National Mission on Sustainable Habitat (2021-2030)

4R Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and ICCC Integrated Command and Control Recovery Centre AJAY Atal Jyoti Yojana IEC Information, Education and AMRUT Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Communication Urban Transformation IPCC Inter-governmental Panel on Climate BEE Bureau of Energy Efficiency Change BIS Bureau of Indian Standards ITS Intelligent Transportation System BRTS Bus Rapid Transit System JJM-U Jal Jeevan Mission - Urban BUR Biennial Update Report JSA Jal Shakti Abhiyan C&D Construction and Demolition LAP/TPS Local Area Plan/Town Planning CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate Scheme CapEx Capital expenditure LED Light-Emitting Diode CCAP City Climate Action Plan LEED Leadership in Energy and C-Cube Climate Centre for Cities Environmental Design CNG Compressed Natural Gas LHP Light House Project CPCB Central Pollution Control Board MBBL Model Building Bye-laws CSCAF ClimateSmart Cities Assessment MEEP Municipal Energy Efficiency Framework Programme CSR Corporate Social Responsibility MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable DAY-NULM Deendayal Upadhyay Antyoday Energy Yojana - National Urban Livelihoods MoEF&CC Ministry of Environment, Forest and Mission Climate Change DRR Disaster Risk Reduction MoHUA Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs ECBC Energy Conservation Building Code MoP Ministry of Power EESL Energy Efficiency Services Limited MRF Material Recovery Facility EV Electric Vehicles MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management FAME Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of NAPCC National Action Plan for Climate Electric/Hybrid Change FSSM Faecal Sludge and Septage NCMC National Common Mobility Card Management NDC Nationally Determined Contribution FSTP Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant NDMA National Disaster Management GCF Green Climate Fund Authority GDP Gross Domestic Product NGO Non-Governmental Organisation GHG Greenhouse Gases NITI National Institution for Transforming GHTC - India Global Housing Technology Challenge India - India NIUA National Institute of Urban Affairs GIS Geographical Information System NMMU National Mission Management Unit GoI Government of India NMSH National Mission on Sustainable GRIHA Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Habitat Assessment NMT Non-Motorised Transport NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | xi NRW Non-Revenue Water TCPO Town and Country Planning NULP National Urban Learning Platform Organisation NUTP National Urban Transport Policy TNA Training Needs Assessment O&M Operation and Maintenance TOD Transport Oriented Development ODF Open Defecation Free TTRO Tertiary Treatment Reverse Osmosis PBS Public Bicycle System UDA Urban Development Authority PMAY-U Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Urban ULB Urban Local Body PPP Public Private Partnership UMTA Unified Metropolitan Transport PWD Public Works Department Authority RCA Recycled Concrete Aggregate UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention RDF Refused-Derived Fuel on Climate Change RWA Resident Welfare Association UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund SBM-U Swachh Bharat Mission – Urban URDPFI Urban and Regional Development SCF-S Segregated Combustible Fraction Plans. Formulation and SCM Smart Cities Mission Implementation guidelines SDG Sustainable Development Goal USGBC US Green Building Council SECI Solar Energy Corporation of India UTF Urban Transport Fund SLNP Street Lighting National Programme VCF Value Capture Financing SPV Special Purpose Vehicle VGF Viability Gap Funding STP Sewage Treatment Plant WHO World Health Organisation SWD Storm Water Drainage WRI CAIT World Resources Institute Climate SWM Solid Waste Management Analysis Indicators Tool xii | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | xiii xiv | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT Executive Summary I ndia is witnessing rapid urbanisation. According to The revised NMSH has identified five thematic areas, Census 2011, about 377 million people comprising namely (i) Energy and Green Building, (ii) Urban 31.14% of the total population lived in urban areas. Planning, Green Cover and Biodiversity, (iii) Mobility The urban population is projected to grow to about and Air Quality, (iv) Water Management, and (v) Waste 600 million by 2031. While cities are engines of growth, Management. Key mitigation and adaptation strategies they also contribute to more than 70% of India’s to facilitate the development of sustainable habitat have greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. also been recommended under each thematic area. There has been a perceptible increase in number as The first thematic area “Energy and Green Buildings” well as intensity of extreme weather events in recent focuses on reducing the energy consumption for times in India, which can be directly attributed to lighting, heating, and cooling, etc. in India’s real estate climate change. India has unique geo-climatic and sector and shifting to cleaner renewable energy sources socio-economic conditions, and is vulnerable, in through adoption of green building technologies. Key varying degrees, to rising sea levels, floods, droughts, mitigation and adaptation strategies recommended cyclones, landslides, avalanches, storms, and heat under this area include undertaking energy audit of all waves. Indian cities are especially susceptible to the municipal services, including water supply, sewage, effects of climate change due to limited access to and storm water management on an annual basis and basic services, infrastructure, livelihood, and health. It is promoting renewable energy, and 100% installation of estimated that India will experience a decline of about energy-efficient streetlights. 2-6% in its GDP under the carbon-intensive scenario by 2050, which could pose a serious threat to its The second thematic area on “Urban Planning, development goals and investments. Green Cover and Biodiversity” lays emphasis on integrated urban and regional planning approaches National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC), to climate-sensitive development and preservation launched in 2008, outlines multi-pronged, long term and rejuvenation of water bodies, green spaces, and strategies to address climate change and its impacts. eco-sensitive areas. Key mitigation and adaptation As a part of NAPCC, National Mission on Sustainable strategies include mapping of all eco-sensitive zones, Habitat (NMSH) aims at (i) Promoting low-carbon urban biodiversity rich areas, natural assets in the city, and growth towards reducing GHG emissions intensity for promoting maintenance of green cover using an achieving India’s NDC, and (ii) Building resilience of ecological approach, specifically focusing on native tree cities to climate change impacts and strengthening their species and sustaining urban biodiversity. capacities to ‘bounce back better’ from climate related extreme events and disaster risks. The first version of The third thematic area on “Mobility and Air NMSH released in 2010 has now been revised in the Quality” highlights the need to formulate and context of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) implement strategies focusing on inclusive and under the Paris Agreement, Sustainable Development multi-modal mobility options in order to arrest the Goals (SDGs), and New Urban Agenda (NUA). rapid growth of private motor vehicles, which has led to traffic congestion and increasing air pollution “Sustainable Habitat” is defined in NMSH 2.0 as levels in metro cities. Key mitigation and adaptation “an approach towards a balanced and sustainable strategies recommended under this thematic area development of the ecosystem of habitat which offers include adopting cleaner and environment-friendly adequate shelter with basic services, infrastructure, technologies, such as Electric Vehicles (EVs), livelihood opportunities along with environmental and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), biofuels, etc. and socio-economic safety including equality, inclusiveness creating incentives to attract and enable public-private and disaster-resilience”. partnership (PPP) in setting up charging infrastructure, shared mobility, first and last-mile connectivity and the use of clean renewable energy sources. NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | xv The fourth thematic area on “Water Management” lays Recovery Facility (MRF) with provision for sorting emphasis on augmenting existing water resources by recyclables and facility for sorting SCF Segregated adopting rain-water harvesting (RWH), rejuvenation Combustible Fractions/Refuse Derived Fuels (RDF) as of waterbodies, recycling/ reuse of treated sewage, per the Solid Waste Management (SWM) Rules 2016 in water conservation, and promoting circular economy cities with over 0.5 million population. of water through development of City Water Balance Plan (CWBP). Key mitigation and adaptation strategies NMSH 2.0 also lists out enabling climate actions, which recommended include publishing Rapid Flood Risk are intended to address the overarching framework to Assessment Report to understand the reasons of facilitate adoption and implementation of the sector-wise flooding/water stagnation as well as flooding/water climate action strategies mentioned above. These include stagnation hotspots in the city, implementing an end- strategies pertaining to Urban Governance, Capacity to-end urban flood early warning system, efficient Building, Data, Technology and Innovation for the distribution of piped water supply, and encouraging mission. ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 100% recovery of Operation and Maintainance (O&M) (CSCAF), a first-of-its-kind assessment framework charges by water supply authorities and wastewater with 28 climate-relevant parameters across the five management. thematic areas, will serve as a tool for cities to assess their present situation vis-à-vis objectives and targets The fifth thematic area on “Waste Management” focuses of NMSH 2.0. on the need for cities to prioritise actions for waste reduction and waste management, and promote waste- The implementation period of NMSH 2.0 is from 2020- to-energy and waste-to-compost plants. Key mitigation 21 till 2030. The goals of NMSH 2.0 are envisaged and adaptation strategies include segregating waste and to be achieved through various other Missions and

3R (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) principles for better programmes of MoHUA, which are already being waste management, and facilitating setting up Material financed through budgetary and extra-budgetary resources. Bird’s-eye view of Udaipur City, Rajasthan xvi | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | xvii xviii | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT 1 Introduction S ince the late 19th century, earth’s surface areas. As per Census 2011, the urban population in temperature has risen by 1.14 oC (National India accounted for 31.16% of the total population (37.7 Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2020), crores). The country has 53 city agglomerations with which is primarily attributed to anthropogenic- over a million people, and 6 city agglomerations with induced climate change, leading to widespread impacts over 10 million population. By 2030, the country’s urban on natural and human systems. It is estimated that population is expected to rise to about 600 million, and human activities have contributed to almost 78% of cities would generate 70% of India’s GDP (MGI, 2011). GHG emissions (Pachauri & Meyers, 2014) between 1970 and 2010. As per SR 1.5 of Inter-Governmental As India undergoes rapid urbanisation and economic Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the impacts of the growth, GHG emissions from urban areas are likely average temperature warming by more than 1.5 oC to increase further. Therefore, as hubs of population, are manifold: human death and illness are expected to economic activities, and infrastructure, cities are uniquely increase in pathways with warming greater than 1.5 oC positioned when seen through the climate lens. On one due to risks directly attributable to climate change, such side, cities are key contributors to climate change; on the as exacerbated urban heat islands, amplification of heat other, they also experience the severe impact of waves, extreme weather volatility, floods, droughts, climate change with varying degrees of risk to essential coastal inundation and an increase in vector-borne services, infrastructure, housing, livelihoods, and diseases, like malaria and dengue fever (IPCC, 2018). health. Urbanisation and unplanned growth have led to complex social, economic, and ecological challenges India is the 3rd largest emitter of GHG globally. While that the urban areas need to address, along with catering the per capita emissions are much lower - less than half to the current demand for essential infrastructure compared to the global average, more than 70% (Sethi, services and resource allocation towards better urban 2015) of India’s emissions are generated from urban management. Urban Development in New Town Kolkata, West Bengal NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 1 2 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT 2 Climate Change: Hazards and Vulnerabilities A ccording to IPCC, rise in the global at risk from landslides and avalanches, and 15% of the average temperatures leads to increase landmass is prone to landslides. A total of 5,161 Urban in precipitation, extreme rainfall, cyclonic Local Bodies (ULBs) are prone to urban flooding . storms, coastal flooding and heatwaves. As per the Ministry of Environment, Forest and The recently released Global Climate Risk Index 2021 Climate Change (MoEFCC) Third Biennial Update (David Eckstein, 2020) ranks India as the 7th most- Report (BUR) to United Nations Framework affected country from climate-related extreme weather Convention on Climate Chnage (UNFCCC), the diverse events (storms, floods, heat waves, etc.). This is based geography of India manifests varied climate regimes, on the recorded data for loss and damages during ranging from continental to coastal, heat and cold, 2000- 2019 in terms of fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants aridity and negligible rainfall, to excessive humidity and losses per unit GDP as percentage. Besides, and torrential rainfall (MoEFCC, 2021). India has in 2019, India recorded its maximum rainfall since unique geo-climatic and socio-economic conditions 1994, with the most number of cyclones and ‘severe and is vulnerable, in varying degrees, to floods, cyclones’. However, the impact of climate change and droughts, cyclones, landslides, avalanches, storms, climate hazards is not uniform country-wide, and varies and heatwaves. According to the National Disaster across regions due to differences in the exposure and Management Authority (NDMA 2019), out of the 36 vulnerability of various systems (O’Brien, 2008). states and Union Territories (UTs) in the country, 27 are disaster-prone. 12% of the land area is prone to floods and river erosion; out of the 7,516 km coastline, around According to IPCC, the vulnerability of cities is 5,700 km is prone to cyclones and tsunamis; 68% of the linked with several economic, social, cultural, cultivable land is vulnerable to droughts, hilly areas are institutional, political, and psychological factors Table 1: Loss and damages due to urban flooding in Indian cities (during 2000-20) Sr. Year(s) of Name of city Loss and damages No. occurrence 2005: 100 homes damaged and 54 collapsed, 10 persons died. Urban flood Bengaluru, 2005, 2009, 2013, 1 disrupted essential services in the city became non-functional. The flood in- Karnataka 2016 undated all arterial roads. Chennai, 2015: Essential transit services were disrupted during the megaflood; It 2 2004, 2015 Tamil Nadu claimed 280+ lives, and more than 0.1 million people were rescued. Mumbai, 2005: 1,094 lives lost; all essential services including major transits operations 3 2005, 2007, 2015 Maharashtra were suspended. INR 550 crores loss was estimated in two days. Sri Nagar, 2014: Flood affected the entire Kashmir valley, halted all services (transport,

4 Jammu & 2014 telecommunication, city administration, hospitals) within the city. The Kashmir estimated damage was INR 5,000-6,000 crores. 2000: Urban floods damaged 35,693 homes and affected 0.2 milion people Hyderabad, 2001, 2002, 2006,

5 Telangana 2008 2008: Floods affected 0.15 million people.

6 Delhi 2010, 2013, 2016 2016: Heavy rainfall created havoc conditions Vadodara, 2019: Major transport operations were suspended; natural 7 2005, 2013, 2019 Gujarat habitats affected 2018: Airport closed for 2 weeks with over INR 220 crores of loss and damag-

