National Disaster Management Plan, 2019

1.1 Ra onale 1

1.2 Paradigm Shi 3

1.3 Main Pillars of the NDMP 4

1.4 Legal Mandate 4

1.5 Three Post-2015 Global Frameworks—Disasters, Sustainable Development and Climate Change: Mutual Reinforcement and Coherence 5

1.6 Prime Minister’s Ten-Point Agenda for Disaster Risk Reduc on 6

1.7 Social Inclusion 8

1.8 Mainstreaming DRR 8

1.9 Vision 9

1.10 Scope 9

1.11 Objec ves 10

1.12 Time Frames – Short, Medium and Long-Term 11

1.13 Types of Disasters 12

1.13.1 Natural Hazards 12

1.13.2 Human-Induced Disasters 14

1.14 Ins tu onal Framework 15

1.14.1 Na onal Level 15

1.14.2 State Level 20

1.15 Plan Implementa on 22 2 Hazard Risks and Challenges 23

2.1 Background 23

2.2 Hazard Risks and Vulnerabili es 24

2.2.1 Mul -Hazard Vulnerability 24

2.2.2 Natural Hazards 24

2.2.3 Human-induced Hazards 36

2.2.4 Fire Risk 41

2.3 Regions/Areas Involving Mul ple States Requiring Special A en on 42

2.3.1 Himalayan Region 42

2.3.2 Coastal Areas 43

2.3.3 Riverine Regions 43

2.3.4 North East Region (NER) 43

2.3.5 Union Territories, Islands and Marine Assets 44

2.3.6 Arid/Semi-Arid and Drought-Prone Regions . 44

2.4 Climate Change 45

2.4.1 Climate and Human-Induced Climate Change 45

2.4.2 IPCC Fi h Assessment Report 46 iii NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

2.4.3 India and Climate Change 47

2.4.4 Temperature 48

2.4.5 Impact on Indian Monsoon 48

2.4.6 Storm and Cyclones 49

2.4.7 Sea-Level Rise 49

2.4.8 Coastal Inunda on due to Sea Level Rise 49

2.4.9 Integra ng DRR and Climate Change Adapta on (CCA) 50

2.5 Livestock – DRR Challenges 50

2.5.1 Background 50

2.5.2 Global Approaches in Livestock Emergencies 51

2.5.3 Key Interven ons 51

2.5.4 Risk Management and Insurance 52

2.6 Environment and Wildlife Conserva on 52

2.6.1 Background 52

2.6.2 Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 53

2.6.3 Protected Areas, Ecosystem Rehabilita on 53

2.6.4 India and Biodiversity Conserva on 54

2.6.5 DRR and Climate Change in Wildlife Ac on Plan 55

2.7 Disaster Management for Cultural Heritage Sites, their Precincts and Museums 56

2.8 Global Catastrophic Risks 57 3 Coherence and Mutual Reinforcement of Three Post-2015 Global Frameworks for DRR 59

3.1 Background 59

3.2 Sendai Framework for DRR 59

3.2.1 New Emphasis on Disaster Risk Management 59

3.2.2 Four Priori es; Seven Targets 61

3.3 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and Disaster Resilience 62

3.4 COP21 Paris Agreement on Climate Change Ac on and Disaster Risk Reduc on 64

3.5 Coherence and Mutual Reinforcement—Thema c Area for DRR 66 4 Social Inclusion in Disaster Risk Reduc on 73

4.1 Background 73

4.2 Gender Perspec ve and DRR 74

4.2.1 Gender-based Vulnerabili es 74

4.2.2 Sexual and Gender Minori es 76

4.3 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 76

4.3.1 Scheduled Castes 77

4.3.2 Scheduled Tribes 77

4.4 Children 78

4.5 Elderly 79

4.6 Persons with Disabili es (PWD) 80

4.7 Making Disaster Risk Management Inclusive 81

4.8 Responsibility Framework—Social Inclusion 83 5 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduc on 89

5.1 Background 89

5.2 Mainstreaming—Sub Thema c Areas for DRR 90

5.3 Improving the Awareness and Understanding of Risk 91

5.4 Legal Support and Disaster Governance 91

5.5 Disaster Risk Transfer 91

5.6 Ensuring Social Inclusiveness in Disaster Risk Management 92

5.7 Enabling Coherence and Mutual Reinforcement of Ini a ves under the Major Global Frameworks for Enhancing Disaster Resilience 92

5.8 Ins tu onal Arrangements and Capacity Development for Disaster Risk Management 93 iv NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

5.9 Intra-Government Coordina on and Integra on 93

5.10 Budget Alloca ons 93

5.11 Changes in Project Appraisal 94

5.12 Se ng Targets, Timeframes and Indicators 94

5.13 Implementa on 94 6 Building Disaster Resilience – Responsibility Framework: Part-A, Prelude 97

6.1 Introduc on 97

6.2 Thema c Areas for DRR 98

6.2.1 Understanding Risk 98

6.2.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on 99

6.2.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 99

6.2.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures 99

6.2.5 Capacity Development 99

6.2.6 Climate Change Risk Management 100 7 Building Disaster Resilience – Responsibility Framework, Part-B 101

7.1 Cyclone and Wind 102

7.1.1 Understanding Risk 102

7.1.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on 105

7.1.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 106

7.1.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non- Structural Measures 107

7.1.5 Capacity Development 109

7.1.6 Climate Change Risk Management 111

7.2 Flood 114

7.2.1 Understanding Disaster Risk 114

7.2.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on 117

7.2.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 118

7.2.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures 120

7.2.5 Capacity Development 123

7.2.6 Climate Change Risk Management 125

7.3 Urban Flood 129

7.3.1 Understanding Disaster Risk 129

7.3.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on 131

7.3.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 132

7.3.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures 133

7.3.5 Capacity Development 135

7.3.6 Climate Change Risk Management 137

7.4 Seismic/ Earthquakes 141

7.4.1 Understanding Disaster Risk 141

7.4.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on 143

7.4.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 144

7.4.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures 145

7.4.5 Capacity Development 146

7.5 Tsunami 149

7.5.1 Understanding Disaster Risk 149

7.5.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on 151

7.5.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 152

7.5.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures 153

7.5.5 Capacity Development 155

7.5.6 Climate Change Risk Management 157

7.6 Landslides and Snow Avalanches 160

7.6.1 Understanding Disaster Risk 160 v NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

7.6.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on 162

7.6.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 163

7.6.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures 163

7.6.5 Capacity Development 166

7.6.6 Climate Change Risk Management 168

7.7 Drought 171

7.7.1 Understanding Risk 171

7.7.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on 174

7.7.3 Inves ng in DRR - Structural Measures 175

7.7.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures 176

7.7.5 Capacity Development 179

7.7.6 Climate Change Risk Management 181

7.8 Cold Wave and Frost 185

7.8.1 Mi ga on Measures for People 185

7.8.2 Mi ga on Measures for Crops and Animals 185

7.8.3 Climate Change Risk Management 186

7.9 Thunderstorm, Lightning, Dust, Squall and Strong Winds 188

7.9.1 Understanding Risk 188

7.9.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on 188

7.9.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural measures 190

7.9.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-structural measures 190

7.9.5 Capacity Development 193

7.9.6 Climate Change Risk Management 193

7.10 Cloudburst and Hailstorm 195

7.10.1 Understanding Risk 195

7.10.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on 196

7.10.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 196

7.10.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures 197

7.10.5 Capacity Development 197

7.10.6 Climate Change Risk Management 199

7.11 Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) 200

7.11.1 Understanding Risk 200

7.11.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on 201

7.11.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 202

7.11.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures 202

7.11.5 Capacity Development 203

7.11.6 Climate Change Risk Management 204

7.12 Heat Wave 207

7.12.1 Understanding Risk 207

7.12.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on 209

7.12.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 212

7.12.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures 213

7.12.5 Capacity Development 214

7.12.6 Climate Change Risk Management 216

7.13 Chemical (Industrial) Disasters 219

7.13.1 Understanding Risk 219

7.13.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on 221

7.13.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 222

7.13.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures 223

7.13.5 Capacity Development 225

7.14 Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies 228 vi NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.14.1 Understanding Risk 228

7.14.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on 229

7.14.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 230

7.14.4 Inves ng in DRR - Non-Structural Measures 230

7.14.5 Capacity Development 231

7.15 Biological and Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) 235

7.15.1 Understanding Risk 235

7.15.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on 237

7.15.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 238

7.15.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures 240

7.15.5 Capacity Development 242

7.15.6 Climate Change Risk Management 246

7.16 Fire Hazard 249

7.16.1 Understanding Risk 249

7.16.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on 250

7.16.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 250

7.16.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures 251

7.16.5 Capacity Development 252

7.17 Forest Fire Hazard 253

7.17.1 Understanding Risk 253

7.17.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on 255

7.17.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 256

7.17.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures 257

7.17.5 Capacity Development 259

7.17.6 Climate Change Risk Management 261 8 Preparedness and Response 263

8.1 Background 263

8.2 Ins tu onal Framework 264

8.3 Na onal Early Warning System 265

8.3.1 Central Agencies Designated for Natural Hazard-Specific Early Warnings 265

8.3.2 Role of Central Agencies/ Departments 266

8.4 Coordina on of Response at Na onal Level 266

8.5 Fire and Emergency Services (F&ES) 267

8.6 Responding to Requests for Central Assistance from States 268

8.7 Management of Disasters Impac ng more than one State 268

8.8 Response System Ac va on 268

8.9 Emergency Func ons and the Responsibili es: Centre and State 269

8.10 Responsibility Framework for Preparedness and Response 271 9 Recovery and Building Back Be er 291

9.1 Scope 291

9.2 Approach 292

9.3 Recovery Process 292

9.4 Early, Mid and Long-term Recovery 295

9.5 Reconstruc on 296

9.6 Co-ordina on of Reconstruc on 296

9.6.1 Central Government 296

9.6.2 State Government 296

9.6.3 Private Sector 297

9.6.4 Voluntary Organiza ons and Interna onal Aid Agencies 297

9.7 Rehabilita on 297

9.7.1 Background 297 vii NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

9.7.2 Physical Rehabilita on 298

9.7.3 Reloca on 298

9.7.4 Social Rehabilita on 298

9.7.5 Revival of Educa onal Ac vi es 299

9.7.6 Rehabilita on of the Elderly, Women, Children and PWD 299

9.7.7 Economic Rehabilita on 299

9.7.8 Psychological Rehabilita on 300

9.7.9 Restora on of Damaged Cultural Heritage Sites, their Precincts and Museums 300

9.8 Fund Mobiliza on 301

9.8.1 Background 301

9.8.2 Mobilizing, Disbursement and Monitoring 301

9.8.3 Recovery of Reconstruc on Costs 303 10 Capacity Development – An Overview 305

10.1 Background 305

10.2 NIDM, NDRF and Other Ins tu ons 306

10.3 Capacity Development of Local Bodies – Rural and Urban 307

10.4 Training of Communi es 307

10.5 Disaster Resource Networks – Na onal, State and District 307

10.6 Capacity Development Themes 308 11 Financial Arrangements 311

11.1 Background 311

11.2 Na onal Disaster Response Fund 311

11.3 State Disaster Response Fund 312

11.4 Na onal Disaster Mi ga on Fund 313

11.5 Recommenda ons of the Fourteenth Finance Commission 313

11.6 Statutory Provisions 314

11.6.1 Financing Preven on, Mi ga on, and Preparedness 314

11.6.2 Alloca on by Ministries and Departments 314

11.6.3 Provisions in the Act for Disaster Risk Reduc on 314

11.7 Implementa on of DRR – Financial Aspects 316

11.7.1 Public Funded Schemes 316

11.7.2 Flexi Funds as a part of Centrally Sponsored Schemes 316

11.7.3 Externally Aided Projects 317

11.8 Risk Transfer and Insurance 317 12 Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance 319

12.1 Background 319

12.2 Sendai Framework and Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance 320

12.3 Responsibility Framework for Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance 321 13 Interna onal Coopera on 327

