island’s watersheds and water resources. 11United Nations. 2017. Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. https://observatoriop10.cepal.org/en/infographic/principle-10-rio-declaration-environment-and-development Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 34 Objective 2: Enhance national capacities for effective watershed management Implementation Strategies & Key Actions: Increase capacities at the national and community levels for effective watershed management i. The Watershed Area Management Mechanism (WAMM) will be established as a code of practice for watershed management. Capacities at the national and community levels will be strengthened to facilitate the successful implementation of the WAMM. ii. A national training programme will be developed and implemented to improve capacities to support watershed management in the following areas: soil conservation, soil fertility, hydrology, agricultural engineering, forest management, land husbandry and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). iii. Further enhance curricula at the tertiary level to allow for increased specialization in technical areas to support watershed management. iv. Training of community groups to collect and analyse data and information related to watershed management. v. NEPA in collaboration with the Social Development Commission (SDC) and Jamaica Social Investment Fund (JSIF) will build the capacity of community groups within the WMUs to enable access to financing to support sustainable livelihood activities. vi. Sustainable livelihood opportunities will be identified and promoted, particularly targeting vulnerable groups such as the poor and the youth, within watershed areas. vii. Develop the capacities of vulnerable groups such as persons with disabilities, women, youth and the elderly to facilitate their participation in watershed planning and management. viii. Strengthen monitoring and enforcement capabilities of the relevant regulatory agencies to discourage illegal activities in watersheds, including encroachment, squatting and deforestation. ix. Empowerment of women and girls through capacity-building initiatives will be pursued to facilitate effective participation in watershed management. x. Watershed management projects/programmes implemented will be reviewed. Documented lessons learnt and best practices are then considered for application in future projects and programmes — for example, in terms of cost- effectiveness of major conservation interventions or agricultural practices, or water supply and alternative livelihoods projects from small grants to communities for replication and upscaling. Increase the use of information technology in watershed management i. NEPA will implement the Integrated Watershed Management GIS-Based Decision Support System to monitor and assess watersheds and to inform decision-making. ii. All agencies involved in watershed management will utilize modern/innovative technologies to monitor, facilitate analyses and assist in the management of the WMUs. • The use of drones for the monitoring of watershed health indicators will be explored and implemented in accordance with regulatory requirements. • Tools such as remote sensing, geospatial technologies, mobile and web-based applications, modelling, and related software, as appropriate, will be used to monitor/manage watersheds. Rehabilitation and management of watershed management units i. NEPA, in consultation with the relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies, will revise the WMU classification system developed in 1999. ii. Develop and implement projects and programmes, at the national and community levels, geared towards soil quality and conservation, improved water quality, maintenance of the health of key water catchment areas (rivers, streams and other water bodies) and forests as well as sustainable agricultural practices. iii. Provide treated wastewater at a reduced cost to sectors that are heavy users of water such as agriculture, industry, tourism and recreational (playgrounds, golf courses, parks and sporting venues). Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 35 iv. Issuance of Performance Bonds for large-scale developments/investments which may by the nature of their operations have an adverse impact on the health of watersheds. These Bonds may be redeemed to facilitate restoration of affected watershed areas. v. Ecosystem-based approaches will continue to be implemented to rehabilitate and manage WMUs. vi. Nature-based solutions will be utilized as one approach to mitigate issues related to climate change impacts within watersheds. vii. In recognition of the critical socio-economic role that healthy watersheds play in national sustainable development, the Government will utilise the linkages and resources of Government (including the Forestry Department, NRCA/NEPA and the WRA), community-based organisations and non-governmental entities to monitor watersheds, identify the intervention needs in WMUs and employ the relevant strategies. viii. The use of green infrastructure