8 Kochi, Kerala 2018, 2019 es; floods were followed by drought, water scarcity, and public health issues. NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 3 that determine and affect the coping capacities Heat waves of institutions, communities, and infrastructure Higher daily peak temperatures and longer, more intense systems. The current projected increase of global heat waves are becoming increasingly frequent globally temperature by 1.5 to 2 oC is expected to increase due to climate change. Further, the decrease in the the frequency and intensity of extreme weather Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR) due to urbanisation events, and give rise to new vulnerabilities with is leading to human mortality and discomfort. Also, differential spatial and socio-economic impacts increased minimum temperatures in summer do not on communities. This will further impact the allow the necessary nocturnal cooling to neutralise hydrological cycle and existing water resources, the high maximum temperature during a heatwave, leading to droughts, floods, water scarcity, and food increasing its intensity and period. As per NDMA, India insecurity. In addition, extreme events cause loss is witnessing the impact of climate change, which is of life, and adversely impact the standards of living, increasing in intensity with each passing year and economic growth, and poverty reduction measures. having a devastating impact on human health, which is The impact would be particularly disastrous for evident from increasing number of heatwave casualties. India and will lead to differential impact on poor and vulnerable communities, which constitute between one quarter and one half of the population Cyclones across most Indian cities. It is estimated that, by India has a coastline of about 7,516 km, which is 2050, under the carbon-intensive scenario, India exposed to nearly 10% of the world’s tropical cyclones will experience a decline of about 2-6% in its (NDMA, 2019). A recent study by the Indian Institute GDP (Mani, Bandyopadhyay, Chonabayashi, of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) indicates that frequency Markandya, and Mosier, 2018). Thus, climate of cyclones in the Arabian Sea has increased by 52% change can pose a severe threat to India’s between 2001 and 2019 (Deshpande, M., Singh, V.K., development goals and investments. Ganadhi, M.K. et al., 2021). On average, about five or six tropical cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian sea, and hit the coasts every year. About 71% of the coastal areas across ten states (Gujarat, Maharashtra, Figure 1: Climate Risk Management Framework (IPCC, 2014) 4 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Climate change has led to increased occurrences of Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and West Bengal) and islands irregular and high intensity short duration rainfall events, of Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep are prone which have rendered the cities more vulnerable to to cyclones (Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), 2011). inundation and frequent flooding. The problem of urban In 2020 alone, nine cyclonic disturbances had their flooding has been further compounded due to increase landfall in India, adversely impacting cities and coastal in impervious areas, absence of systematic approach to communities. formulate and implement stormwater drainage systems, their inadequate O&M, and encroachment of drainage pathways in towns and cities (Central Public Health and Droughts and water scarcity Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO), The primary cause of drought is the deficiency of 2019). rainfall, including the timing, distribution, and intensity of deficiency. A prolonged period of relatively dry weather leading to drought is a widely recognised Landslides climate anomaly. Drought can be devastating as water National Landslide Risk Management Strategy, supplies dry up, crops fail, animals die, and malnutrition NIDM (2019) has indicated that landslide hazards and ill health become widespread. The environmental in India rank high among the hydrogeological hazards, effects of drought include increase in soil aridity and as they pose threat to life and livelihood, ranging from salinisation, depletion in groundwater levels, and disruptions of routine activities to widespread loss increased pollution of freshwater ecosystems. of life, property, and destruction in large parts of the mountainous regions.Himalayan and other hilly regions are affected by landslides and landmass movement According to MHA, a staggering 68% of India is prone activities. Some of the significant landslide incidents to drought of variable degrees. 35% of the country that occurred in the past are Katropi - 2017 (Himachal receives rainfall between 750 mm and 1,125 mm, Pradesh), Laptap Pampare - 2017 (Arunachal Pradesh), thereby falling in the drought-prone category, while Mirik - 2015 (West Bengal), Malin - 2014 (Pune), 33% receives less than 750 mm and is categorised as Dasalgaon - 2007 (Maharashtra), Varunavat Parvat - chronically drought-prone (MHA, 2011). India has about

2003 (Uttarakhand), Amboori - 2001 (Kerala), Malpa - 17% of the global population, but it has only 4% of total