13.1 Par cipa on in Interna onal Efforts 327

13.2 Accep ng Foreign Assistance 327

13.3 Accep ng Mul lateral Assistance 327

13.4 Fostering Partnerships 328 14 Maintaining, Monitoring and Upda ng the Plan 329

14.1 Background 329

14.2 Training and Drills 329

14.3 Tes ng the Plan and Learning to Improve 330

14.4 Monitoring by Central Ministries/Depts. and States/UTs 330

14.5 Revise/ Update 330 viii NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN References 333 Annexure - I: List of NDMA’s Disaster Management Guidelines 337 Annexure - II: Hazard Risk Maps for India 339 Earthquake Hazard Map 340 Wind Hazard Map 341 Flood Hazard Map 342 Landslide Incidence Map 343 Thunderstorm Incidence Map 344 Annexure - III: Sendai Framework Indicators 345 List of Figures Figure 1-1: Disaster Management Cycle 2 Figure 1-2: Time Frames—Short, Medium and Long Term 11 Figure 1-3: Na onal-level disaster management - basic ins tu onal framework 15 Figure 1-4: State-level disaster management - basic ins tu onal framework 20 Figure 3-1: Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduc on - 7 Global Targets 61 Figure 3-2: Seventeen Sustainable Development Goals 63 Figure 3-3: Coherence and mutual reinforcement of SDGs and Sendai Framework 63 Figure 3-4: Main elements of the COP21, Paris Agreement on Climate Change 64 Figure 3-5: Common concerns of climate change adapta on and disaster risk reduc on 65 Figure 3-6: Post-2015 Global Frameworks—Coherence and Mutual Reinforcement within Na onal Efforts 67 Figure 3-7: Envisaging coherence and Mutual Reinforcement of SDGs and Sendai Framework 68 Figure 3-8: Envisaging coherence and mutual reinforcement of SDGs and COP21 for climate change ac on 69 List of Tables Table 1-1: Categories of Natural Hazards 12 Table 1-2: Key Na onal-Level Decision-Making Bodies for Disaster Management 16 Table 1-3: Nodal Ministry for Management/ Mi ga on of Different Disasters 18 Table 2-1: India - General profile 23 Table 2-2: Classifica on used in India for tropical cyclones 25 Table 2-3: Status of the PA Network in India (July 2017) 55 Table 3-1: India’s na onal ini a ves rele vant for DRR across the three Global Frameworks 69 Table 7-1: Snow and frost – Illustra ve Crop Protec on Measures 186 Table 8-1: Central Agencies Designated for Natural Hazard-Specific Early Warnings 265 Table 9-1: Major Steps of the Recovery Process and the Key Processes Involved 294 Table 9-2 Recovery Stages 295 Table 9-3: Important aspects in mobilizing and managing the funds of a recovery programme 302 Table 10-1: Capacity Development for DRR Themes - Centre and State 308 ix NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY x NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Abbrevia ons AAI : Airports Authority of India ADWR : Airborne Doppler Weather Radar AERB : Atomic Energy Regulatory Board AGD : Agriculture Department AHD : Animal Husbandry Department AIAI : All India Associa on of Industries AICTE : All India Council of Technical Educa on ALTM : Airborne Laser Terrain Mapping AMCDRR : Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduc on ANM : Auxiliary Nurse Midwife AP : Andhra Pradesh AR5 : IPCC's Fi h Assessment Report ARG : Automa c Rain Gauge ARHD : Archaeology Department ASHA : Accredited Social Health Ac vist ASI : Archaeological Survey of India ASSOCHAM : Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India ATI : Administra ve Training Ins tute AWS : Automa c Weather Sta ons AYUSH : Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy BAI : Builders Associa on of India BBB : Build Back Be er BIS : Bureau of Indian Standards BMTPC : Building Materials and Technology Promo on Council BPHE : Biological and Public Health Emergencies BRO : Border Roads Organisa on BSF : Border Security Force CADA : Coastal Area Development Authority CAPF : Central Armed Police Forces CARA : Central Adop on Resource Authority CBRI : Central Building Research Ins tute, Roorkee CBRN : Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear CBSE : Central Board of Secondary Educa on CCA : Climate Change Adapta on CCM : Climate Change Mi ga on CCS : Cabinet Commi ee on Security CDEF : Civil Defence CDMM : Centre for Disaster Mi ga on and Management, Vellore CDRC : Central Drought Relief Commissioner CEDMM : Centre of Excellence in Disaster Mi ga on and Management/IIT-Roorkee CFI : Construc on Federa on of India CIDC : Construc on Industry Development Council CII : Confedera on of Indian Industry xix NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY CIMFR : Central Ins tute of Mining & Fuel Research CISF : Central Industrial Security Force CMG : Crisis Management Group CoA : Council of Architecture COP : Conference of the Par es COR : Commissioner of Relief CRIDA : Central Research Ins tute for Dryland Agriculture CRPF : Central Reserve Police Force CRRI : Central Road Research Ins tute CRZ : Coastal Regula on Zone CSIR : Council of Scien fic and Industrial Research CSO : Central Sta s cs Office CSS : Centrally Sponsored Schemes CUD : Culture Department CWC : Central Water Commission CWPRS : Central Water and Power Research Sta on CWWG : Crop Weather Watch Group CZMA : Coastal Zone Management Authority DAE : Department of Atomic Energy DCPU : District Child Protec on Unit DDMA : District Disaster Management Authority DEOC : District Emergency Opera on Center Dept. : Department DFIN : Finance Department DFRI : Disaster Risk Financing Instruments DGM : Directorates of Geology and Mining DISCOM : Power Distribu on Companies DMC : Drought Monitoring Cell DMD : Disaster Management Department DMP : Disaster Management Plan DOS : Department of Space DOT : Department of Telecommunica ons DRD : Department of Rural Development DRDO : Defence Research and Development Organiza on DRM : Disaster Risk Management DRR : Disaster Risk Reduc on DSJE : Social Jus ce and Empowerment Department DSS : Decision Support System DTRL : Defense Terrain Research Laboratory DWR : Doppler Weather Radar EDD : Educa on Department EFD : Forest and Environment Department EHRA : Earthquake Hazard and Risk Assessment EIA : Environment Impact Assessment EOC : Emergency Opera ons Centre EREC : Earthquake Risk Evalua on Centre EWS : Early Warning System F&ES : Fire and Emergency Services xx NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN FAO : Food and Agriculture Organisa on FC : Finance Commission FCI : Food Corpora on of India FCSD : Food and Civil Supply Department FC-XIII : Thirteenth (13th) Finance Commission FC-XIV : Fourteenth (14th) Finance Commission FICCI : Federa on of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry FIHD : Department for Fisheries (or relevant dept.) FRI : Forest Research Ins tute FSI : Forest Survey of India GACC : Global Anthropogenic Climate Change GAR : Global Assessment Report GDP : Gross Domes c Product GLOF : Glacial Lake Outburst Flood GOI : Government of India GRM : Grievance Redress Mechanism GSI : Geological Survey of India HAP : Heat (Wave) Ac on Plan HAZCHEM : Hazardous Chemicals HAZMAT : Hazardous Material HEOC : Health Emergency Opera on Centre HF : High Frequency HFA : Hyogo Framework for Ac on HFWD : Health & Family Welfare Department HLC : High Level Commi ee HP : Himachal Pradesh HRVCA : Hazard Risk, Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment IAEA : Interna onal Atomic Energy Agency IAF : Indian Air Force IAP : Incident Ac on Plan IBA : Important Bird Areas (IBA) IBTA : Industry/ Business/ Trade Associa on(s) ICAR : Indian Council of Agricultural Research ICG : Indian Coast Guard ICMBA : Important Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Areas ICR-ER : Integrated Control Room for Emergency Response ICT : Informa on Communica on Technology IDRN : Indian Disaster Resource Network IDS : Integrated Defense Staff IDSP : Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme IEC : Informa on Educa on Communica on IERMON : Indian Environmental Radia on Monitoring Network IHR : Indian Himalayan Region IIA : Indian Ins tute of Architects IIE : Indian Ins tute of Entrepreneurship IIT : Indian Ins tute of Technology IMD : India Meteorological Department INCOIS : Indian Na onal Centre for Ocean Informa on Services xxi NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY IND : Improvised Nuclear Device INDC : Intended Na onally Determined Contribu ons INDD : Industries Department INSARAG : Interna onal Search and Rescue Advisory Group IPCC : Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change IPRD : Informa on and Public Rela ons Department IRC : Indian Roads Congress IRD : Irriga on Department IRDA : Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority IRS : Incident Response System IRT : Incident Response Team ISO : Interna onal Organiza on for Standardiza on ISRO : Indian Space Research Organisa on ITBP : Indo Tibetan Border Police IWRM : Integrated Water Resources Management JJB : Juvenile Jus ce Board LBSNAA : Lal Bahadur Shastri Na onal Academy of Administra on LSA : Landslide and Snow Avalanches M&E : Monitoring and Evalua on MAFW : Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare MAH : Major Accident Hazard MAI : Moisture Adequacy Index MANAGE : Na onal Ins tute of Agricultural Extension Management MCA : Ministry of Corporate Affairs MCAFPD : Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribu on MCF : Ministry of Chemicals and Fer lizers MCM : Million Cubic Metres MCOAL : Ministry of Coal MCOM : Ministry of Communica ons MDWS : Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanita on MEA : Ministry of External Affairs MEITY : Ministry of Electronics and Informa on Technology MFAHD : Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying MFIN : Ministry of Finance MFPI : Ministry of Food Processing Industries MHA : Ministry of Home Affairs MHFW : Ministry of Health and Family Welfare MHIPE : Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises MHRD : Ministry of Human Resource Development MHUA : Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs MLBE : Ministry of Labour and Employment MMSME : Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises MNCFC : Mahalanobis Na onal Crop Forecast Centre MNRE : Ministry of New and Renewable Energy MOCA : Ministry of Civil Avia on MOCI : Ministry of Commerce and Industry MOCU : Ministry of Culture MOD : Ministry of Defence xxii NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN MOEFCC : Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change MOES : Ministry of Earth Sciences MOIB : Ministry of Informa on and Broadcas ng MOJS : Ministry of Jal Shak MOLJ : Ministry of Law and Jus ce MOM : Ministry of Mines MOPA : Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs MOPR : Ministry of Panchaya Raj MOR : Ministry of Railways MORD : Ministry of Rural Development MOSH : Ministry of Shipping MOSPI : Ministry of Sta s cs and Programme Implementa on MOST : Ministry of Science and Technology MoU : Memorandum of Understanding MP : Madhya Pradesh MPFI : Ministry of Food Processing Industries MPNG : Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas MPPGP : Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions MPWR : Ministry of Power MRTH : Ministry of Road Transport and Highways MSDE : Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship MSIHC : Manufacture Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals MSJE : Ministry of Social Jus ce and Empowerment MSTL : Ministry of Steel MTEX : Ministry of Tex les MTOU : Ministry of Tourism MTRA : Ministry of Tribal Affairs MWCD : Ministry of Women and Child Development MYAS : Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports NABARD : Na onal Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development NAC : Na onal Academy of Construc on NAPCC : Na onal Ac on Plan on Climate Change NBCC : Na onal Buildings Construc on Corpora on NCC : Na onal Cadet Corps NCDC : Na onal Centre for Disease Control NCERT : Na onal Council of Educa onal Research and Training NCMC : Na onal Crisis Management Commi ee NCMRWF : Na onal Centre of Medium Range Weather Forecas ng NCPCR : Na onal Commission for Protec on of Child Rights NDC : Na onally Determined Contribu ons NDMA : Na onal Disaster Management Authority NDMP : Na onal Disaster Management Plan NDRF : Na onal Disaster Response Force NDVI : Normalized Differen al Vegeta on Index NEC : Na onal Execu ve Commi ee NER : North East Region NERC : Na onal Emergency Response Centre xxiii NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY NGO : Non-Governmental Organisa ons NHAI : Na onal Highways Authority of India NHWIS : Na onal Hazardous Waste Informa on System NICMAR : Na onal Ins tute of Construc on Management and Research NIDM : Na onal Ins tute of Disaster Management NIESBUD : Na onal Ins tute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development NIO : North Indian Ocean NIRD : Na onal Ins tute of Rural Development NISA : Na onal Ins tute of Security Academy NITI : Na onal Ins tu on for Transforming India NITTTR : Na onal Ins tute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research NLRTI : Na onal-Level Research and Technical Ins tu ons NLSDA : Na onal Level Skill Development Agencies NPDM : Na onal Policy on Disaster Management NRAA : Na onal Rainfed Area Authority NRE : Nuclear and/or Radiological Emergency NRSC : Na onal Remote Sensing Centre NSDA : Na onal Skill Development Agency NSDC : Na onal Skill Development Corpora on NSG : Na onal Security Guard NSS : Na onal Service Scheme NWDA : Na onal Water Development Agency NYKS : Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan O&M : Opera on and Maintenance OHSAS : Occupa onal Health and Safety Assessment Series PED : Power/ Energy Department PG : Postgraduate PRD : Panchaya Raj Department PRI : Panchaya Raj Ins tu ons (District, Block and Village levels) PWD : Persons with Disabili es R&D : Research and Development RD : Revenue Department RDD : Radiological Dispersal Device RDSO : Research Designs and Standards Organiza on RMI : Risk Management and Insurance RO : Reverse Osmosis RTSMN : Real Time Seismic Monitoring Network SAARC : South Asian Associa on for Regional Coopera on SASE : Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment SAU : State Agricultural University SBSE : State Board of Secondary Educa on SCPS : State Child Protec on Society SDG : Sustainable Development Goals SDMA : State Disaster Management Authority (or equivalent Nodal Agency) SDMC : State Drought Monitoring Cell SDRF : State Disaster Response Force SDRN : State Disaster Resource Network xxiv NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN SEB : State Electricity Board SEC : State Execu ve Commi ee SEOC : State Emergency Opera on Centre SERC : Structural Engineering Research Centre SFAC : Standing Fire Advisory Council SFDRR : Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduc on SHG : Self Help Group SIDM : State Ins tute of Disaster Management SIHFW : State ins tute of Health and Family Welfare SIRD : State Ins tute of Rural Development SLBC : State Level Bankers' Commi ee SLRTI : State-Level Research and Technical Ins tu ons SLSDA : State Level Skill Development Agencies SOG : Standard Opera ng Guidelines SOP : Standard Opera ng Procedure SPCB : State Pollu on Control Board SPWD : State Public Works Department SREX : IPCC Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events to Advance Climate Change Adapta on SRSAC : State Remote Sensing Applica on Centre SSB : Sashastra Seema Bal T1 : Short-Term, ending 2022 T2 : Medium-Term, ending 2027 T3 : Long-Term, ending 2030 TAA : Thema c Area for Ac on TN : Tamil Nadu TOD : Tourism Department ToT : Training of Trainers TRAD : Transport Department UDD : Urban Development Department UFDM : Urban Flood Disaster Management UGC : University Grants Commission ULB : Urban Local Bodies (municipal corpora ons, municipali es, nagarpalikas) UN : United Na ons UNCRPD : UN Conven on on the Rights of Persons with Disabili es UNDP : United Na ons Development Programme UNESCO : United Na ons Educa onal, Scien fic and Cultural Organiza on UNFCCC : United Na ons Framework Conven on on Climate Change UNISDR : United Na ons Interna onal Strategy for Disaster Reduc on, now UN Office for DRR UP : U ar Pradesh USDDM : Urban Storm Drainage Design Manual UT : Union Territory VHF : Very High Frequency WAP : Wildlife Ac on Plan WCD : Women and Child Department WCTn : Wind Chill Effec ve Minimum Temperature WIHG : Wadia Ins tute of Himalayan Geology WMO : World Meteorological Organiza on WSD : Water and Sanita on Department xxv NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY xxvi NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Execu ve Summary Background The Disaster Management Act, 2005 (DM Act 2005) lays down ins tu onal and coordina on mechanism for effec ve Disaster Management (DM) at the na onal, state, district and local levels. As mandated by this Act, the Government of India created a mul - ered ins tu onal system consis ng of the Na onal Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) headed by the Prime Minister, the State Disaster Management Authori es (SDMA) headed by the respec ve Chief Ministers and the District Disaster Management Authori es (DDMA) headed by the District Collectors/ District Magistrate and co-chaired by Chairpersons of the local bodies. In each State/ Union Territory (UT), there will be one nodal agency, for coordina on of disaster management, which is referred in the plan as ‘Disaster Management Department’ (DMD). The ins tu onal arrangements have been set up consistent with the paradigm shi from the relief-centric approach of the past to a proac ve, holis c and integrated approach for Disaster Risk Reduc on (DRR) by way of strengthening disaster preparedness, mi ga on, and emergency response. The Na onal Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) provides a framework and direc on to the government agencies for all phases of disaster management cycle. The NDMP is a “dynamic document” in the sense that it will be periodically improved keeping up with the emerging global best prac ces and knowledge base in disaster management. It is in accordance with the provisions of the DM Act 2005, the guidance given in the Na onal Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM) 2009, and the established na onal prac ces. The NDMP recognizes the need to minimize, if not eliminate, any ambiguity in the responsibility framework. It, therefore, specifies who is responsible for what at different stages of managing disasters. It is meant to be implemented in a flexible and scalable manne r in all phases of disaster management: a) Mi ga on (preven on and risk reduc on), b) Preparedness, c) Response and d) Recovery (immediate restora on and build -back be er). While the names of ministries/ departments of the Centre and State/UT having specific roles and responsibili es are men oned in the Plan, in the spirit of the DM Act 2005 and the exigencies of humanitarian response, every ministry/ department and agency is expected to contribute to DM going beyond their normal rules of business. Main Pillars of NDMP The NDMP, in a sense, has five main pillars: I. Conforming to the na onal legal mandates—the DM Act 2005 and the NPDM 2009 II. Par cipa ng proac vely to realising the global goals as per agreements to which India is signatory—Sendai Framework for DRR, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Conference of Par es (COP21) Paris Agreement on Climate Change III. Prime Minister’s Ten Point Agenda for DRR ar cula ng contemporary na onal priori es IV. Social inclusion as a ubiquitous and cross-cu ng principle V. Mainstreaming DRR as an integral feature The NDMP of 2016 was the world’s first ever na onal plan explicitly aligned with the Sendai Framework. Once again, taking a global lead, the revised plan a empts to incorporate the emerging global approach of bringing about coherence and mutual reinforcement of the three Post-2015 Global xxvii NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Frameworks. The revised plan also incorporates the Ten Point Agenda on DRR, enunciated by Prime Minister during Asian Ministerial Conference on DRR (AMCDRR) in November 2016 in New Delhi. The period envisaged as ‘Long-Term’ in this revised plan is co-terminus with year 2030, the ending year of the major post-2015 global frameworks. The ac vi es running concurrently in most cases are grouped under overlapping me frames—short, medium, and long-term, ending by 2022, 2027 and 2030 respec vely in addi on to the recurring/ regular (i.e., rou ne) ones. They do not signify any order of priority. The measures men oned here are indica ve and not exhaus ve. Based on global prac ces and na onal experiences, the plan will incorporate changes during the periodic reviews and updates. Vision Make India disaster resilient across all sectors, achieve substantial and inclusive disaster risk reduction by building local capacities starting with the poor and decreasing significantly the loss of lives, livelihoods, and assets in different forms including economic, physical, social, cultural, and environmental while enhancing the ability to cope with disasters at all levels. Mul -Hazard Vulnerability India, due to its, physiographic and clima c condi ons is one of the most disaster-prone countries of the world. Vulnerability to human-induced disasters/emergencies also exists. The NDMP covers disaster management cycle for all types of hazards—natural and human-induced. Heightened vulnerabili es to disaster risks can be related to increasing popula on, urbanisa on, industrialisa on, development within high-risk zones, environmental degrada on, and climate change . Besides the natural factors and anthropogenic climate change, various human ac vi es could also be responsible for aggravated impacts and increased frequency of disasters. Building Resilience The role of the central agencies is to support the disaster-affected State or the UT in response to requests for assistance. The central agencies will play a pro -ac ve role in disaster situa ons. In the domains of DM planning, preparedness, and capacity building, the central agencies will constantly work to upgrade Indian DM systems and prac ces as per global trends. The priori es of the Sendai Framework and those related to DRR in SDGs and Paris Agreement have been integrated into the planning framework for Disaster Risk Reduc on under the following Thema c Areas for Disaster Risk Reduc on: 1. Understanding Risk 2. Inter-Agency Coordina on 3. Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 4. Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures 5. Capacity Development and 6. Climate Change Risk Management While all these themes had been included previously in the NDMP, in this version, they have been elaborated in greater detail. Besides, there are chapters describing three cross -cu ng themes: a) Coherence and Mutual Reinforcement for DRR of the Post-2015 Global Frameworks b) Social Inclusion and c) Mainstreaming DRR xxviii NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Response Response measures are those taken immediately a er receiving early warning, an cipa ng an impending disaster, or post -disaster in cases where an event occurs without warning. The primary goal of response to a disaster is saving lives, protecting property, environment, and mee ng basic needs of human and other living beings a er the disaster. The immediate focus will be on search and rescue of those affected and to evacuate those likely to be affected by the disaster or secondary disaster that is likely to happen. In the sec on on response, roles, func on and responsibili es of ministries and agencies that have a key role to play are described. Since contexts, knowledge base, and technologies change, DM plans must be updated periodically to reflect any changes in the key roles envisaged to various ministries or agencies. At the na onal level, the central government has assigned nodal responsibili es to specific ministries for coordina ng disaster-specific responses. The disaster-specific nodal ministry will ensure liaison with the state government where the disaster has occurred and coordina on among various relevant ministries and departments to provide quick and efficient response. The state government will ac vate the Incident Response Teams (IRT) at state, district, or the block level as required. Different central ministries and departments will assist in the response efforts as per re quest from the State/ UT. The various agencies whose responsibili es are defined in detailed DM plans for the State/ UT and district will be responsible for specific response measures. The nodal agency for coordina on of response at state will be DMD and at the district level DDMA supported by other agencies. Recovery and Building Back Be er Globally, the approach towards post-disaster restora on and rehabilita on has shi ed to one of building back be er. Disasters result in considerable disrup on of normal life, enormous suffering, loss of lives and property. The global efforts consider the recovery, rehabilita on and reconstruc on phase as an opportunity to build back be er integra ng disaster risk reduc on into development measures and making communi es resilient to disasters. Build back be er is not limited to the built environment and has a wide applicability encompassing the economy, societal systems, ins tu ons, and environment. The Sendai Framework envisages that the stakeholders will be prepared for building back be er a er a disaster. Exis ng mechanisms may require strengthening in order to provide effec ve support and achieve be er implementa on. Disaster recovery tends to be very difficult and long-drawn out. The reconstruc on will vary depending on the actual disaster, loca on, pre -disaster condi ons, and the poten ali es that emerge at that point of me. The NDMP provides a generalized framework for recovery since it is not possible to an cipate all the possible elements of building back be er. Capacity Development Capacity development covers strengthening of ins tu ons, mechanisms, and capaci es of all stakeholders at all levels. The plan recognizes the need for a strategic approach to capacity development and the need for enthusias c par cipa on of various stakeholders to make it effec ve. The plan addresses the challenge of pu ng in place appropriate ins tu onal framework, management systems and alloca on of resources for efficient preven on and handling of disasters. The planning needs of capacity development are described for all phases of disaster management. xxix NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Financial Arrangements The financing of disaster relief has been an important aspect of federal fisca l rela ons. According to NPDM 2009, the primary responsibility of disaster management lies with the State Governments. This means, the primary responsibility for undertaking rescue, relief, and rehabilita on measures during a disaster lies with the State Governments. The Union Government supplements their efforts through logis c and financial support. The DM Act 2005 provides the legal framework for disaster management and all related ma ers, including the financial aspects. The financing of the en re disaster management cycle will be as per norms set by the Government of India. The disaster risk reduc on will be achieved by mainstreaming the requirements into the developmental plans. Changes Introduced—Highlights This NDMP, the revised version, comprises of fourteen chapters compared to ten in the previous plan due to addi on of chapters on three cross-cu ng themes rela ng to DRR: a) coherence and mutual reinforcement of three post-2015 global frameworks b) social inclusion and c) mainstreaming. New sec ons have been added rela ng to the following hazards: a) Thunderstorm, Lightning, Squall, Dust Storm, and Strong Wind b) Cloudburst and Hailstorms c) Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) d) Heat wave e) Biological and Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) and f) Forest Fire Hazard. The following challenges of DRR have been discussed in some detail: a) Climate Change Risks b) Livestock c) Environment and Wildlife d) Cultural heritage sites, their precincts and museums and e) Global Catastrophic Risks. Another major feature added is the inclusion of me frames and providing an indica ve grouping of various elements of the plan into the me frames. Based on feedbacks and intensive reviews, more details have been added to different sec ons. Structure of the Plan The NDMP has fourteen chapters: 1) Preliminaries, 2) Hazard Risks and Challenges, 3) Coherence and Mutual Reinforcement of Three Post-2015 Global Frameworks for DRR, 4) Social Inclusion in DRR, 5) Mainstreaming DRR, 6) Building Disaster Resilience – Responsibility Framework: Part-A, Prelude, 7) Building Disaster Resilience – Responsibility Framework, Part-B, 8) Preparedness and Response, 9) Recovery and Building Back Be er, 10) Capacity Development – An Overview, 11) Financial Arrangements, 12) Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance, 13) Interna onal Coopera on, and 14) Maintaining, Monitoring and Upda ng the Plan. xxx NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 1 Preliminaries

1.1 Ra onale The revised terminology of the United Na ons Office for Disaster Risk Reduc on (UNISDR1) defines ‘disaster’ as: "A serious disrup on of the func oning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interac ng with condi ons of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts." (UNISDR 2016) The effect of the disaster can be immediate and localized but is o en wides pread, o en persis ng for long a er the event. The effect may challenge or overwhelm the capacity of a community or society to cope using the resources immediately, and therefore may require assistance from external sources, which could include neighbouring jurisdic ons, or those at the na onal or interna onal levels. UNISDR considers disaster to be a result of the combina on of many factors such as the exposure to hazards, the condi ons of vulnerability that are present, and insufficient capacity o r measures to reduce or cope with the poten al nega ve consequences. Disaster impacts may include loss of life, injuries, disease and other nega ve effects on human physical, mental and social well -being, together with damage to property, destruc on of assets, loss of services, social and economic disrup on and environmental degrada on. The DM Act 2005 uses the following defini on for disaster: "Disaster" means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or manmade causes, or by accident or negligence which results in substan al loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruc on of, property, or damage to, or degrada on of, environment, and is of such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area." The NDMP provides a framework and direc on to the government agencies for all phases of disaster management cycle (Fig. 1-1). The NDMP is a “dynamic document” in the sense that it will be periodically improved keeping up with the global best prac ces and knowledge base in disaster management. It is in accordance with the provisions of the Disaster Management (DM) Act 2005, the guidance given in the Na onal Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM) 2009, and the established na onal prac ces. Relevant agencies – central or state – will carry out disaster management ac vi es in different phases in the disaster-affected areas depending on the type and scale of disaster. Within each state, the state government is primarily responsible for di saster. However, in situa ons where the resources of the state are inadequate to cope effec vely with the situa on, the State Government can seek assistance from the Central Government. In addi on, there may be situa ons in which the Central Government will have direct responsibili es in certain aspects of disaster management. While the NDMP pertains to both these exigencies, in most cases the role of central agencies will be to support the respec ve state governments. Barring excep onal circumstanc es, the 1 The United Na ons Office for Disaster Risk Reduc on officially changed its acronym to UNDRR from UNISDR on 1 May 2019. However, the former acronym UNISDR is s ll used in references published under Interna onal Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduc on. 1 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY state governments will deploy the first responders and carry out other ac vi es pertaining to disaster management. Pre- Disaster Disaster Response Preparedness Post- Mitigation: Disaster Prevention & Risk Reduction Recovery Figure 1-1: Disaster Management Cycle The NDMP provides a framework covering all aspects of the disaster management cycle. It covers disaster risk reduc on, mi ga on, preparedness, response, recovery, and building back be er. It recognises that, effec ve disaster management necessitates a comprehensive framework encompassing mul ple hazards. The NDMP incorporates an integrated approach that ensures the involvement of government agencies, numerous other relevant organisa ons, private sector par cipants, and local communities. The NDMP recognizes the need to minimize, if not eliminate, any ambiguity in the responsibility framework. It, therefore, specifies who is responsible for what at different stages of managing disasters. The NDMP is implemented in a scalable manner over all phases of disaster management: a) mi ga on (preven on and risk reduc on), b) preparedness, c) response and d) recovery (immediate restora on to long-term building back be er). The NDMP provides a framework with role clarity for rapid mobiliza on of resources and effec ve disaster management by the Central and State Governments and other concerned stakeholders in India. While it focuses primarily on the needs of the government agencies, it envisages all those involved in disaster management including communities and non-government agencies as poten al users. The NDMP provides a well-defined framework for disaster management covering scope of work and roles of relevant agencies along with their responsibili es and accountability necessary to ensure effec ve mi ga on, develop preparedness, and mobilize adequate response. The measures included in the NDMP, which is a dynamic document, are indica ve and not exhaus ve. Based on global prac ces and na onal experiences, the plan will incorporate changes durin g the periodic reviews and updates. According to the revised UNISDR terminology, Disaster Management (DM) is “the organiza on, planning and applica on of measures preparing for, responding to and recovering from disasters” and 2 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Disaster Risk Management (DRM) is “the applica on of disaster risk reduc on policies and strategies to prevent new disaster risk, reduce exis ng disaster risk and manage residual risk, contribu ng to the strengthening of resilience and reduc on of disaster losses” (UNISDR 2016a). The sense in which DM Act 2005 uses the term disaster management, covers nearly DM, DRR and DRM without maintaining a strict dis nc on between them. The term Disaster Management as used in the NPDM 2009 and the DM Act 2005 document is comprehensive covering all aspects – disaster risk reduc on, disaster risk management, disaster preparedness, disaster response, and post-disaster recovery. This document uses the term with the same meaning as defined in the DM Act 2005: "A con nuous and integrated process of planning, organising, coordina ng and implemen ng measures which are necessary or expedient" for the following: 1) Preven on of danger or threat of any disaster, 2) Mi ga on or reduc on of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences, 3) Capacity-building, 4) Preparedness to deal with any disaster, 5) Prompt response to any threatening disaster situa on or disaster, 6) Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster 7) Evacua on, rescue and relief, and 8) Rehabilita on and reconstruc on. Apart from sudden large-scale disasters (intensive risks), the accumula on of impacts from small frequent events (extensive risks) and slowly developing health, safety, security and environmental crises have a quiet but massive effect on society and on sustainable development. Disaster risk is the poten al loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assets which could occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period, determined probabilis cally as a func on of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and capacity. According to UNISDR (2016), the defini on of disaster risk reflects the concept of hazardous events and disasters as the outcome of con nuously present condi ons of risk. Disaster risk comprises different types of poten al losses which are o en difficult to quan fy. Acceptable risk, or tolerable risk, is the extent to which a disaster risk is deemed acceptable or tolerable depending on exis ng social, economic, poli cal, cultural, technical and environmental condi ons. In engineering terms, acceptable risk is used to assess and define the structural and non- structural measures that are needed to reduce possible harm to people, property, services and systems to a chosen tolerated level, according to codes or “accepted prac ce” wh ich are based on known probabili es of hazards and other factors. Residual Risk is the disaster risk that remains even when effec ve disaster risk reduc on measures are in place, and for which emergency response and recovery capaci es must be maintain ed. The presence of residual risk implies a con nuing need to develop and support effec ve capaci es for emergency services, preparedness, response and recovery, together with socioeconomic policies such as safety nets and risk transfer mechanisms, as part of a holis c approach.

1.2 Paradigm Shi The DM Act 2005 and the NPDM 2009 marks the ins tu onaliza on of paradigm shi in disaster management in India, from a relief-centric approach to one of proac ve preven on, mi ga on and preparedness. The NPDM notes that while it is not possible to avoid natural hazards, adequate mi ga on and disaster risk reduc on measures can prevent the hazards becoming major disasters. Disaster risk arises when hazards interact with physical, social, economic and en vironmental vulnerabili es. The NPDM suggests a mul -pronged approach for disaster risk reduc on and mi ga on consis ng of the following: 3 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Integra ng risk reduc on measures into all development projects • Ini a ng mi ga on projects in iden fied high priority areas through joint efforts of the Central and State Governments • Encouraging and assis ng State level mi ga on projects • Paying a en on to indigenous knowledge on disaster and coping mechanisms • Giving due weightage to the protec on of heritage structures In the terminology adopted by the UNISDR, the concept and prac ce of reducing disaster risks involve systema c efforts to analyse and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events. While both the terms “Disaster Reduc on” and “Disaster Risk Reduc on” are widely used, the la er provides a be er recogni on of the ongoing nature of disaster risks and the ongoing poten al to reduce these risks. Mi ga on consists of various measures required for lessening or limi ng the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters.

1.3 Main Pillars of the NDMP The NDMP, in a sense, can be said to have five main pillars: I. Conforming to the na onal legal mandates – the DM Act 2005 and the NPDM 2009 II. Par cipa ng proac vely to realise the global goals as per agreements to which India is a signatory – Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduc on (SFDRR), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Paris Agreement on Climate Change – consistent with the interna onal consensus for achieving mutual reinforcement and coherence of these frameworks III. Prime Minister’s Ten Point Agenda for DRR ar cula ng contemporary na onal priori es IV. Social inclusion as a ubiquitous and cross-cu ng principle V. Mainstreaming DRR as an integral feature Across these five ‘pillars’, there are both overlapping and non-overlapping themes as well as some nuanced differences in emphasis. The NDMP has a empted a grand synthesis of all this within a considerably ambi ous and futuris c plan while revising the earlier plan which, incidentally, was the first na onal plan globally explicitly aligned with the Sendai Framework. The period envisaged as ‘Long-Term’ in this plan is co-terminus with year 2030, the ending year of the major post-2015 global frameworks.

1.4 Legal Mandate Sec on 11 of the DM Act 2005 mandates that there shall be a Na onal Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) for the whole of India. The NDMP complies with the Na onal Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM) of 2009 and conforms to the provisions of the DM Act making it mandatory for the various central ministries and departments to have adequate DM plans. While the NDMP will pertain to the disaster management for the whole of the country, the hazard-specific nodal ministries and departments no fied by the Government of India will prepare detailed DM plans specific to the disaster assigned. As per Sec on 37 of the DM Act, every ministry and department of the Government of India, be it hazard-specific nodal ministries or not, shall prepare comprehensive DM plans detailing 4 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN how each of them will contribute to the na onal efforts in the domains of disaster preven on, preparedness, response, and recovery. As per the mandate of the DM Act, the NDMP assigns specific and general responsibili es to all ministries and departments for disaster management. The DM Act enjoins the NDMP to assign necessary responsibili es to various ministries to support and implement the plan. Therefore, it is incumbent on all ministries to accept all the implicit and explicit responsibili es men oned in the NDMP even if they are beyond what are explicitly men oned in the normal rules of business. Disaster management requires assump on of responsibili es beyond the normal func oning. The NDMP will be complemented by separate con ngency plans, SOPs, manuals, and guidelines at all levels of the mul - ered governance system.