in watershed management will be actively explored and where practical and feasible, implemented to increase percolation and retention of water. ix. Abandoned wells and boreholes will be appropriately managed and decommissioned to prevent them from becoming vectors for groundwater contamination. Establish sustainable funding mechanisms for watershed management activities i. Implementation of the Payments for Ecosystems Services (PES) scheme as a tool in the provision of funding for forests and watershed management. ii. NEPA/NRCA, Tourism Product Development Company (TPDCo), Mines and Geology Division and municipal corporations will contribute to watershed management from administrative fees associated with permits and licenses issued by these entities. iii. The NWC and NIC will allocate a percentage of utility bills and irrigation fees, respectively, to support conservation and rehabilitation activities in critical watershed areas. iv. Water conservation incentives are included as an element of the NWC’s rate structure (higher rates for higher consumption, reward programme for demonstrated water conservation practices and reduced rates for purchase of wastewater for appropriate uses, e.g. cooling and irrigation of green spaces). v. Allocation of a percentage of revenue from mining operations, manufacturing and any other industrial/commercial activities that may adversely affect watersheds to support the restoration of degraded/denuded lands. vi. Increase the eco-efficiency of the operations within the tourism sector, particularly hotels and resorts, by promoting certification to globally recognized environmental schemes/programmes. vii. New and additional sources of financing are to be identified and pursued by public, philanthropic, and private actors, with emphasis on private and blended finance, as appropriate. viii. Annual subvention from the Consolidated Fund to the relevant key public sector agencies (NRCA/NEPA, WRA and Forestry Department) to support the development and implementation of sustainable watershed management programmes. • Where practical, joint exercises and initiatives will be encouraged among the agencies involved in watershed management and innovative solutions/approaches to challenges will be identified and executed. Explore and implement additional funding options Other than the financial resources from the Government, the following are some additional funding options for watershed management: i. Allocation of a percentage of the costs associated with major infrastructure projects taking place in upper watershed areas (such as projects related to highways, reservoirs, dams and housing) for watershed protection purposes, including slope stabilization via the inclusion of a new provision under the NRCA Act. ii. Support of the capitalization of the Forest Conservation Fund which could be used for watershed rehabilitation. iii. Exploration and support of creative financing mechanisms through NGOs and CBOs, for example, the Water Fund. Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 36 iv. Submission of applications for grants to the National Conservation Trust Fund of Jamaica12 for watershed management projects/programmes within protected areas. v. Development of proposals for programmes to address land-use planning, climate-smart agriculture, ecosystem-based adaptation, watershed and coastal area rehabilitation, as well as green infrastructure under multilateral environment and climate-related funds. vi. Exploration of supplementary funding channels including opportunities in climate financing, such as carbon trading to support watershed and water resources management. vii. Application of stumpage rates by the Forestry Department, a percentage of the fees generated will be utilised for reforestation initiatives. viii. Allocation of a percentage of user fees for protected areas to aid in watershed management. ix. A percentage of fees charged for bioprospecting whether for research and/or commercialization will be used for sustainable watershed management. The Government will continue to assess, identify and implement economic incentive schemes (e.g. water funds, debt-for-nature and debt-for-climate swaps, and blue and green bonds) to support the conservation and management of the island’s watersheds, with priority given to those which are deemed to be critically degraded. Objective 3: Increase access to appropriate information and data for effective watershed management Implementation Strategy & Key Actions: Strengthen the capacity to conduct research and exchange information i. Establishment of a readily accessible and centralized database including accurate and updated information and data (including socio- economic, geography, hydrology, geology, land-use/land-use changes, climate and environment) on the state of the island’s watersheds. ii. All relevant agencies and institutions will provide data and information for the maintenance of the Integrated Watershed Management Geographic Information System Decision Support System (GIS-DSS). iii. The research agenda with respect