1998 (Uttarakhand), Kalimpong - 1993 (West Bengal), freshwater resources. About 0.2 million people die Kohima - 1993 (Nagaland). every year in the country due to inaccessibility to water, sanitation, and hygiene (NITI Aayog, 2019). Cities with high population density are more prone to the impacts Rising sea levels and storm surges of drought, leading to acute water scarcity. According to India’s Third BUR, sea level along the Indian coast is estimated to be rising at Floods about 1.7 mm/year and at different rates along various parts of the coast. As per Census 2011, the total In India, about 40 million hectares of the country’s population of coastal districts is 171 million, which geographical area are flood prone (National Institute of accounts for 14.1% of India’s population. Several urban Disaster Management (NIDM), 2014). There has been areas with considerable wealth in the form of assets an increase in the intensity of urban floods over the and infrastructure, including the megacities of Mumbai past years, whereby major cities have been severely and Chennai, with high population density, are located affected. While increasing frequency of extreme rainfall along the coast. Further, the urban slum population events (Pachauri & Meyers, 2014) is one of the critical in these coastal cities is especially susceptible to factors responsible for the ‘urban floods’, increased be affected by regular flooding. Rising sea level can paved surfaces affecting run-off, lack of adequate aggravate the flooding of low lying areas during stormwater drainage, poor SWM systems leading to extreme events, such as storm surges, while leading to choking of the drains, etc. have also aggravated the increased coastal erosion. Coastal areas are vulnerable vulnerability. In the last two decades, urban India has to the threat of rising sea-level, and can experience experienced unprecedented high intensity floods and increased exposure to coastal hazards, such as storm flash floods in several cities, including Mumbai, Surat, surges during cyclones and related hazards. Kolkata, Chennai, Kochi, Srinagar, Hyderabad, and Bangalore among others (Table 1). In 2019 alone, floods led to more than 1,800 deaths across 14 states. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) estimates that around 2.4 million children were impacted by floods in India. NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 5 6 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT 3 National Mission on Sustainable Habitat 3.1 Paris Agreement and India’s NDC I ndia is a party to the Paris Agreement, a legally 5. To create an additional carbon sink of 2.5-3 billion binding international treaty on climate change tonnes of CO2 equivalent through additional forest adopted by 196 countries at the Conference of and tree covers by 2030. Parties (COP) 21 held in Paris. Its goal is to limit 6. To better adapt to climate change by enhancing global warming to well below 2 oC, preferably to investments in development programmes in 1.5 oC, compared to pre-industrial levels. To that sectors vulnerable to climate change, particularly end, countries aim to reach global peaking of GHG agriculture, water resources, Himalayan region, emissions as early as possible to achieve a climate- coastal regions, health, and disaster management. neutral world by mid-century. In order to achieve these ambitious goals, the Paris Agreement has provisions 7. To mobilise domestic and new & additional funds for providing financial assistance to vulnerable and from developed countries to implement the above less-endowed countries as well as development mitigation and adaptation actions in view of the and transfer of technology for improving resilience resource required and the resource gap. to climate change and reducing GHG emissions. The Agreement also lays great emphasis on 8. To build capacities, create a domestic framework strengthening climate-related capacity building in and international architecture for quick diffusion developing countries, and calls for conservation of cutting-edge climate technology in India and enhancement of GHG sinks and reservoirs. The and for joint collaborative R&D for such future Agreement requires all countries to determine their technologies. NDCs, and also report regularly on emissions and their implementation efforts (UNFCCC, 2016). India has committed to its NDCs (2021-30) and is on track to achieve the same (Economic Survey 2019-20). The NDCs for India are as follows: 1. To put forward and further propagate a healthy and sustainable way of living based on traditions and values of conservation and moderation. 2. To adopt a climate-friendly and cleaner path than the one followed hitherto by others at corresponding level of economic development. Floating Solar PV System at Kailasagiri Reservoir, 3. To reduce the emission intensity of its GDP by 33- Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 35% by 2030 from the 2005 level. 4. To achieve about 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030 with the help of transfer of technology and low cost international finance, including from Green Climate Fund (GCF). NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 7 3.2 National Action Plan on Climate Change T he Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change, NAPCC is being guided by the following principles to GoI, launched NAPCC in 2008 with 8 sub- achieve sustainable development while advancing the missions representing the multi-pronged, long- economic and environmental objectives: term, and integrated strategies to mitigate and adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change. The 1. Protecting the poor and vulnerable sections of plan aims at fulfilling India’s developmental objectives society through an inclusive and sustainable with a focus on reducing the emission intensity of its development strategy, sensitive to climate economy. Eight missions under NAPCC are as follows: change. 1. National Solar Mission 2. Achieving national growth objectives through a qualitative change in direction that enhances 2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency ecological sustainability, leading to further 3. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat mitigation of GHG emissions. 4. National Water Mission 3. Devising efficient and cost-effective strategies for end-use Demand Side Management (DSM). 5. National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem 4. Deploying appropriate technologies for both adaptation and mitigation of GHG emissions 6. National Mission for Green India extensively at an accelerated pace. 7. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture 5. Engineering new and innovative forms of market, 8. National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for regulatory, and voluntary mechanisms to promote Climate Change sustainable development. 6. Effective implementation of programmes through unique linkages, including with civil society and local government institutions and through PPP. 7. Welcoming international cooperation for research, development, sharing and transfer of technologies enabled by additional funding and a global Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) regime that facilitates technology transfer to developing countries under the UNFCCC. Riverfront Development in Indore, Madhya Pradesh 8 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT 3.3 Overview: National Mission on Sustainable Habitat I ndia’s GHG emissions grew from 1,311.29 MtCO2 eq The ‘Ease of Living Index’ launched in 2018, aiming to in 1994 to 3,202 MtCO2 eq in 2014, an overall increase improve institutional, social, economic, and physical of 144% (WRI CAIT). The anticipated growth in urban urban systems to enhance the livability of cities, population will require the construction of additional includes various indicators aligned to climate mitigation as well as re-construction of existing urban infrastructure and adaptation targets. and buildings, which will increase demand on land for habitation and other purposes. Managing the carbon With the new global urban agenda, the SDGs, and India’s footprint of urban habitats and ensuring their climate and NDCs towards the Paris Agreement and paradigm shift disaster resilience are an important and challenging task in India’s urban discourse, this revised version of the for governments across countries, including India. To NMSH intends to align India’s national programs and foster sustainable development, mainstreaming climate initiatives with international goals and commitments. change mitigation and adaptation measures in This requires a closer review of the approaches and urban planning and policy frameworks is critical. mechanisms for urban policy and planning, programs With this vision, GoI launched NMSH 2010 and investments, infrastructure development, and under NAPCC, which highlights strategies and governance (Figure 2). The planning of cities needs to guidelines to mitigate GHG emissions and adapt be envisioned with an integrated and holistic approach to climate change impacts by building resilience in – making habitats that are sustainable, smart, low infrastructure assets and communities, measures carbon, resilient, and promote quality living for all. In for improving disaster risk management, and warning order to develop integrated strategies that promote systems for extreme weather events. sustainable habitat, NMSH 2.0 envisages to incorporate and address the growing needs and concerns that have In 2015, GoI further adopted various strategies to emerged in the past decade. mainstream sustainable development and climate actions in all urban investments and development activities as part of its various urban missions and programmes. These include the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), Figure 2: Strategy for Global Commitments Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Urban (PMAY-U), Deendayal Upadhyay Antyoday Yojana - National Adaptation • Reduce effects of climate Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM), Swachh Bharat change in various sectors of urban development Mission - Urban (SBM-U), and the Smart Cities Mission (SCM). The missions focus on creating ‘lighthouses of replicable models of sustainable urban development Global and providing a high quality of life to citizens’. Commitments Mitigation • Paris Agreement • Key sources of GHG National Urban Policy Framework (NUPF) outlines an • Agenda 2030 emissions integrated approach for urban planning by analysing • New Urban Agenda • Sustainable and integrated land use key challenges and priorities for managing urban plan • Rejuvenate natural habitats. Further, MoHUA has introduced CSCAF - a resources first-of-its-kind assessment framework on climate- relevant parameters that will serve as a tool for cities to assess their present situation and will facilitate cities to adopt, implement and disseminate best practices. It will Support / Monitoring • Finance/Investment also set standards compared to the international efforts • Urban governance towards green, sustainable, and disaster-resilient urban • Technology and innovation • Capacity building habitats. Aligning with these missions and initiatives, • Facilitate implementation Indian cities have been actively working towards promoting sustainable urban development. NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 9 GHG Emissions Scenario India’s GHG emissions grew from 1,311.29 MtCO2 eq in 1994 to 3,202 MtCO2 eq. in 2014, indicating an overall Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4.5%. Although India’s annual carbon footprint increased in 2014 compared to previous years, the country is on track to meet its global climate action pledges of reducing the emission intensity of its GDP (emission per unit of GDP). India’s emission intensity reduced from 2,231.56 MtCO2/million $ GDP in 2005 to 1,573.31 MtCO2 eq/million $ GDP in 2014. Consistent time series information on GHG emissions per GDP from 1994 to 2014 are presented in Figure 3. Figure 3: India’s reduction of emission intensity CO2/million $ GDP (2005 to 2014) Emissions (in MtCO2eq.) Per GDP Emission (MtCO2eq.) Total Emission (MtCO2eq.) India GHGs: Sectoral analysis According to the World Resources Institute Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (WRI CAIT), India’s 2014 GHG profile was dominated by emissions from the energy sector, which accounted for over 63% of the total emissions, of which 49% of the emissions was from electricity and heat generation, and 24% from manufacturing and construction sectors. Agriculture was the second highest source with 20.3% of the total emissions, Industrial processes, transport, and waste contributed 7.0%, 6.2%, and 1.9% respectively emissions, as represented in Figure 4. Figure 4: Sector-wise GHG emission (2005-14); source: WRI CAIT Emissions (in MtCO2eq.) 10 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT Figure 5: Interlinkage between development and climate change Stakeholders • Government • Private • Think tank organisation Development • CBOs/NGOs • Multi and bilateral Climate organisations change Policy/Mission Finance Impact 3.3.1 Definition 3.3.2 Objectives A central principle of sustainable development is a The objectives of the NMSH 2.0 are as follows: holistic view of life, where all objects and activities are interconnected and mutually affect one another. Further, 1. Promote low-carbon urban growth towards sustainable development aims to strike a balance reducing GHG emissions intensity for achieving between economic development, environmental India’s NDC. conservation, and promotion of equity, known as the economy, efficiency, and effectiveness of sustainable 2. Build resilience of cities to climate change development. impacts and strengthen their capacities to ‘bounce back better’ from climate-related NMSH 2010 defined sustainable habitat as “achieving a extreme events and disaster risks. balance between the economic and social development of human habitats together with the protection of the environment, equity in employment, shelter, basic 3.3.3 Key Priorities services, social infrastructure, and transportation.” To achieve the objectives of NMSH, the subsequent However, in the context of various global and national sections provide a roadmap for realising the key commitments, i.e. NUA, SDGs, NDCs within the Paris priorities of building a sustainable and climate- Agreement, it was decided to review/revise NMSH in resilient urban India under five thematic areas: 2019. Energy and Green Building; Urban Planning, Green Cover and Biodiversity; Mobility and Air Quality; NMSH 2.0, through this Mission document, adopts the Water Management; and Waste Management. These following definition of sustainable habitat: thematic areas are broad buckets of interventions to be undertaken and may be merged, in the local context, as required. “An approach towards a balanced and sustainable development of the ecosystem of habitat which offers adequate shelter with basic services, infrastructure, livelihood opportunities along 3.3.4 Linkages with SDGs with environmental and socio-economic safety While all the SDGs are important, the cities can focus on including equality, inclusiveness, and disaster the following SDGs as per the thematic areas in Table 2. resilience.” NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 11 Table 2: Mapping of SDGs with NMSH thematic areas SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy Energy & Green Building SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities Urban Planning, SDG 13: Climate Actions Green Cover, and SDG 15: Life on Land Biodiversity SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Mobility and Energy Air Quality SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities Water SDG 6: Clean Water and Management Sanitation Waste SDG 12: Responsible Management Consumption and Production 12 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT 4 Energy and Green Building 4.1 Key Priorities H ousing and buildings (residential and non- consumption for heating and cooling, land and material residential) are essential sectors of a country’s requirement, and other infrastructural demands. economy and known as growth escalators, Energy production must shift to cleaner, renewable which directly impact the quality of life. The energy sources (such as, solar photovoltaics (PV), construction sector of India, including housing accounts solar thermal, wind energy, hybrid-hydel power, small for 8% of GDP and employs 12% of the total workforce hydro, geothermal energy, tidal energy, biogas, waste- (Source: India Habitat III National Report, 2016). to- energy, etc.). Buildings consume 1/3rd of the global energy output and produce around 20% of the total GHG emissions There are several programmes designed by MoHUA, (WBCSD 2016). Ministry of Power (MoP), Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) through the Bureau of In the wake of increasing frequency of extreme events, Energy Efficiency (BEE) and its State Nodal Agencies, such as floods, heatwaves, coastal flooding, storm Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), Solar surges, etc., it is critical to mainstream and implement Energy Corporation of India (SECI) and others, to retrofitting of climate adaptation measures in the develop energy efficiency in cities and shift to renewable building sector. While there are various guidelines energy sources. For example, MNRE has a Solar Cities and regulations in this sector to promote sustainability program that is designed to support cities to prepare and address climate change impacts, there is a need a roadmap to transform to ‘renewable energy cities’ or for structured mainstreaming of various approaches ‘solar cities’. Similarly, BEE has a Municipal Demand and mechanisms in the existing city-level frameworks Side Management (MuDSM) program for reducing with appropriate implementation, monitoring, and electricity consumption in municipal services, promoting verification protocols. Further, the challenges prevailing energy-efficient appliances, and a Green Building Star in the sector include knowledge gaps at various levels, Rating program that the cities can take advantage issues related to enforcement and implementation, of to achieve energy and cost savings in providing high upfront cost of green technology, and limited various municipal services. EESL has Municipal Energy technological development. Efficiency Programme (MEEP), Street Lighting National Programme (SLNP), and Unnat Jeevan by Affordable LEDs and Appliances for All (UJALA), that the ULBs can With 50% of the building stock that is expected to be implement for promoting energy-efficient technologies constructed by the year 2030 yet to be built, electricity in their cities. Under AMRUT, over 6.2 million streetlights consumption in residential and commercial buildings is were replaced with energy-efficient LED street-lighting. bound to increase. Further, 80% of GHGs in India are SNLP has been instrumental in replacing over 5 generated from the present energy demand in fossil million street lights in over 500 cities in India, leading fuels, such as coal, natural gas, and oil. The Bureau to 1.35 billion kWh of energy savings and cost saving of Energy Efficiency (BEE), a statutory body under of INR 7.42 billion every year. The cities can also take the Ministry of Power, GoI, estimates that electricity advantage of the solar street-lighting program through consumption in the commercial building sector alone Atal Jyoti Yojana (AJAY) - an initiative of MNRE. in India is expanding at a rate of over 9% per year. Similarly, as per the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog), GoI, the electricity consumption It is important to note that, even though the upfront in the residential sector is expected to increase 6-13 costs for green building technologies are high, over long times by 2047. Therefore, India’s real estate sector will term, the life cycle cost, including O&M, is considerably play a crucial role in addressing the climate-related lower. It is evident from research that the life cycle challenges, especially in reducing energy demand cost of green buildings is 24-28% less compared to and other resource requirements in terms of electricity conventional buildings (Weerasinghe et al, 2017). NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 13 Similarly, the building sector has implemented policies 3. Promote installing renewable energy systems and codes, which elaborate on energy efficiency in in buildings (premises), including all municipal residential and commercial building sector - Model corporation buildings, to reduce the dependency Building Bye Laws (MBBL), 2016, National Building on fossil fuels. Code (NBC), 2016; the Energy Conservation Building 4. Integrate ECBC 2017 for all new municipal Code (ECBC); the Eco- Niwas Samhita, 2018, and the buildings and Eco-Niwas Samhita 2018 for schemes deployed by BEE. During the last decade, residential buildings. these policies and guidelines have been revised to address and incorporate the emerging needs of 5. Green building guidelines should be integrated the sector. MBBL 2016 has provided guidelines for into development control regulations and building sustainable buildings to reduce energy and water rules/bye laws and made mandatory for all new consumption to 50% of the present consumption in constructions of more than 20,000 sq.m area. conventional buildings. NBC developed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) was updated in 2016 to 6. Promote roof cooling techniques within new include a chapter on ‘Approach to Sustainability’. ECBC developments in peri urban areas for all new 2007 document developed for commercial buildings constructions of more than 20,000 sq. m area. was revised in 2017 to address the energy performance 7. Rating systems notified in Development Control of the buildings at three levels. In 2018, ECBC for Regulations (DCRs)/ General Development residential buildings “Eco Niwas Samhita 2018” was Control Regulations and building rules/ bye laws also launched. However, the ECBC document applies to be made mandatory for all new constructions of only for new construction and does not apply to existing more than 20,000 sqm. area. buildings and renovation projects. For existing buildings, BEE has launched a scheme ‘Star Rating of commercial 8. Integrate norms and standards to address climate buildings’ with the objective of building a foundation for risks (heat, floods, extreme rainfall, cyclones enhancing energy efficiency in buildings. Besides, the & storm surges, water scarcity, etc.) in Model Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment Building Bye- laws, 2016 and National Building (GRIHA) stipulates green building guidelines for both Code, 2016 for adoption by cities. Develop new and existing buildings. promotional/penalty schemes available for code compliance, pre-certification, certification of 4.2 Key Strategies green buildings. 