1.5 Three Post-2015 Global Frameworks—Disasters, Sustainable Development and Climate Change: Mutual Reinforcement and Coherence The adop on in 2015 of three landmark global agreements - the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduc on (UNISDR 2015a), Sustainable Development Goals (UN 2015) and COP21 Paris Agreement on Climate Change (UNFCC 2015) has opened the significant opportunity to build coherence across DRR, sustainable development and response to climate change. The adop on of SDGs – ‘Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’ is a global transforma ve plan of ac on that has poverty eradica on as an overarching aim. It has, at its core, the integra on of the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. The Paris Agreement on global climate change points to the importance of aver ng, minimizing, and addressing loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including extreme weather events and slow onset events, and the role of sustainable development in reducing the risk of loss and damage. DRR and resilience are recurring common theme in the three global agreements. All three agreements share a common aim of making development sustainable. The most significant shi recognised in the Sendai Framework is a strong emphasis on disaster risk management in contrast to disaster management. These three agreements recognize the desired outcomes in DRR as a product of complex and interconnected social and economic processes, which overlap across the agendas of the three agreements. Intrinsic to sustainable development is DRR and the building of resil ience to disasters. Further, effec ve disaster risk management contributes to sustainable development. Strong commitment to ambi ous goals and accelerated implementa on of these interna onal agreements are global priority. Given the complementari es between the post-2015 agendas, synchronising and mutually reinforcing the ac ons in the three domains helps in be er outcomes . Efforts must be made to ensure that each of them do not build in “policy risks” or, contradictory policies, that generate more - rather than less - risk in development. Promo ng coherence and mutual reinforcement in all three agreements requires poli cal recogni on, monitoring, repor ng and suppor ng partnerships at various levels. Recognising the emerging global consensus, the NDMP has a empted to address the challenges of providing coherence and mutual reinforcing of the na onal ini a ves corresponding to the three Post-2015 global frameworks embracing the domains of DRR, sustainable development and the responses to meet challenges of global climate change. 5 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

1.6 Prime Minister’s Ten-Point Agenda for Disaster Risk Reduc on The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, enunci ated a Ten -Point Agenda in his inaugural speech at the Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduc on 2016, held in New Delhi during November 2016 (AMCDRR), which has also been incorporated in the NDMP. The ten key elements consist of the following: 1. All development sectors must imbibe the principles of disaster risk management 2. Risk coverage must include all, star ng from poor households to SMEs to mul -na onal corpora ons to na on states 3. Women’s leadership and greater involvement should be central to disaster risk management 4. Invest in risk mapping globally to improve global understanding of Nature and disaster risks 5. Leverage technology to enhance the efficiency of disaster risk management efforts 6. Develop a network of universi es to work on disaster-related issues 7. U lise the opportuni es provided by social media and mobile technologies for disaster risk reduc on 8. Build on local capacity and ini a ve to enhance disaster risk reduc on 9. Make use of every opportunity to learn from disasters and, to achieve that, there must be studies on the lessons a er every disaster 10. Bring about greater cohesion in interna onal response to disasters Given below is a descrip on of the Ten Point of Agenda for DRR: First, all development sectors must imbibe the principles of disaster risk management. This will ensure that all development projects - airports, roads, canals, hospitals, schools, bridges – are built to appropriate standards and contribute to the resilience of communi es they seek to serve. Over the next couple of decades, most of the new infrastructure in the world will come up in Asia. This points to the need for ensuring that all the infrastructure development conforms to the best available standards of disaster safety. Such an approach is a smart strategy, which will pay off in the long term. It is necessary that all the public investments must incorporate disaster risk considera ons. In India, the ‘housing for all’ programme and ‘smart ci es’ ini a ve s represent such opportuni es. India will work with other partner countries and stakeholders to build a coali on or mechanism for promo ng disaster resilient infrastructure in the region. This will help generate new knowledge for hazard risk assessment, disaster resilient technologies and mechanisms for integra ng risk reduc on in infrastructure financing. Second, it is necessary to work towards risk coverage for all – star ng from poor households, it must cover small and medium enterprises as well as large mul -na onal corpora ons. Currently, in most countries of the region, penetra on of insurance is limited only to a narrow sec on, mostly in the middle and upper-middle income groups. It is necessary to think big and innova vely to widen the risk insurance cover. States have an important role in not just regula ng but also encouraging coverage for those who need it the most. Some bold steps have been taken to ensure financial inclusion and risk insurance for the poorest. The Jan Dhan Yojana has brought millions of people into the banking system. The Suraksha Bima Yojana provides risk insurance to millions who need it the most. The newly launched Fasal Bima Yojana (crop insurance) will provide risk cover to millions of farmers. These are the basic building blocks of resilience at the household level. 6 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Third, it is necessary to encourage greater involvement and leadership of women in disaster risk management. Women are dispropor onately affected by disasters. They also have unique strengths and insights. India must train a large number of women volunteers to support special needs of women affected by disasters. There is also need for women engineers, masons and building ar sans to par cipate in post-disaster reconstruc on and promote women self-help groups which can assist in livelihood recovery. Fourth, it is necessary to invest in mapping risks globally. For mapping risks related to hazards such as earthquakes, there are widely accepted standards and parameters. Based on these, India has mapped seismic zones, with five as highest seismic risk and two as low risk. For disaster risk related to other hazards such as chemical hazards, forest fires, cyclones, different types of floods, India needs to adopt globally accepted standards and categories. This will help India to ensure that there is a shared understanding of the nature and severity of disaster risks and compare with that in other parts of the world. Fi h, efforts must be made to leverage technology to enhance the efficiency of our disaster risk management efforts. An e-pla orm that brings together organiza ons and individuals and helps them map and exchange exper se, technology and resources would go a long way in maximizing the collec ve impact. Sixth, it will be helpful to develop a network of universi es to work on disaster-related aspects since universi es have social responsibili es too. Over the first five years of the Sendai Framework, an effort can be made to develop a global network of universi es working together on problems of disaster risk management. As part of this network, different universi es could specialize in mul -disciplinary research on disaster issues most relevant to them. Universi es located in coastal areas could specialize in managing risks from coastal hazards, and the ones located in the hill ci es could focus on mountain hazards. Seventh, u lize the opportuni es provided by social media and mobile technologies. Social media is transforming disaster response. It is helping response agencies in quickly organizing themselves and enabling ci zens to connect more easily with authori es. In disaster a er disaster, affected people are using social media to help each other. Those responsible for disaster management must recognize the poten al of social media and develop applica ons relevant to various aspects of disaster risk management. Eighth, disaster management must build on local capabili es and ini a ves. The task of disaster risk management, par cularly in rapidly growing economies, is so huge that formal ins tu ons of the state can at best be instrumental in crea ng the enabling condi ons. Specific ac ons have to be designed and implemented locally. Over the last two decades, most community-based efforts have been confined to disaster preparedness and con ngency planning for the short term. It is necessary to expand the scope of community-based efforts and support communi es to iden fy local risk reduc on measures and implement them. Such efforts reduce risk and create opportuni es for local development and sustainable livelihoods. Localiza on of disaster risk reduc on will also ensure that good use is made of the tradi onal best prac ces and indigenous knowledge. Response agencies need to interact with their communi es and make them familiar with the essen al drill of disaster response. For example, if a local fire service visits one school in its area every week, it would sensi ze thousands of children over a period of one year. Ninth, ensure that the opportunity to learn from a disaster is not wasted. A er every disaster there are studies and reports on lessons learnt that are rarely applied. O en the same mistakes are repeated. It is necessary to have a vibrant and visual system of learning. The United Na ons could 7 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY start an interna onal compe on of documentary films that record disaster events, their scale, and relief, rehabilita on, reconstruc on and recovery a erwards. Post -disaster recovery is an opportunity to not just ‘build back be er’ in terms of physical infrastructure, but also in terms of improved ins tu onal systems for managing risk. For this, it is necessary to put in place systems that can quickly provide risk assessments. India must work with partner countries and mul lateral development agencies to establish a facility for technical support to post-disaster reconstruc on of houses. The tenth and last, it is necessary to bring about greater cohesion in interna onal response to disasters. In the a ermath of a disaster, disaster responders pour in from all over the world. This collec ve strength and solidarity could be enhanced further if the ac vi es are organised under a common umbrella. The United Na ons could think of a common logo and branding under which all those who are helping with relief, rehabilita on and reconstruc on operate.

1.7 Social Inclusion Hazards do not discriminate based on human social condi ons, but human responses to disasters o en do. Exis ng socio-economic condi ons mean that disasters can lead to different outcomes for demographically similar communi es, where the most vulnerable groups also suffer dispropor onately on mul ple counts compared to others. The preamble of NPDM 2009 notes that the economically weaker and socially marginalized sec ons, women, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and minori es tend to suffer more during disasters. The DM Act 2005 specifically forbids all forms of discrimina on – be it based on sex, caste, community, descent or religion – in any aspect of DM. Social inclusion is about equality of rights and opportuni es, dignity of the individual, acknowledging diversity, and contribu ng to resilience for everyone, not leaving aside members of a community based on age, gender, disability or other.

1.8 Mainstreaming DRR A disaster can set back significantly the development of an affected region and even beyond, depending on its scale, reversing decades or more of accumulated gains. Development without recognising disaster probabili es and incorporating adequate risk reduc on could, in effect, worsen exis ng risks and carries with it the likelihood of introducing new risks, aggrava ng the nega ve impact of poten al disasters. Mainstreaming of DRR is the extensive and sound integra on of DRR into all developmental ini a ves to enhance disaster resilience, reduce losses and hasten the progress towards development goals. Mainstreaming DRR is an approach in which both development and DRR incorporated concurrently in a seamless manner into all the aspects of development – policies, planning and implementa on. Since climate change impact act as risk mul pliers worsening uncertain es associated with almost every hydro-meteorological hazard, sound approaches to DRR mainstreaming naturally integrates the how climate change impacts alter the risk scenarios. The unfortunate fact that DRR mainstreaming has remained somewhat improperly understood or vaguely interpreted theme by both decision-makers and prac oners is weakness that needs to be corrected. Undoubtedly, going forward, DRR mainstreaming will assume a more central role in both development and DM. Hence, it is one of the main pillars of the NDMP. In many ways, the ac ons under SDGs and the responses to climate change are integral to development ini a ves and building disaster resilience is common theme in all these. DRR mainstreaming focuses a en on on building disaster resilience, not as a sub-component of a disaster-specific plan, but an approach that must ghtly be integrated into all developmental plans. 8 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

1.9 Vision The vision incorporates the goals reflected in na onal policies, laws and the PM’s Ten-Point Agenda for DRR as well as interna onal best prac ces, frameworks and discourses: Make India disaster resilient across all sectors, achieve substan al and inclusive disaster risk reduc on by building local capaci es star ng with the poor and decreasing significantly the loss of lives, livelihoods, and assets in different forms including economic, physical, social, cultural, and environmental while enhancing the ability to cope with disasters at all levels.

1.10 Scope As per the DM Act 2005, the NDMP shall include: a. Measures to be taken for preven on of disasters or the mi ga on of their effects b. Measures to be taken for the integra on of mi ga on measures in the development plans c. Measures to be taken for preparedness and capacity building to effec vely respond to any threatening disaster situa ons or disaster d. Roles and responsibili es of different Ministries or Departments of the Government of India in respect of measures of the three aspects men oned above The NDMP provides an over-arching planning framework for DM for the whole country, which must be reviewed and updated periodically. Central Government shall make appropriate provisions for financing the plan implementa on. Disaster management, covering preven on and mi ga on, preparedness, response, and recovery, necessarily involves mul ple agencies and it is even more so in a large country like India. Hence, the inter-agency coordina on and collabora on among stakeholders are of utmost importance for the successful implementa on of the NDMP and in ensuring effec ve risk reduc on, response and recovery. The NDMP provides the framework for mobiliza on and coordina on of the central ministries, departments and other agencies among themselves and the devolu on of responsibili es between central and state government in all spheres of disaste r preven on, preparedness, response and recovery within India. The deployment of armed forces 2 and central agencies during disaster within India will be subject to norms adopted by the Central government and the relevant protocols agreed upon between Central and State Governments. Any State may seek the assistance and support of the Centre and other States at any me during a disaster. Responding to incident specific emergencies is the responsibility of designated agencies. The plan is based on detailed hazard-specific guidelines (Annexure-I) prepared by the NDMA. Unless otherwise specified, the guidelines issued by NDMA serve as the primary reference for this document. The GOI has no fied certain central ministries and departments for hazard-specific nodal responsibili es for overall coordina on of disaster management for different hazards. In addi on, GOI has no fied disaster-wise certain ministries for coordina ng immediate post-disaster response. These no fied ministries/ departments must prepare detailed DM plans to carry out the roles assigned to 2 Armed Forces includes the Army, Air Force, and Navy . 9 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY them. At the same me, each central ministry, department, state, and district must formulate respec ve DM plans specifying how each en ty can contribute to effec vely manage disasters.

1.11 Objec ves Along with the mandate given in the DM Act 2005 and the NPDM 2009, the na onal plan has incorporated the na onal commitments in the domain of DRR associated with the three major post- 2015 global frameworks and the PM's Ten Point Agenda. Accordingly, the broad objec ves of the NDMP are: 1. Improve the understanding of disaster risk, hazards, and vulnerabili es 2. Strengthen disaster risk governance at all levels from local to centre 3. Invest in disaster risk reduc on for resilience through structural, non-structural and financial measures, as well as comprehensive capacity development 4. Enhance disaster preparedness for effec ve response 5. Promote "Build Back Be er" in recovery, rehabilita on and reconstruc on 6. Prevent disasters and achieve substan al reduc on of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods, health, and assets (economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental) 7. Increase resilience, prevent the emergence of new disaster risks, reduce the exis ng risks and manage the residual risks 8. Promote the implementa on of integrated and inclusive economic, structural, legal, social, health, cultural, educa onal, environmental, technological, poli cal and ins tu onal measures to prevent and reduce hazard exposure and vulnerabili es to disaster 9. Empower both local authori es and communi es as partners to reduce and manage disaster risks 10. Strengthen scien fic and technical capabili es in all aspects of disaster management 11. Capacity development at all levels to effec vely respond to mul ple hazards and for community-based disaster management 12. Provide clarity on roles and responsibili es of various Ministries and Departments involved in different aspects of disaster management 13. Promote the culture of disaster risk preven on and mi ga on at all levels 14. Facilitate the mainstreaming of disaster management concerns into the developmental planning and processes 15. Ensuring DRR is socially inclusive, gender sensi ve and empowering 16. Build and strengthen the resilience of poor communi es to prevent disasters aggrava ng poverty and to protect livelihoods 17. Enhanced mainstreaming of disaster risk reduc on and climate adapta on strategies within the agriculture sector including sustainable farming 18. Special focus on disaster risk reduc on measures for agriculture and livestock 19. Promo ng resilient health systems to develop the capaci es and resilience of communi es to cope and recover from disaster impacts 20. Enhance the resilience of health systems by integra ng DRR into all levels of health care 21. Promote disaster-resilient schools, colleges and other educa onal facili es 22. Promote women's leadership and ac ve par cipa on in disaster risk reduc on 23. Strengthen efforts to mainstream DRR into water management and reduce the likely impacts of water-related hazards 24. Strengthening and promo ng the resilience of new and exis ng cri cal infrastructure 25. Integra on of disaster risk reduc on considera ons and measures into financial and fiscal instruments 10 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 26. Mainstreaming DRR into development and implementa on of all projects and schemes (rural and urban) 27. Strengthen disaster risk modelling, assessment, mapping, monitoring and mul -hazard early warning systems 28. Promote comprehensive surveys on mul -hazard disaster risks and the development of regional disaster risk assessments and maps, including climate change scenarios 29. Implementa on of ecosystem-based approaches regarding shared resources, such as within river basins, mountainous regions and coastlines 30. Effec ve use of science, technology and tradi onal knowledge in all aspects of DRR

1.12 Time Frames – Short, Medium and Long-Term The implementa on of the measures in the plan must be completed within the short (T1), medium (T2), and long-term (T3), ending by 2022, 2027, 2030 respec vely (Fig. 1-2). The year 2030 is the end of me frame for all the three post-2015 interna onal agreements – Sendai Framework, SDG and the COP21. By being a signatory to these agreements, India has also adopted these meframes. For consistency, the comple on of all measures envisaged in the NDMP is also 2030. The reference to ‘Short’, ‘Medium and ‘Long’ are to meframes required for comple on and do not signify any order of priority. These are tenta ve and subject to changes depending on many factors par cularly technology. Some of the ac ons envisaged could shi from a longer me frame to a shorter one. However, all out efforts are needed to ensure that those under smaller me frames are not taking addi onal me for comple on. Time frames envisaged in the NDMP Short-Term (T1) T1 (2022) Medium-Term (T2) T1/T2 T2 (2027) Long-Term (T3) T1/T2/T3 T2/T3 T3 (2030) Figure 1-2: Time Frames—Short, Medium and Long Term While some of the suggested measures in all categories – short, medium, and long-term – are already under implementa on or in need of upgrading, many need to be ini ated. The meframes short, medium and long do not mean that the three are necessarily sequen al in all cases. In fact, in many cases, they may be overlapping, star ng at the same me while in some cases, the work on the medium and long-term targets may be dependent on the comple on of the previous phase. Nevertheless, the medium and long-term categories do not imply a lower priority but are ac ons that require me long period for comple on provided they are started as early as possible. There is considerable varia on in the implementa on status of the proposed measures across ministries, departments, states, and UTs. Each central Ministry, Department, and the State Government must appropriately categorize the items in their DM Plans according to the me frames for implementa on while preparing their plan or at the me of revising e xis ng plans. In the case of recovery, there are three recovery periods a er a disaster: a) Early – within eighteen months, b) Medium – within five years and c) Long-term – within five to ten years. These depend on the specific disaster and are relevant only with reference to the types of recovery programmes. Hence, the NDMP discusses them only in general terms without melines. 11 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

1.13 Types of Disasters Primarily disasters are triggered by natural hazards or human-induced or result from a combina on of both. The human-induced factors can greatly aggravate the adverse impacts of a natural disaster. Even at a larger scale, globally, the UN Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has shown that human-induced climate change has significantly increased both the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. While heavy rains, cyclones, or earthquakes are all natural, the impacts may, and are usually, worsened by many factors related to human ac vity. The extensive industrializa on and urbaniza on increase both the probability of human-induced disasters, and the extent of poten al damage to life and property from both natural and human-induced disasters. The human society is also vulnerable to Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) threats and events that might escalate to emergencies/ disasters .

1.13.1 Natural Hazards The widely accepted classifica on system used by the Disaster Informa on Management System of DesInventar3 classifies disasters arising from natural hazards into five major categories and is used globally for the Sendai targets monitoring: 1) Geophysical: Geological process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disrup on, or environmental damage. Hydro-meteorological factors are important contributors to some of these processes. 2) Hydrological: Events caused by devia ons in the normal water cycle and/or overflow of bodies of water caused by wind set-up 3) Meteorological: Events caused by short-lived/small to meso-scale atmospheric processes (in the spectrum from minutes to days) 4) Climatological: Events caused by long-lived meso- to macro-scale processes (in the spectrum from intra-seasonal to mul -decadal climate variability) 5) Biological: Process or phenomenon of organic origin or conveyed by biological vectors, including exposure to pathogenic micro-organisms, toxins and bioac ve substances that may cause loss of life, injury, illness or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disrup on, or environmental damage. A brief descrip on of these five major categories of the disasters arising from natural factors with the sub-categories is given in Table 1-1. The below classifica on is not a water ght one. In real life situa ons, many disasters are a combina on of different types of disasters. In addi on, secondary disasters may occur a er a disaster has occurred. Table 1-1: Categories of Natural Hazards Family Main Event Short Descrip on/ Secondary Disaster • Landslide following earthquake; Earthquake/ Mass • Urban fires triggered by earthquakes; 1 Geophysical movement of earth • Liquefac on - the transforma on of (par ally) materials water-saturated soil from a solid state to a liquid state caused by an earthquake 3 h p://www.desinventar.net/defini ons.html (accessed Sep 20, 2019) 12 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Family Main Event Short Descrip on/ Secondary Disaster • Mass movement of earth materials, usually down slopes • Surface displacement of earthen materials due to ground shaking triggered by earthquakes • Surface displacement of earthen materials due to ground shaking triggered by volcanic erup ons • A type of geological event near an opening/vent in the Earth’s surface including volcanic erup ons of lava, ash, hot vapour, gas, and pyroclas c material. • Ash fall; Lahar - Hot or cold mixture of earthen Volcano material flowing on the slope of a volcano either during or between volcanic erup ons; • Lava Flow • Pyroclas c Flow - Extremely hot gases, ash, and other materials of more than 1,000 degrees Celsius that rapidly flow down the flank of a volcano (more than 700 km/h) during an erup on Tsunamis are difficult to categorize they are essen ally an oceanic process that is manifested as a coastal water-related hazard. A series of waves (with long wavelengths when traveling across the deep ocean) that are generated by a displacement of massive Tsunami amounts of water through underwater earthquakes, volcanic erup ons or landslides. Tsunami waves travel at very high speed across the ocean but as they begin to reach shallow water they slow down, and the wave grows steeper. • Avalanche, a large mass of loosened earth material, snow, or ice that slides, flows or falls rapidly down a mountainside under the force of gravity • Coastal Erosion - The temporary or permanent loss of sediments or landmass in coastal margins due to the ac on of waves, winds, des, or anthropogenic ac vi es • Coastal flood - Higher-than-normal water levels • Flood along the coast caused by dal changes or 2 Hydrological • Landslides thunderstorms that result in flooding, which can • Wave Ac on last from days to weeks • Debris Flow, Mud Flow, Rock Fall - Types of landslides that occur when heavy rain or rapid snow/ice melt send large amounts of vegeta on, mud, or rock downslope by gravita onal forces • Flash Flood Hydrological - Heavy or excessive rainfall in a short period of time that produce immediate runoff, crea ng flooding condi ons within minutes or a few hours during or a er the rainfall 13 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Family Main Event Short Descrip on/ Secondary Disaster • Flood Hydrological - A general term for the overflow of water from a stream channel onto normally dry land in the floodplain (riverine flooding), higher-than normal levels along the coast and in lakes or reservoirs (coastal flooding) as well as ponding of water at or near the point where the rain fell (flash floods) • Wave Ac on: Wind-generated surface waves that can occur on the surface of any open body of water such as oceans, rivers and lakes, etc. The size of the wave depends on the strength of the wind and the travelled distance (fetch). Hazard caused by • Cyclone, Storm Surge, Tornado, Convec ve short-lived, micro- to Storm, Extra-tropical Storm, Wind meso-scale extreme • Cold Wave, Derecho weather and • Extreme Temperature, Fog, Frost, Freeze, Hail, 3 Meteorological atmospheric Heat wave condi ons that may • Lightning, Heavy rain last for minutes to • Sandstorm, Dust-storm days • Snow, Ice, Winter Storm, Blizzard Unusual, extreme weather condi ons related to long-lived, • Drought meso- to macro- • Extreme hot/cold condi ons scale atmospheric 4 Climatological • Forest/Wildfire Fires processes ranging • Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) from intra-seasonal to mul -decadal • Subsidence (long-term) climate variability • Epidemics: viral, bacterial, parasi c, fungal, or Exposure to germs prion infec ons 5 Biological and toxic substances • Insect infesta ons • Animal stampedes

1.13.2 Human-Induced Disasters The NPDM 2009 notes that rise in popula on, rapid urbaniza on and industrializa on, development within high-risk zones, environmental degrada on, and climate change aggravates the vulnerabili es to various kinds of disasters. Due to inadequate disaster preparedness, communi es, and animals are at increased risk from many kinds of human-induced hazards arising from accidents (industrial, road, air, rail, on river or sea, building collapse, fires, mine flooding, urban flooding, oil spills, etc.). Hazards due to CBRN threats and events rank very high among the causes that are human induced acts. Terrorist ac vi es and secondary incidences arising from inten onal or non -inten onal ac vi es also add to these risks and calls for adequate preparedness and planning. 14 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