to watersheds will be determined by the National Integrated Watershed Management Council. iv. Joint research initiatives will be undertaken with institutions to the greatest extent possible. Given the resource constraints, research activities will focus on applied research. The research will include determining erosion rates; identifying the most appropriate erosion control measures; sustainable agricultural practices and technologies, particularly for small farmers, which will ensure livelihoods and provide ecological benefits for watersheds; and development of appropriate treatment processes for urban stormwater runoff. v. Conduct hydrological assessments, particularly in critical watersheds, to inform decision-making by relevant regulatory authorities with respect to major infrastructure developments as well as mining. These assessments will involve the maintenance of data collection instruments to ensure accuracy and up-to-date information. The availability of accurate and current data is pivotal for monitoring progress towards goals and facilitating evidence-based decision-making in the management of our watersheds, thereby enhancing their overall health. vi. NEPA and other government entities will publish relevant data and information on watersheds including water quality. This will provide stakeholders with accessible, up-to-date information; fostering informed decision-making and promoting environmental stewardship. vii. The Government will continue to utilise and expand the hydro-meteorological network. Objective 4: Increase public education, awareness and engagement to foster positive attitudes towards watershed protection and conservation Increased public education and awareness initiatives will foster positive changes in attitudes 12 The National Conservation Trust Fund of Jamaica provides grants for projects related to climate change and protected areas. Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 37 regarding watershed conservation while promoting public participation in the planning of watershed management interventions. Implementation Strategy & Key Actions: Increase public education and awareness by actively engaging stakeholders and fostering community participation i. NEPA will develop material, strategies and tech- niques to facilitate increased public awareness and education, including the use of social media, with respect to watershed management. The material developed will target key stakeholders including the private sector (farmers and land developers) and community groups. ii. Sensitization of the political directorate to facilitate informed decision-making with respect to watershed management. iii. Proactive engagement of communities, particularly those persons who live and work in priority WMUs as well as the youth, in the decision-making process will be promoted. iv. A participatory approach will be used to encourage sustainable community action and facilitate the inclusion of traditional and cultural knowledge in identifying and resolving problems within watershed areas, using the WAMM model, as appropriate. The involvement of community leaders in group activities will be encouraged to engender dynamism and continuity in initiatives related to watershed management. v. Community participation in the planning and implementation of sustainable watershed management programmes and interventions will be supported, taking into account the importance of their involvement for successful watershed management. vi. Initiatives to encourage the involvement of the private sector in the protection of forests and watersheds will be supported, for example, the Private Planting Programme and Adopt-a-Hillside Programme of the Forestry Department. vii. Gender considerations will be mainstreamed in national policies, plans, projects and programmes related to integrated watershed management to facilitate greater gender balance, particularly the involvement of women. viii. Opportunities for persons with disabilities to actively participate in national and community engagement activities will be created. ix. Sensitization of law enforcement officials, including the judiciary, to the importance of enforcing environmental laws generally, and specifically those affecting watershed management. x. Sustain and expand activities that emphasize the importance of watershed management to raise awareness among students at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels. Objective 5: Support integrated land-use initiatives to conserve and preserve critical watershed areas Implementation Strategy & Key Actions: Promote sustainable land management within watersheds i. Integration of sustainable land management (SLM)13 practices through programmes involving government entities, the private sector and other key stakeholders. ii. The Ministry with responsibility for land will update the 1997 National Land Policy. iii. The Commissioner of Lands will continue to address issues relating to land tenure via Systematic Land Registration as well as access to Crown lands to prevent/reduce land fragmentation