9. All Municipal Corporations with a 10 lakh plus The impact of the energy & buildings sector is critical population should Institute a green building action from climate mitigation, adaptation and resilience per- cell for knowledge creation, public awareness, spective. Following strategies are recommended to facil- empanelling green building vendors, designing itate the development of sustainable habitats. green building schemes and their promotions, 1. Undertake energy audit of all municipal services, verification, and faster approvals for green including water supply, sewage, and storm water buildings in the city. Develop a high-level green management, on an annual basis. building committee/equivalent comprising ex- officio members from municipal corporation, smart 2. Promote 100% installation of energy-efficient city SPV, UDD, PWD, Green building certification streetlights and use of renewable energy operated agencies, and civil engineering/architect’s streetlights. membership association. The committee will provide strategic advice to promote and adopt energy efficient buildings and green buildings in Roof-top Solar PV System in Jaipur, Rajasthan the city. 10. Water harvesting should be mandated to reduce surface runoff and reduce water scarcity. 14 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT 4.3 Linkages with Policies and Programmes Initiatives of MoHUA MoHUA has been promoting new and emerging technologies in the construction sector to reduce the overall pollution and emissions. Further, they are also promoting energy efficiency, resource management, and recovery through green building initiatives. Further, it is also promoting the uptake of renewable energy and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. The Ministry has spearheaded several initiatives, including the PMAY-U, AMRUT, SCM, and Model Building Bye-Laws, 2016. Global Housing Technology Challenge (GHTC) under PMAY-U • The objective of the GHTC (launched in January 2019) is to identify new emerging proven construction technologies, replacing conventional construction practices and building materials that are polluting, consume higher energy, and use natural resources. • Fifty four new emerging construction technologies were identified for construction of mass housing. • Six Light House Projects (LHPs) of about 1,000 houses each with necessary infrastructure in six regions of the country have been planned using six distinct technologies identified under GHTC. Funds for these projects have been allocated. • Future evolving technologies will be supported to foster an environment of research and development in the country through Incubation and Acceleration Support at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, IIT Mumbai, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Roorkee, and the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) lab at Jorhat to help technology initiators. Model Building Bye-Laws (MBBL), 2016 • Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) is mandatory for buildings on plot size of 100 sq. m or more. • Rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) system is mandatory for buildings on plot size of more than 500 sq. m. • Waste water recycle is mandatory for all buildings having a minimum discharge of 10,000 litres per day. • Processing of MSW should ensure implementation of the 4R rule of ‘Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Recovery’ through promotion of waste-to-compost and segregation of dry and wet waste. • All buildings on plot sizes above 100 sq.m. to comply with the green norms and conform to the mandatory requirements for sanction as per Green Rating systems to reduce energy and water consumption to 50% of the consumption in conventional buildings. • 20% of the recreational space to be left unpaved for green space. AMRUT • Replacement of conventional lights with LEDs: 6.2 million streetlights replaced with LED lights out of targeted 9.8 million lights. This is estimated to save around 1.35 billion kWh units of energy per year and reduce about 1.1 million tonnes of CO2 emission per year. • Energy audit of water pumps and replacement of inefficient pumps: MoUs were signed with 446 cities (29 states/UTs), and field survey for energy was completed in 413 cities (28 states/UTs), out of which energy audit was completed in 370 cities (27 states/UTs). 11,567 pumps (26 states/UTs) have been identified for replacement. Smart Cities Mission (SCM) • In case of redevelopment and greenfield models of Smart Cities, at least 80% of the buildings should be energy-efficient and green buildings. • Renewable energy is to be promoted to ensure that a minimum of 10% of the city’s energy needs are met by solar power. NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 15 Smart Sustainable Campus Infosys Pune (Phase 2) is the largest campus in the world to earn Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design - Existing Building Operation and Maintenance (LEED-EBOM) - Platinum Certification from the US Green Building Council (USGBC), which is a globally accepted benchmark for design, construction, and operation of high- performance existing green buildings. LEED is one of the most stringent green rating tools for existing buildings, which verifies whether a building is performing sustainably. The campus started operations in 2004 with 114 acres in Hinjewadi, wherein efficiency improvements were achieved through large-scale retrofit projects in 10 office buildings, three food courts, employee training centre, guest house, and sports complexes across the campus that can accommodate 34,000 people. A two-pronged strategy was adopted in 2008, which were: • Designing new buildings to meet the highest efficiency standards • Implementing deep retrofits in old buildings to increase energy efficiency. The details of measures taken for efficient design in 6 years (2008 to 2014) and their impact is as under: • 663 million units (kWh) saved. • 0.56 million Tons of CO2 emissions reduced. • 80 million USD spend on electricity, saved. • Ensuring that 90% of occupied space should be naturally lit (impact of day lighting i.e., employee health, work productivity, pleasant work space). • Re-engineering of chiller plants reduced energy consumption by 30%, number of equipments by 45% and space requirement by 25%. • Replacement of electric heaters with heat pumps is 3.5 times more efficient (1 kW electricity required for electric water heaters of 0.95 kW heating whereas 1 kW can heat 3.5 kW through heat pump). This led to a reduction of 4 MW of connected load across the campus. • 2.6 million sq. ft area covered with white roofs across Infosys campuses. reduced building heat gain and urban heat island effect. • 2000 street light retrofits, high-pressure sodium vapour luminaire of 250 W replaced with 90 W LED, migrated from yellow to white light for improving night vision, retrofit through replacement of standalone UPS systems with modular type high-efficiency UPS which improved efficiency by 15% as a result of a reduction in the number of UPS and annual maintenance costs. • Smart operations through Command and Control Centre to monitor, manage and optimise resources, data driven building operations through energy-saving algorithms, provide data to optimise future building designs, demystifying solar by publishing live data, ground level weather data, 2020 goal for corporates allow solar funding as part of home loan etc. According to a study, traditional “dark roofs” absorb significant sunlight - around 100 watts per sq. ft. While white roofs absorb less sunlight than either green or black roofs, they offset a portion of the warming effect from the GHG emissions. Both white and green roofs do a good job at cooling the building and cooling the air in the city. However, white roofs are three times more effective at countering climate change than green roof, and white roof is the most cost-effective over 50 years. The high installation cost of green roof, their environmental benefits may at least partially mitigate their financial burden (Source: Laurence Berkeley National Laboratory, California, USA). 16 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT 5 Urban Planning, Green Cover, and Biodiversity 5.1 Key Priorities and infrastructure requirements. Besides, lack of data to enable risk-informed planning, fund scarcity, and lack of U qualified human resources (urban/town planners) pose rban areas in India are expected to house more serious challenges in formulation, implementation, and than 40% of the country’s total population, and monitoring of climate actions at the city level. Spatial will contribute to over 75% of the national GDP and temporal data loss and damage due to disasters by 2030 (Source: MoHUA, SCM). However, as remain a gap. In addition, timely implementation and the cities expand, the energy demand is expected to monitoring of various spatial plans and provision for increase dramatcally, resulting in high GHG emissions revision, need to be enabled with the use of the latest and thereby contributing to the climate change. Since technological tools, such as Geographical Information much of India’s future development is centred around System (GIS) and Remote Sensing techniques. cities and urban areas, consistent with the objectives of the Paris Agreement, cities urgently need to plan and implement climate actions in an integrated and Urban environment consists of many aspects, including inclusive way. This would include mitigation of GHG waterbodies, open spaces, and built-up areas. The emissions and adaptation to climate change impacts waterbodies and open spaces help people adapt better to foster comprehensive social, cultural, economic, and to the adverse impacts of extreme climate events besides environmental benefits. combating the urban heat island effect. These also combat water crisis, acting as reservoirs for draining, retention for groundwater recharge, for protection in The cost of poor planning of Indian cities is estimated case of floods, and for maintaining biodiversity. Further, between 1.2% and 6.3% of the GDP by 2050 (Mani, local sources of freshwater decrease the dependence Bandyopadhyay, Chonabayashi, Markandya & Mosier, on energy for pumping purposes. 2018). Therefore, there is an urgent need for urban planning reforms that can facilitate integrated urban and regional planning approaches to climate-sensitive Similarly, sufficiently large and protected green spaces development, with active public participation in a reduce the impact of human activities on climate, while time bound manner. At the same time, adoption and biodiversity helps in carbon sequestration, air and water enforcement of existing mechanisms and guidelines, purification, mitigation of impacts of environmental such as the revised URDPFI guidelines 2014 on pollution, noise reduction, and microclimate regulation. preservation and rejuvenation of water bodies, green The effects of climate change and disasters (natural and eco-sensitive areas, need to be strengthened by and man-made) are faced by urban inhabitants, and the Urban Development Authorities (UDAs) and Urban impact urban infrastructure. As effects of climate Local Bodies (ULBs). variability leading to extreme events are becoming more severe and frequent, the incidents of damage to urban infrastructure are also increasing. Therefore, As of July 2019, out of the 7,933 cities and towns, 2,843 all cities should be able to identify their potential have statutory Master Plans. The disaggregation of hazards, vulnerabilities, and risk as well as be prepared Master Plans in the form of Zonal Development Plans/ for a prompt response mechanism to combat any Local Area Plans /Layout Plans are rarely available disaster situations, including robust plans for recovery, for most cities and towns, leading to haphazard and reconstruction, and rehabilitation to ‘build back better’. unplanned growth. Moreover, a review of existing plans suggests that many towns and cities that have Master Plans or Development Plans, which do not match with the growing infrastructural requirements and emerging challenges arising out of climate change, environmental NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 17 5.2 Key Strategies 6. disaster resilient urban planning. Carry out rejuvenation and conservation of urban waterbodies as envisaged under the Jal Jeevan The following strategies are recommended for Urban Mission (JJM-Urban). Planning, Green Cover and Biodiversity to facilitate sus- 7. Enforce existing guidelines to preserve and tainable habitat development: protect river floodplains, banks, river beds, natural 1. Map all eco-sensitive zones, biodiversity drainage canals, and open areas. hotspots, natural resources in the city including 8. Digitise the city drainage network, and used the waterbodies/drinking water sources, along with information to prepare drainage master plans, their catchments, open spaces/wetlands, and which include locations of storm water system, forest areas. Further, prepare a heat island waterbodies, streams, natural canals, invert map to inform mitigation actions to regulate levels, terrain, land use, and land cover. micro-climate and reduce GHG emissions locally. 9. Ensure that 10-12% of city area is earmarked as 2. Take appropriate disaster mitigation and recreation spaces, including the green and blue management measures in vulnerable areas infrastructure of the total developed area following as identified in the Vulnerability Atlas of India the URDPFI guidelines. (Source: Building Materials and Technology 10. Develop green belt buffer zones around the Promotion Council (BMTPC)), which contains industries situated within the Master Plan limit. digitised state/UT-wise Hazard Maps with respect 11. Prepare and implement City Climate Action to earthquakes, wind, and floods. Plan (mitigation and adaptation) for Million-plus 3. Protect and prevent the construction of roads cities, and integrate with the Master Plan, Local and buildings on wetlands/waterbodies and flood Areas Plans, and Town Planning Schemes, as zones to maintain channels for surface runoff. applicable. 4. Promote maintaining of green cover using 12. Apart from the focus on land use and land cover an ecological approach, specifically focusing aspects, Make provisions for proper planning on native tree species and sustaining urban of water supply, sewerage, and storm water biodiversity that provides important ecosystem drainage networks in the Master Plans. services contributing to climate change mitigation 13. Reduce impervious surfaces and encourage and adaptation, such as carbon sequestration, construction of permeable sidewalks and air and water purification, mitigation of impacts pavements to reduce the intensity of surface of environmental pollution, noise reduction, and runoff during monsoons and contribute to regulation of microclimate. increased recharge of the groundwater, thereby 5. Develop a plan of action for city preparedness helping to address stresses, such as droughts to tackle natural and man-made disasters in and water scarcity. alignment with the Sendai Framework for the 14. Take effective steps to increase green cover in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), NDMA guidelines urban areas, which prevents soil erosion (during (2010, 2014, 2019), and MoHUA’s Standard run-off) and help manage the surface and ground Operating Procedure (SOP) on Urban Flooding water hydrology. Eg. Maintain vegetation and (2017). State/city level development controls/ trees to stabilise soil and and reduces the risk of codes should address multi-hazard risks in line landslides in hilly/mountainous areas. with the Vulnerability Atlas of India to enable Rejuvenation of City Greens by Gwalior Smart City, Madhya Pradesh 18 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT 5.3 Linkages with Policies and Programmes Initiatives of MoHUA Rejuvenation of waterbodies is critical to combat urban water stress. Waterbodies are essential, as they cater to drinking water needs, act as retention basins for groundwater recharge, protect during floods, and help to maintain biodiversity. Having local sources of fresh water decreases the dependence on energy used for pumping purposes. Open spaces play a critical role in climate mitigation and adaptation aspects by improving the microclimate and enabling groundwater recharge. AMRUT • INR 176.8 billion has been allocated by MoHUA for development and restoration of green spaces and parks. • 1,770 parks have been developed at a cost of INR 9.9 billion, and creation of another 650 green spaces and parks worth INR 5.2 billion is under progress. The development of green space and parks with special provision for child-friendly components has ensured access to amenities, reduction in carbon footprints, increase in groundwater level, and improvement in quality of life of citizens. • Local Area Plans/Town Planning Schemes (LAP/TPS) worth INR 0.5 billion has been launched as a pilot scheme in 25 cities @ INR 0.02 billion per city to catalyse planned and sustainable urban growth. The scheme will enhance the public realm (public spaces, areas under roads, etc.) by enabling the redevelopment of the existing built environment, preparing a new layout with enhanced infrastructure provision, and providing for planned urban expansion. • Formulation of GIS-based Master Plans for 500 cities is one of the crucial reforms under AMRUT. It is a 100% centrally-funded sub-scheme with a total outlay of INR 5.15 billion, having three components, i.e., geo- database creation, GIS-based master plan formulation, and capacity building. URDPFI Guidelines, 2014 • The URDPFI guidelines provides detailed methodology and framework for preparing various types of spatial plans, such as Metropolitan Regional Plan, Regional Plan, Master Plan, Zonal Development Plan, and Local Area Plan. • It advocates for the development of compact cities, ensuring the use of public transport, and facilitating non-mo- torised transport (NMT). Norms for charging infrastructure in DCRs with a vision to implement ‘electric mobility’ and emphasis on Transport Oriented Development (TOD) for a span of the next 30 years have also been incorporated.Guidelines. Smart Cities Mission (SCM) • A key feature of SCM is preservation and development of open spaces - parks, playgrounds, and recreational facilities. Park for citizens in Diu, UT of Daman and Diu NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 19 20 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT 6 Mobility and Air Quality 6.1 Key Priorities recreation at affordable cost and within a reasonable time. This articulates the importance of incorporating U urban transport as an integral component of land use rban India has experienced unprecedented plans under the Urban Planning component. Further, growth of private motor vehicles during the SCM, AMRUT, Automotive Mission Plan 2026, and last decade, resulting in traffic congestion and Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric/Hybrid increase in air pollution levels. The average (FAME) India are playing a key role in promoting growth of vehicle registration in the country during 2001- sustainable mobility. Studies show that bus systems 16 was 9.4%. Five metro cities have a vehicle registration supported by quality pedestrian and cycling networks rate of over 500 per 1,000 people, and account for over for first and last-mile connectivity form the most cost- 54% of the total vehicles in the metropolitan cities as of effective public transport solution. The Metro Rail