1.14 Ins tu onal Framework

1.14.1 Na onal Level National Disaster Management Institutional Mechanism Overall Coordination Ministry of Home Affairs Designated Nodal Ministries (Disaster- Top Level Decision Making Specific) National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) National Cabinet Crisis Committee Management on Committee Security (CCS) (NCMC) National Executive Committee (NEC) Armed Forces National National & Institute of Disaster State Central Armed Disaster Response Governments/ Police Forces Management Force UTs (CAPF) (NIDM) (NDRF) Figure 1-3: Na onal-level disaster management - basic ins tu onal framework Note: This represents merely the ins tu onal pathways for coordina on, decision -making and communica on for disaster management and does not imply any chain of command. The overall coordina on of disaster management vests with the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). The Cabinet Commi ee on Security (CCS) and the Na onal Crisis Management Commi ee (NCMC) are the key commi ees involved in the top-level decision-making regarding disaster management. The NDMA is the agency responsible for the approval of the NDMP and facilita ng its implementa on. Figure 1-3 provides a schema c view of the basic ins tu onal structure for DM at na onal level. The figure represents merely the ins tu onal pathways for coordina on, decision-making and communica on for disaster management and does not imply any chain of command. 15 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY The DM Act does not have any provisions for no fying any disaster as a ‘na onal calamity’ or a ‘na onal disaster’. In most cases, state governments will be carrying out disaster management with the central government playing a suppor ng role. Generally, the central agencies will par cipate on the request from the state government. Within each state, there is a separate ins tu onal framework for disaster management at the state-level. The DM Act of 2005 provides for the se ng up of Disaster Management Authori es (DMA) at na onal (NDMA), the state (SDMA) and the district (DDMA) levels. The role, composi on and the role of the key decision-making bodies for disaster management at na onal level are briefly described in the Table 1 -2. The extent of involvement of central agencies will depend on the type, scale, and administra ve spread of the disaster. If the situa on requires the direct assistance from central government or the deployment of central agencies, the central government will provide all necessary support. Table 1-2: Key Na onal-Level Decision-Making Bodies for Disaster Management Name Composi on Vital role • Evalua on from a na onal security perspec ve, if an incident has poten ally security implica ons Prime Minister, Minister • Oversee all aspects of preparedness, of Defence, Minister of mi ga on and management of Chemical, Cabinet Finance, Minister of Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) 1 Commi ee Home Affairs, and emergencies and of disasters with security on Security Minister of External implica ons (CCS) Affairs • Review risks of CBRN emergencies from me to me, giving direc ons for measures considered necessary for disaster preven on, mi ga on, preparedness and effec ve response • Cabinet Secretary • Oversee the Command, Control and Na onal (Chairperson) Coordina on of the disaster response Crisis • Secretaries of • Give direc on to the Crisis Management 2 Management Ministries/ Group as deemed necessary Commi ee Departments and • Give direc on for specific ac ons to face crisis (NCMC) agencies with specific situa ons DM responsibili es • Lay down policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management • Prime Minister • Coordinate their enforcement and Na onal (Chairperson) implementa on throughout the country Disaster • Members (not • Approve the NDMP and the DM plans of the 3 Management exceeding nine, respec ve Ministries and Departments of Authority nominated by the Government of India (NDMA) Chairperson) • Lay down guidelines for disaster management to be followed by the different Central Ministries, Departments and the State Governments • Union Home Secretary • To assist the NDMA in the discharge of its Na onal (Chairperson) func ons Execu ve 4 • Secretaries to the GOI • Prepara on of the Na onal Plan Commi ee in the Ministries/ • Coordinate and monitor the implementa on (NEC) Departments of of the Na onal Policy 16 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Name Composi on Vital role Agriculture, Atomic • Monitor the implementa on of the Na onal Energy, Defence, Plan and the plans prepared by the Ministries Drinking Water and or Departments of the Government of India sanita on, • Direct any department or agency of the Govt. Environment, Forests to make available to the NDMA or SDMAs and Climate Change such men, material or resources as are Finance (Expenditure), available with it for emergency response, Health and Family rescue and relief Welfare, Power, Rural • Ensure compliance of the direc ons issued by Development, Science the Central Government and Technology, Space, • Coordinate response in the event of any Telecommunica ons, threatening disaster situa on or disaster Urban Development, • Direct the relevant Ministries/ Departments Water Resources, River of the GOI, the State Governments and the Development and SDMAs regarding measures to be taken in Ganga Rejuvena on, response to any specific threatening disaster The Chief of the situa on or disaster. Integrated Defense • Coordinate with relevant Central Ministries/ Staff of the Chiefs of Departments/ Agencies which are expected Staff Commi ee, ex to assist the affected State as per protocols officio as members. and Standard Opera ng Procedures (SOPs) • Secretaries in the • Coordinate with the Armed Forces, Central Ministry of External Armed Police Forces4 (CAPF), the Na onal Affairs, Earth Sciences, Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and other Human Resource uniformed services which comprise the GOI’s Development, Mines, response to aid the State authori es Shipping, Road • Coordinate with all relevant specialized Transport and scientific ins tu ons/ agencies responsible Highways, Chairman, for providing early warning and monitoring Central Water • Coordinate with SDRF, civil defense Commission and volunteers, home guards and fire services, Secretary, NDMA are through the relevant administra ve special invitees to the departments of the State Governments mee ngs of the NEC. Na onal Specially trained force Disaster headed by a Director Assist the relevant State Government/District 5 Response General Structured like Administra on in the event of an imminent Force paramilitary forces for hazard event or in its a ermath (NDRF) rapid deployment Union Home Minister; Vice • Human resource development and capacity Chairman, NDMA; Na onal building for disaster management within the Members including Ins tute of broad policies and guidelines laid down by Secretaries of various nodal 6 Disaster the NDMA Ministries and Management Departments of • Design, develop and implement training (NIDM) Government of India and programmes State Governments and • Undertake research 4 CAPF includes Assam Rifles, BSF, CRPF, CISF, ITBP and SSB 17 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Name Composi on Vital role heads of na onal levels • Formulate and implement a comprehensive scien fic, research and human resource development plan technical organiza ons, • Provide assistance in na onal policy besides eminent scholars, formula on, assist other research and scien sts and training ins tutes, state governments and prac oners. other organiza ons for successfully discharging their responsibili es • Develop educa onal materials for dissemina on • Promote awareness genera on From me to me, the central government no fies hazard-specific nodal ministries to func on as the lead agency in managing specific disasters (see Table 1 -3 for current list of disaster-specific nodal ministries no fied by GOI). Table 1-3: Nodal Ministry for Management/ Mi ga on of Different Disasters SN Disaster Nodal Ministry/ Department 1. Accident – Air (Civil Avia on) Min. of Civil Avia on (MOCA) 2. Accidents – Rail Min. of Railways (MOR) Min. of Road Transport and Highways 3. Accidents – Road (MRTH) Min. of Defence (MOD) – Border Road 4. Avalanche Organiza on (BRO) 5. Biological Emergencies Min. of Health and Family Welfare (MHFW) Min. of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare 6. Cold-Wave (MAFW) 7. Cyclone/ Tornado Min. of Earth Sciences (MOES) Min. of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare 8. Drought (MAFW) 9. Earthquake Min. of Earth Sciences (MOES) 10. Flood Min. of Jal Shak (MOJS) 11. Floods – Urban Min. of Housing and Urban Affairs (MHUA) Min. of Environment, Forests, and Climate 12. Forest Fire Change (MEFCC) Min. of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare 13. Frost (MAFW) Min. of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare 14. Hailstorm (MAFW) Min. of Environment, Forests and Climate 15. Industrial and Chemical Change (MEFCC) 16. Landslides Min. of Mines (MOM) 17. Nuclear and Radiological Dept. of Atomic Energy (DAE) Min. of Defence (MOD) – Indian Coast Guard 18. Oil Spills (ICG) 18 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN SN Disaster Nodal Ministry/ Department Min. of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare 19. Pest A ack (MAFW) 20. Tsunami Min. of Earth Sciences (MOES) Na onal Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) The Government of India established the NDMA in 2005, headed by the Prime Minister. Under the DM Act 2005, the NDMA, as the apex body for disaster management, shall have the responsibility for laying down the policies and guidelines for disaster management for ensuring mely and effec ve response to disaster. The guidelines of NDMA will assist the Central Ministries, Departments, and States to formulate their respec ve DM plans. It will approve the Na onal Disaster Management Plan and DM plans of the Central Ministries/ Departments. It will take such other measures, as it may consider necessary, for the preven on of disasters, or mi ga on, or preparedness and capacity building, for dealing with a threatening disaster situa on or disaster. Central Ministries/ Departments and State Governments will extend necessary coopera on and assistance to NDMA for carrying out its mandate. NDMA has the power to authorise the Departments or authori es concerned, to make emergency procurement of provisions or materials for rescue and relief in a threatening disaster situa on or disaster. The general superintendence, direc on, and control of the Na onal Disaster Response Force (NDRF) are vested in and will be exercised by the NDMA. The Na onal Ins tute of Disa ster Management (NIDM) works within the framework of broad policies and guidelines laid down by the NDMA. The NDMA has the mandate to deal with all types of disasters – natural or human-induced. However, other emergencies such as terrorism (counter-insurgency), law and order situa ons, hijacking, air accidents, CBRN weapon systems, which require the close involvement of the security forces and/or intelligence agencies, and other incidents such as mine disasters, port and harbour emergencies, forest fires, oilfield fires and oil spills will be handled by the Na onal Crisis Management Commi ee (NCMC). Nevertheless, NDMA may formulate the guidelines with advice/ inputs drawn from experts of DAE and facilitate training and preparedness ac vi es in respect of response to RN emergencies with technical advice obtained from experts from DAE. Na onal Ins tute of Disaster Management (NIDM) As per the provisions of the Chapter-VII of the DM Act, Government of India cons tuted the Na onal Ins tute of Disaster Management (NIDM) under an Act of Parliament with the goal of being the premier ins tute for capacity development for disaster management in India and the region. The vision of NIDM is to create a Disaster Resilient India by building the capacity at all levels for disaster preven on and preparedness. NIDM has been assigned nodal responsibili es for human resource development, capacity building, training, research, documenta on, and policy advocacy in the field of disaster management. The NIDM has built strategic partnerships with various ministries and departments of the central, state, and local governments, academic, research and technical organiza ons in India and abroad and other bi-lateral and mul -lateral interna onal agencies. It provides technical support to the state governments through the Disaster Management Centres (DMCs) in the Administra ve Training Ins tutes (ATIs) of the States and Union Territories. Some of them are emerging as centres of excellence in the specialised areas of risk management – flood, earthquake, cyclone, drought, landslides, and industrial disasters. 19 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Na onal Disaster Response Force (NDRF) The NDRF has been cons tuted as per the Chapter-VIII of the DM Act 2005 as a specialist response force that can be deployed in a threatening disaster situa on or disaster. As per the DM Act, the general superintendence, direc on and control of the NDRF shall be vested and exercised by the NDMA. The command and supervision of the NDRF shall vest with the Director General appointed by the Government of India. The NDRF will posi on its ba alions at different loca ons as required for effec ve response. NDRF units will maintain close liaison with the designated State Governments and will be available to them in the event of any serious threatening disaster situa on. The NDRF is equipped and trained to respond to situa ons arising out of natural disasters and CBRN emergencies. The NDRF units will also impart basic training to all the stakeholders iden fied by the State Governments in their respec ve loca ons. A Na onal Disaster Response Academy is opera onal in Nagpur and new infrastructure is being set up to cater to na onal and interna ona l training programmes for disaster management. It has also been decided that Disaster Management Training Wings of four CAPFs (BSF, CRPF, ITBP and CISF) will be merged with this Academy. Experience in major disasters has clearly shown the need for pre-posi oning of some response forces to augment the resources at the State level at crucial loca ons including some in high al tude regions.

1.14.2 State Level State Level Disaster Management Coordination Mechanism National Central Disaster Government Management Ministries/ Authority Departments (NDMA) State Government State State Disaster Disaster State Executive Management Response Authority Force Committee (SEC) (SDMA) (SDRF) Relief Commissioner/ Nodal Department State Emergency Operation State Centre Department/ (SEOC) Line District Agencies Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) Agencies With Disaster Management Responsibilities Figure 1-4: State-level disaster management - basic ins tu onal framework Note: The figure represents merely the ins tu onal pathways for coordina on, decision -making and communica on for disaster management and does not imply any chain of command. 20 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN As per the DM Act of 2005, each state in India/ Union Territory (UT) shall have its own ins tu onal framework for disaster management. Each State/UT will have one nodal department for coordina on of disaster management, referred herea er as DM department (DMD), although the name and department is not the same in each State/UT. Among other things, the DM Act, mandates that each State/UT shall take necessary steps for the prepara on of State/UT DM plans, integra on of measures for preven on of disasters or mi ga on into State/UT development plans, alloca on of funds, and establish EWS. Depending on specific situa ons and needs, the State/UT shall also assist the Central Government and central agencies in various aspects of DM. Each state shall prepare its own State Disaster Management Plan. The DM Act mandates the se ng of a State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) and a similar system in each Union Territory. At the district level, District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA), the District Collector or District Magistrate or the Deputy Commissioner, as applicable, will be responsible for overall coordina on of the disaster management efforts and planning. Figure -1-4 provides schema c view of the typical state-level ins tu onal framework. The figure represents merely the ins tu onal pathways for coordina on, decision -making and communica on for disaster management and does not imply any chain of command. State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) As per provisions in Chapter-III of the DM Act, each State Government shall establish a State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) or its equivalent as no fied by the state government with the Chief Minister as the Chairperson. In case of other UTs, the L ieutenant Governor or the Administrator shall be the Chairperson of that Authority. For the UT of Delhi, the Lieutenant Governor and the Chief Minister shall be the Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson respec vely of the State Authority. In the case of a UT having Legisla ve Assembly, except the UT of Delhi, the Chief Minister shall be the Chairperson of the Authority established under this sec on. The SDMA will lay down policies and plans for DM in the State. The SDMA will approve the disaster management plans prepared by various departments. It will, inter alia approve the State Plan in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the NDMA, coordinate the implementa on of the State Plan, recommend provision of funds for mi ga on and preparedness measures and review the developmental plans of the different departments of the State to ensure the integra on of preven on, preparedness and mi ga on measures. The State Government shall cons tute a State Execu ve Commi ee (SEC) to assist the SDMA in the pe rformance of its func ons. The SEC will be headed by the Chief Secretary to the State Government. The SEC will coordinate and monitor the implementa on of the Na onal Policy, the Na onal Plan, and the State Plan. The SEC will also provide informa on to the NDMA rela ng to different aspects of DM. District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) As per provisions in Chapter-IV of the DM Act, each State Government shall establish a District Disaster Management Authority for every district in the State with such name as may be specified in that no fica on. The DDMA will be headed by the District Collector, Deputy Commissioner, or District Magistrate as the case may be, with the elected representa ve of the local authority as the Co - Chairperson. The State Government shall appoint an officer not below the rank of Addi onal Collector or Addi onal District Magistrate or Addi onal Deputy Commissioner of the district to be the Chief Execu ve Officer of the District Authority. The DDMA will act as the plan ning, coordina ng and implemen ng body for DM at the District level and take all necessary measures for the purposes of DM in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the NDMA and SDMA. It will, inter alia, prepare the DM plan for the District and monitor the implementa on of the all relevant na onal, state, and district policies and plans. The DDMA will also ensure that the guidelines for preven on, mi ga on, 21 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY preparedness, and response measures laid down by the NDMA and the SDMA are followed by all the district-level offices of the various departments of the State Government.

1.15 Plan Implementa on The DM Act 2005 enjoins central and state governments to make provisions for the implementa on of the disaster management plans. In this respect, the sec ons of the DM Act 2005 applicable for na onal, state, and district DM plans are 11, 23, and 31. The Chapters V and VI of the DM Act spell out the responsibili es of the central, state, and local governments with respect to disaster management. The DM Act states that every Ministry or Department of the Government of India shall make provisions, in its annual budget, for funds for the purposes of carrying out the ac vi es and programmes set out in its disaster management plan. The NDMP sets outs the priori es, me frames and defines the Thema c Areas for DRR along with Sub-Thema c Areas that must be implemented in a highly distributed, decentralised and coordinated manner by the central and state governments. It is not one omnibus plan that must be implemented by one agency with using one overarching budget; instead it is one that must be financed from the union and state budgets through various ministries and government agencies. The centrally allocated finances are limited to Na onal Disaster Response Fund and State Disaster Response Fund meant for immediate relief and emergency response a er a disaster. Since DRR mainstreaming is an integral part of the main plans of centre, central ministries, states/UTs and state/UT -level agencies, there cannot be a separate financial alloca on for it. The Act mandates that every Ministry and Department of the Government of India and every state must prepare a DMP in accordance with the NDMP. Respec ve DM authori es must regularly review and update their DM plans. Central ministries and state governments will integrate DRR into their development policy, planning and programming at all levels. They must adopt a holis c approach and build mul -stakeholder partnerships at all levels, as appropriate, for th e implementa on of the DM plans. Depending on its nature, different components of the NDMP will be implemented within short, medium and long-term meframes ending in 2030, with the ac ons under these meframes o en running concurrently and not sequentially. In a broad sense, the approach described in the NDMP applies to all those working for disaster risk reduc on in the country , be it government, private, not- for-profit en es, na onal agencies or interna onal organisa ons. The plan is highly ambi ous and the complete implementa on of all elements across the country may take a very long me. Nevertheless, both central and state governments have already made considerable progress and they are expected to make sincere efforts for the im plementa on of the DM plans. The NDMA has prepared and published guidelines covering various aspects of disaster management and including a separate one for response (list is given in Annexure-I). The DM plans of all central ministries/ departments and the states/UTs must be made in accordance with NDMP and consistent with it in terms of goals and meframes. It is not possible to give an exhaus ve list of ac vi es envisaging all the disaster risk reduc on func ons pertaining to all the ers of government (central, state and local) and all other stakeholders. Hence the Central Ministries and State Governments should go beyond the ac vi es men oned in this document in iden fying ac vi es based on the context for pro-ac ve disaster risk reduc on using NDMP as a guide rather than as a final word. 22 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 2 Hazard Risks and Challenges

2.1 Background India is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people and the most populous democracy in the World. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India’s neighbours are Sri Lanka and Maldives. Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a mari me border with Thailand and Indonesia. Table 2-1: India - General profile Feature Descrip on 1 Area 32.87 lakh (3.3 million) sq.km Situated in southern Asia, the Indian peninsula is separated from mainland Asia by the Himalayas; Lying en rely in the northern 2 Loca on hemisphere, India lies between la tudes 8°4' N and 37°6' N; longitudes 68°7'E and 97° 25'E North: China, Bhutan and Nepal; Himalayan mountain ranges Northwest: Afghanistan and Pakistan Borders/ South: Sri Lanka and Maldives; Indian Ocean, Palk Strait and the Gulf 3 Neighbouring of Mannar Countries East: Myanmar and Bangladesh; Bay of Bengal West: Arabian Sea 4 Major Rivers Twelve with total catchment area of 252.8 million hectares 5 Forest 692,027 sq.km (21.5 percent of the total geographical area) 7,517 km (the mainland, Lakshadweep Islands, and the Andaman and 6 Coastline Nicobar Islands) 7 Desert 442,289 sq.km 8 Popula on 1.2 billion; Male: 51.5%; Female: 48.5% (Census 2011) 9 States * 28 10 Union Territories* 9 11 Sex Ra o 940 females per 1,000 males (Census 2011) 12 Popula on Density 382 persons per sq.km (Census 2011) Annual exponen al 13 popula on growth 1.64 per cent in 2001-2011 (Census 2011) rate 14 Popula on share Rural: 69%; Urban: 31% (Census 2011) Tropical monsoon; tropical climate marked by rela vely high summer temperatures and dry winters. Main seasons: a) Winter (Dec.-Feb.) b) 15 Climate Summer (Mar.-Jun.) c) South-West monsoon (Jun.-Sep.) and d) Post monsoon (Oct.-Nov.) (*) Note: From October 31, 20195 Based on GOI website: h ps://www.india.gov.in/india-glance/profile 5 The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisa on Act (2019), bifurcates the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two UTs, a) Ladakh without a legisla ve assembly consis ng of two districts (Leh and Kargil) and b ) Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) having a legisla ve assembly consis ng of all other districts of former state . 23 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

2.2 Hazard Risks and Vulnerabili es

2.2.1 Mul -Hazard Vulnerability As per the defini on adopted by UNISDR, hazard is a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human ac vity, or condi on that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disrup on, or environmental damage. India, due to its, physiographic and clima c condi ons is one of the most disaster-prone areas of the World. Nearly 59 per cent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of moderate to very high intensity. More than 40 million hectares (12 per cent of land) is prone to floods and river erosion. Of the nearly 7,500 km long coastline, close to 5,700 km is prone to cyclones and tsunamis. Nearly 68% of the cul vable area is vulnerable to drought. Large tracts in hilly regions are at risk from landslides and some are prone to snow avalanches. Vulnerability to disasters/emergencies of CBRN origin also exists. Heightened vulnerabili es to disaster risks can be related to expanding popula on, urbanisa on, and industrialisa on, development within high-risk zones, environmental degrada on, and climate change. Building Materials & Technology Promo on Council (BMTPC) has prepared the Vulnerability Atlas of India (VAI), which has been updated in 2019 (third edi on) and is available online⁶ . Some of the maps for the country are provided in Annexure-II. These maps present for each State/UT the hazard map for earthquake, wind, and flood. The maps available online show not only the boundaries of the hazard zones of various intensi es but also indicate district-wise areas lying in the different intensi es. The Vulnerability Atlas has been structured to serve as a tool towards natural disaster preven on, preparedness and mi ga on for housing and related infrastructure at local as well as na onal levels. In the context of human vulnerability to disasters, economically and socially weaker segments of the popula on are the ones that are most seriously affected. Within the vulnerable groups, elderly persons, women, children— especially women rendered des tute, children orphaned by disasters and differently abled persons are exposed to higher risks. The DM Act 2005 and Na onal Policy on Disaster Management 2009 consider disasters to be a) natural and b) human-induced including CBRN for defining the roles and responsibili es. Besides with the natural factors discussed earlier, various human -induced ac vi es like increasing demographic pressure, deteriora ng environmental condi ons, deforesta on, unscien fic development, faulty agricultural prac ces and grazing, unplanned urbanisa on, construc on of large dams on river channels etc. are also responsible for accelerated impact and increase in frequency of disasters in the country.