and adverse land use practices/ changes within critical watersheds. iv. NEPA will ensure that during the preparation of new or revised development orders, core areas for watershed protection and conservation are included. v. NEPA will recommend to the municipal corporations the inclusion of watershed protection strategies in parish development plans and local sustainable development plans. vi. The NEPA/ Town and Country Planning Authority (TCPA) and the municipal corporations will take into consideration areas within the watershed to be protected by Tree Preservation Orders under the Town and Country Planning Act. 13 “The United Nations defines SLM as the use of land resources, including soils, water, animals and plants, for the production of goods to meet changing human needs, while simultaneously ensuring the long-term productive potential of these resources and the maintenance of their environmental functions” (Food and Agricultural Organisation, n.d.) Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 38 vii. NEPA shall, in collaboration with the Climate Change Division and other relevant stake- holders, promote land-use practices which facilitate adaptation to climate change. viii. The Forestry Department, NEPA and other relevant entities will continue afforestation and reforestation activities. This will enhance watershed health by restoring vegetation cover and improving soil stability which will mitigate erosion, enhance water retention, and promote biodiversity, thus contributing to the overall resilience and sustainability of watersheds. ix. Degraded lands within critical watershed areas will be identified and restored to allow them to provide ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and climate regulation. x. The Ministry with responsibility for agriculture will develop and implement strategies to improve soil quality and conservation. xi. Areas within watersheds will be spatially planned to ensure land-use and land-use changes do not pose a threat to the health of ecosystems contained therein. Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 39 Inter-agency coordination of watershed manage- ment initiatives will be managed by the Ministry with responsibility for the environment (MRE). Also, as necessary and appropriate, coordination between the relevant public sector agencies will be governed by Memoranda of Understanding to allow for more effective actions, taking into account, the finite funding, and human and technical resources within any one agency. The NRCA has the legal responsibility for watershed and natural resource management as per the WPA and the NRCA Act, respectively. NEPA has led the development and implementation of several programmes and projects related to watersheds and will continue to monitor the state of critical areas in watershed management units. The National Integrated Watershed Management Council (NIWMC) will be re-established as a multi- disciplinary and multisectoral entity. The Council will be the principal technical and scientific advisory body that will provide oversight for watershed management activities at the national level. It will provide data and information on the status of watersheds to the NRCA. The Council will support the NRCA and the relevant MDAs in decision-making with respect to watersheds. NEPA will be the Secretariat of the Council. Watershed management issues under the Integrated Water Resources Management Council will be relegated to the NIWMC to allow for greater focus and coordinated action with respect to watershed management; given the current status of the island’s watersheds. Both Councils will closely collaborate to ensure the health and sustainability of the island’s water resources. The NIWMC and Watershed Management Committees (WMCs) will be established under the WPA. The NIWMC’s membership will be appointed by the Minister with responsibility for the environment. It will comprise representatives from the MRE, Ministries with responsibility for water, agriculture, tourism, local government and community development, National Environment and Planning Agency, Forestry Department, Rural Agricultural Development Authority, Water Resources Authority, National Water Commission, National Irrigation Commission, Planning Institute of Jamaica, Scientific Research Council, Social Development Commission, civil society, the private sector (including farmers’ groups e.g., Jamaica Agricultural Society), community- based organisations, NGOs and academia. The MRE will, in consultation with the NRCA/NEPA and other key stakeholders, identify and address gaps in the legal and institutional frameworks related to watersheds. Additionally, this Ministry will monitor and evaluate the implementation of the Watersheds Policy over a five-year period. The NRCA/NEPA will establish WMCs at the local level, based on the status of the WMUs across the island. The data and information provided to the NRCA by the Council will be used to determine the WMUs that require WMCs. WMCs will assist NEPA/NRCA in developing and implementing projects