2011 (Source: Indian Institute for Human Settlements, Policy, 2017 has also supported the construction of 2015). The public bus services are also limited to metro networks across various cities to reduce private large cities, and most cities lack road safety measures vehicle ownership. The missions have enabled several for pedestrians and cyclists. It is estimated that the cities to improve their bus systems, footpaths, and transport sector alone contributes to almost 13% cycling networks. (Source: International Transport Forum - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2019) of carbon dioxide emissions in India, more than three 6.2 Key Strategies times compared to what it emitted in 1990. Therefore, The folllowing strategies are recommended to address cities need to formulate and implement strategies the issues related to urban mobility and air quality to focusing on inclusive and multi-modal mobility options facilitate the development of sustainable habitat: that will not only address the problems related to the 1. Municipal Corporations should prepare action high consumption of non-renewable energies, but also plans to promote the use of clean technology- promote health and user safety, and equal mobility based shared vehicles. Adoption of cleaner options for all. and environment-friendly technologies, such as The development of urban transport is guided by the Electric Vehicles (EV), Compressed Natural Gas National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP), 2006, which (CNG), bio-fuels, etc., and provision of necessary emphasises planning for people rather than vehicles infrastructure. Cities should also encourage the by providing sustainable mobility and accessibility to all shift of goods vehicles to cleaner fuels to reduce citizens to place of work, education, social services, and air pollution. Traffic Management at Sursadan Junction, Agra, Uttar Pradesh NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 21 2. Incentives should be provided to attract and all streets. All cities shall implement the Ministry’s enable PPP to set up charging infrastructure, guidelines on NMT (2016) in coordination with shared mobility, first and last-mile connectivity, UDAs, and shall design and implement green and the use of renewable energy sources. cover and open spaces along the walking and cycling paths. Cool pavements with good water 3. Mixed use of walking, cycling within the city should absorption pavement technologies should be be promoted in line with the National TOD Policy used in all walking and cycling paths. 2017. NMT plans should be developed to include no-car zones, docking stations, public bicycle 6. Cities should complement the Pollution Control sharing networks, etc. These facilities should be Board’s existing monitoring system to collect and designed with safety aspects for pedestrians and analyse data on localised pollution hot-spots. cyclists for better uptake. To implement the same, Municipal Corporations should adopt affordable technologies by 4. In order to decongest cities and discourage the introducing low- cost air quality sensors and use of private vehicles, Municipal Corporations, linking the latter to the Integrated Command and in collaboration with the Traffic Department, Control Centres (ICCCs). should introduce and monitor strategies, like higher parking charges, congestion charging, 7. All million-plus cities should develop city-level charges on low occupancy vehicles, and higher clean air action plans, which should also include registration charges on the purchase of a second detailed monitoring of air pollution and its impact vehicle, mandatory parking requirement based on the CPCB guidelines. certification for private vehicle ownership, 8. The choice of public transport should be mandating private parking spaces for registering assessed according to the corridor demand, new cars, etc. They should encourage usage of terrain, financial capacity, and affordability public transport by providing an affordable, safe, level. Typically, Metro Rail Systems form the comfortable, quick, reliable, and environment- high-capacity systems and are suited for high friendly mode of public transport. Cities should demand corridors. Buses, Light Metro Rail establish quality-focused multi-modal public Systems (Metro Lite and Metro Neo), and Bus transport systems that are well-integrated, Rapid Transit System (BRTS), etc. typically providing seamless travel across modes and constitute the medium and low-capacity public encourage greater use of public transport and transport systems. Additionally, other modes non-motorised modes. such as cable cars, trolley buses, and water 5. ULBs should promote NMT by improving transport etc., may be explored as per pedestrian safety, comfort, and convenience on requirements. Public Transport System in Chennai, Tamil Nadu 22 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT 6.3 Linkages with Policies and Programmes Initiatives of MoHUA An increase in the availability of public transport can promote the modal shift from private to public transport. This, in turn, helps tremendously to reduce carbon emissions by the transport sector. • National Urban Transport Policy, 2006 • Metro Rail Policy, 2017 • National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) • Integrated Command and Control Centre (ICCC) • Transit Oriented Development (TOD) Policy, 2017 • Guidance documents UMTA & UTF Operations, Urban Bus Specification, Operation of City Bus Service, Non-Motorised Transport (NMT), Public Bicycle System (PBS), Value Capture Finance (VCF) Framework, CMP Toolkit, etc. Metro Rail • A total of about 721 km of the metro rail line is operational in 18 cities, and approximately 1,000 km of metro rail, including 82 km of Regional Rapid Transport System (RRTS) is under construction in 27 cities. • Standards for Light Urban Rail Transit System named “Metrolite” has been issued by the Ministry in July 2019. This system is suitable for cities with a lower projection of ridership. It can also be used as a feeder system to the metro system. • 42 MW of Rooftop Solar PV system in metro depots and station buildings has led to reduction of CO2 emissions of 67,500 tonnes during 2019-20. Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) Presently, 400 km of BRTS is operational across the country, and 180 km of the same are under construction. National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) NCMC is an inter-operable transport card that runs on a RuPay card, and will enable people to pay multiple kinds of transport charges, including metro services, bus travel, toll taxes, parking charges, retail shopping, and even withdraw money across the country. AMRUT Central Government has allocated INR 14.36 billion for NMT in urban areas, of which 149 projects worth INR 2.37 billion to develop footpaths/walkways/skywalks, sidewalks, foot over-bridges, facilities for NMT, and multi-level parking have been completed. 184 projects worth INR 7.87 billion are under progress. These projects will enhance the zero-carbon public mobility for all. In order to facilitate the availability of charging infrastructure for EVs, MBBL 2016 and URDPFI guidelines 2014 have been amended in February 2019 to facilitate states/cities to make provisions in their bye-laws for providing EV charging infrastructure. SCM ICCC projects under SCM includes some of the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) components, like camera- based city surveillance, smartstreet lights, smart parking, traffic management, environmental sensors, Bus Intelligent Transport System, common mobile apps, etc., to strengthen the urban transport system. More than 60 cities across India are in the process of establishing ICCCs. Ministry’s support to ‘Streets for People and Cycle for Change’ initiatives further help in promoting NMT. NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 23 24 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT 7 Water Management 7.1 Key Priorities T he increase in urbanisation and the resultant Urban water management is now on the verge of a economic activities have increased the revolution in response to rapidly escalating urban demand for water by many folds in cities. NITI demand for water and the need to make urban Aayog estimates (2019) suggest that India water systems resilient to climate change. Growing will become water-stressed by 2025. More than 20% competition, conflicts, shortages, waste, and of India’s groundwater has dried up or is in a critical degradation of water resources make it imperative to state, emphasisng the need to augment existing rethink conventional concepts - to shift from an water resources through recharge, rejuvenation, and approach that attempts to manage different aspects storage, including RWH. With climate change expected of the urban water cycle in isolation to an integrated to cause variation in precipitation patterns and affect approach supported by all stakeholders. water availability, there is an urgent need for cities to adopt integrated water and waste water management The recently launched Jal Jeevan Mission (Urban) systems. intends to promote the circular economy of water by developing CWBPs, focusing on recycle/reuse of Cities are currently managing different water cycle treated sewage, rejuvenation of waterbodies, and water components, including surface water, rainwater, conservation. Further, 20% of the water demand is to be groundwater, storm water, and wastewater. However, met by reused water with the development of institutional the ability of these isolated management systems to mechanisms. deliver services is increasingly jeopardised due to rapid population growth, spatial expansion of cities/towns, as MoHUA published the ‘Manual on Water Supply and well as climate variability. Treatment’ in May 1999 to assist ULBs in managing urban water supply. It has also published a ‘Manual As per Census 2011, 70.6% of the urban households on O&M of Water Supply Systems’ in January 2005 (HHs) have access to piped water sources, whereas to assist ULBs in execution and O&M of urban water 26.9 % HHs depend upon non-piped sources, such as supply. The manual provides detailed guidelines wells, hand pumps, tube wells/bore wells. The remaining and methodology for planning, designing, execution, 2.5% depend on unimproved sources, such as springs, and O&M of water supply systems. It also provides rivers/canals, tanks/ponds/lakes, etc. Poor availability information on the recent technical advances and of water (i.e., 0.5 - 5 hrs a day) and inefficiency in water trends in developing protected water supply systems. supply (i.e. unaccounted-for-water up to 50%) are the major shortcomings in the urban water supply. Besides, In order to address the problem of urban sanitation, large inequities exist in both the quality and quantity of SBM-Urban was implemented to cover all cities and water supplied. make the country ‘Open Defecation Free’ (ODF). Besides, the mission aims to provide universal Urban water supply service, at present, is fraught with coverage of sewerage system, including faecal septage myriad challenges. On one hand, local water resources management in 500 Mission cities. (surface and groundwater) are getting exhausted/ polluted, and cities are reaching much beyond their The Ministry has released the ‘Manual on Sewerage catchment area to source surface water. On the other and Sewage Treatment Systems, 2013’ in three hand, due to operational and management challenges, parts: Part A: Engineering, Part B: O&M, and Part C: the water distribution systems are suffering from Management. The manual provides information on the substantial physical losses. The existing challenges recent technical advances and trends in the planning, faced today by the water sector include inefficient designing, execution, O&M, and asset management, supply and demand management, absence of equity in which all the ULBs refer to in urban areas. It also water distribution, financial and institutional issues and provides the technological interventions to prevent leakage management, limited metering, and archaic untreated discharge of sewage to avoid groundwater billing and collection systems. contamination. NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 25 Providing safe, reliable, and affordable water supply to address the problem of water crisis. Within the through efficiently managed arrangements is a crucial existing urban development framework, particularly goal for the water supply sector. MoHUA has issued AMRUT, initiatives are taken up for implementation a Guidance Note for Continuous Water Supply (24/7 and monitoring of existing Stormwater Drainage (SWD) supply) in 2009. These guidelines intends to sensitise systems. MoHUA has prepared a ‘Manual on SWD state governments, ULBs, and service providers to the Systems, 2019’ to provide necessary guidance to all the policy and operational issues that need to be addressed. stakeholders towards aspects of sustainable design, The guidelines are under the process of revision. A planning, and management of SWD systems across paradigm shift is required to consider stormwater as towns and cities. a resource instead of waste, and leverage stormwater Water Management System in Dehradun, Uttarakhand 26 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT 7.2 Key Strategies In alignment with India’s vision and ongoing programmes, rejuvenation of waterbodies. All ULBs should the following water management strategies are protect and prevent the construction of roads recommended to ensure sustainable habitats: and buildings on wetlands/waterbodies and flood zones to maintain existing channels for surface 1. City administrations should implement supply water runoff. side management for efficient distribution of piped water supply. Water supply departments and Jal 6. City administrations should mandate treatment, Nigams should adopt 100% water metering, and recycle and reuse of at least 20% of the wastewater develop an appropriate water tariff structure, in alignment with the guidelines of JJM(U), and considering the water usage and income levels of promote circular economy of water through the the consumers. This could be achieved through development of CWBPs. Decentralised wastewater practising escalating tariff, i.e., the consumption management approach should be promoted for level of 20 lpcd (as per WHO and UNICEF) should areas where there is a possibility for localised be subsidised, and at 135 lpcd, full cost recovery reuse of treated wastewater (as compared to all should be built into the tariff. The tariff should be sewage being treated in one far corner), which increased for consumption levels above the set will reduce the usage of fresh water. Building and benchmarks, which will not only help in sustainable construction projects, having an area of more than consumption of water, but also augment revenues. 20,000 sq. m (or as per latest norms) should install treatment plants within their premises to treat 2. Full recovery of O&M charges should be 100% of the generated wastewater. Building and encouraged by Jal Nigams and Water supply construction projects with an area of more than departments/authorities through rationalising user 5,000 sqm. (or as per latest norms) should install charges and improving the efficiency of water treatment plants within their premises in case of tax collection. For conventional underground unavailability of municipal sewage network. sewerage systems, the user charges could be linked to the water consumption of the relevant 7. All Municipal Corporations should conduct water property. O&M subsidies should be phased out in and energy audits for water supply systems and the short term for moving towards 100% O&M cost wastewater management, especially treatment recovery. Capital Expenditure (CapEx) recovery plants and pumping stations. All ULBs should should be aimed for in the long run. Energy-efficient undertake NRW assessments and put in place equipments for wastewater pumping should Reduction Strategy and Action Plan, incorporating be promoted, as it leads to a reduction in GHG options for active leakage control (at distribution emissions (CO2 emissions) per kWh of electricity mains, storage tanks, and service connection consumed, thereby reducing O&M costs. points). Cities should aim to achieve the target of NRW below 20%. 3. ULBs should map the significant ground and surface water sources (catering to 5% or more 8. While strategising (planning) the wastewater of a city’s water needs), and prepare a plan for management approach for an urban area, augmenting existing water resources through administrative authorities should shift their focus recharge, rejuvenation, and storage. ULBs should (end objective) from the conventional ‘disposal- make GIS-enabled urban plans for water supply oriented’ approach to the ‘recycle and reuse- and sewerage systems. RWH should be made oriented’ approach. Relevant authorities should mandatory within all buildings to replenish and develop advisories/standards for safe use of recharge the groundwater. wastewater, greywater, and sludge in various activities, with special focus on managing 4. Continuous (24x7) water supply should be adopted associated health risks. This includes, but not by relevant authorities, which will prevent the limited to, the following: (a) Integration of stormwater contamination of drinking water and optimise the management systems with wastewater recycling use of fresh and treated water. Reduction of the systems shall be made, wherever possible, (b) non-revenue water (NRW) should be ensured by Reuse of greywater, after primary treatment, in identifying illegal water connections through water flush toilets should be encouraged, ensuring no audits and community involvement. human contact, (c) Authorities are encouraged to 5. Municipal Corporations should develop Integrated develop regulations for new development to reuse Urban Water Resource Plans, which includes greywater, minimising impacts on freshwater, strategies for prevention of encroachments and NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 27 (d) Develop plans/agreements with industries 10. Rejuvenation and conservation of water bodies situated within/nearby to use the treated should be promoted, as they act as essential wastewater in their manufacturing process, reservoirs for drinking water, retention basins for based on the quality of the treated wastewater, groundwater recharge and risk prevention in case (e) Mandate use of recycled wastewater in cooling of floods. towers of commercial and institutional buildings, 11. Recycling and reuse of wastewater should be and (f) Develop plans/agreements to utilise the promoted, as it reduces the stress on the existing treated wastewater from STPs in thermal power water resources, which are adversely affected by plants. climate change. 9. All ULBs should publish a rapid flood risk assessment report to analyse the reasons for flooding/water stagnation, the hotspots, level, and frequency. All Municipal Corporations should implement an end-to-end urban flood early warning systems and link the same with ICCC, where possible. 7.3 Linkages with Policies and Programmes Initiatives of MoHUA Considering that climate change is expected to create additional pressure on the existing water resources, reducing NRW is considered a robust climate smart solution. Further, it can also be used as a demand management instrument to decrease additional stress on existing water resources. NRW reduction will cater to the reduction in energy consumption required for pumping water, thereby reducing GHG emissions. AMRUT • The Mission focuses on sustainable water management, comprising universal water supply coverage, reducing NRW (universal water supply, water meters, and leakage detection technologies), double piping systems in group housing societies, and water conservation interventions. • The central government has allocated INR 390 billion (50% of the total budget) to the water supply sector. 553 water supply projects worth INR 76.83 billion have been completed, and 759 projects worth INR 338.6 billion are under progress. • Water tap connections have been provided for 9.5 million HHs, and additional 4.42 million water tap connections will be provided under the Mission to achieve universal coverage. • Energy audit of water pumps and replacement of inefficient pumps is another essential milestone. MoUs have been signed with 474 cities (30 states/UTs) , and field survey for energy audit has been completed in 420 cities (29 states/UTs), out of which energy audit has been completed in 396 cities (27 states/UTs) and 13,051 pumps (26 states/UTs) have been identified for replacement. • In order to address water scarcity, Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA) was launched by the Ministry of Jal Shakti in 754 water-stressed ULBs on 01 July 2019. MoHUA under AMRUT has participated actively in the Mission and issued guidelines for urban water conservation to undertake conservation, restoration, recharge, and reuse of water. It aims to create ‘Jan Andolan’ through asset creation and communication campaigns to ensure interventions in the four major thrust areas for urban water conservation, namely: RWH, reuse of treated wastewater, rejuvenation of waterbodies, and plantation. During JSA, 239,847 RWH structures have been installed till date; 420 MLD wastewater have been treated, 1,480 water bodies covering 6,082 acres of land have been rejuvenated; 7.5 million saplings have been planted, providing green cover to 893.15 sq.km area, and 3.4 million citizens have registered their participation. • In order to ensure sewerage and septage management, besides laying underground sewerage systems and installing septic tanks, the Mission promotes recycle and reuse of wastewater to improve water use efficiency and reduce dependence on drinking water for non-potable uses. The target of the Mission is to provide 14.5 million sewer connections to enhance substantial sewerage network coverage. INR 324.56 billion (42% of the Mission budget) has been allocated for sewerage and septage projects. 