2.2.2 Natural Hazards

2.2.2.1 Cyclone and Wind India's long coastline of nearly 7,500 km consists of 5,400 km along the mainland, 132 km in Lakshadweep and 1,900 km in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. About 10 per cent of the World's tropical cyclones affect the Indian coast. Of these, the majority has their ini al genesis over the Bay of Bengal and strike the east coast of India. On an average, five to six tropical cyclones form every year, of which two or three could be severe. Cyclones occur frequently on both the west coast in the Arabian 6 Vulnerability Atlas of India. h p://www.bmtpc.org/DataFiles/CMS/file/VAI2019/Index.html (accessed Oct. 15, 2019) 24 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Sea and the east coast in the Bay of Bengal. More cyclones occur in the Bay of Bengal than in the Arabian Sea. An analysis of the frequencies of cyclones on the East and West coasts of India during 1891-2000 shows that nearly 308 cyclones (out of which 103 were severe) affected the East Coast7. In India, tropical cyclones occur in the months of May-June and October-November. The cyclones of severe intensity and frequency in the northern part of the Indian Ocean are bimodal in character, with their primary peak in November and secondary peak in May. The disaster poten al is par cularly high at the me of landfall in the northern part of Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea) due to the accompanying destruc ve wind, storm surges and torren al rainfall. Of these, storm surges are the greatest killers of a cyclone, by which sea water inundates low lying areas of coastal regions and causes heavy floods, erodes beaches and embankments, destroys vegeta on and reduces soil fer lity. Tropical Cyclones Tropical cyclone, generally known as ‘cyclone’, is the term used globally to cover tropical weather systems in which winds equal or exceed ‘gale force’ (minimum of 34 knot, i.e., 62 kmph). These are intense low-pressure areas of the earth-atmosphere coupled system and are extreme weather events of the tropics. Although the North Indian Ocean (NIO) Basin (including the Indian coast) generates only about seven per cent of the World’s cyclones, their impact is compara vely high and devasta ng, especially when they strike the coasts bordering the North Bay of Bengal. As per broad scale assessment of the popula on at risk, nearly one third of India’s p opula on is vulnerable to cyclone- related hazards. Climate change with the resultant sea-level rise and expected increase in severity of cyclones can significantly increase the vulnerability of the coastal popula on. Though tropical cyclones differ by name across regions, they are classified according to their wind speed. The classifica on, however, varies fro m region to region. The classifica on used in India 8 of these intense low-pressure systems (cyclonic disturbances) is given in Table 2-2. Table 2-2: Classifica on used in India for tropical cyclones Wind Speed Type km per hour (kmph) Knots 1 Low Pressure area Less than 31 Less than 17 2 Depression 31 to 49 17 to 27 3 Deep Depression 50 to 61 28 to 33 4 Cyclonic Storm 62 to 88 34 to 47 5 Severe Cyclonic Storm 89 to 118 48 to 63 6 Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 119 to 221 64 to 119 7 Super Cyclone More than 221 More than 119 Note: One kmph = 0.54 knot; one knot = 1.852 kmph The coastal states and union territories (UTs) in the country, encompassing 84 coastal districts which are affected by tropical cyclones. Four states (Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal) and one UT (Puducherry) on the east coast and one state (Gujarat) on the west coast are highly vulnerable to cyclone disasters. 7 Cyclones and their Impact in India: h ps://ncrmp.gov.in/cyclones-their-impact-in-india/ (accessed Sep. 20, 2019) 8 IMD (2016) 25 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Storm Surge Storm surge, a coastal phenomenon, is the inherent destruc ve aspect of cyclones the World over. Storm surge is an abnormal rise of water generated by a storm, over and above the predicted astronomical des. It should not be confused with storm de. The rise in water level can cause extreme flooding in coastal areas par cularly when storm surge coincides with normal high de, resul ng in storm des reaching up to 6 metres or more in some cases. The degree of destruc ve poten al depends on the storm surge amplitude associated with the cyclone. Large number of casual es during tropical cyclones occur as a result of storm surge. Climate change with the resultant sea-level rise will worsen the impacts of storm surges.

2.2.2.2 Flood Floods affect an average area of around 7.5 million hectares per year. According to the Na onal Commission on Floods, the area suscep ble to floods was es mated in 1980 to be around 40 mill ion hectares and it is possible to provide reasonable degree of protec on to nearly 80 per cent (32 million ha). Riverine flooding is perhaps the most cri cal climate-related hazard in India. Flood control is a key element of na onal policies for water resource management. The occurrence of floods and droughts is closely linked to the summer monsoon ac vity. Floods occur in almost all river basins of the country. Heavy rainfall, inadequate capacity of rivers to carry the high flood discharge, inadequate drainage to carry away the rainwater quickly to streams/rivers are the main causes of floods. Ice jams or landslides blocking streams; and cyclones also cause floods. Out of 40 million hectare of the flood prone area in the country, on an average, floods affect an area of around 7.5 million hectare per year. Floods in the Indo-Gange c-Brahmaputra plains are an annual feature. On an average, a few hundred lives are lost, millions of people are rendered homeless, lakhs of hectares of crops are damaged, thousands of animals are affected (killed and injured). The Na onal Flood Control Programme was launched in 1954. Since then, sizeable progress has been made in the flood protec on measures. The global climate change and the resultant increase in extreme weather events will naturally worsen the uncertain es associated with floods.

2.2.2.3 Urban Floods The problem of urban flooding is a result of both natural factors and land-use changes brought about by urban development. Urban flooding is significantly different from rural flooding as urbanisa on leads to developed catchments which increases the flood peaks from 1.8 to 8 mes and flood volumes by up to 6 mes. Consequently, flooding occurs very quickly due to faster flow mes, some mes in a ma er of minutes. Urban flooding is caused by the combina on of meteorological, hydrological, and human factors. Due to land-use changes, flooding in urban areas can happen very rapidly with large flow. The challenges of Urban Floods Disaster Management (UFDM) tend to be considerably different from that of flooding in other areas. In 2010, the NDMA published separate guidelines for UFDM. Problems associated with urban floods range from rela vely localised incidents to major incidents, resul ng in inunda on of some or large parts urban areas for several hours to many days. The impact can vary from being limited to widespread. It may result in temporary reloca on of people, dispersal of animals, damage to civic ameni es, deteriora on of water quality and risk of epidemics.

2.2.2.4 Earthquake Nearly 59 per cent of India’s territory is prone to moderate to severe earthquakes. Three recent major earthquakes affected Gujarat in January 2001, Jammu and Kashmir in October 2005 and Sikkim in 2011. Many smaller- quakes have been occurring in various parts of India. Seven states in North East (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and Meghalaya ), the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and part of eight other States/UTs (Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, U arakhand, 26 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Punjab and West Bengal) are in Seismic Zone V i.e., prone to very high damage risk. Wide-spread losses—human and material, collapse of infrastructure and services may be the major consequences of the earthquake. Hundreds of thousands may be displaced, o en in remote mountainous areas in the North and North-East.

2.2.2.5 Tsunami Tsunamis (Japanese for “harbour wave”) , also known as a seismic sea wave, are a series of very large waves with extremely long wavelength, in the deep ocean, the length from crest to crest may be 100 km and more. It is usually generated by sudden displacements in the sea floor caused by earthquake, landslides, or volcanic ac vity9. Most tsunamis, including the most destruc ve ones are generated by large and shallow earthquakes which usually occur near geological plate boundaries, or fault -lines, where geological plates collide. When the seafloor abruptly deforms the sudden ver cal displacements over large areas disturb the ocean's surface, displace water, and generate tsunami waves. Since the wave height in deep ocean will be only a few decimetres or less (i.e., a few inches), tsunamis are not usually felt aboard ships. Nor are they visible from the air in the open ocean. The waves could travel away from the triggering source with speeds exceeding 800 km/h over very long distances. They could be extremely dangerous and damaging when they reach the coast , because when the tsunami enters shallow water in coastal areas, the wave velocity will decrease accompanied by increase in wave height. In shallow waters, a large tsunami crest height may rise rapidly by several metres even in excess of 30 m causing enormous destruc on in a very short me10. As seen on Indian Ocean shores in December 2004, tsunami can cause massive death and destruc on. They are par cularly dangerous close to their sources, where the first waves in the tsunami train can arrive within a few to tens of minutes of the triggering event. The earthquake and resulting tsunami in Indian Ocean on 26 Dec 2004 had devasta ng effects on India. Many people died and millions were displaced. The hardest hit areas were on Southern coast and the Andaman and Nicobar Island. Tsunamis have the poten al of causing significant c asual es, widespread property damage, massive infrastructure loss and long-term nega ve economic impacts. People caught in the path of a tsunami o en have li le chance of survival. People die from drowning or debris crushing them.

2.2.2.6 Landslides and Snow Avalanches Landslides Landslides occur in the hilly regions of India such as the Himalaya, North-East India, the Nilgiris, Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats. It is es mated that 30 per cent of the World’s landslides occur in the Himalayan ranges. The Himalayan range, which cons tutes the youngest and most domina ng mountain system in the World, is not a single long landmass but comprises a series of seven curvilinear parallel folds running along a grand arc for a total of 3 ,400 kilometres. Landslides are also common in Western Ghat. In the Nilgiris, in 1978 alone, unprecedented rains in the region triggered about one hundred landslides which caused severe damage to communica on lines, tea gardens and other cul vated crops. Scien fic observa ons in north Sikkim and Garhwal regions in the Himalayas clearly reveal that there is an average of two landslides per sq. km. The mean rate of land loss is to the tune of 120 meter per km per year and annual soil loss is about 2500 tons per sq. km. Landslides have been a major and widely spread natural disaster that o en affect life and property, leading to major concern. 9 h ps://ntwc.ncep.noaa.gov/?page=tsunamiFAQ (accessed Sep 20, 2019) 10 h p://www.unisdr.org/2006/ppew/tsun ami/what-is-tsunami/backinfor-brief.htm (accessed Sep 20, 2019) 27 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Snow Avalanches Avalanches are block of snow or ice descending from the mountain tops at a river like speedy flow. They are extremely damaging and cause huge loss to life and property. In Himalayas, avalanches are common in Drass, Pir Panijal, Lahaul-Spi and Badrinath areas. As per Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE), of Defence Research and Development Organisa on (DRDO), on an average, around 30 people are killed every year, due to this disaster in various zones of the Himalayan range. Beside killing people, avalanches also damage the roads, proper es, and se lements falling in its way. Traffic blockage, structural damages of roads, and retaining wall damages occur most frequently due to avalanches. Snow avalanches occur in several stretches of the Himalayan range with the following areas being more vulnerable: • Western Himalaya – the snowy regions of J&K, Ladakh, HP and U arakhand, especially Tehri Garhwal and Chamoli districts • J&K and Ladakh – Higher reaches of Kashmir and Gurez valleys, Kargil, Ladakh and along some of the major roads • HP – Chamba, Kullu-Spi and Kinnaur

2.2.2.7 Drought There is no globally adopted opera onal defini on for drought applicable to all contexts. This is the primary reason why policy makers, resource planners, and other decision-makers as well as administrators have considerable difficulty recognizing and planning for drought than they do for other disasters. Global Assessment Report (GAR) 2015 notes that agricultural drought is probably the most “socially constructed” of all disaster risks (UNISDR 2015b) and warns that due to global climate change, its frequency is expected to vary much. To determine the beginning of drought, opera onal defini ons specify the degree of departure from the long-term (usually at least 30 years) average of precipita on or some other clima c variable. Broadly, drought is perceived as sharply felt water deficit caused by varia ons in the natural hydro-metrological factors, agro-ecological condi ons, moisture requirements of crops under prevailing cropping choices (systems, pa erns). The WMO considers drought as a slow creeping natural hazard that occurs in part due to the natural clima c variability. In recent years, concern has grown world-wide that droughts may be increasing in frequency due to climate change. Responses to droughts in most parts of the world are generally reac ve in terms of crisis management and are known to be un mely, poorly coordinated and disintegrated. Conceptual defini ons, formulated in general terms, help people und erstand the concept of drought. Conceptually, drought is characterised by a protracted period of deficient precipita on resul ng in water deficits, extensive crop damage, resul ng in loss of yield. Opera onal defini ons help define the onset, severity, and end of droughts. No single opera onal defini on of drought works in all circumstances, and this is a big part of why policy makers, resource planners, and others have more trouble recognizing and planning for drought than they do for other natural disasters. In fact, mostly, decision-makers/ planners now rely on mathema cal indices to decide when to start implemen ng water conserva on or drought response measures. To determine the beginning of drought, opera onal defini ons specify the degree o f departure from the average of precipita on or some other clima c variable over some period. This is usually done by comparing the current situa on to the historical average, o en based on at least a 30 -years record. Droughts affect vast areas of the country, transcending State boundaries. A third of the country is drought prone. Recurrent drought results in widespread adverse impact on people’s livelihoods and young children’s nutri on status. It affects parts of Rajasthan (chronically), Gujarat, Maharashtra, 28 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Madhya Pradesh (MP), U ar Pradesh (UP), Chha sgarh, Jharkhand, and Andhra Pradesh. Drought is not uncommon in certain districts. Droughts cause severe distress in the affected areas. Drought is a phenomenon that is widely considered as a ‘creeping disaster’ whose onset, end, and severity are difficult to determine. Unlike the suddenly occurring disasters, a drought may develop very slowly over several months affec ng very large geographical area without causing li le or no structural damage. The impacts depend on natural condi ons, socio-economic situa on, and the kind of land and water resources as well as the use pa erns in the affected region. Mostly, the occurrence of droughts is a result of natural climate variability in all the drought-prone regions and it usually exhibits a certain pa ern of occurrence. While droughts are quite frequent in arid and semi-arid regions, it can occur even in humid regions blessed with abundant rainfall with lower frequency. The capacity to cope depends largely on the technical, ins tu onal, poli cal, and social mechanisms to manage the water resources an cipa ng the severity of the drought. Effec ve mi ga on measures must prevent a drought turning into a famine due to water and food shortages. Drought results from long period of dry weather and insufficient precipita on, which causes acute dry condi ons. The Na onal Commission on Agriculture in India defines three types of droughts: a) Meteorological drought, defined as a situa on when there is more than 25% decrease from the long-term average precipita on over an area b) Agricultural drought, signifying the situa on when soil moisture and rainfall are inadequate to support healthy crop growth c) Hydrological drought resul ng from prolonged meteorological drought manifested in deple on of surface and sub-surface water resources, which could occur even when the rainfall is normal, if there has been a substan al reduc on in surface water holding capacity Most classifica ons emphasize physical aspects of drought, par cularly in the context of agriculture (including livestock rearing), although its impacts will be felt in both farm and non-farm sector. The direct impacts are usually visible in falling agricultural produc on and heightened food insecurity among poor and vulnerable sec ons; depleted water levels; higher livestock and wildlife mortality; ca le and animal migra on; damage to ecosystem from indiscriminate exploita on; increased fire hazards etc. Indirect impacts of drought can be gauged from the reduc on in incomes for farmers and agribusinesses, increased prices for food and fodder, reduc on in purchasing capacity and slump in consump on, default on agricultural loans, distress sale of agricultural land & livestock, rural unrest, shrinkage in avenues for agricultural employment etc. The impact, response, and interven ons would vary depending on at what point of me in a crop calendar there is acute water or soil moisture deficit. Generally, three situa ons are recognised: a) Early season: delayed rainfall (delayed onset of monsoon), prolonged dry spells a er onset b) Mid-season: inadequate soil moisture between two rain events, and c) Late season: early cessa on of rains or insufficient rains The IMD recognizes five drought situa ons: a) ‘Drought Week’ when the weekly rainfall is less than half of the normal b) ‘Agricultural Drought’ when four drought weeks occur consecu vely during mid -June to September c) ‘Seasonal Drought’ when seasonal rainfall is deficient by more than the standard devia on from the normal 29 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY d) ‘Drought Year’ when annual rainfall is deficient by 20 per cent of normal or more, and e) ‘Severe Drought Year’ when annual rainfall is deficient by 25 to 40 per cent of normal or more In the absence of an unambiguous criterion, the NDMA Guideline on ‘Management of Drought’ notes that there is a need to develop a mul -criteria index to classify droughts based on several factors such as the following: • Meteorological (rainfall, temperature, etc.) • Soil condi ons (depth, type, available water content, etc.) • Surface water use (propor on of irrigated area, surface water supplies, etc.) • Ground water (availability, u liza on, etc.) • Crop (cropping pa ern changes, land use, crop condi ons, anomalies in crop condi on, etc.) • Socio-economic (propor on of weaker sec ons, poverty, size class of farm holdings, etc.) Increasing severity of drought can lead to a major livelihood crisis with crop losses and widespread unemployment. It is essen al that along with a drought monitoring system, medium and long-term area specific plans be prepared for drought proofing of suscep ble areas. While drought-proofing measures can significantly improve the coping capacity and dampen the impact of drought, if drought condi ons worsen, many agencies of the state and centre will have to work in concert to prevent acute rural distress. Since progression of drought is slow, agencies can respond by closely monitoring the situa on using various technical capabili es available.

2.2.2.8 Cold Wave and Frost Cold wave and frost are seasonal and localized hazards occurring only in the parts with severe winter. Prolonged frost condi ons and cold wave can damage certain frost -sensi ve plants causing crops loss. The suscep bility to frost varies widely across crops. The extent of damage caused by cold wave depends on temperature, length of exposure, humidity levels, and the speed at which freezing temperature is reached. It is difficult to predict a d efinite temperature level up to which crops can tolerate cold wave/frost because many other factors also affect it. Cold wave can cause death and injury to human beings, livestock and wildlife. Higher caloric intake is needed for all animals, including humans to withstand exposure to cold and poor nutri onal status can prove deadly in extreme cold condi ons. If a cold wave is accompanied by heavy and persistent snow, grazing animals may be unable to get the requisite food. They may die of hypothermia from prolonged exposure or starva on. Described below are the IMD defini ons11 for Cold Wave and Cold Day: Wind chill factor plays an important role and brings down the actual minimum temperature depending upon the wind speed. The actual minimum temperature of a sta on should be reduced to “Wind Chill Effec ve Minimum Temperature (W CTn)” based on wind chill factor using the relevant WMO criteria. For declaring “Cold Wave” and “Cold Day” WCTn should only be used. If WCTn is 10°C or less, then only the condi ons for cold wave should be considered. There is a Cold Wave a) When normal minimum temperature is equal to 10°C or more; Cold Wave if the departure from normal is -5°C to -6°C and ‘Severe Cold Wave’ Departure from normal is -7°C or further 11 h p://imd.gov.in/sec on/nhac/termglossary.pdf (accessed Sep 20, 2019) 30 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN b) When normal minimum temperature is less than 10°C; ‘Cold Wave’ – if the departure from normal is -4°C to -5°C and ‘Severe Cold Wave’ Departure from normal is -6°C or less. c) When WCTn is 0°C or less, Cold Wave should be declared irrespec ve of normal minimum temperature of the sta on. However, this criterion is not applicable for those sta ons whose normal minimum temperature is below 0°C Cold Wave condi ons for coastal sta ons: For coastal sta ons the threshold value of minimum temperature of 10°C is rarely reached. However, the local people feel discomfort due to wind chill factor which reduces the minimum temperature by a few degrees depending upon the wind speed. For coastal sta ons, the “Cold Day” concept may be used following the criteria given below: a) Actual minimum temperature of a sta on be reduced to WCTn b) This WCTn should be used to declare “Cold Wave” or “Cold Day” c) When minimum temperature departure is -5oC or less over a sta on, “Cold Day” may be described irrespec ve of threshold value of 10oC d) However, when a threshold of 10oC is reached “Cold Wave” be declared e) When a sta on sa sfies both the Cold Wave and Cold Day criteria, then Cold Wave has a higher priority and must be declared Cold Wave and Cold Day are area specific phenomena and may be ascrib ed for a Met Sub-division or a part thereof when at least two sta ons sa sfy the criteria.

2.2.2.9 Thunderstorm, Lightning, Squall, Dust Storm, and Strong Wind Thunderstorm/Lightning, Dust/Hailstorm, Squall, and Strong Wind are hazardous and cause risk to life and public property. These are poten ally hazardous for avia on sector as well as to transport, power, communica on and other socio-economic sectors. Thunderstorms have some important characteris c such as forma on of Squall, strong updra and down dra , towering cumulonimbus associated with turbulence and icing, in cloud electrifica on and associated lightning, localized heavy rain and hailstorm. As available data of last ten years, about 2,500 people died from lightning strikes and torren al rains in the country every year. India may also witness an increase in the severity and frequency of the dust storms and thunderstorms similar to what the nort hern Indian states experienced recently. Experts also believe that the severity and frequency of thunderstorm/dust storms is expected to rise in years ahead due to rising global temperature. The increase in occurrence and severity is a wake-up call for all agencies to take appropriate ac on for preven on, preparedness and mi ga on in order to save lives, livestock, property and infrastructure. Thunderstorms Thunderstorms occur round the year in different parts of the country. However, their frequency and intensity is maximum in summer months (March to June). As the most important factor for occurrence of thunderstorm is the intense hea ng of the atmosphere at surface level and maximum hea ng takes place in summer months, the frequency of occurrence is maximum in summer months. A thunderstorm is said to have occurred, if the thunder is heard or lightening seen. Usually the thunder can be heard up to 40 km from the source of origin. Thunderstorms fall in the category of Meso-gamma weather systems with spa al extent of around 2~20 km and temporal scale of a few hours. Considering the intensity, the thunderstorms in India are categorised as moderate and severe thunderstorms as follows: 31 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Moderate thunderstorm: It is called as moderate thunderstorm, if there is loud peals of thunder with frequent lightning flashes, moderate to Strong rains and maximum wind speed 29 to 74 kmph • Severe thunderstorm: It is called as severe thunderstorm, if there is con nuous thunder and lightning, Strong rains and maximum wind speed ≥ 75 kmph Squall The frequency and intensity of squall are maximum over eastern and northeastern states. Comparing different seasons, the frequency of squall is maximum in pre -monsoon season (March-May) in different parts of the country. However, there is a secondary maximum in the winter season over the northwest India. The intensity of squall is maximum in the month of May followed by April. A squall is defined as a sudden increase of wind speed by at least 29 kmph (16 knots) with the speed rising to 40 kmph (22 knots) or more and las ng for at least one minute. The squalls are of two types: • Moderate squall: It is called as moderate squall, if surface wind speed (in gusts) is less than 80 kmph • Severe squall: It is called as severe squall, if surface wind speed (in gusts) is greater than 80 kmph Dust Storm The northwest India experiences convec ve dust storms called “aandhi” locally during the pre - monsoon season. The frequency of dust storm is maximum over Rajasthan followed by Haryana, Punjab and west UP. The dust storm mainly occurs in the pre-monsoon season and it is maximum in the month of May in terms of frequency and intensity. The dust storms are of three types: • Slight when the wind speed is less than 41 kmph and visibility is 500 to 1000 metres • Moderate when the windspeed is 42 to 79 kmph and visibility is 200 to 500 metres • Severe when the surface wind speed (in gusts) more than 80 kmph and visibility is less than 200 metres Lightning Lightning is a high-current electric discharge that occurs in the earth's atmosphere and that has total path length of the order of few kilometers. The peak power and total energy in lightning are very high, the peak power that is dissipated by a lightning discharge is on the order of 100 million wa s per meter of channel and the peak channel temperature approach 30,000 °C. Peak currents in a lightning discharge range from several to hundreds of kiloamperes (kA), with typical value being 40 kA. Predic on of lightning as to the precise me and loca on is very difficult. In the atmosphere, three types of discharges take place: a) Thundercloud (intra-cloud), b) One cloud to another (inter-cloud) and c) Cloud to ground (CG). Aircra s can be hit by first two while the third type takes a toll on life and property on the ground.