and programmes to address watershed management issues within their locale. Individual Terms of Reference will be prepared for WMCs which will guide their operations. The budget to support the operations of the NIWMC, WMUs and the NRCA/NEPA will be cast based on the programme of activities to be implemented in keeping with the GOJ’s medium-term approach to budgeting. The cost associated with the operation of the WMCs will be included in the recurrent budget of the Ministry with portfolio responsibility for the environment. The relevant MDAs including NEPA, directly involved in watershed management will continue to undertake watershed management activities utilizing funds from their allocated budgets to support the implementation of the Policy. Projects and programmes relating to watershed management will be submitted by relevant MDAs to the Ministry with responsibility for finance to provide funding through the Consolidated Fund. 5 . POLICY IMPLEMENTATION W atersheds Policy for Jam aica 4 0 5.1 Policy Implementation Plan The steps to actualise the Policy objectives are outlined in Table 2. 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̀Wj[h̛^[ʃ̛�̛fWj Wbbo� fbW˩˩[ʃ�je�[˩̛kh[�bW˩ʃ) k̛[�W˩ʃ�bW˩ʃ)k̛[� Y^W˩][�WYj l j [̛�ʃe�˩ej� fe̛[�W�j^h[Wj�je�j^[� ^[Wbj^�e\�[Ye̛ơj[c̛�� � :h[W̛�̀ j^ ˩� ̀Wj[h̛^[ʃ̛�� ̛fWj Wbbo�fbW˩˩[ʃ� -t1� E[Wʃ6�G>I:(�� GL=F;(�?=(� PK:� � Lkffehj6�FK>� LjW\\�M c[� Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 65 5.2 Institutional Arrangement The institutional framework for the implementation of the Policy is highlighted in Figure 5. Figure 5: Institutional arrangement for watershed management Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 66 6. MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK The monitoring and evaluation of this policy will be carried out by the Ministry with responsibility for the environment biannually. The reports will be submitted to the secretariat of the Medium Term Socio-Economic Policy Framework of Vision 2030 Jamaica. NEPA will also monitor progress towards the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals relating to watershed management. The report will be submitted annually to the Minister with responsibility for the environment. Reports on the State of the Environment will continue to include information on the state of the watershed management units. NEPA’s annual reports submitted to the Ministry shall include a chapter on the state of watersheds and the implementation of the Policy. Relevant government ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs) will report on commitments to biodiversity-related agreements with regard to watershed management to the NRCA and the National Integrated Watershed Management Council. The GIS-DSS, developed under the Inter- American Development Bank/Global Environment Facility Integrated Management of the Yallahs and Hope River Watershed Management Areas Project, functions to monitor and assess watersheds, and to inform decisions on proposed activities in the watersheds. It is expected to be the primary management tool used to monitor and evaluate the implementation of this Policy. Component 6 of the WAMM covers the monitoring, mitigation and evaluation of the status and trends of social and natural resources within watersheds. Data collected through the implementation of the WAMM would complement the population and use of the GIS-DSS. The proposed framework for monitoring and evaluation is outlined in Table 3. 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RISK MATRIX The potential risks associated with the implementation of the Policy — though not exhaustive —are highlighted in Table 4. Table 4: Potential Risks Associated with the Development and Implementation of the Policy 15 Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Timely BU W � :Y\MO`� Ɗ^ʒNMNUXU`e� BU W�COʒ^Q� BU W�BQ \ʒZ Q� M^ʒ�Ieb Yo� i�dej� fheckbʥWjʒZ�� d�W� j cʒbo�cWddʒh� M^ʒhʒ�Whʒ�Y^Wbbʒdʥʒi� d�mWjʒhi^ʒZ� cWdWʥʒcʒdj�m j^�W� ^ ijeho�e\�dej� Zʒlʒbef dʥ�j^ʒ� hʒbʒlWdj�bʒʥ ibWj ed� WdZ�feb Yo�\eh�j^ i� cWdZWjʒ*� FʒZ kc� FʒZ kc� M^ʒ�feb Yo� Zʒlʒbefcʒdj�WdZ� cfbʒcʒdjWj ed� hʒifedi X b j ʒi�m bb� Xʒ� dYbki lʒ(� elʒhWhY^ dʥ�WdZ� Yecfhʒ^ʒdi lʒ*�M^ i� m bb�ʒd^WdYʒ�j^ʒ� Ieb Yoζi�WjjW dcʒdj�e\� j^ʒ�LF:KM�ʥeWbi* $� � >\\ Y ʒdj�WdZ� ʒ\\ʒYj lʒ�ckbj ) WʥʒdYo�ʒnʒYkj ed� NdWlW bWX b jo�e\� jʒY^d YWb�ijW\\�Zkʒ�je� Yecfʒj dʥ� Wii ʥdcʒdji*� � =ʒbWoi� d�ʥʒjj dʥ� dfkj+WffhelWb�Wj�j^ʒ� cWdWʥʒcʒdj�bʒlʒb*� � IheXbʒci� d�j^ʒ� iʒgkʒdY dʥ�e\�`e dj� WYj l j ʒi*� � FʒZ kc� FʒZ kc� �� >d^WdYʒZ�ced jeh dʥ� j^hekʥ^�hʒʥkbWh� cʒʒj dʥi�e\�j^ʒ� hʒifʒYj lʒ�jʒY^d YWb� meha dʥ�ʥhekfi�WdZ� ijʒʒh dʥ�Yecc jjʒʒ*� Ibki(�j^ʒ�j cʒbo� ʒnʒYkj ed�e\� ʒlWbkWj ed�ʒnʒhY iʒi*��� BdWZʒgkWjʒ� \ dWdY dʥ�\eh�j^ʒ�� cfbʒcʒdjWj ed�e\� j^ʒ�Ieb Yo� Ieb Yo� cfbʒcʒdjWj ed�cWo� dej�Xʒ�WZʒgkWjʒ�WdZ� ʒ\\ʒYj lʒ� cWdWʥʒcʒdj�e\�j^ʒ� mWjʒhi^ʒZi�cWo�Xʒ� dʒʥWj lʒbo� cfWYjʒZ�� Ɗ ʥ^� Ɗ ʥ^� BZʒdj \o�WZZ j edWb� \kdZi�je�ikffehj� feb Yo� cfbʒcʒdjWj ed� Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 83 8. GLOSSARY Aquifer: “Any geological formation containing or conducting