28 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT • Under the Mission, 257 projects on networked underground sewerage systems, augmentation and rehabilitation of old sewerage systems, STPs, Tertiary Treatment Reverse Osmosis (TTRO) plants, Faecal Sludge Treatment Plants (FSTPs), and mechanical and biological cleaning of sewers/septic tanks worth INR 52.64 billion have been completed. Another 548 projects worth INR 265.7 billion are under progress. • So far, about 6 million sewer connections have been provided, leading to treatment of wastewater and its reuse in industries, thermal power plants, horticulture, etc. It has led to improved hygiene conditions, cleaner environment, and better quality of life. • Ministry has brought out the ‘Faecal Sludge and Septage Management Policy (FSSM), 2017’, wherein detailed guidance/approach to roll out FSSM policy is provided which, inter alia, emphasises on the objectives, septage collection, and transportation, treatment and disposal, specific milestones, and leveraging FSSM to achieve 100% access to safe sanitation. • Construction and improvement of stormwater drains while adhering to guidelines contained in ‘Manual on Stormwater Drainage Systems (2019)’ has been taken up in order to reduce flooding. INR 29.6 billion has been allocated towards drainage projects. So far, 475 projects worth INR 7.0 billion have been completed, and another 297 projects worth INR 21.4 billion are under progress. • SOP on urban floods was issued in 2017 to mitigate and manage floods in cities. • AMRUT 2.0 is a step towards ‘AatmaNirbharBharat’ with aim of making the cities ‘water-secure’ and providing functional water connections to all HHs. NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 29 30 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT 8 Waste Management 8.1 Key Priorities U rban India generates about 55 million tonnes Since 2016, in order to create healthy competitiveness of municipal solid waste (MSW) annually and to evaluate the performance of ULBs, the Annual (Source: Planning Commission Report, 2014). Swachh Survekshan (cleanliness survey) is carried out, As per a 2009 report of the Department of under which the ULBs are ranked based on various Economic Affairs (DEA), per capita waste generation parameters of cleanliness. In the first round of Swach is increasing by about 1.3% annually. It is estimated Survekshan, 73 million-plus cities were evaluated. that 10-25% of the total MSW generated in Indian Similarly in 2017, the survey was conducted among 434 cities is Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste, cities. Swachh Survekshan 2018 and 2019 covered of which only 5% is recycled and reused. The total 4,203 and 4,237 ULBs respectively. The Swachh quantum of waste from the construction industry was Survekshan 2020 covered 4,242 cities, and introduced estimated to be around 100 million tonnes per annum the concept of ‘Continuous Survekshan’ to ensure in 2018 (NITI Aayog, 2019). According to MoEF&CC, that the Mission outcomes are sustained through a MSW generation is expcted to reach 0.45 million continuous quarterly monitoring and verification. tonnes per day (TPD) by 2031, and 1.19 million TPD by 2050. The relationship between solid waste and SWM Rules 2016 emphasises on source segregation GHG emissions is well established. GHGs can of waste into three streams (i.e., bio-degradable, non- be avoided through scientific management of waste. bio-degradable, and domestic hazardous waste) and The first principle of the integrated waste management proper transportation and treatment of solid waste. hierarchy is reduction of waste generation at source. The Rules insist that all industrial units, located Therefore, it is essential for cities to prioritise actions within 100 km from the refused-derived fuel (RDF) for waste reduction and accordingly plan their future and waste-to- energy plants based on solid waste, waste management operations and infrastructure shall make arrangements within six months from the requirements. date of notification of these Rules to replace at least 5% of their fuel requirement by refused derived fuel On 2nd October 2014, SBM-U was launched by MoHUA, so produced. As per the latest amendment to the with the objectives of making the country Open Electricity Tariff Policy 2006 by the Ministry of Power, Defecation Free (ODF) and promoting scientific SWM. it is mandatory for the state electricity distribution With this vision, India has embarked on the journey of companies (Discoms) to purchase all power generated cleanliness, duly advocating compliance with the SWM from MSW at the rate determined by the appropriate Rules 2016, C&D Waste Rules 2016, and the Plastic authority. Further, as per the Policy on Promotion of Waste Management Rules 2016, among others. At the City Compost, the Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilisers time of the launch of SBM-U, 26,000 TPD of waste was will provide a fixed market development assistance being treated, which has been enhanced substantially in of INR 1,500/metric tonne of city compost for scaling the last 6 years of the Mission to approximately 96,000 up and consumption of the product. Initially, the TPD (as reported by the states/UTs in November 2020). marketing and promotion of city compost will be done The total waste generated is about 0.15 million TPD. through the existing fertiliser companies. About 98% of the total municipal wards have door-to- door collection, 68% of the total waste generated is As a part of capacity building, MoHUA has conducted processed, and 77% of the total wards practice source 130 workshops on various components of SBM-U, segregation. In order to enhance the progress and including municipal SWM, covering more than 2,400 sustain the achievements, the proposal to continue the ULBs and 5,000 officials across the country. Additionally, Mission under SBM 2.0 is under examination by the MoHUA has brought more than 20 advisories on various government. components of the SBM. NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 31 8.2 Key Strategies Cities are advised to follow the suggested strategies for 5. City administration should plan and implement developing sustainable habitat: strategies for onsite processing of wet waste and segregation of dry waste, and provide incentives 1. Segregation of waste and 4R principles for efficient to reduce waste generation at the source. waste management should be implemented. They should promote technology integration State/city authorities should establish targets for efficient collection and processing of waste. and promote replacement of virgin materials with Residents and RWAs should be incentivised to recycled materials (linear to circular economy). collect wet waste and process them into compost 2. Resource efficiency of cities with more than on-site, as far as possible. 0.5 million population should be maximised by 6. City administration should prepare a remediation facilitating set-ups for Material Recovery Facility plan for legacy dumpsites in the city to avoid/ (MRF), with provision for sorting recyclables mitigate GHG emissions. Cities need to and facility for sorting segregated combustible scientifically operate and manage their landfills fractions (SCF)/RDF as per the SWM Rules 2016. as per the SWM Rules 2016. 3. State governments should promote the use 7. City administration should maintain the drains of RDF in cement factories to reduce coal and prevent clogging due to waste disposal in consumption and control GHG emissions. order to reduce the risk of flooding and other 4. All major cities with a population of more than 0.5 associated health hazards. million should develop a mechanism to collect and process/reuse C&D waste as per the C&D Waste Management Rule 2016. Sewage collection in Devanahalli, Karnataka 32 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT 8.3 Linkages with Policies and Programmes Initiatives of MoHUA The relationship between solid waste and GHG emissions is well established. Generation of GHGs can be avoided through scientific waste management of waste. The first principle of the integrated waste management hierarchy is the reduction of waste generation at the source. C&D waste is a significant component of city waste. To reduce the pressure on the exploitation of natural resources, cities need to focus on finding greener ways to produce concrete, encouraging reuse of recycled materials to replace virgin materials. SBM-U • Waste to Compost • The assessed capacity of compost that can be generated in India from MSW is about 5.5 million TPA. • Current production is around 1.75 million TPA from 635 operational centralised compost plants. • Another 206 plants of 0.68 million TPA capacity are under construction. • Waste to Energy • The assessed capacity of power that can be generated from MSW is around 511 MW. • 7 plants are currently in operation, with a combined capacity of 88.4 MW. • Another 56 plants are coming up with the capacity of 415 MW SCM Waste management projects under the mission include distribution of bins, development of IT solutions for monitoring of trucks, among others. CPWD Guidelines for Sustainable Habitat, 2014 • The amount of C&D waste in India is estimated to be around 10-12 million tonnes annually, and the proportion of concrete is estimated to be about 23-35% of the total waste. • The total available recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in India is about 1.8 million tonnes annually. • A plan for systematic approach towards demolition of a building shall be developed to minimise the generated waste and maximise its use. • Various agencies/sub-contractors shall be involved and linked up with the steps for C&D waste reuse and recycling. • All C&D waste information shall be collected by contractors/waste management companies to ensure effective and efficient reuse of C&D waste (e.g. use of recycled aggregates). Segregated waste collection by battery-operated vehicle, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 33 34 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT 9 Cross-Cutting Strategies for enabling Climate Actions T he enabling climate actions intend to address 2. Cities shall promote principles of sustainable the overarching framework to facilitate the neighbourhood planning and climate resilience to adoption and implementation of the sector- address climate mitigation and adaptation in the wise climate action strategies discussed in this ongoing and proposed activities, such mixed and Guidelines. These include strategies pertaining to the specialised land use, TOD, risk-informed land following: urban governance; capacity building; data, use, and infrastructure planning. technology and innovation; and financing mechanism 3. City administration should analyse the local for the mission. climate risks and consider the same within all policies, plans, and projects. Cities need to 9.1 Urban Governance develop CCAPs in line with the NMSH guidelines and CSCAF. CCAPs will also have to indicate Urban governance in climate change context refers to proposed actions and budgetary requirements to the ability and capacity of local/municipal governments carry out various activities under each thematic to make decisions and implement plans/programmes area till 2030. and strategies across a range of responsibilities and services for achieving a better quality of life, especially 4. Municipal Corporations will institutionalise for the vulnerable citizens’ group irrespective of the monitoring and implementation of climate actions changes in the environment, climate, or weather by establishing ‘Environment & Climate Change patterns. Overall, it requires adequate legal and policy Cell’. The Cell will closely coordinate with the frameworks, efficient institutional and administrative city-level multi-stakeholder committee on climate processes to enable the government response to the change as instituted under CSCAF. This needs of citizens in the context of climate change. At committee should include participants from the city level, ULBs play a vital role in providing access various stakeholders at the city/state level, such to basic services, grievance/concern redressal, etc. It as industry, civil society, sector experts, academia, is to be noted that most of the urban missions in India and scientific institutions. are being implemented and converged at the ULB level. 5. ULBs will conduct regular monitoring of critical Therefore, it is vital to address the issues and challenges climate and environment parameters to of urban governance in a meaningful way. Some of the mainstream and improve the existing situation. recommended strategies are listed below: This mechanism includes and addresses CSCAF 1. The centre will constitute a National Mission indicators. Management Unit (NMMU) to take up regular 6. States/Cities shall implement existing institutional activities and handhold states/cities in and policy guidelines towards low-carbon and implementing the Mission. NMMU also has to take climate-resilient cities. For instance, setting up up capacity building (for ULB and state officials of the Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority on climate change related aspects) activities, (UMTA) and Urban Transport Fund (UTF) while along with developing Information, Education enabling coordinated and integrated urban and Communication (IEC) materials, which will transport planning and management. play an important role towards mass awareness generation and behaviourial change aspects. NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 35 9.2 City Level Monitoring Mechanism At the city level, ULB will be responsible for the The terms of reference for the city-level monitoring implementation of the Mission. The District Magistrate/ committee are mentioned below: Municipal Commissioner will chair the city-level 1. The ULBs are responsible for the implementation monitoring committee with the following members: of the Mission in the city. 2. Monitoring day-to-day activities related to the District Magistrate/Municipal Mission. Chair/Member-Secretary 3. Undertake and review capacity building activities Commissioner at local levels under various missions/ schemes/ CMO Member programmes of the Ministry. Chief Engineer (CE) (Water 4. Submit quarterly progress reports on the Member supply and sanitation) implementation of mission to State Level CE (Buildings) Member Committee. CE (Roads) Member 5. The ULB will also be responsible for building CE (Electrical) Member coordination and collaboration among stakeholders. Commissioner - Transport Member 6. The City level committee should meet every three Town Planner, UDA Member months. Mitigation strategy Adaptation strategy • City inventory on GHG emissions, identification of • Climate change vulnerability assessment with present sources, and opportunities for reduction of emissions and future risks to community and environment, with under various thematic areas respect to physical and socio-economic aspects, including identification of vulnerable segments. • Analysis of collected data, estimatation of future emissions based on the socio-economic profile of a city, • Analysis of different scenarios of climate impact and and setting of targets and proposed actions risk levels (low/mid/high) on people, infrastructure, and investments. • Assessment of the local capacity to converge with existing policies/missions/schemes, etc. • Assessment of the local capacity to address climate change with an inventory of existing resources, local • Setting of goals to reduce emissions (short/mid/long knowledge, policies, schemes, missions, etc., which term) and consensus building on CCAPs. will complement the actions proposed under CCAPs. • Prioritisation of activities proposed as part of CCAP • Planning and implementation to enhance resilience under each thematic area and its institutionalisation. towards physical, environmental, economic, and social • Implementation plan with clear roles, responsibilities, impacts of climate change. and timeline. Cycle-for-Change, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh 36 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework (CSCAF) MoHUA launched CSCAF under SCM in February 2019. This first-of-its-kind city level framework on climate-relevant parameters, including those of the National Clean Air Programme, is intended to drive climate-resilient and low car- bon development across urban India, in alignment with SDGs and India’s NDCs towards addressing global climate change. With 28 progressive indicators across five thematic areas (refer to figure below), CSCAF provides an overarching monitoring framework for assessing the progress made in alignment of the NMSH guidelines. CSCAF serves as a tool for cities to assess their performance on an annual basis, and provides an incremental roadmap to adopt and implement relevant climate actions. Results from CSCAF is used to monitor the progress, and inform NMSH. In addi- tion, the framework also facilitates the dissemination of context-specific best practices adopted by Indian cities, and assess the required skills and resources for scaling the same through its Secretariat at the Climate Centre for Cities (C-Cube) at the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA). Climate Centre for Cities MoHUA, under SCM, has established the ‘C-Cube’ at NIUA to anchor climate actions across urban India. The Cen- tre ensures continuity of ongoing initiatives under CSCAF, including building capacity and knowledge retention for mainstreaming climate change action in all 500 Class-I cities. This includes, but not be limited to, municipal services, such as water supply, SWM, infrastructure, urban planning, land development, transportation, air quality, and ener- gy. Through climate smart development, cities will be able to respond to the changing climatic conditions and foster sustainable actions, thereby increasing the ease of living of citizens. At present, 126 cities, including the 100 Smart Cities, housing more than 140 million people, are reporting on climate actions. C-Cube is facilitating access to the required knowledge, training, project development, and financial support to achieve sustainable climate actions on the ground. NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 37 9.3 Capacity Building Capacity building - for strengthening both individual and Institutional capacity building institutional capacities at the city level - is an integral component of all the urban missions of the Ministry. 