2.2.2.10 Cloudburst and Hailstorms Cloudburst12 A cloudburst is an extreme amount of precipita on in a short period, some mes accompanied by hail and thunder, that can create flood condi ons. It is not, as is some mes understood, the breaking open 12 This sec on relies on publica ons (reports, circulars, research papers) of IMD and NCMRWF. 32 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN of a cloud resul ng in the release of huge amounts of water. According to the IMD, if rainfall of about 100 mm or above per hour is recorded over a place that is roughly less than 100 sq.km area, it is classified as a cloudburst event. By this defini on, 50 mm rainfall in half an hour would also be classified as a cloudburst. To put this in perspec ve, India, in a normal year, gets about 1160 mm annual rainfall. A cloudburst would therefore account for 10-12 per cent of the annual rainfall of that area in just an hour. At mes, a large amount of runoff from higher eleva ons is mistakenly conflated with a cloudburst. They are difficult to forecast because they occur over a very small area. Forecasts for a very small area are difficult to predict. However, using Doppler radars it is possible to forecast the possibility of cloudbursts about six hours and some mes 12-14 hours in advance. However, cloudbursts are infrequent as they occur only via orographic li , i.e., occasionally when a warm air parcel mixes with cooler air, resul ng in sudden condensa on. Cloudbursts do happen in plains as well, but there is a greater probability of them occurring in mountainous zones; it has to do with the terrain. Hilly terrains aid in heated air currents rising ver cally upwards, thereby, increasing the probability of a cloudburst situa on. The rainfall itself does not result in the death of people, though some mes, the raindrops are big enough to hurt people in a sustained downpour. It is the consequences of such heavy rain, especially in the hilly terrain, that causes death and destruc on. Landslides, flash floods, houses and establishments ge ng swept away and cave -ins lead to the deaths. There is a paucity of past data on cloudbursts; in addi on, since only some of them get counted – only those that result in death and destruc on – there is a problem of accuracy as well. Under global climate change scenarios, the frequency of high intensity rainfall events is expected to increase and consequently frequency of cloudburst events may also increase. Hailstorm13 India is among the countries in the world with the highest frequency of hail. There are about 29 hail days per year of moderate to severe intensity. The hailstorm ac vity that occurs usually in the months of April and May occurred during February-March in 2014. About 25% of total occurrence in the past recorded hailstones of 3-cm or more diameter. The hailstorms are mainly observed in the winter and pre-monsoon seasons with virtually no events a er the onset of the southwest monsoon. Hail is a solid, frozen form of precipita on that causes extensive damage to property and crop. Hot, humid a ernoon hours during the summer are the most congenial for development of hailstorms, which usually form over a rela vely small area and pass over within a very short period. At mes, it can cause considerable crop damage in brief spell las ng a few minutes. Hail is o en associated with thunderstorm ac vity and changing weather fronts. This is formed in huge cumulonimbus clouds, commonly known as thunderheads. The IPCC reports cau on that there are indica ons that a warming climate would favour an increase in the intensity and frequency of extreme events such as heat waves and precipita on extremes. Hail and thunderstorms are extreme forms of weather events that deserve special a en on in view of climate change. Hailstorms are of three types: • Slight, when it is sparsely distributed, usually small in size and o en mixed with rain • Moderate, when it is abundant enough to whiten ground • Strong, if it includes at least a propor on of large stones As a thunderstorm moves along, it may deposit its hail in a long narrow band (o en several kilometres wide and about 10 kilometres long) known as a hail-streak or hail-swath. If the storm should remain almost sta onary for some me, substan al accumula on of hail is possible. Its size and shape depen d on how fast the storm is moving and how strong the updra s are inside the storm. A typical hail -streak is about 1.5 km wide and 8 km in length. However, these may vary from a few acres to large belts, 13 This sec on relies largely on Bal et al 2014 33 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY about 16 km wide and 160 km long. The volume of hail reaching the ground falls at a speed of about 40 m/sec and is usually less than one-tenth the volume of rain produced by a thunderstorm. The hail-related damage depends on the size of hailstones and number that fall per unit area during a hail fall, the wind force during the event and the type of area where it falls. The extent of crop -hail damages also varies depending on the stage of occurrence of hail during the crop growing season. Even a short episode of hail can cause severe injury to crops, fruit trees, both downgrading the quality and causing subsequent losses due to diseases like blight, mould, canker and fruit rots. One among the world’s deadliest hailstorms recorded in history occurred on 30 Apr, 1888 in U ar Pradesh killing at least 230 people, and over 1600 sheep and goats. According to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Maharashtra, the hailstorms damaged various hor cultural crops over approximately 16 lakh acres. Hail being a very short term and localized phenomena, its predic on well in advance to inform all stakeholders for adequate preven ve measures is a major challenge for even the most technologically advanced and hail-prone countries like the USA. India, being situated in the tropical and subtropical region, the frequency is less compared to the mid-la tude and temperate countries. However, with climate change, the instances of severe weather aberra ons are increasing.

2.2.2.11 Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) A Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) is a type of flood occurring when water dammed by a glacier or a moraine is released. When glaciers melt, they some mes form lakes on mountaintops. The water in these glacial lakes accumulates behind loose naturally formed ‘dams’ made of ice, sand, pebbles and ice residue. Glacial lake volumes vary, from several MCM to hundreds of MCM of water. But these are inherently unstable and disturbances such as avalanches, falling boulders, earthquakes, or even simply the accumula on of too much water can breach the ‘dam’, unleashing sudden, poten ally disastrous floods in nearby communi es. A catastrophic failure of the containing ice or glacial sediment can release this water over periods of minutes to days. Peak flows as high as 15,000 cubic metres per second have been recorded in such events. GLOF events have killed thousands in many parts of the world and some of the largest events occurred in the Himalayas. The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), with geographical coverage of over 5.3 lakh kilometre square, extends over 2,500 kilometres in length between the Indus and the Brahmaputra river systems. While glacial lake hazards and glacial lake distribu ons are inves gated in many glaciated regions of the world, rela vely, there has been less a en on to these in the Indian Himalayas. In physiographic terms, the IHR extends from the foothills in the south (Siwaliks) to Tibetan plateau in the north (Trans- Himalaya). Three major geographical en es, the Himadri (Greater Himalaya), Himanchal (Lesser Himalaya) and the Siwaliks (Outer Himalaya), extending almost uninterrupted throughout its length, are separated by major geological fault lines. The Na onal Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE), one of the eight missions under the Na onal Ac on Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) is dedicated to sustainable development of the region, understanding climate change impacts and examining adapta on strategies for the region. The Himalayan states /UTs include—J&K, Ladakh, HP, U arakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Trip ura, Meghalaya, and two par al hill states, namely Assam and West Bengal. The clima c change/variability in recent decades has made considerable impacts on the glacier lifecycle in the Himalayan region. Scien fic studies have noted glacier retreat occurring in most parts of the Hindu Kush Himalaya, which has given rise to the forma on of numerous new glacial lakes. Glacial lakes are an indirect indicator of glacier change and unstable lakes can present hazards to downstream loca ons. The Geological Survey of India (GSI) lists 9,575 glaciers in IHR, of which 267 are over 10 sq.km. One of the pioneering regional glacial lake inventories has provided a qualita ve 34 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN classifica on of 251 glacial lakes greater than 0.01 km2 in area. These glacial lakes are present in J&K, Ladakh, HP, U arakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. Many of these glacial lakes present moderate to severe risks to the downstream loca ons. The hazard of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) can get aggravated in case of cloud burst situa on in the area. In Sikkim Himalaya many glacial lakes are in the process of forma on. There are high chances of burs ng of these lakes due to their forma on in weak moraine structures. It may cause huge devasta on in the downstream in the case of burs ng. The GLOF hazard from South Lhonak glacial lake, located in the extreme North-western part and one of the fastest growing lakes in Sikkim Himalaya, is of par cular concern. The lake is fast increasing in its size in an extremely abnormal way due to the mel ng of the South Lhonak glacier a ached with the lake and addi on melt water from adjoining North Lhonak glacier and main Lhonak glacier. The study of past satellite data of Lhonak glacier lake area revealed that the area of the lake has increased from 0.18 km2 in 1976 to 1.26 km2 by 201314. The abnormal growth of the volume of the lake greatly increases the risk a GLOF event. Based on the current inventory and recognising the risk of GLOF events in the IHR, the CWC is monitoring 467 glacial lakes and water bodies with water spread area more than nearly 0.4 Sq.km (Singh and Gupta 2017).

2.2.2.12 Heat Wave Heat wave is a period of abnormally high temperatures that leads to physiological stress, which some mes can claim human life. The World Meteorological Organiza on defines a heat wave as five or more consecu ve days during which the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by five degrees Celsius. Different countries define heat wave differently in context of their local condi ons. Heat Waves typically occur between March and June, and in some rare cases even extend un l July. Heat waves are more frequent over the Indo-Gange c plains of India. On an average, 5-6 heat wave events occur every year over the northern parts of the country. In the northern plains of the country, dust in suspension occurs in many years for several days, bringing minimum temperature much higher than normal15 and keeping the maximum temperature a round or slightly above normal. Heat wave and Hot Day are area specific phenomena and may be ascribed for a Met Sub-division or a part thereof, when at least two sta ons sa sfy the criteria. According to revised terminology of the IMD applicable from January 201616, in India, it will be considered as heat wave if the maximum temperature of a met-sub-sta on reaches at least 40°C or more in the plains, 37°C or more in coastal areas and at least 30°C or more for hilly regions. IMD defines heat wave 17 when departure from Normal is 4.5°C to 6.4°C and Severe Heat Wave when departure from normal is >6.4°C. Similarly, for the plains heat wave is when actual maximum temperature ≥ 45°C and Severe Heat Wave when actual maximum temperature ≥47°C. To declare a heat wave, the condi on should be recorded in at least at two sta ons in a Meteorological sub-division for at least two consecu ve days. A heat wave will be declared on the second day. Higher daily peak temperatures and longer, more intense heat waves are becoming increasingly frequent globally due to climate change. India too is feeling the impact of climate change in terms of increased instances of heat waves that are more intense in nature with each passing year and have a devasta ng impact on human health thereby increasing the number of heat wave casual es. The 14 Based on informa on posted on NMSHE website, h p://knowledgeportal- nmshe.in/programme_details.aspx?C=57569ABD-ECC5-48B3-8F99-C0EBD6DFDC9F (accessed Sep 20, 2019) 15 Normal is the long term (over 30 years) annual average 16 Forecas ng Circular No. 5/2015 (3.7), applicable from 1-Jan-2016 17 Guidelines for prepara on of Ac on Plan Preven on and Management of Heat Wave, NDMA, 2017 35 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY health impacts of Heat Waves typically involve dehydra on, heat cramps, heat exhaus on and/or heat stroke. The signs and symptoms are as follows: • Heat Cramps: Edema (swelling) and Syncope (Fain ng) generally accompanied by fever below 39oC (102oF) • Heat Exhaus on: Fa gue, weakness, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomi ng, muscle cramps and swea ng • Heat Stroke: Body temperatures of 40 oC (104oF) or more along with delirium, seizures or coma, which is a poten ally fatal This unusual and uncomfortable hot weather can impact human and animal health. It can cause major disrup on in community infrastructure such as power supply, public transport and other essen al services. Heat wave is considered a “silent disaster” as it develops slowly.

2.2.3 Human-induced Hazards

2.2.3.1 Chemical (Industrial) Disasters With rapid economic development, there has been spread of industries from small to large across the country. There is rela vely higher presence of industrial sector along the west coast, largely due to the proximity to raw materials and ports. The states with very large number of chemical industries are Gujarat, Maharashtra, U ar Pradesh (UP), Tamil Nadu (TN), MP, and Punjab. Due to the regional concentra on of chemical companies in certain pockets, the chemical hazard has increased many folds. The growth of industries has led to an increase in the risk of occurrence of incidents associated with hazardous chemicals (HAZCHEM) and hazardous materials (HAZMAT) 18. These events occur due to mishaps or failures in industry and negligence in following interna onal codes and standards for chemical handling which affects the industrial func oning, and produc vity. While the common causes for chemical accidents are deficiencies in safety management systems or human errors, natural calami es or sabotage may also trigger such accidents. Chemical/ industrial accidents are significant and have long term impact on the community and environment. It leads to injuries, pain, suffering, loss of lives, damage to property and environment. Hence, a robust plan and mi ga on measure needs to be adapted to overcome the hazard. The sugges ons from several industry associa ons have recommended the implementa on of the updated and relevant Interna onal Organiza on for Standardiza on (ISO) and Occupa onal Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) standards to produc on and storage of chemicals. There are specific norms applicable to industries producing, storing or handling hazardous chemicals.

2.2.3.2 Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies (NRE) A nuclear disaster is construed as poten ally a low probability event, however very high in damage impact, could be caused by detona on of nuclear warhead or explosion of an Improvised Nuclear Device (IND) with associated release of large amounts of devasta ve energy due to Blast, Thermal and Radioac ve material. Secondary effects occurring later might result in fall out of radioac ve dust. The nuclear and radiological emergencies could be due to accidents at opera ng nuclear facili es / incidents in public domain that could poten ally release radioac ve materials. The cause of these events could poten ally arise from nuclear facility/ malicious acts of radioac vity dispersal by explosion of Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD). The occurrence of these kinds of emergencies could be of probability marginally higher but based on the scale of the accident/ incident, the poten al impact of damage will be restricted to less domain. 18 Na onal Disaster Management Guidelines – Chemical Disasters, NDMA (2007) 36 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Nuclear weapons, a major accident in a nuclear power plant or an accidental exposure of radia on, due to accident with the radioac ve material during transporta on, faulty prac ces, and mechanical failure in a radia on facility can lead to nuclear or radiological emergency. Even though such situa ons may not arise easily, everyone needs to be prepared to face such emergencies. All organiza ons dealing with nuclear and radiological material have an inherent culture of safety, follow best safety prac ces in the sector, and they apply high standards to ensure minimum risk. However, nuclear emergencies can s ll arise due to factors beyond the control of the opera ng agencies from human error, system failure, sabotage, extreme natural events like earthquake, cyclone, flood, tsunami or a combina on of these. Such failures, even though of very low probability, may lead to on-site or off- site emergencies. To counter this, proper emergency preparedness plans must be in place so that there is minimum loss of life, livelihood, property, and impact on the environment. A Nuclear and/or Radiological Emergency (NRE) is an incident resul ng in, or having a poten al to result in, exposure to and/or contamina on of the workers or the public, exceeding the respec ve permissible limits (see NDMA’s guidelines for NRE 19). These emergencies are classified into five broad groups as follows: 1) An accident taking place in any nuclear facility of the nuclear fuel cycle including the nuclear reactor, or in a facility using radioac ve sources, leading to a large-scale release of radioac vity in the environment 2) A 'cri cality' accident in a nuclear fuel cycle facility where an uncontrolled nuclear chain reac on takes place inadvertently leading to bursts of neutrons and gamma radia on 3) An accident involving radioac ve material package during its transporta on 4) The malevolent use of RDD or IND by terrorists 5) A large-scale nuclear disaster resul ng from a nuclear weapon a ack, which would lead to mass casual es and destruc on of large areas and proper es. Unlike a nuclear emergency, the impact of a nuclear disaster is beyond the coping capability of local authori es and calls for handling at the na onal level In this context, it may be men oned that the Interna onal Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) classifies the above emergency scenarios under two broad categories – a) nuclear and b) radiological: a) A nuclear emergency refers to a situa on in which there is, or is presumed to be, a hazard due to the release of energy along with radia on from a nuclear chain reac on (or from the decay of the products of a chain reac on). These covers accidents in nuclear reactors, 'cri cality' situa ons in fuel cycle facili es, nuclear explosions, etc. b) All other emergency situa ons which have the poten al hazard of radia on exposure due to decay of radioisotopes, are classified as radiological emergencies. While the overall objec ve is to prevent NRE, there is also the need to adequately prepare for such emergencies. An NRE must be managed through very well planned and established mechanisms – structural and non-structural – in a manner that will minimize risks to health, life and the environment. Eight nuclear/ radiological emergency scenarios envisaged in the disaster planning are listed below (see NDMA’s guidelines on NRE20 for a brief descrip on of each): 1) Accidents in Nuclear Power Plants and other facili es in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle 2) ‘Cri cality’ Accidents 19 Na onal Disaster Management Guidelines – Management of Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies, NDMA (2009) 20 ibid 37 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 3) Accidents during transporta on of radioac ve materials 4) Accidents at facili es using radioac ve sources 5) Disintegra on of satellites during re-entry 6) Nuclear/Radiological terrorism and sabotage at nuclear facili es 7) State-sponsored nuclear terrorism 8) Explosion of nuclear weapons

2.2.3.3 Biological and Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) Disasters related to this sub-group are biological emergencies and epidemics, pest a acks, ca le epidemics and food poisoning. Biological emergency is one caused due to natural outbreaks of epidemics or inten onal use of biological agents (viruses and microorganisms) or toxins through dissemina on of such agents in ways to harm human popula on, food crops and livestock to cause outbreaks of diseases. This may happen through natural, accidental, or deliberate dispersal of such harmful agents into food, water, air, soil or into plants, crops, or livestock. Apart from the natural transna onal movement of the pathogenic organisms, their poten al use as weapons of biological warfare and bioterrorism has become far more important now than ever before. Along with nuclear and chemical agents, many biological agents are now considered as capable of causing large-scale mortality and morbidity. Handling exo c pathogens warrants suitable infrastructure, n otably, high containment laboratories of bio-safety levels 3 and 4; recruitment of highly commi ed, dedicated and trained professionals; con nuous availability of diagnos c reagents; enhancement of skills at various echelons of health professionals in early iden fica on of such infec ons, inves ga on of outbreaks and ins tu on of specific control measures. Current system of surveillance and mechanism to control the outbreak of endemic diseases are through the Na onal Programme for Surveillance of Communicable Diseases. Natural outbreaks of disease may become epidemics and assume disastrous propor on if not contained in the ini al stages. Pest infesta ons have recurred as major disasters for the agrarian economy of India since me immemorial. Locust swarms coming from Central Asia used to be a major cause for concern. Besides such consolidated events, infesta on of localized pests is a threat to plant as well as human life. A major factor responsible for deteriora on and the loss of food grai ns, their products and the economic losses besides health hazards is the contamina on caused by rodents and insects. Pest control is achieved primarily through chemical methods subject to safety standards and regulatory norms for the safe use of such chemicals. The growth of human society has rested largely on the cul va on of crops and domes ca on of animals. As crops and animals became necessary to sustain a divergent social structure, the deple on of these resources had far-reaching consequences. Along with the growth of socie es, crop and animal diseases acquired more and more importance. Infec ous agents are constantly evolving, o en acquiring enhanced virulence or epidemic poten al. As large number of people now travels within and across national boundaries, the likelihood of fast global spread of epidemics has increased drama cally making localised outbreaks into na onal epidemics and global pandemics. As our society is in a state of flux, novel pathogens emerge to pose challenges not only at the point of primary contact but also in far removed loca ons. The increased interac on between humans and animals has increased the possibili es of zoono c diseases emerging in epidemic form. The Biological DRR covers the legal frameworks and institu onal aspects needed for addressing safety and security of microbial agents, managing epidemics, containing biological terrorism (BT), managing threats to livestock, and all forms of agriculture. 38 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Desert locusts fly with the wind and can travel 100-150 km in a day. The Bombay locust ( Nomadacris succincta) was a major pest in India and South-Eastern Asia in the 18th and 19thcenturies but has seldom swarmed since the last plague in 1908. The desert locust swarms from as far as Africa some mes can reach India and Pakistan crossing the Indian Ocean. The Locust Control and Research Division under MAFW Keeps constant vigil through field surveys to prevent crop losses due to locust a ack in approximately two lakhs sq.km of Scheduled Desert Area in the States of Rajasthan and Gujarat. Locust Watch under FAO monitors the locusts worldwide and issue early warnings to countries about locust swarms. A er receiving warning, Government takes urgent measures for monitoring and control. Directorate of Plant Protec on Quaran ne and Storage under the MAFW with sub-offices across India, is the apex organiza on responsible for taking measures related to plant protec on. Such measures are important in the overall crop produc on programmes for sustainable agriculture. Plant protec on ac vi es encompasses ac vi es aimed to minimizing crop losses due to pests through integrated pest management, plant quaran ne, regula on of pes cides as well as locust warning and control. To effec vely tackle the issue of livestock health, the Department is supplemen ng the ac vi es of the State Governments/ Union Territories through 'Livestock Health & Disease Control Scheme’, which has the following components: 1) Assistance to States for Control of Animal Diseases 2) Professional Efficiency Development 3) Na onal Project on Rinderpest Surveillance and Monitoring 4) Foot and Mouth Disease Control Programme 5) Na onal Animal Disease Repor ng System 6) Peste des Pe ts Ruminants Control Programme 7) Brucellosis Control Programme 8) Establishment and Strengthening of exis ng Veterinary Hospitals and Dispensaries 9) Classical Swine Fever Control Programme

2.2.3.4 Accidents – Rail, Air, Road and Water The fast pace of development brings with it increasing frequency of various types of accidents as more and more people are involved in diverse economic ac vi es. The number of air accidents, cases of boat capsizing, building collapses, fires in built environments – residen al, commercial and industrial, fes val related incidents involving large number of people, forest fires, emergencies in mines (flooding, collapse, etc.), oil spills, rail accidents, road accidents, stampedes, transporta on of hazardous material (HAZMAT) related accidents etc . are increasing. While all these are ma ers of utmost concern, not all of them fall within the purview of the NDMP. Certain specific agencies such as the Indian Coast Guard have the primary responsibility of addressing incidents of oil spills and ships in the coastal waters. While the cases of fires in the built environment and forests are included in the plan, local authori es address them in accordance with the relevant emergency management systems. The primary way to reduce risks is through mainstreaming risk reduc on in development and governance. As part of the overall DRR plan, systems for disaster preparedness and response are being strengthened at all levels, which in turn will help in reducing the number of accidents and improve the capacity to respond.

2.2.3.5 Emergencies Associated with Mass Gatherings Throughout the country, frequently, there are various kinds of events that a ract crowds large and small, at varying types and styles of venue. The degree and quality of preparedness to cope with 39 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY expected or unforeseen emergencies arising from such events vary greatly. Inadequate planning can increase risks associated with insufficient or ineffec ve spectator management or service provision. The evidence lies in the large number of public events where mul ple injuries, illness and deaths have occurred. Emergencies and disastrous incidents associated with mass gatherings is a world-wide phenomenon. During fes vals or events a rac ng mass gathering - railways, roadways and airways etc. may experience unexpected temporary surge in number of people at such loca ons. Agencies responsible for opera on and management at such places would need to include “crowding” and ‘crowd behaviour’ as hazard risk while formula ng strategic plan for public safety. Accordingly, it will be necessary to pay a en on to implemen ng special arrangement necessary for managing the crowds and crowd behaviour. For the benefit of the state governments, local authori es and other agencies, NDMA has published a guideline on mass gatherings21. Depending on the event, there could be surge in number of people at railway sta ons, bus terminals and airports. Framework suggested in this document paves way in formula ng public safety plan by agencies like railways, bus transport and airways. These plans are to be developed in consulta on with local authori es and event administrator/ organiser. As crowd disasters are local events, disaster management is primarily the responsibility of the organizers and local/district administra on with support, guidelines from the state and the na onal authori es. While planning events, organisers tend to overlook likely emergencies that could arise or fail to consider major emergencies and the worst-case scenarios. It is necessary to recognise that such risks are inevitably associated with large events, and therefore call for appropriate planning and prepara on. Planning for public events requires coopera on between event organisers and relevant government, private and community organisa ons. Quite simply, the decisions of one party in the planning stage can have an impact on the preparedness of another, so a sharing of knowledge and informa on is impera ve prior to the event. While event promoters or managers have primary responsibility for planning and prepara on, the involvement of health professionals and emergency managers in the pre-event planning phase may contribute to a safer, and therefore more successful, event. The NDMA guideline lists six major causes and triggers for crowd disasters which are summarised below, but are described in detail in the guideline: 1. Structural – The infrastructure, condi ons and arrangements at the venue may not be adequate (collapse of barricades, fencing, temporary structures, insufficient exit, difficult terrain, slippery/muddy roads, etc.) 2. Fire/Electricity – Risky prac ces involving fire and electricity ranging from makeshi facili es, shops, cooking, careless use of easily inflammable materials, non-availability or malfunc oning fire ex nguishers, illegal electric connec ons, and many such possibili es 3. Crowd Control – Crowds exceeding the capacity of the venue, poor management resul ng in confusion and failure of all orderliness, not having enough emergency exits, inadequacy of systems to effec vely communicate with the crowd and similar problems 4. Crowd Behaviour – There are numerous issues known to be associated with the behaviour of crowds which is different from what is expected from an individual that tend to worsen emergency situa ons that may include unruly, irresponsible and angry responses. 21 Managing crowd at events and venues of mass gathering, NDMA, 2014. 40 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 5. Security – Under deployment of security personnel to regulate to control crowd, flaws in the planning of security arrangements 6. Lack of Coordina on between Stakeholders – Significant coordina on gap between agencies associated with the organising of the event and authori es The experience shows that there is need for properly integrated approach for the crowd management which the state and local authori es must recognise and implement. The state govern ments must review exis ng norms and regula ons and amend them if required to manage the emergencies arising from mass gatherings.