groundwater, especially one that supplies the water for wells, springs etc.” (Queensland Curtis Limited, 2009). Catchment area: “The area of land draining into a stream or a watercourse at a given location” (Hydrology, n.d.); also called drainage area or drainage basin or watershed. Drainage basin: “An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries” (Rutledge, et al., 2011). It includes water found in the water table and surface run-off. There is an imaginary line separating the drainage basin called a watershed. Usually, this is a ridge of highland. Drainage divide: Watershed or water parting is the line that separates neighbouring drainage basins. “Ridges and hills that separate two watersheds are called the drainage divide” ((United States Geographical Survey, n.d.). Ecosystem: “A dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit” (Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat, 2010). Ecosystem approach: “A strategy for the integrated management of land, water, and living resources that promotes their conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. It is based on the application of appropriate scientific methodologies focused on levels of biological organisation, encompassing the essential structures, processes, functions and interactions among organisms and their environment. It recognizes that humans, with their cultural diversity, are an integral component of many ecosystems” (Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat, 2010). Ecosystem Services: “The benefits people obtain from ecosystems. These include provisioning services such as food, water, timber, and fiber; regulating services that affect climate, floods, disease, wastes, and water quality; cultural services that provide recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual benefits; and supporting services such as soil formation, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling” (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). Gender: “The social attributes and opportunities associated with being male and female and the relationships between women and men and girls and boys, as well as the relations between women and those between men” (United Nations, n.d.). Gender equality: “The equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities of women and men and girls and boys” (United Nations, n.d.). Hydrological basin: “A geographical area drained by a particular surface water and/or groundwater system. The basin boundaries are demarcated so that there is generally no flow from one basin to another” (MASHAV; UNDP, 1990). Integrated Land-Use: “Integrated land use aims to sustainably manage multiple land uses across landscapes, considering both the natural and human systems that depend on them. In doing so, this approach can give rise to programs which recognize the interrelatedness between different sectors” (World Bank Group, 2022). Integrated Water Resources Management: “The coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources to maximize economic and social welfare without compromising the sustainability of ecosystems and the environment” (Global Water Partnership, 2014). Integrated Watershed Management Programme: The purpose is to identify priority land and water- related issues in the watershed, determine projects or policies targeted to address the issues, and identify how land and water management programming will be cooperatively carried out throughout the watershed. Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 84 Land Authorities: Established in the 1950s, under the Land Authorities Act to rehabilitate land, check soil erosion and improve farming. Payments for Ecosystems Services: “PES is used to describe schemes in which the beneficiaries, or users, of ecosystem services provide payment to the stewards, or providers, of ecosystem services. In practice, PES often involves a series of payments to land or other natural resource managers in return for a guaranteed flow of ecosystem services (or, more commonly, for management actions likely to enhance their provision) over and above what would otherwise be provided in the absence of payment” (UK Department for Environment, 2013). Ridge-to-Reef-Approach: A holistic method that considers the interconnectivity between coastal and marine areas (‘reef’) and their uplands (‘ridge’). Slow onset events: This refers to the risks and impacts associated with increasing temperatures; desertification; loss of biodiversity; land and forest degradation; glacial retreat and related impacts; ocean acidification; sea level rise; and salinization (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, n.d.). Sub-Hydrological basin: “A discrete subunit of a larger hydrological basin, the water resources of which can be assessed, developed and managed in a near independent manner from the rest of the basin. Discharge can take place from one sub- hydrological basin to another within the same hydrological basin, via a surface channel or groundwater flow path” (MASHAV; UNDP, 1990). Urban watershed: Watershed area in a town