1. Relevant authorities should develop advisories/ Implementing NMSH will require applying a climate standards for safe use of wastewater, greywater change lens and addressing local priorities towards and sludge in agriculture and aquaculture, climate mitigation and adaptation in the capacity building focusing on managing health risks associated programmes. It is intended that the individual training with such use. Authorities should also develop will enhance functional knowledge, improve job-related advisories on reuse of wastewater for farm skills, and focus on bringing an attitudinal change in forestry, urban forests, horticulture, watering state and municipal functionaries. Institutional capacity public parks, public gardens, road medians, building will enable institutional outcomes and bring green belts, industrial use, road washing, dust about more significant sustainable and transformative control, building construction, and other uses as change. deemed appropriate without compromising on the health risks associated with such uses. Capacity building initiatives should be targeted towards 2. Capacity building programmes and modules are college students, professional architects, engineers, being developed and implemented by MoHUA planners, ULBs, and government organisations. These under CSCAF to train ULB officials, city level initiatives should specifically help the stakeholders experts and practitioners. ULBs, relevant city level understand various technologies, methods, and departments, and state line departments are to be processes to develop sustainable cooling, waste trained to refer the various tools and guidelines and water management/recycling, use of sustainable while implementing various Missions. Periodic materials, etc. to develop green infrastructure and its review of the progress of capacity building and potential cost benefits. training activities shall be mandatory at national Recommended strategies for individual and institutional and state/UT level. Each state/UT shall submit capacity building are as follows: an annual action plan on capacity building to the Ministry at the beginning of the financial year. 1. Strategic training plans for ULB officials should 3. Annual IEC plans and materials should be be carried out based on the Training Needs prepared and disseminated through various Assessment (TNA) on various issues, particularly events (offline/online) to increase public climate change related aspects. Nodal officers awareness and participation on issues related from the Environment and Climate Change to climate change, sanitation, public health, and Cell and other relevant departments are to be environment, among others. identified for participation, including training programmes implemented under CSCAF. This 4. Research and development on climate change may also include exposure visits. and related aspects should be encouraged with support from various research and 2. Nodal officers should be encouraged to enroll in training organisations, NGOs, civil society, both online and offline training programmes with and international agencies. To that end, cities various recognised institutions and the National can leverage the ClimateSmart Cities Alliance Urban Learning Platform (NULP) of MoHUA. This instituted by MoHUA in partnership with C-Cube will aim at building a dedicated team of climate at NIUA. practitioners within the ULBs. 3. Suitable staff should be encouraged to participate in various workshops, seminars, etc. on regular 9.4 Data, Technology basis. and Innovation 4. Individual capacity building shall focus on The cities must use the transformational force of coaching and task-related assistance from peers data and emerging technologies for holistic urban and mentors. development. Urban managers and administrators require tools and early warning indicators that can provide them with objective insights on routine civic activities using advanced predictive capabilities to plan for future challenges. The significance of urban data to capture the growing and changing needs of the public 38 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT is well documented. The advantage of interconnected technology and platforms sourcing data from all 9.5 Financing civic services and functions is possible in real-time, The implementation of NMSH will begin from 2021 till and the possibilities for urban impact are significant 2030 in alignment with the SDGs and India’s NDCs. (Richard Barkham, 2018). The significance of data The goals of NMSH are envisaged to be achieved to track and implement climate action measures has through various Missions and programmes of MoHUA. gained attention in recent times. Alongside the above Therefore, no separate financing is sought for possibilities, utilising the urban data ecosystem can put implementing NMSH. However, the following financing the cities’ thinking and agenda on climate change on the strategies are recommended: national and global policymaking platforms. With data insights giving a more accurate picture of resources, 1. In view of investment required to take up various capabilities, and aspirations, Indian cities can effectively activities, states/UTs need to mobilise resources position themselves to strategise and negotiate policies (technical/financial) from other sources, such and support provided by national governments and as own revenue sources (user fees, beneficiary global organisations. In essence, with data-backed charges, impact fees, etc.), municipal bond decision-making, cities will not just be able to tackle the markets, private sector investments, pool finance, effects of climate action, but also identify and anticipate PPP, Viability Gap Funding (VGF), Corporate the root causes, for advocating climate-responsive Social Responsibility (CSR) funds, bilateral and policies. Recommended strategies are as listed below: multi-lateral agencies (such as World Bank, Asian Development Bank, KfW, etc.), concessional 1. ULBs should start using spatial/non-spatial loans, carbon markets, Green Bonds, among decision support tools, such as big data analytics, others. An incentive mechanism is to be devised including visual representations of results using by the states/UTs to encourage ULBs to adopt GIS technologies. climate-friendly measures. 2. Collection and management of data on various 2. ULBs should find appropriate financing options, urban development and climate parameters at the including innovative mechanisms that tap land as city level is key to informed planning and decision- a resource for investments in urban infrastructure. making for urban climate actions. The data VCF policy framework will assist states/cities in collection should be standardised to enable easy assessing the scope of resource mobilisation, comparison across cities over time. For example, identifying the area of influence of proposed the lack of urban transport statistics has severely projects, and optimising resource mobilisation. constrained the ability to formulate sound urban transport plans and reliably assess the impact of the different initiatives that have been taken. Therefore, cities should collect regular data on public and private transport patterns to formulate sound urban transport plans. The use of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) to enable real time tracking and information of public transport should be encouraged. Developing digital platform/apps to ensure end to end route planning, booking, electronic ticketing, and easy payment methods to make public transport attractive and enable safety measures to improve ridership, universal design for better access to public transport. 3. In case of Smart Cities, where ICCCs have been established, the same should be integrated with end-to-end early warning systems to predict and manage extreme events and risks due to climate change. NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 39 40 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT References • Adelphi. (2015). Feasibility Study for a Waste • IPCC. (2018, December ). Summary of Urban NAMA in India. Policy Makers . From https://www.ipcc.ch/site/ assets/uploads/sites/2/2018/12/SPM-for-cities. • Barros, V. R., Field, C. B., Dokken, D. J., pdf Mastrandrea, M. D., Mach, K. J., Bilir, T. E., White, L. L. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, • ITF-OECD. (n.d.). Decarbonising Transport Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional in India. From https://www.itf-oecd.org/ Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the decarbonising-transport-india-0 Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental • Kahan, A. (2020, June 15). Global electricity Panel on Climate Change. Intergovernmental consumption continues to rise faster than Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). New York: population. From U.S.Energy Information Cambridge University Press. Administration: https://www.eia.gov/ • CPHEEO.(2019).Manual on Stormwater Drainage todayinenergy/detail.php?id=44095 Systems. From http://cpheeo.gov.in/cms/manual- • Mani, M., Bandyopadhyay, S., Chonabayashi, on-storm-water-drainage-systems---2019.php S., Markandya, A., & Mosier, T. (2018). South • David Eckstein, V. K. (2020). Global Climate Risk Asia’s Hotspots: The Impact of Temperature Index 2020. GermanWatch. and Precipitation Changes on Living Standards. South Asia Deccelopment Matters. Washington, • Deshpande, M., Singh, V.K., Ganadhi, M.K. et DC, United States of America: The World Bank al. Changing status of tropical cyclones over the Group. north Indian Ocean. Clim Dyn (2021). https://doi. org/10.1007/s00382-021-05880-z • MHA.(2011).Disaster Management in India. From http://sdmassam.nic.in/pdf/publication/undp/ • Economic Survey 2019-20, Volume II, Economic disaster_management_in_india.pdf Division, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. (January • MoEFCC. (2021). India: Third Biennial Update 2020) From: https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ Report to the United Nations Framework budget2020-21/economicsurvey/doc/echapter_ Convention on Climate Change. Ministry of vol2.pdf Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. From: https://unfccc.int/ • IEA. (2021). India Energy Outlook 2021. From sites/default/files/resource/INDIA_%20BUR- IEA, Paris: https://www.iea.org/reports/india- 3_20.02.2021_High.pdf energy-outlook-2021 • National Aeronautics and Space Administration. • IIHS. (2015). Urban Transport in India (H. Shaftel, R. Jackson, S. Callery, D. Bailey, Challenges and Recommendations. From Editors, & Earth Science Communications Team https://iihs.co.in/knowledge-gateway/wp-content/ NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Retrieved uploads/2015/07/RF-Working-Paper-Transport_ October, 2020 from NASAGlobal Climate Change. edited_09062015_Final_reduced-size.pdf Vital Signs of the Planet: https://climate.nasa.gov/ • India INDC to UNFCCC. (n.d.). From https:// evidence/ www4.unfccc.int/sites/submissions/INDC/ • National Institute of Urban Affairs. (2016). India- Published%20Documents/India/1/INDIA%20 Urban Climate Change Fact Sheets: Urban INDC%20TO%20UNFCCC.pdf Flooding. (NIUA, Ed.) Retrieved October 22, • IPCC. (2014). AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate 2020 from Smartnet.niua.org: https://smartnet. Change 2014. From https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ niua.org/sites/default/files/resources/FS%203_ ar5/syr/ Urban%20Flooding.pdf NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 41 • NDMA. (2019). Annual Report 2018-19, National the Parties on its Twenty First Session, Part Two: Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), Action taken by the Conference of Parties at its Government of India. https://ndma.gov.in/sites/ Twenty First Session. FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1, default/files/PDF/Reports/NDMA-Annual-Report- https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/ 2018-19-English.pdf eng/10a01.pdf • NIDM. (2014), Country Profile. From https://nidm. • WBCSD. (2016). A handbook on creating dynamic gov.in/easindia2014/err/pdf/country_profile/India. local markets for energy efficiency in buildings. pdf From http://docs.wbcsd. org/2016/11/Energy_ Efficient_Buildings_Handbook.pdf • NITI Aayog. (2019). Composite Water Management Index . National Institution for • Weerasinghe, A S, Ramachandra, T and Transforming India in association with Ministry of Thurairajah, N (2017) Life Cycle Cost Analysis: Jal Shakti and Ministry of Rural Development. Green Vs Conventional Buildings in Sri Lanka In: New Delhi: Niti Aayog. Chan, P W and Neilson, C J (Eds) Proceeding of the 33rd Annual ARCOM Conference, 4-6 • O’Brien, G., O’keefe, P., Meena, H., Rose, J., September 2017, Cambridge, UK, Association of & Wilson, L. (2008). Climate adaptation from a Researchers in Construction Management, 309- poverty perspective. Climate Policy, 194-201. 318. • Pachauri, R., & Meyers, L. (. (2014). Climate Change • WRI CAIT. (n.d.). World Resources Institute CAIT 2014: Synthesis Report. Intergovernmental Panel Climate Data Explorer. From https://cait.wri.org/ on Climate Change (IPCC). Geneva, Switzerland: New York: Cambridge University Press. • PIB. (2018, December 28) Cabinet approves submission of India’s Second Biennial Update Report (BUR) to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). From Press Information Bureau: https://pib.gov. in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1557609 • PreventionWeb The knowledge platform for disaster risk reduction. (2015, November 12). Retrieved October 22, 2020 from PreventionWeb: https://www.preventionweb.net/disaster-risk/risk- drivers/urban/ • Richard Barkham, S. B. (2018, January). Urban Big Data: City Management and Real Estate Markets. From https://mitcre.mit.edu/ wp-content/ uploads/2018/01/URBAN-DATA-AND-REAL- ESTATE-JAN-2018.pdf • Road Accidents in India. (2017) Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. • Sethi, M. (2015, May 10). Decoding Urban India’s Carbon Footprint: Spatial Numerical Mapping of Thermal Energy Emissions. JSTOR, 108(No. 9), 1616-1623. • Swachh Bharat Mission. (2016). An Inclusive Swachh Bharat through the Integration of the Informal Recycling Sector. UN. (n.d.). From https://sdgs.un.org/goals • UN Habitat. (2018). Climate-proof urban and regional planning. New Delhi, https://unhabitat. org/cop24-2018-documents/Climate_ Action- Sheet_1-Final.pdf. • UNFCCC. (2016). Report of the Conference of 42 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 43 44 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT Annexure I Case studies on various thematic areas 2. It produces materials that can be utilised for Chandigarh: Construction and cement concrete works, such as washed sand, Demolition (C&D) waste plant crushed aggregates of 10, 20, and 40 mm. 3. The plant also manufactures road material (PCC Background kerbs, PCC channels, PCC tiles, paver blocks, etc.) at a relatively low cost. It reduces the in- The Goverment of India has notified the C&D Waste house cost of construction by approximately 10%. Management Rule, 2016, which is applicable to everyone who generates construction and demolition 4. Fees charged for collection and transportation waste (building materials, debris, rubble waste are INR 396 + GST for recycled aggregate and resulting from construction, re-modelling, repair sand, INR 198 + GST for silt per cu. m. and demolition of any civil structure of individual or 5. It provides facility for the residents of Chandigarh organisation or authority). The Rules address the to dump their construction waste in an authorised scientific disposal of C&D waste to enable reuse and manner. recycling. All local government institutions are responsible for proper management of C&D waste within 6. CMC has also come up with a C&D waste its jurisdiction, including placing appropriate containers management policy, which has penalty provisions for collection of waste, removal at regular intervals, of INR 1,000 for residential and INR 5,000 for transportation to appropriate sites for processing and commercial buildings, in case they are involved in disposal. Chandigarh Municipal Corporation (CMC) has indiscriminate dumping of C&D waste. installed a C&D waste processing plant and a cement 7. The policy also talks about provisions for concrete products factory to use recycled aggregates. C&D waste management while issuing new/ reconstruction of building permits. Amounts of Project objectives INR 20/sq. m for new construction, and INR 160/ • Develop a C&D waste processing unit in the sq.m for re-construction are charged . industrial area of Chandigarh. Achievements • Comply with the waste management policy of the 1. Till date, 5,000 MT C&D waste has been city and C&D Waste Management Rules, 2016. processed into recycled products from the date of commissioning of the plant (15 May 2019), which Project location has resulted in natural resources savings, reduction • Industrial Area Phase I, Chandigarh implemented in the quantum of waste reaching landfills, and during December 2018 – May 2019. reduction in carbon footprints with numerous environmental benefits. Approach 2. Economic benefits include reduction of transportation costs of the construction materials, CMC has set up the C&D waste processing plant in its job creation. industrial area for stacking, crushing, processing, and manufacturing of various C&D products. The plant has Limitations the following characteristics: The minimum land required for setting up a C&D waste 1. It is set up with a capital cost of about INR 23 plant in Chandigarh is 3-4 acres. In future, stacking million and plant capacity of about 120 MT per of recycled materials will require extra land and day (8 hr shift) for crushing construction waste. environmental clearance. NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 45 Thane: Energy and Green Buildings • Market assessment for best available technology with upgradability and compatibility was conducted. Background • Financial modelling was conducted to arrive at a Thane city, Maharashtra, is rapidly growing due feasible payback mechanism, and to develop a to extensive immigration and urbanisation. Thane PPP structure around the estimated capital and Municipal Corporation (TMC) is continuously undertaking expenditure. environment-oriented projects to reduce GHG • Bids were invited through public competitive emissions. TMC, with support from ICLEI South Asia, bidding. under the project of Urban Low Emission Development Strategies, undertook a feasibility assessment of the • The streetlight replacement was carried out, streetlight infrastructure. demand reduction was recorded, and a new baseline established. Project objectives • TMC has appointed a third-party expert to verify the energy saving and ensure transparent transactions • Establish a baseline of 8,000 plus street-lights, to the technology provider. performance contracting with involvement of private participation. Financial structure of the initiative • Optimise power consumption of LEDs. The project was based on a PPP arrangement with multiple stakeholders. Benefits and co-benefits of energy Approach of LED Street Lighting savings LED ESCO project has achieved maximum energy savings, i.e., 5.33 million kWh per year, and Initiative energy consumption for street lighting reduced by more than 60%, which helped in mitigating GHG emissions of A systematic approach for execution of LEDs was 4,385 tonnes CO2 eq. annually. On the operational level, carried out, which is as follows: the share of GHG emissions from municipal services • Numerous stakeholders, including energy experts, in Thane has reduced from 35% in 2012-13 to 11.7% lighting experts, techno-commercial experts, in 2017-18. Connected load of streetlight infrastructure political and administrative heads, and local has reduced by 70%. residents, etc. were consulted to execute LED street-lighting projects across the city. The citizens have reported that white light provides better visibility and a heightened sense of safety. • Sites were selected across the city based on various Conventional technology was high maintenance prone, parameters, like electrical infrastructure, road type, whereas higher life of lamps (50,000 hrs against 15,000 road width, geographical location, project visibility, hrs) implies lesser downtime and higher reliability. The etc. lighting optics as designed resulted in optimum lux • An investment grade audit was carried out at levels with uniform spread across the roads and hence different locations to establish the baseline and ensuring improved visibility. electrical infrastructure assessment of the site. LED lights fitting in Thane, Maharashtra 46 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT Thanjavur: Rejuvenation and • Development of a comprehensive plan of action incorporating all the aspects identified through pre- conservation of urban environment assessment as well as residents’ consultations. Background • The total project cost was INR 13 million, and the proposed plan was implemented through active Rejuvenation of a park (area 1,282 sq.m), situated on participation of the city Municipal Corporation the west side of ADB area of Thanjavur city in Tamil and residents. This park is service-oriented, and Nadu was completed. The park is one of the prominent revenue generation is not expected. public spaces of the neighbourhood, with amenities, such as children park, open spaces used for informal parking of four wheelers, trucks, and buses, which Benefits restrict the residents from using the park. This has led • Increased green cover leading to improvement in to the proposal for rejuvenating other neighbourhood the overall aesthetics and quality of environment. parks. • Installation of various play equipments for kids, which resulted in increased attractiveness. Project objectives • Enhancement in the park infrastructure, i.e., park • To improve the facilities in the park for an enhanced furniture, water fountains etc. ease of living. • Improvement of lighting facilities in and around the Approach park. An integrated approach involving pre-assessment and • Reduction in cases of garbage dumping. redevelopment was adopted to improve the condition of • Reclamation of the encroached portion of land the park. The key activities included: • Assessment of the existing condition and scope of improvement of the park. • Extensive involvement of the local residents to identify the facilities that need to be provided in the park. Rejuventaion of park in progress, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 47 48 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT Annexure II Indicative list of proposed cities under NMSH Cities List of proposed cities under NMSH covered Sl. under No. Million-plus Coastal Hilly Other Smart State UA/City AMRUT cities cities cities cities cities Andaman & Nicobar