2.2.4 Fire Risk

2.2.4.1 Fires in Built Environment Fires can start due to human ac vi es or from natural causes. Forest fires can start from either natural causes or human ac vity or from a combina on of both. The most common fires are the residen al and non-residen al structural fires caused usually by human ac vi es. Most industrial and chemical fires are triggered by human ac vity. They are some mes caused by human errors, faulty designs, or mechanical failures. Fire can also be the secondary effect of a disaster like earthquake. Secondary fires a er a disaster like earthquakes cons tute a substan al and heavy risk. Damage to natural gas systems during an earthquake can lead to major fires and explosions. Damages to electrical systems during a disaster can ignite major fires. The growth of fire-services in the country has been on an ad- hoc basis and needs to be professionalized. Varying risk scenarios need different types of equipment. The risk varies with geographical loca on such as hilly area, coastal-area, desert–area, and with different types of residen al (medium/ low-rise/ high-rise) buildings, industrial, commercial area or a combina on of these. There is considerable need for skill upgrade of the staff and moderniza on of the en re fire service system. The NDMA guideline 22 on fire services notes that the Standing Fire and Advisory Council (SFAC) has stressed the urgent need to strengthen the Fire and Emergency Services (F&ES) and overcome major shortcomings in the response and its capabili es.

2.2.4.2 Forest Fire Risk India is one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world having nearly seven lakh square kilometres of forest cover. Increasing human interference is a major cause for the incidents of the forest fires²³. Despite its natural and essen al roles, fire has nega ve consequences when it conflicts with the public interest. Examples of nega ve impacts inc lude loss of homes, property and cri cal infrastructure, damage to domes c watersheds and destruc on of commercially valuable mber. Smoke from forest fires can also interfere with road and air transporta on, inhibit tourism, and cause serious public health problems. It is also a threat to human se lements dwelling within or adjacent to the forests. Forest fires in India are generally ground fires. As per Forest Survey of India (FSI), which has been conduc ng field inves ga ons since 1965, human ac vi es trigger nearly 95 per cent of the forest fires in India. Forest fire is a major cause of injury and loss to forests. Area affected by forest fire annually is nearly 35 million hectares. In general, all over the world the main causes of forest fires are anthropogenic. The data on forest fires in India is very weak and needs to be improved. FSI's 1995 data considers nearly 50 per cent of the forest areas as fire prone with 43 per cent having occasional fire incidents. According to this assessment, very high, high, and frequent forest fires occur in 0.84 per cent, 0.14 per cent and 5.16 per cent of the forest areas respec vely. The states with frequent 22 NDMA Guideline on Scaling, Type of Equipment and Training of Fire Servi ces 23 Satendra and Kaushik (2014) This sec on is based largely on this document. 41 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY occurrence of forest fires are: 1) Andhra Pradesh 2) Himachal Pradesh 3) Karnataka 4) Manipur 5) Madhya Pradesh 6) Nagaland 7) Orissa 8) Rajasthan 9) Telangana 10) U ar Pradesh and 11) U arakhand. The moist deciduous forest is the most vulnerable to fire in India. Nearly 15 per cent of this ecosystem is frequently disturbed by fire and 60 per cent is occasionally affected. In the case of wet/semi— evergreen forests, fire occur somewhat frequently in nine per cent, and occasionally in addi onal 40 per cent. In the North-Eastern region of India, recurrent fires annually affect up to 50 per cent of the forests. The coniferous forests in the Himalayan region are also very fire prone with many wildfires occurring during the winter drought. The propor on of the forest areas prone to forest fire ranges greatly across different states. The tradi onal view of fire as a destruc ve agent requiring immediate suppression has given way to the view that fire can and should be used to meet land management goals under specific ecological condi ons. The impact of the fire is diverse on the forest e cosystem. Besides directly damaging the forest, the fire also adversely affects forest regenera on, microclimate, soil erosion, and wildlife etc. In most of the cases, the forest fire causes retrogression of forest vegeta on. Forest fire is one of the major degenera ng factors, which extensively damages the growing stock and its genera ons and making area vulnerable to erosion. It has wide-ranging adverse ecological, economic and social implica ons.

2.3 Regions/Areas Involving Mul ple States Requiring Special A en on While sugges ng a holis c approach to DM, the High Power Commi ee 24 discussed three cases that merit special considera on on the geo-physical considera ons: a) Himalayan region b) Coastal tracts, and c) Riverine areas. From the point of view of administra ve and logis cal perspec ves, the North - East Region also requires specialized approach. Similarly, the Union Territories, remote Islands and offshore marine assets need to be treated differently given the specific administra ve and logis cal challenges. Therefore, there are six special categories: 1) Himalayan Region spanning more than one State 2) Coastal Tracts covering more than one State and UTs 3) Riverine Areas spread over one or more States 4) North East Region consis ng of all eight States 5) Union Territories, Islands and Marine Assets located in one or more State and UTs 6) Arid and Semi-Arid Regions

2.3.1 Himalayan Region The Himalayan region of India, characterized by a wide varia on in topography, geology, soil, climate, flora, and fauna, and various ethnic groups with varied socio-cultural tradi ons, is a unique geographical en ty of our country (see also the descrip on in sec on 2.2.2.11). Human ac vi es in this region are the prime cause of environmental degrada on within this re gion. The effects of human ac vi es on environment may be direct or indirect, small or big, slow or fast, predictable or 24 The High Powered Commi ee was cons tuted in August 1999 to make recommenda on for ins tu onal reforms and prepara on of Disaster Management Plans at the Na onal, State and District levels at the behest of the Prime Minister by the Ministry of Agriculture. 42 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN unpredictable depending on the nature, intensity, and frequency of the disturbance to natural ecosystem.

2.3.2 Coastal Areas India has a coastline encompassing the mainland and various islands exceeding 7,500 km. Natural disasters, primarily cyclones usually accompanied by storm surges as well as coastal shoreline changes affect the coastal tracts, regularly inflic ng widespread miseries. The hazards in coastal areas include 1) Geological and shoreline changes 2) Rip currents 3) Cyclones 4) Sea level rise 5) Coastal flooding 6) Storm surges and flooding 7) Flooding from heavy rainfall events, 8) Saline ingress and 9) Tsunamis. As per historical records, the risk of tsunami is very low in most parts of the coast. However, some coastal tracts are likely to experience it, as was the case in 2004. The damages resul ng from such disasters have increased significantly in recent past. One of the main reasons for this is the growing popula on pressure in the coastal regions. Along with rising urbaniza on in coastal areas, there is increasing human habita on in risky stretches of the coast. The risks from global climate change, especially the higher frequency and intensity of extreme weather events including cyclones and the sea level rise, increase the risk profile of the coastal areas. O en coastal disasters affect more than one state at a me and the response can be considerably improved by proac ve inter-agency coopera on among centre and the affected states.

2.3.3 Riverine Regions The communi es se led in river basins and are predominantly dependent on agriculture. They are subjected to extremes of rainfall - very high rainfall and very low rainfall. They are therefore most vulnerable to riverine flooding and food shortages during droughts. These are two of the main problems i.e. floods and food insecurity. The major river systems in the country can be broadly classified into two groups viz. Rivers of the Himalayan Region and Rivers of Peninsular India. The Himalayan Rivers are fed by the mel ng snows and glaciers of the great Himalayan range during spring and summer as well as by rains during monsoons. They are often uncertain and capricious in their behaviour. The peninsular rivers that originate at lower al tudes, flow through more stable areas, and are more predictable in their behaviour. Their flows are characterized by heavy discharges during monsoons followed by very low discharges during the rain less months. From the point of view of the flooding, the riverine regions can be grouped into four as under: a) Brahmaputra region drained by Brahmaputra -Ganga system b) Ganga region drained by River Ganga c) North West drained by Indus and tributaries and d) Central India and Deccan region drained by river like Narmada and Tapi Disaster situa ons involving major rivers affect more than one state at a me and the response can be considerably improved by proactive inter-agency coopera on among centre and the affected states, which may require a river-basin oriented approach. Heavy rainfall and floods have underscored the importance of mul -agency coopera on, need for reliable flood forecas ng, ability for ma king reasonably accurate quan ta ve rainfall forecast, informa on at the river basin level and modern MIS for all major dams.

2.3.4 North East Region (NER) North East Region of India is highly prone to earthquake, floods and landslide. Some areas are also vulnerable to forest fire. The NER comprises eight states: 1) Arunachal Pradesh 2) Assam 3) Manipur 4) Meghalaya 5) Mizoram 6) Nagaland 7) Sikkim and 8) Tripura. Recognizing the special needs and 43 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY context, the Government of India has categorized eight North Eastern states as Special Category states with the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MDONER) paying special a en on to the region. Barring Assam, the other States are hilly. The seven States of the North-Eastern Region barring Sikkim forming a compact region is linked to the rest of India through the 26-km long Siliguri Corridor commonly known as Chicken's Neck. About 98 per cent of the NER's border is bounded by other countries and the infrastructure deficit in the region, par cularly connec vity in all forms, is acute. For DM too, the region needs to be treated in an integrated manner considering the special condi ons.

2.3.5 Union Territories, Islands and Marine Assets The UTs, islands and marine assets pose challenges in disaster governance somewhat different from that of the states having a SDMA. The nine UTs governed almost directly by the Union Government, without the administra ve system characteris c of a full -fledged state in the Indian Union are: 1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2. Chandigarh 3. Dadra and Nagar Haveli 4. Daman and Diu 5. Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) 6. Ladakh 7. Lakshadweep 8. Na onal Capital Territory of Delhi 9. Puducherry Out of the UTs, J&K, Puducherry and the Na onal Capital Territory of Delhi, having their own Legisla ve Assemblies, are like quasi states without the same autonomy as of full-fledged states. The Central Government is directly responsible for all aspects of governance in the remaining UTs without own legislatures. The UT Division of the MHA is responsible for all the legisla ve and cons tu onal ma ers in the UTs. There are more than 1,200 islands (including uninhabited) within the territorial limits of India of which some are very remote from the mainland. In addi on, there are many offshore assets that are involved in scien fic ac vi es, prospec ng for oil and gas, or linked to oil and gas produc on. While, some of disaster situa on in many islands and marine assets can be managed by the respec ve state or UT, in a few cases specialized approach will be needed considering the resources the islands or the offshore facili es have. They are all at risk from mul ple hazards especially that of sea surges, high velocity wind, cyclones, earthquakes, and tsunami.

2.3.6 Arid/Semi-Arid and Drought-Prone Regions A long stretch of land situated to the south of Tropic of Cancer and east of the Western Ghats and the Cardamom Hills experiences Tropical semi -arid climate. It includes Karnataka, interior and western Tamil Nadu, western Andhra Pradesh and central Maharashtra. Being situated in the rain -shadow area, the annual rainfall is low (40 to 75 cm) and drought-prone. Most of western Rajasthan has the arid (desert) climate characterized by scanty rainfall. Most of the drought-prone areas are found in arid and semi-arid regions of the country having low average annual rainfall. Broadly, the drought- affected areas in India can be divided into two tracts 25. The first tract comprising the desert and the semi-arid regions covers an area of 0.6 million sq. km that includes parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, 25 Hydrology and Water Resources Informa on System for India , h p://117.252.14.242/rbis/rbis.htm (accessed Sep 20, 2019) 44 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Haryana, Punjab, UP, and MP. The second tract comprises the regions east of the Western Ghats up to about 300 km from coast falling in the rain shadow area of the Western Ghats. This thickly populated region experiences periodic droughts. Besides these two tracts, several parts of states such as TN, Gujarat, UP, Chha sgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Odisha also experience drought. While Rajasthan is one of the most drought prone areas, drought is very frequent in large parts of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The agriculture in these regions is mostly rainfed. All these drought -prone, arid/semi-arid regions with low and uncertain rainfall need long-term water resource management strategies coupled with be er management of dryland farming to effec vely cope with recurring droughts. Special a en on on comprehensive monitoring of the hydro -meteorological as well as agro- economic condi ons is needed along with meaningful forecas ng methods that can help local authori es in coping with the likelihood of drought.

2.4 Climate Change

2.4.1 Climate and Human-Induced Climate Change For a sufficiently large geographic region, the term climate, as defined by the World Meteorological Organiza on, may be understood as the average weather for the region, or more rigorously in terms of the sta s cal proper es (mean and variability) of relevant weather-related variables, with the period for averaging being 30 years or more. Climate projec ons relate to the slow evolu on of the coupled systems of atmosphere, ocean, land, and cryosphere. They are usually expressed in probabilis c terms (e.g. probability of warmer or we er than average condi ons) usually for months or seasons. The climate projec ons never forecast specific weather events. The term “normal” used in climate are the averages or expected values typical of a region primarily based on analysis of historical data (i.e., long-term data). The term climate change relates to significant devia ons seen in long-term averages of the weather variables in a region (or the whole Earth). In the absence of human-induced changes to the Earth’s atmospheric system, such changes are not expected to occur over a short period as has been observed. In fact, if at all such pa erns as global studies show are to happen through natural climate variability alone, that could take hundreds or perhaps millions of years. The anthropogenic ac vi es such as industrializa on, urbaniza on, deforesta on, agriculture, change in land use pa ern and other changes cause emission of greenhouse gases which hastens the rate of climate change. The United Na ons Framework Conven on on Climate Change (UNFCCC) makes a dis nc on between Global Anthropogenic Climate Change (GACC) a ributable to human ac vi es altering the atmospheric composi on, and climate variability a ributable to natural causes. The UNFCCC in its Ar cle 1, defines GACC as26: ‘a change of climate which is a ributed direct ly or indirectly to human ac vity that alters the composi on of the global atmosphere and which is in addi on to natural climate variability observed over comparable me periods’. Anthropogenic drivers for climate change are now widely recognised among the scien fic community as playing the major role in magnifying the disaster risks globally. The knowledge and understanding on climate change hold the key to the unprecedented changes in the disaster risk scenarios facing the world today. A changing climate leads to changes in the frequency, intensity, spa al extent, dura on, and ming of extreme weather and climate events, and can result in unprecedented extreme weather 26 United Na ons Framework Conven on on Climate Change h p://unfccc.int/cop4/conv/ conv.html (accessed Sep 20, 2019) 45 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY and climate events. Extreme and non-extreme weather or climate events affect vu lnerability to future extreme events by modifying resilience, coping capacity, and adap ve capacity. The year 2016 made history, with a record global temperature, excep onally low sea ice, and unabated sea level rise and ocean heat, according to the World Meteorological Organiza on (WMO). Extreme weather and climate condi ons have con nued into 2017. WMO issued its annual statement on the State of the Global Climate ahead of World Meteorological Day on 23 March which stated that the globally averaged sea surface temperatures were the warmest on record, global sea levels con nued to rise, and Arc c sea-ice extent was well below average for most of the year. Because of climate change, the occurrence and impact of extreme events has risen. ‘Once in a genera on’ heatwaves and flooding are becoming more regular. Sea level rise has increased exposure to storm surges associated with tropical cyclones.

2.4.2 IPCC Fi h Assessment Report According to IPCC's Fi h Assessment Report27 (AR5) based on many independent scien fic analyses, new evidence, theore cal studies and computer simula ons, there is greater certainty that the build- up of Greenhouse Gas in Earth’s atmosphere is changing the world’s climate and crea ng increasingly extreme and unpredictable weather. Because of these changes, the probability of extreme weather events is increasing. According to AR5, the computed linear trend of the globally averaged combined land and ocean surface temperature data show 0.85°C [0.65°C to 1.06°C]28 warming over the period 1880 to 2012, when mul ple independently produced datasets exist. In the period 1901-2012, climate has shown a warming of 0.89°C [0.69°C to 1.08°C], which is mainly a ributed to anthropogenic ac vi es (IPCC 2013). Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850. In the case of India, increasing temperature trends of the order of 0.60°C during last 112 years (IMD 2012, Rathore et al. 2013) and increase in heavy rainfall events and decrease in low and medium rainfall events (Goswami et al. 2006) have been observed. A world with 4°C rise in temperature would be one of unprecedented heat waves, severe drought, and major floods in many regions, with serious impacts on ecosystems and associated services. Deltaic regions and coastal ci es are par cularly exposed to compounding climate risks resul ng from the interac ng effects of increased temperature, growing risk s of river flooding, rising sea-level and increasingly intense tropical cyclones, posing a high risk to areas with the largest shares of poor popula ons. As per India’s Na onal Ac on Plan on Climate Change, parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Northern Karnataka, Northern Andhra Pradesh, and Bihar are likely to be more vulnerable in mes of extreme events. As a component of the fi h assessment cycle, the IPCC Special Report (SREX) on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events to Advance Climate Change Adapta on (IPCC 2012) provides projec ons on changing weather and climate extremes. Severe risks, such as flooding, and drought may increase significantly due to small increments in annual average temperature. With extremes of rainfall and drought projected to increase with warming, these risks are expected to be much higher in a 4°C world as compared to the 2°C world. In a 2°C world, the river basins dominated by a monsoon regime, such as the Ganges and Nile, are par cularly vulnerable to changes in the seasonality of runoff, which may have large and adverse effects on water availability (IPCC 2012). The AR5 states that changes in cases of extreme weather and climate events have been observed since about 1950. The data indicates that globally, while the number of warm days and nights has increased, that of cold days and nights has decreased. Besides, the frequency of heat waves appears to have increased in large parts of Europe, 27 IPCC (2013) 28 The es mated values have 90 per cent likelihood of being within the uncertainty intervals given in square brackets, which is not always symmetric about the reported best es mate. 46 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Asia and Australia. There are more land regions where the number of heavy precipita on events has increased than where it has decreased. The climate change ac ons and DRR share common goals, with both aiming to reduce the vulnerability of communi es. The global climate change alters the frequencies, geographic distribu on and intensi es of almost all the hydro-meteorological hazards such as floods, cyclones, droughts, cold wave, and heat wave in unpredictable ways aggrava ng the exis ng uncertain es associate d with these hazards. While it is not possible to establish direct one to one func onal rela onship between specific extreme weather events and any of the specific climate change parameters expressed in global terms (devia ons long-term global averages), it is certain that the global climate change does increase disaster risk significantly, although not amenable to precise forecasts. That emphasises the need for more comprehensive approach to DRR.

2.4.3 India and Climate Change Over a century of observa ons on atmospheric parameters (like temperature and precipita on), and rela vely recent observa ons on cyclones and sea-level show significant climate anomalies over the Indian region. These changes are likely to increase the frequency of extreme weather events and worsen the hydro-meteorological hazards. Apart from the observed trends, significant clima c anomalies are also projected over Indian region in terms of temperature, precipita on, storms, cyclones, sea-level rise and coastal inunda on. An all-round warming over the India sub-con nent associated with increasing greenhouse gas scenario. The annual mean surface air temperature rise is expected to range between 1.7 – 2 °C and the seasons may get warmer by around 2 oC towards 2030’s. The variability of seasonal mean temperature may be more in winter months. The warming in night temperatures is expected to be more over south peninsula, central and northern India, whereas that of day me warming is expected to be more over central and northern India. This sec on is based on the several official studies and reports, notably: a) India's submission of NDC to the UNFCCC in accordance with Ar cle 4, paragraph 12 of the Paris Agreement, 2015²⁹ b) India's Progress in Comba ng Climate Change - Briefing Paper for UNFCCC COP 20 Lima, PERU c) IMD Report of 2013 (ESSO/IMD/EMRC/02/2013) - State level climate change trends in India. (Rathore et al. 2013) d) INCCA Report #2 – Climate Change and India: A 4x4 Assessment - A Sectoral and Regional Analysis for 2030s A World Bank report (2012) – ‘Turn Down the Heat’ – warns that parts of South Asia have become drier since the 1970s with an increase in the number of droughts. Droughts are expected to be more frequent in some areas, especially in north-western India, Jharkhand, Orissa and Chha sgarh. Crop yields are expected to fall significantly because of extreme heat by the 2040s. One of the notable changes in the rainfall pa ern is the increase in the frequency of high intensity rainfall events. It has been noted that most Himalayan glaciers - where a substan al part of the moisture is supplied by the summer monsoon - have been retrea ng over the past century. These changes can have 29 Interim NDC Registry - h p://www4.unfccc.int/ndcregistry/Pages/Party.aspx?party=IND (accessed Sep 20, 2019) 47 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY consequences on the flows of the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers, which in turn could significantly impact irriga on. The sub-con nent is expected to see rela vely larger rise in sea levels than higher la tudes and India being close to the equator this has ramifica ons for the coastal regions of India. Sea-level rise and storm surges would lead to saltwater intrusion in the coastal areas, impac ng agriculture, degrading groundwater quality, contamina ng drinking water, and possibly causing a rise in diarrhoea cases and cholera outbreaks, as the cholera bacterium survives longer in saline water. Seasonal water scarcity, rising temperatures, and intrusion of sea water would threaten crop yields, jeopardizing the country's food security.

2.4.4 Temperature Indian annual mean temperature showed significant warming trend of 0.51°C per 100 years, during the period 1901-2007 (Kothawale et al., 2010). Accelerated warming has been observed in the recent period 1971-2007, mainly due to intense warming in the recent decade 1998-2007. This warming is mainly contributed by the winter and post-monsoon seasons, which have increased by 0.80°C and 0.82°C in the last hundred years respec vely. The pre-monsoon and monsoon temperatures also indicate a warming trend. Mean temperature increased by about 0.2°C per decade (i.e. 10 years) for the period 1971-2007, with a much steeper increase in minimum temperature than maximum temperature. In the most recent decade, maximum temperature was significantly higher compared to the long-term (1901-2007) mean, with a stagnated trend during this period, whereas minimum temperature showed an increasing trend, almost equal to that observed during 1971-2007. The all-India mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures increased by 0.71°C and 0.27°C per hundred years (1901-2007) respec vely. Addi onally, warmer nights have increased, and colder nights have decreased almost over the en re country. The number of cold days and nights has been decreasing and that of hot days and nights have been increasing almost over all the regions of the country. Significant influence of El Niño Southern Oscilla on events on temperature anomalies observed across India. State wise averaged annual mean maximum temperature me series has shown increasing trends over many States/UTs of India except Bihar, Chha sgarh, Delhi, Haryana, J &K, Ladakh, Meghalaya, Punjab, Tripura and UP (Rathore et al, 2013). The increasing trends were significant over Andaman and Nicobar, AP, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Gujarat, HP, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep, MP, Maharashtra, Manipur, Mizoram, Orissa, Rajasthan, Sikkim, T N and U arakhand.