or city. Water resources: (a) Water which is contained in (i) any spring, river, stream or other watercourses, whether natural or artificial, including any estuary thereof; and (ii) any lake or pond, whether natural or artificial, sustained by underground water or by a spring, river, or stream; (b) underground water (Water Resources Act, 1995). Watershed: "Area having a common outlet for its surface runoff" (World Meteorological Organization & United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 2012). Watershed Management: This is resource management with the watershed as the basic organizing unit and consists of applying known skills to land use to minimize or repair degradation and safeguard the use of the land beyond its present use. It is the process of organizing and guiding the use of land, water, and other natural resources in a watershed to provide the appropriate goods and services while mitigating the impact on the soil and watershed resources. It involves socio-economic, human-institutional, and biophysical inter-relationships among soil, water, and land use and the connection between upland and downstream areas (Wang, Mang, Cai, & Innes, 2016). Watershed Management Unit: A defined land area from the ridge of a mountain to the coast within which a group of sub-hydrological basins drain into a major water body. Watersheds Policy for Jamaica 85 9. REFERENCES BEST Community Competition and Programme. (2008, February). BEST Community Competition and Programme: Report for the Year 2007. Retrieved December 2020, from Jamaica Clearing-House Mechanism: http://jamaicachm.org.jm/PDF/March2008.pdf Climate Studies Group Mona. (2012). The State of the Jamaican Climate 2012: Information for Resilience Building (Full Report). Kingston: Planning Institute of Jamaica. Climate Studies Group Mona. (2017). The State of the Jamaican Climate 2015: Information for Resilience Building. Kingston: Planning Institute of Jamaica. 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The economics of change in Latin America and the Caribbean: Paradoxes and challenges. Overview for 2014. Retrieved December 2020, from United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean: https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/37056/4/S1420806 en.pdf Ecosystems Management Branch. (2010). Watershed Ranking 2010. Kingston: National Environment and Planning Agency. Ecosystems Management Branch. (2012). Final Report for the Implementation of the Global Environmental Facility Integrating Watersheds and the Coastal Areas Management (GEF-IWCAM) Watershed Model in St Elizabeth, Clarendon, St Catherine and St James. Kingston: National Environment and Planning Agency. Edwards, T. (2003). Presentation on Watersheds. NEPA Judicial Symposia 2003. Kingston: National Environment and Planning Agency. Food and Agriculture Organization. (2017). Landscape Approaches for Sustainable Food and Agriculture. 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APPENDICES Appendix I: Policies and Plans Relevant to Watershed Management A@=:ąI%A=2?� 8@2=%AB:?ą:A=6� CD2DEC� ?M`U[ZMX� :Z`QS^M`QP� GM`Q^ TQP� >MZMSQYQZ`� A^[S^MYYQ� 7^MYQc[^W"� (&&&� � Me� fhecej[� j^[� dj[]hWj[Z� fhej[Yj ed(� Yedi[hlWj ed� WdZ� Z[l[befc[dj� e\� bWdZ� WdZ� mWj[h� h[iekhY[i� d� j^[� mWj[hi^[Zi(� \eh� j^[ h� ikijW dWXb[� ki[(� WdZ� \eh� j^[� X[d[\ j�e\�j^[�dWj ed� M^[� GWj edWb� Bdj[]hWj[Z�PWj[hi^[Z� FWdW][c[dj� <ekdY b� i� dej� \kdYj edWb*�:�fhe]h[ii� h[fehj�ed� j^[� GBPFI� \eh� j^[� f[h eZ� .,,-).,,2� mWi� fh[fWh[Z� Xo� G>I:*� M^[� Ihe]hWccWj Y�?hWc[meha�cWo�d[[Z� je�X[�h[l [m[Z�WdZ�kfZWj[Z� d�b ]^j�e\� Y^Wd][iu dij jkj edWb(� feb Yo� WdZ� b[] ibWj l[uWdZ� d[m� Z[l[befc[dji� d�mWj[hi^[Z�cWdW][c[dj*� � ?M`U[ZMX� GM`Q^� CQO`[^�A[XUOe�MZP� :Y\XQYQZ`M`U[Z� AXMZ"�(&'/� Me� [dikh[� j^Wj� CWcW YWyi� mWj[h� h[iekhY[i�Wh[�[\\[Yj l[bo�cWdW][Z� ie� Wi� je� fhel Z[� \eh� ekh� dWj edyi� ieY Wb(� [Yedec Y(� WdZ� [dl hedc[djWb� m[bb)X[ d](� dem� WdZ� d�j^[�\kjkh[� � M^[�feb 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ed�IbWd� .,-2).,.2� WdZ� ji� jWXb d]� d� j^[� Aeki[i�e\�IWhb Wc[dj� d�.,-ą*�� M^[� Z[l[befc[dj� e\� mWj[hi^[Z� h[ijehWj ed� fbWdi(� W� `e dj� WYj l jo� X[ d]� Zed[� Xo� j^[� ?eh[ijho� =[fWhjc[dj�WdZ�G>I:(� i�ed[�e\�j^[� Watersheds Policy for Jamaica ii A@=ň4I%A=2?� 8@2=%AƏň?4ňA=6� CD2DEC� cW d�WYj l j [i� d�j^[�fbWd�j^Wj�i[[ai� je�ikffehj�mWj[h�cWdW][c[dj�WdZ�j^[� m Z[� hWd][� e\� fheZkYji� WdZ� [Yeioij[c� i[hl Y[i� dYbkZ d]� j^[� fh[l[dj ed� e\� ie b� [hei ed� WdZ� bWdZib Z[i�j^Wj�\eh[iji�fhel Z[*��� � A[XUOe�R[^�`ɉQ� ?M`U[ZMX�Ce `QY� [R�A^[`QO`QP� 2^QM �Ce `QY"� '//-� •�>nfWdZ�WdZ�Z l[hi \o�CWcW YWyi� dWjkhWb�h[iekhY[)XWi[Z�[Yedeco� •�Ihej[Yj�j^[�ikffbo�WdZ�gkWb jo�e\� XWi Y� dWjkhWb� h[iekhY[i� j^Wj� ikffehj�ceij�[Yedec Y�WYj l j [i� dYbkZ d]� mWj[h(� W h� WdZ� j^[� fheZkYj l[�bWdZ�XWi[� ňd� Hl[hWhY^ d]� Ieb Yo� \eh� j^[� Ihej[Yj[Z� ňh[Wi� Loij[c� ^Wi� X[[d� ZhW\j[Z�je�kfZWj[�j^[�-553�Ieb Yo�WdZ� fhel Z[� Wd� [dWXb d]� \hWc[meha� \eh� j^[� YeehZ dWj[Z� cWdW][c[dj� e\� 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feb Yo� WZZh[ii[i� ikXZ l i ed� e\�fh c[�W]h YkbjkhWb�bWdZi�\eh�ded) \Whc� ki[i(� WdZ� j^[� Z[dkZWj ed� e\� bWdZ� d�j^[�kff[h�mWj[hi^[Zi�Zk[�je� cfhef[h�\Whc d]�c[j^eZi*� M^[�ZhW\j� i�X[ d]�h[l [m[Z*� � Watersheds Policy for Jamaica iii A@=:4I%A=2?