1 Port Blair    Island

2 Vishakhapatnam     Andhra Pradesh

3 Vijayawada  

4 Arunachal Pradesh Pasighat  

5 Assam Guwahati   

6 Bihar Patna   

7 Chandigarh Chandigarh   

8 Raipur    Chhattisgarh

9 Durg-Bhilainagar  

10 Dadar & Nagar Haveli Silvassa  

11 Diu   Daman & Diu

12 Daman  

13 Goa Panaji   

14 Ahmedabad   

15 Surat    

16 Gujarat Vadodara   

17 Rajkot   

18 Porbandar  

19 Haryana Faridabad   

20 Himanchal Pradesh Dharamshala  

21 Jammu & Kashmir Srinagar    

22 Jamshedpur 

23 Jharkhand Dhanbad  

24 Ranchi   

25 Bengaluru   

26 Karnataka Mangaluru   

27 Udupi  

28 Kochi    

29 Kozhikode   

30 Malappuram 

31 Thiruvananthapuram    

32 Kerala Kannur   

33 Kollam   

34 Thrissur   

35 Calicut 

36 Ernakulam  NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 49 Cities List of proposed cities under NMSH covered Sl. under No. Million-plus Coastal Hilly Other Smart State UA/City AMRUT cities cities cities cities cities

37 Lakshadweep Kavaratti   

38 Bhopal   

39 Jabalpur    Madhya Pradesh

40 Gwalior   

41 Indore   

42 Mumbai   

43 Pune   

44 Nagpur    Maharashtra

45 Nashik   

46 Vasai Virar City  

47 Aurangabad   

48 Manipur Imphal   

49 Meghalaya Shillong   

50 Mizoram Aizawl   

51 Nagaland Kohima   

52 NCT of Delhi Delhi   

53 Puri   Odisha

54 Paradip 

55 Puducherry    Puducherry

56 Karaikal  

57 Ludhiana    Punjab

58 Amritsar   

59 Jaipur   

60 Rajasthan Jodhpur  

61 Kota   

62 Sikkim Namchi  

63 Coimbatore   

64 Madurai   

65 Tiruchirappalli    Tamil Nadu

66 Kanyakumari 

67 Chennai    

68 Tuticorin   

69 Telangana Hyderabad  

70 Tripura Agartala   

71 Kanpur   

72 Lucknow   

73 Ghaziabad  

74 Uttar Pradesh Agra   

75 Varanasi   

76 Meerut  

77 Prayagraj   

78 Uttarakhand Dehradun   

79 Kolkata    West Bengal

80 Asansol   Total 80 53 23 11 55 70 Sources: Million Plus Cities: Census of India Coastal Cities: Centre for Coastal Zone Management and Coastal Shelter Belt Hilly Cities: Only smart city mission cities have been selected Other Cities: TBD 50 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT Annexure III Key Deliverables and Timelines (2021-2030) Energy and Green Buildings Deliverables 2021-24 2024-27 2027-30 Undertake energy audit of all municipal services, including water supply, sewage and storm water management on an annual basis Promote 100% installation of energy-efficient streetlights and use of renewable energy- operated streetlights Promote installation of renewable energy systems in buildings (premises), including all Municipal Corporation buildings Integrate ECBC 2017 for all new municipal In all million+ cities and state In all AMRUT cities with a In all buildings and Eco-Niwas Samhita 2018 for capitals based on the adoption population of more than 0.1 statutory residential buildings of MBBL 2016 and NBC 2016 million cities Integrate green building guidelines into development control regulations (DCRs) and In all million+ cities and state In all AMRUT cities with a In all building rules/bye-laws, and made mandatory capitals based on the adoption population of more than 0.1 statutory for all new constructions of more than 20,000 of MBBL 2016 and NBC 2016 million cities sq. m area Promote roof cooling techniques within new developments in peri-urban areas for all new constructions of more than 20,000 sq. m. area Rating systems notified in DCRs/GDCRs and In all million+ cities and state In all AMRUT cities with a In all building rules/bye-laws to be made mandatory capitals based on the adoption population of more than 0.1 statutory for all new constructions of more than 20,000 of MBBL 2016 and NBC 2016 million cities sq. m. area Integrate norms and standards to address climate risks (heat, floods, extreme rainfall, In all million+ cities and state In all AMRUT cities with a In all cyclones and storm surges, water scarcity, capitals based on the adoption population of more than 0.1 statutory etc.) in MBBL 2016 and NBC 2016 for adoption of MBBL 2016 and NBC 2016 million cities by cities All Municipal Corporations to set up a green In all million+ cities and state In all AMRUT cities with a In all building action cell and a high-level green capitals based on the adoption population of more than 0.1 statutory building committee of MBBL 2016 and NBC 2016 million cities NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 51 Urban Planning, Green Cover, and Biodiversity Deliverables 2021-24 2024-27 2027-30 Map all eco-sensitive zones, biodiversity hotspots, natural assets in the city, and prepare a heat island All million-plus cities All AMRUT cities map to inform mitigation actions to regulate micro- climate and reduce GHG emissions locally Protect and prevent the construction of roads and buildings on wetlands/waterbodies and flood zones to All million-plus cities All AMRUT cities ensure channels for surface runoff Promote maintaining of green cover using an ecological approach, specifically focusing on native tree species All million-plus cities All AMRUT cities and sustaining urban biodiversity Develop a plan of action for city preparedness to tackle natural and man-made disasters, and check for its alignment with the Sendai Framework for DRR, NDMA guidelines (2010, 2014, and 2019) and MoHUA’s SOP City level plans for all All AMRUT cities on Urban Flooding (2017). State/city level development million-plus cities controls/codes should address multi-hazard risks in line with the Vulnerability Atlas of India to enable disaster resilient urban planning Rejuvenate and conserve urban waterbodies in line All million-plus cities All AMRUT cities with the Jal Jeevan Mission Enforce existing guidelines on preservation and protection of river floodplains, river banks, river beds, All million-plus cities All AMRUT cities natural drainage canals, and open areas Digitise city drainage network and prepare the drainage All million-plus cities All AMRUT cities master plan Ensure 10-12% of the total developed area under recreation spaces, including green and blue All million-plus cities All AMRUT cities infrastructure, in line with the URDPFI guidelines Develop green belt buffer zones around industries All million-plus cities All AMRUT cities situated within the ULB limit 100% Master Plans in all Master Plans for all million-plus cities Prepare and implement the Climate Action Plans AMRUT cities (mitigation and adaptation) for million-plus cities, which 100% Local Area Plans 100% Local Area Plans in is integrated with the Master Plan, local area plans, and (25 cities) all million-plus cities TP schemes CCAP for all million-plus CCAP for all AMRUT cities cities 52 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT Mobility and Air Quality Deliverables 2021-24 2024-27 2027-30 Municipal Corporations should prepare action plan and promote the use of clean technology-shared vehicles Create incentives to attract and enable PPP in setting up charging infrastructure, shared mobility, first and last-mile connectivity, and the use of renewable energy sources for clean renewable energy sources Promote mixed-use and NMT plans to facilitate walking, In all million-plus In all cities with a cycling within the city in line with the National TOD Policy, cities and state population of more than 2017 capitals 0.5 million In all million-plus In all cities with a Introduce strategies to decongest cities and discourage cities and state population of more than the use of private vehicles capitals 0.5 million Promote NMT by improving infrastructure for pedestrian In all million-plus In all cities with a safety, comfort and convenience on all streets; all cities and state population of more than Municipal Corporations are to implement the NMT capitals 0.5 million guidelines, 2016 Complement the Pollution Control Board’s existing monitoring system to collect and analyse data on localised pollution hot-spots Develop city-level clean air action plans for all million-plus cities, which include detailed monitoring of air pollution and its impact based on the CPCB guidelines Enabling increase in overall public transport share to 30 % by Increase share of public transport, and implement metro expanding metro network network and rapid rail transit system (RRTS) Metro network in 50 cities Operationalisation of 82 km of RRTS network NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 53 Water Management Deliverables 2021-24 2024-27 2027-30 Implement supply side management for efficient distribution of piped water supply. Water supply departments and Jal Nigams should adopt 100% water metering and develop 100% in all cities & towns appropriate water tariff structure taking into consideration the water usage and income levels of its users 100% recovery of O&M charges should be encouraged by Jal Nigams and water supply departments/authorities 100% in all cities through rationalising user charges and improving the efficiency of water tax collection ULBs should undertake mapping of major ground and surface water sources (catering to 5% or more of city’s water needs)and preparation of a plan for augmentation of existing water resource through recharge, rejuvenation, and storage. In all Class-I cities ULBs should make GIS-enabled urban plans, including water supply and sewerage systems. RWH should be made mandatory, based on area of the building, to replenish and recharge the groundwater Continuous (24x7) water supply to the cities should be 100% in all cities & towns adopted by water supply authorities Municipal Corporations should develop Integrated Urban Water Resources Plan, including rejuvenation of urban waterbodies. All ULBs should protect and prevent In all Class-I cities construction of roads and buildings on wetlands/waterbodies and flood zones to ensure channels for surface runoff City water balance plan for all the cities and towns Mandate treatment, recycling, and reuse of wastewater Treatment of waste water: in line with the guidelines of JJM-U, and promote circular economy of water through development of city water 100% in all Class-I cities and 50% in balance plans Class-II and below towns Reuse at least 20% of treated waste water in all Class-I cities Conduct water and energy audits for water supply systems and wastewater management, especially treatment plants NRW less than 20% in all cities and pumping stations. All ULBs should undertake NRW assessments and put in place a NRW Reduction Strategy Audits in at least Class – I cities and Action Plan Relevant authorities should develop advisories/standards for safe use of wastewater, greywater, and sludge in various In all the cities & towns activities with special focus on managing health risks associated with such use All ULBs should publish rapid flood risk assessment report to understand the reasons of flooding/water stagnation as well as flooding/water stagnation hotspots, level, and In at least Class – I cities frequency. All Municipal Corporations should implement an end-to-end urban flood early warning system and link the same to ICCCs 54 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT Waste Management Deliverables 2021-24 2024-27 2027-30 Segregation of waste and 4R principles in the city to better manage waste management. Further promote and establish 100% in all cities & towns targets to replace virgin materials with recycled materials Resource efficiency of cities with more than 0.5 million pop- ulation can be maximised by facilitating setups for MRF with provision for sorting recyclables and facility for sorting SCF/ RDF as per the SWM Rules, 2016 State governments should promote use of RDF in cement factories to reduce the coal consumption and control GHG emissions Develop a mechanism to collect and process/reuse C&D 100% in all Class-I cities waste as per C&D Waste Management Rule, 2016 City administration should plan and implement strategies for on-site processing of wet waste and segregation of dry 100% in all cities & towns waste, and provide incentives to reduce the waste generation at source Prepare a remediation plan for legacy dumpsites to avoid GHG emissions. Cities need to scientifically operate and 100 % in all cities & towns manage their landfills as per SWM Rules, 2016 City administration should maintain the drains and prevent clogging of the same due to waste disposal in order to reduce 100 % in all cities & towns the risk of flooding and other associated health hazards NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 55 56 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT Annexure IV Key Contributors Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), Government of India • Shri Ashwini Kumar, IES, Additional Economic Adviser • Shri Dhanesh P. G., Under Secretary • Shri Puneet Bhatia, Asstt. Director • Shri Vicky Vikash Sinha, Section Officer National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) • Dr. Umamaheshwaran Rajasekar, Head-Climate Centre for Cities & Chair-Urban Resilience Unit • Ms. Raina Singh, Senior Fellow, Climate Centre for Cities • Mr. Punit Gandhi, Senior Associate, Climate Centre for Cities • Mr. Anshul Abbasi, Senior Associate, Climate Centre for Cities • Mr. Deep Pahwa, Communication Expert Town and Country Planning Organisation (TCPO) • Mr. R. Srinivas, Town & Country Planner German Development Cooperation (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)) on commission by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) • Mr. Kiran Rajashekariah, Senior Advisor, Sustainable Urban Development - Smart Cities • Ms. Tora Saikia, Technical Expert • Mr. Vibhor Sood, Technical Expert • Ms. Vaishali Nandan, Project Head - Climate Smart Cities NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT | 57 Notes 58 | NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs Government of India