� 8@2=%AB:?4:A=6� CD2DEC� ?M`UʊZMX� @OȥMZ� MZP�4ʊM `MX�JʊZȥ� >MZMSȥYȥZ`� AʊXUOe� ?@4J>!"�(���� •� Ihecej ed�e\�ikijW dWXbʊ� Zʊlʊbefcʊdj� •� <ediʊhlWj ed�e\�eYʊWd�WdZ� YeWijWb�hʊiekhYʊi�WdZ� ʊYeioijʊci� •� ;Wiʊb dʊ�ZWjW�YebbʊYj ed�WdZ� hʊiʊWhY^� •� Nj b p d]�j^ʊ�hebʊ�e\�iY ʊdYʊ� WdZ�jhWZ j edWb�ʊYebe] YWb� adembʊZ]ʊ�\eh� djʊ]hWjʊZ� YeWijWb�WhʊW�cWdW]ʊcʊdj� •� Ihel Z d]�j^ʊ�YedZ j edi�e\� ]elʊhdWdYʊ�hʊgk hʊZ�\eh� ʊ\\ʊYj lʊ� djʊ]hWjʊZ�YeWijWb� WhʊW�cWdW]ʊcʊdj� M^ʊ� ZhW\j� kfZWjʊ� e\� j^ʊ� GH<SF� Ieb Yo�t�j^ʊ�ZhW\j�<eWijWb�KʊiekhYʊi� Ieb Yo(�fhʊfWhʊZ� d�.,-1�t� i�Xʊ d]� hʊl ʊmʊZ*� 7ʊʊP�MZP� ?a`^U`UʊZ� CȥOa^U`e�AʊXUOe"� (�')� :ZZhʊiiʊi� mWjʊh� WdZ� \ehʊij� WdZ� \ i^ʊho�hʊiekhYʊi(�hʊYe]d p d]�j^Wj� \ehʊiji(�mWjʊhi^ʊZi(�mʊjbWdZi� WdZ� cWh dʊ� hʊiekhYʊi� Yedij jkjʊ� W� ikXijWdj lʊ� hʊiekhYʊ� \eh� \eeZ� WdZ� dkjh j ed� iʊYkh jo� je� Xʊ� iW\ʊ]kWhZʊZ(� j^hek]^� j^ʊ� ʊijWXb i^cʊdj�e\�fhejʊYjʊZ�WhʊWi� M^ i�feb Yo�mWi�WffhelʊZ�Xo�<WX dʊj� ed�FWo�-(�.,-/*�� DɃȥ�?M`UʊZMX� >UZȥ^MX �AʊXUOe"� (�'-#(�)�� @eWb�/�)�Me� cfhelʊ�eYYkfWj edWb� ^ʊWbj^� WdZ� iW\ʊjo(� Yecckd jo� hʊbWj edi� WdZ� ʊdl hedcʊdjWb� ijʊmWhZi^ f�j^hek]^ekj�j^ʊ�iʊYjeh� M^ i�feb Yo�mWi�WffhelʊZ�Xo�<WX dʊj� Wi� W�P^ jʊ� IWfʊh� d� Ckbo� .,-ĕ� WdZ� jWXbʊZ� d�j^ʊ�Aekiʊi�e\�IWhb Wcʊdj� d� FWhY^�.,.,*�M^ʊ�feb Yo� i�Ykhhʊdjbo� Xʊ d]� cfbʊcʊdjʊZ*� � DɃȥ�?M`UʊZMX� C]aM``ȥ^� >MZMSȥYȥZ`� AʊXUOe�MZP� :Y\XȥYȥZ`M`UʊZ� AXMZ� P^MR`!� @eWb�=� )�LkijW dWXbʊ� kiʊ� e\� bWdZ� hʊiekhYʊi� Xo� YkhjW bcʊdj� e\� igkWjj d]� WdZ� j^ʊ� hʊijehWj ed� e\� Zʊ]hWZʊZ� bWdZi� je� \WY b jWjʊ� j^ʊ� hʊijehWj ed� e\� mWjʊhi^ʊZ� cWdW]ʊcʊdj� kd ji� WZlʊhiʊbo� cfWYjʊZ�Xo�igkWjj d]� M^ʊ�ZhW\j�feb Yo� i�Xʊ d]�hʊl ʊmʊZ*� � Watersheds Policy for Jamaica iv Appendix II: Approaches to the Management of Land and Water Resources 1. Ecosystem Approach/Ecosystem-based Approach A strategy for the integrated management of land, water, and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. It recognizes that humans with their cultural diversity are an integral component of many ecosystems. The ecosystem approach views watershed management as the management of a complex ecosystem and regards all its components — air, land, water, fish, wildlife and humans —as interrelated. 2. Integrated Coastal Area Management (also known as Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) or Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) A process in which coordinated strategies are developed and implemented for the protection of coastal areas and resources, to achieve the conservation and sustainable use of these resources. 3. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) The coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources in order to maximize economic and social welfare without compromising the sustainability of ecosystems and the environment. 4. Integrated Watershed management Integrated planning for land and water which takes into account both ground and surface water flow, recognizing and planning for the interaction of water, plants, animals, and human land use found within the physical boundaries of a watershed” (Red Deer River Watershed Alliance, 2015). 5. Ridge-to-reef approach Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) and watershed protection. 6. Sustainable Land Management The management of land without damaging the ecological processes or reducing biological diversity. It requires land use practices that ensure that land, water and vegetation adequately support land-based production systems for current and future generations (Food and Agricultural Organisation, n.d.). 7. Watershed Management Watershed management is any human action aimed at ensuring the sustainable use of watershed resources. Unlike sectoral development approaches, watershed management involves examining the interactions among various natural processes and land uses and managing land, water and the wider ecosystem of the watershed in an integrated way. 8. Water Resources Management (WRM) The process of planning, developing, and managing water resources, in terms of both water quantity and quality, across all water uses. WRM includes the institutions, infrastructure, incentives, and information systems that support and guide water management. WRM seeks to ensure that there is sufficient water of adequate quality for drinking water and sanitation services, food production, energy generation, inland water transport, and water- based recreation, as well as sustaining healthy water-dependent ecosystems. Water resource management also entails managing water- related risks, including floods, drought, and contamination (The World Bank, 2017). Watersheds Policy for Jamaica v Appendix III: Declared Watershed Areas The following Watershed Areas have been declared under Orders issued by the Minister pursuant to section 5 of the WPA (1963). 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