2.4.5 Impact on Indian Monsoon Extreme rainfall amounts are increasing at many places in India. Majority of the loca ons have reported highest 24-hour rainfall during 1961-1980 with an alarming rise in their intensity during 1980- 2009. Many sta ons have experienced 40-370% rise in their rainfall intensi es. All-India monsoon rainfall series based on 1871-2009 indicates that the mean rainfall is 848 mm with standard devia on of 83 mm (MOEF CC 2010). The Indian monsoon shows well defined epochal variability with each epoch of approximately 3 decades. Though it does not show any significant trend, however, when averaged over this period, a slight nega ve trend i.e. -0.4mm/year is seen. The all-India, northwest, west coast and peninsular India monsoon rainfall shows a slightly higher nega ve trend, though not significant, than for the total period. However, pockets of increasing/ decreasing trends in 36 meteorological sub - divisions over India are seen (MOEFCC 2010). 48 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN For the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR), i.e., the monsoon season (June to September), Rajeevan et al. (2008) showed that extreme rain events have an increasing trend between 1901 and 2005, but the trend is much stronger a er 1950. Sen Roy (2009) inves gated changes in extreme hourly rainfall in India, and found widespread increases in heavy precipita on events across India, mostly in the high-eleva on regions of the north-western Himalaya as well as along the foothills of the Himalaya extending south into the Indo-Ganges basin, and par cularly during ISMR between 1980 and 2002. Heavy precipita on increased in India (Rajeevan et al., 2008) especially during the monsoon seasons (Sen Roy, 2009; Pa anaik and Rajeevan, 2010). The state/area-specific average annual rainfall show increasing trend over AP, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, J&K, Ladakh, Jharkhand, Lakshadweep, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Orissa, Rajasthan, TN, Tripura and West Bengal during 1951-2010 (Rathore et al, 2013). However, annual rainfall has decreased over Andaman and Nicobar, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chha sgarh, Delhi, Goa, H P, Karnataka, Kerala, MP, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Punjab, Sikkim and UP. The highest increase and decrease in annual rainfall were observed over Meghalaya (+14.68 mm/year) and Andaman and Nicobar (-7.77 mm/year) respec vely. However, annual rainfall trends have been significantly increasing over West Bengal (+3.63 mm/year) and significantly decreasing over Andaman and Nicobar ( - 7.77 mm/year) and U ar Pradesh (-4.42 mm/year).

2.4.6 Storm and Cyclones The storm frequency has decreased despite higher sea surface temperature in the past century. 1961 onwards, the cyclone frequency shows a significant decreasing trend for all the months and seasons (except post-monsoon period) over the Indian region (MOEFCC 2010). Cyclone intensity however is seen to be increasing during this period which may have significant implica ons. Cyclonic disturbances over Arabian Sea may be less in future as compared to the present simula ons. However, such systems are expected to be more intense in the future under global warming. The frequency of cyclones during the post-monsoon season in future (2071-2100) could be much higher than that during the baseline period (1961-1990).

2.4.7 Sea-Level Rise Global average sea-level rose at an average rate of about 1.8 and 3.1 mm/year over 1961 -2003 and 1993-2003, respec vely (MOEFCC 2010). Between 1993 and 2003, the sea level rose by 0.33 m with an uncertainty of ±1 mm/year. Over the Indian region sea -level rise is less understood. The mean sea- level rise along the Indian coasts (on an average) based on observa ons is es mated to be about 1.3 mm/year. Global average sea level rise at the end of the 21st century (2090 –2099) for different climate scenarios is expected to be 0.18 - 0.59 m which may be used as first approxima on of seal level rise along the Indian coast for nest few decades and towards the end of the century.

2.4.8 Coastal Inunda on due to Sea Level Rise Coastal inunda on due to sea level rise is a concern for several loca ons along the Indian coasts. The east coast of India is more vulnerable than the west coast, because the former is low -lying and more prone to the occurrence of cyclones than the la er (MOEFCC 2010). The central west coast of India is least vulnerable, by virtue of a steep onshore topography and low occurrence of cyclones. Coastal areas projected to be highly vulnerable to inunda on due to sea -level rise include the Nagapa nam and Paradip areas along the east coast and the Kochi areas along the west coast. 49 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

2.4.9 Integra ng DRR and Climate Change Adapta on (CCA) DRR focusing on adapta on and CCA focusing on risk reduc on is per nent for effec ve and sustainable DRR as well as CCA. The paradigm shi in DRR towards disaster preparedne ss and mi ga on requires futuris c planning. The SFDRR targets on reducing disaster “mortality”, “affected people”, “economic loss” and “damage”, and increasing availability and access to ‘mul -hazard early warning systems” and “disaster risk informa on”, also requires futuris c DRR. However, disaster management in India has been majorly based on observa onal data that has limited scope for futuris c DRR. Therefore, it is necessary to have reliable projec ons on disaster risks considering the climate change impacts. The broader goal of developing synergy between Sustainable Development Goals, Paris Agreement and SFDRR can also be achieved by having futuris c DRR and CCA planning. The DRR and CCA integra on need that is being recognized at all forum and scales across the country is per nent to such planning. It becomes impera ve to define concrete ways of making DRR and CCA futuris c. Addi onally, such integra on will enhance effec ve resource u liza on through combined efforts of different stakeholders in the areas of DRR and CCA.

2.5 Livestock – DRR Challenges

2.5.1 Background In India, livestock are an integral part of the household economy, and contribute significantly to family subsistence, livelihood and well-being. Livestock produc on and agriculture are intrinsically linked and mutually dependent to a degree, and both are crucial for overall food security. It is an important sub- sector of the agriculture of Indian economy. It forms an important livelihood ac vity for most of the farmers, suppor ng agriculture in the form of cri cal inputs, contribu ng to the health and nutri on of the household, supplemen ng incomes, offering employment opportuni es, and finally being a dependable “bank on hooves” in mes of need. It acts as a supplementary and complementary enterprise. Livestock produc on and agriculture are intrinsically linked, each being dependent on the other, and both crucial for overall food security. According to es mates of the Central Sta s cs Office (CSO), the value of output livestock sector at current prices was about Rs 5.92 lakh-crore (5.92 trillion) during 2015-16 which is about 28.5% of the value of output from agricultural and allied sector or nearly 29% at constant prices. The total livestock popula on consis ng of ca le, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig, horses & ponies, mules, donkeys, camels, mithun30 and yak in the country is 512.05 million as per the 19th livestock census of 201231. The total bovine popula on (ca le, buffalo, mithun and yak) is nearly 300 million of which the milch animals (cows and buffaloes) is 118.6 million. The total sheep was 65.1 million and goats 135.2 million. Besides, there are 0.63 million horses and ponies, 0.2 million mules, 0.32 million donkeys, 0.4 million camels, 10.3 million pigs, 11.7 million dogs and over 729 million poultry. The provisional figure of disaster loss in 2017-18 (by Dec 31, 2017) was 46,488 ca le 32. Given the very large numbers of livestock, the DRR for livestock is a huge challenge, although the losses seem very low at the na onal level. 30 Also called gayal and mountain ca le; Scien fic name: Bos frontalis 31 h p://dahd.nic.in/documents/sta s cs/livestock -census (accessed Sep 20, 2019); 20th Livestock Census is in progress 32 MHA Annual Report 2017-18 50 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

2.5.2 Global Approaches in Livestock Emergencies When animals are lost, injured or debilitated by a disaster, and/or the resources and services that support them are disrupted, there is a serious impact on communi es. In emergency situa ons, specific, livestock-targeted interven ons are required to help households survive the immediate crisis and to support communi es in rebuilding their livelihoods. Livestock interven ons typically cover provision of animal health services, emergency feeding and water supplies, shelter provision, destocking and restocking. The type of interven on will depend on the nature of the emergency, the local context and the phase of the emergency (i.e. ongoing, immediate a ermath, recovery or rehabilita on). Based on good prac ces from various parts of the world and to ensure effec ve DRR in the livestock sector, the Food and Agriculture Organisa on (FAO), which is part of the United Na ons, supported the development of ‘Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards’33 (LEGS). The FAO also developed a manual 34 – ‘Livestock-Related Interven ons During Emergencies – The How-To- Do-It Manual’ – that complements LEGS. It provides specific and technical “How-to-do-it” guidance for the most common livestock emergency interven ons. These two documents address the important global need for per nent guidance on livestock emergencies. These are extensive documents that deal with all aspects of diverse kinds of livestock emergencies. Overall approach presented in these documents is presented here. The guidelines recognise that livestock constitute a crucial livelihood asset – many of whom are poor and vulnerable to both natural and human-induced disasters – and that livestock support is an important component of emergency aid programmes. This guidelines and standards help in designing, implemen ng, and evalua ng livestock interven ons in emergencies. The approach supports the saving of both lives and livelihoods through two key strategies: • Iden fying the most appropriate livestock interven ons during emergencies • Providing Standards, Key ac ons, and Guidance notes for these interven ons based on good prac ce The approach places emphasis on three livelihoods objec ves: a) To provide rapid assistance b) To protect livestock assets, and c) To rebuild the livestock assets of disaster -affected communi es

2.5.3 Key Interven ons In most disasters and emergencies affec ng livestock, the following set of interven ons are applicable, depending on the situa on: • Destocking is a measure resorted to par cularly in case of creeping disasters like droughts, usually involve the sale of livestock in an cipa on of or during emergency well before the animals are affected by the disaster, which helps improve liquidity needed to support livelihoods all through the crisis. • Animal rescue involves making all possible efforts to save animals and treat the injured, where possible • Veterinary support to prevent sickness and death and help maintain the value of the surviving animals • Provision of feed and water for the animals in the affected area, to the extent possible 33 LEGS (2014) Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards 34 FAO (2016) Livestock-Related Interven ons During Emergencies – The How-To-Do-It Manual 51 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Livestock shelters – may be required in many situa ons for the protection from extreme weather, preda on, and/or the , depending on the local condi ons • Addi onal sanita on and other measures to prevent epidemics • Safe removal and disposal of carcasses of animals killed in the disaster • Provision of livestock or financial support for restocking to households to replace, subject to condi ons, usually par ally, animals lost in a disaster with the objec ve of helping to rebuild livelihoods In addi on, there is a ming factor to consider. Some interven ons are more appropriate at certain stages in the disaster cycle than others. For example, a restocking programme would logically be in the recovery, rather than the alert phase of a disaster. It is also likely that a combina on of different interven ons over me will be a more effec ve way to safeguard the livelihoods of the beneficiaries.

2.5.4 Risk Management and Insurance Recognising the need for risk management, the Government of India had ini ated a centrally sponsored scheme for livestock insurance which was implemented ini ally on pilot basis during the tenth five-year plan (2002-07). From 2008-09 onwards, the scheme became a regular scheme. Na onal Livestock Mission (NLM) has been launched during Twel h Five Year Plan (2012-17). The goal of NLM is sustainable livestock and poultry for nutri onal security and economic prosperity. One of its sub-missions is on ‘Risk Management and Insurance’ (NLM-RMI). The objec ve of the NLM-RMI is to address the challenges of managing uncertain es and risks by promo ng protec on mechanisms against likely loss of animals through livestock insurance schemes. The NLM-RMI is applicable across the country and the implementa on began from May 2014 cov ering all animals. The benefit of subsidy has been enhanced and is restricted to five ca le unit per beneficiary per household, in case of goat, sheep, pigs and rabbit one ca le unit is equal to ten animals instead of two milch animals per household earlier. By the middle of 2017, the insurance scheme covers over 3.6 million animals35. The livestock insurance schemes are at a very early phase and as they become adopted by more farmers, the schemes will have to introduce different risk cover products addressing different types of risks in key geographies. In addi on to the conven onal insurance products, indexed op ons will have to considered, in which pay-out calculated will be according to what is usually an independently verified proxy (index), rather than the actual damage to specific livestock holdings.

2.6 Environment and Wildlife Conserva on

2.6.1 Background Sound environmental management is proven to be integral to disaster risk reduc on. Healthy ecosystems not only play an important role in suppor ng recovery and reconstruc on a er a disaster, but in reducing future disaster risk. Yet the same me, disasters also pose significant risks to the ecosystems and could pose threat to the popula ons of endangered species, disrupt wildlife conserva on or ecologically important habitats. The agreements on Sendai Framework, SDG and the COP21 Climate Change bring disaster risk management and environmental professionals closer. It is important to also pay some a en on to environm ent, ecologically important areas and wildlife 35 Press Release, MAFW, 13 -Jul-2017. h p://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=167397 (accessed on 15-Dec-2017) 52 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN conserva on areas/ protected areas even though the approach to DRR will have to quite different. The Sendai framework states that strengthening of environmental resilience is one of the strategies required for preven ng the crea on of risks 36 and notes the importance of preserving ecosystem func ons that help to reduce risks while promo ng the mainstreaming of DRR 37. Many conceptual frameworks place emphasis on the need for incorpora ng both disaster ri sk reduc on and securing ecosystem func ons in development planning. However, DRR frameworks for integra ng disaster risk management and addressing environmental change synergis cally are only beginning to emerge and have not yet been widely adopted. The UNISDR Working Group on Environment and Disaster Risk Reduc on, for instance, is developing an analy cal framework that explores the interlinkages between environmental change and disaster risk based on five int er-related asser ons: a) Natural hazards are physical processes that can be directly affected by social processes b) Healthy ecosystems o en provide natural defenses c) Degraded ecosystems reduce community resilience d) Although the environment itself is o en well-adapted to natural hazards (with mescales for recovery varying significantly), disasters can lead to secondary environmental impacts e) Environmental degrada on itself magnifies risk and becomes a hazard Protected areas, ecosystems restora on and natural resource management that do not incorporate disaster risk reduc on objec ves represent a missed opportunity. Failures to iden fy the mutual benefits of environmental management, risk reduc on and climate change adapta on are lost opportuni es to protect lives and promote human well-being. Two key areas of environmental management for disaster risk reduc on are: • Environmental Monitoring and Assessment • Protected Area Management and Ecosystem Rehabilita on

2.6.2 Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Environmental monitoring and assessment play an important role in genera ng relevant informa on that assists environmental and disaster managers in iden fying risks, vulnerabili es and opportuni es to promote community resilience. Monitoring and observing environmental factors that signal the onset of a hazard are fundamental to early warning systems. Environmental monitoring systems also track trends in environmental degrada on, such as deforesta on, that underlie a local area’s exposure to risk. Mapping hazard risk and exposure is another func on of environmental monitoring. In addi on to iden fying hazard risk (flood, landslide, seismic ac vity, etc.), some environmental authori es also map environmentally sensi ve areas. Environmental assessments produce targeted environmental analyses by repor ng on current and an cipated future environmental condi ons and iden fying drivers of environmental change. These include post-disaster assessments that iden fy environmental damages and needs, as well as strategic environmental assessments that determine poten al environmental consequences of development plans and policies.

2.6.3 Protected Areas, Ecosystem Rehabilita on Environmental condi ons not only modify the frequency of hazard events, but ecosystems also serve as natural barriers that can moderate the effects of a hazard and protect communi es. According to 36 Sendai Framework for DRR, Sec on 27(b) 37 Sendai Framework for DRR, Sec on 30(g) 53 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA 2005), an ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal, and microorganism communi es and the non-living environment interac ng as a func onal unit, which could range from rela vely undisturbed areas such as natural forests, landscapes with mixed land-use pa erns, to areas intensively managed by humans, such as agricultural land and urban areas. Ecosystems are socio-ecological systems and managing ecosystem services is highly relevant for the purposes of disaster risk reduc on. Biodiversity including rare wildlife and their habitats are included in these. Global climate change awareness has spurred a new drive to be er manage protected areas and reduce deforesta on. Protec ng and preserving the natural posi on and trajectory of wetlands and other water resources has received increasing support, given the risks from their altera on, elimina on or loss for developmental purposes. Ecosystem rehabilita on or restora on entails a wide array of ac vi es, including post -disaster clean- up, e.g. a er an oil spill, as well as replan ng of forests or mangroves. Restoring ecosystems following natural and human-made disasters can work to reduce the underlying risk factors and mi gate future disaster impacts. Decisions at the field level require detailed knowledge of local environmental condi ons (e.g. plan ng regimes, species choices) and compe ng community needs. There are several examples of protected areas management, ecosystem restora on and natural resource management showing how decisions need to balance livelihood priori es with environmental sustainability concerns. Pro-ac vely managing natural areas can ensure protec on of the environment and reduce underlying risk factors for disaster by maintaining the resilience inherent in ecosystems. Community par cipa on in forest and fire management has also played an important role in reducing risk of devasta ng wildfires. Fuel reduc on employing both the use of mechanical means as well as controlled (prescribed) fire contributes to a reduc on of wildfire hazards and the risk of high -severity wildfires. Appropriate management of coastal forests protect local communi es from coastal hazards while helping to conserve biodiversity.

2.6.4 India and Biodiversity Conserva on From a global biodiversity perspec ve and climate change risks, India is one among the seventeen recognized mega-diverse38 countries of the world, harbouring nearly 8% of the recorded species of the world and represen ng four of the thirty-four globally iden fied biodiversity hotspots. It has around 8% of all mammals, 13% of birds, 8% of rep les, 6% of amphibians and 6% of all plant species popula on39. Most of them are found in tropical rain forest, Western Ghats and forests of the Himalaya. India is also a vast repository of tradi onal knowledge associated with biological resources. So far, over 91,20 0 species of animals and 45,500 species of plants have been documented in the ten biogeographic regions of the country. Inventories of floral and faunal diversi es are being progressively updated with several new discoveries through the conduct of con nu ous surveys and explora on. Along with species richness, India also possesses high rates of endemism. In terms of endemic vertebrate groups, India’s global ranking is tenth in birds, with 69 species; fi h in rep les with 156 species; and seventh in amphibians with 110 species. Endemic-rich Indian fauna is manifested most prominently in Amphibia (61.2%) and Rep lia (47%). India is also recognized as one of the eight Vavilovian centers of origin and diversity of crop plants, having more than 300 wild an cestors and close rela ves of cul vated plants, which are s ll evolving under natural condi ons . Unfortunately, many 38 The term megadiverse country refers to any one of a group of na ons that harbour most of Earth's species and high numbers of endemic species. Conserva on Interna onal iden fied 17 megadiverse countries in 1998. Many of them are located wholly or par ally in tropical or subtropical regions 39 Most of the data is from India’s country profile posted on the official website of the interna onal Conven on on Biodiversity (CBD). h ps://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/default.shtml?country=in#facts (accessed Sep 20, 2019) 54 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN species are facing the threat of ex nc on due to mul ple impacts of habitat degrada on, development, climate change and disasters. The protected area network in India has been used as a tool to manage natural resources for biodiversity conserva on and for the well-being of resource-dependent popula ons. So far, India has established a network of 764 Protected Areas (PAs), extending over 1.6 lakh sq.km comprising 103 Na onal Parks, 543 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 26 Community Reserves and 66 Conserva on Reserves 40 (Table 2-3). In addi on to the PA network, the managed forests under the State Forest Departments (SFDs) are also contribu ng towards wildlife conserva on. India has over 20% of the total geographical area under effec ve wildlife conserva on . Protected Areas (PAs) are clearly defined geographical spaces, recognized, dedicated and managed through legal and other effec ve mea ns to achieve the long-term conserva on of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. Table 2-3: Status of the PA Network in India (July 2017) Protected Area Number Total Area (sq.km) Na onal Parks 103 40,500 Wildlife Sanctuaries 543 118,917 Conserva on Reserves 73 2,547 Community Reserves 45 60 Total Protected Areas 764 162,024 Source: ENVIS Centre on Wildlife & Protected Areas, Wildlife Ins tute of India, MOEFCC The Na onal Forest Policy states that for the conserva on of total biological diversity, the network of na onal parks, sanctuaries, biosphere reserves and other protected areas should be strengthened and extended adequately. The protected areas include 50 Tiger Reserves and 32 Elephant Reserves. In addi on, there are seven Natural World Heritage Sites within UNESCO’s framework, 107 Important Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Areas (ICMBA) and 467 Important Bird Areas (IBA). Floods, wind hazards, forest fires, coastal hazards and improperly planned development projects may pose serious threat to the wildlife in the PAs and the survival of many species on the verge of ex nc on depends on proper management of the PAs.

2.6.5 DRR and Climate Change in Wildlife Ac on Plan The Third Na onal Wildlife Ac on Plan (2017-2031) is based on the premise that essen al ecological processes that are governed, supported or strongly moderated by ecosystems, are essen al for food produc on, health and other aspects of human survival and sustainable development. And maintenance of these ecosystems which can be termed as ‘Life Support Systems’ is vital for all socie es regardless of their stage of development. It also emphasizes on other two aspects of living resource conserva on viz. preserva on of gene c diversity and sustainable u liza on of species and ecosystems which has direct bearing on our scien fic advancements and support to millions of rural communi es. The Third Wildlife Ac on Plan (WAP-3) has adopted a landscape approach in conserva on of all uncul vated flora and undomes cated fauna that has ecological value to mankind irrespec ve of where they occur. It accords special emphasis to rehabilita on of threatened species of wildlife while conserving their habitats which include inland aqua c, coastal and marine eco-systems. It also takes note of concerns rela ng to climate change on wildlife by integra ng it into wildlife management Planning. It underlines the fact that the na onal development policies need to take serious note of 40 Source: ENVIS Centre on Wildlife & Protected Areas, Wildlife Ins tute of India, MOEFCC http://www.wiienvis.nic.in/Database/Protected_Area_854.aspx (accessed Sep 20, 2019) 55 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY adverse ecological consequences of reduc on and degrada on of wilderness areas from the pressures of popula on, commercializa on and development projects. Accordingly, the plan draws a en on to the alarming erosion of India’s natural heritage comprising of rivers, forests, grasslands, mountains, wetlands, coastal and marine habitats arid lands and deserts. The WAP-3 calls for the integration of various site-specific strategies climate change adapta on (CCA), climate change mi ga on (CCM) and DRR. It stresses the need to have plans for effec ve coordina on with the authori es/agencies responsible for DRR at the appropriate levels – from the na onal down to Panchayat Raj Ins tu ons (District, Block and Village levels). It emphasizes that plans for coordina on with DM authori es/agencies at the different levels should be in readiness for implementa on as situa ons that need such response are likely to develop. The WAP notes that effec ve plans for DRR and CCA are necessary for biodiversity conserva on. Ecosystems provide numerous benefits and services which are underpinned by biodiversity. Climate change has increased vulnerability and reduced resilience of ecosystems globally with poten ally far reaching impacts on human well-being. There is, therefore, a need to foster a greater understanding of the links between biodiversity conserva on, ecosystem services, climate change and other disasters risks to enhance leadership at all levels. The following measures have been suggested in the WAP-3: • The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process needs to integrate the issues concerning CCA and DRR • Improving collec on and colla on of data on hazards • Sound integra on of DRR, relief, rehabilita on with CCA • Integra ng CCA and DRR with shared responsibility into all PA plans taking account PA- specific data • Integrate CCA and DRR with shared responsibility in all sectors into the ac on plans • Involving local communi es respec ng their knowledge and capaci es • Suitably integrate CCA and DRR into management plans for Coastal and Marine Protected Areas (CMPA) • Develop synergy between CCA and DRR in the state coastal zone management plan (SCZMP) prepared under CRZ provisions, with par cipa on of all stakeholders • Develop knowledge base and exper se in addressing wildlife conserva on challenges in the context of climate change and projected increase in extreme weather events as well as natural disasters • Upgrade syllabi of various wildlife degree and training programmes (diploma, undergraduate and post-graduate) to cover conserva on of the full range of biodiversity.

2.7 Disaster Management for Cultural Heritage Sites, their Precincts and Museums Cultural heritage has only recently been recognised as a key aspect within overall frameworks of disaster risk reduc on. A general lack of awareness and a lack of priori sa on of heritage is one of the key challenges in this area. The relevant DM guidelines published by NDMA are, a) cultural heritage sites and precincts and b) museums. Museums are repositories of diverse heritage, both natural as well as cultural, and as ins tu ons they make significant contribu ons to the socio -cultural development of a community. Museums, through the objects and collec ons they house and display, contribute to regional, state and na onal iden es. Over centuries, the scope and nature of museums expanded from presenta on of private collec ons of artefacts and oddi es to ins tu ons that promoted learning through objects collected and presented with a meaningful narra ve. 56 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN The apex body for the conserva on and protec on of cultural heritage is the Ministry of Culture (MOCU), which acts through the Archaeological Survey of India. Several na onal legisla ons apply to cultural heritage such as: • Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) ACT 2010, 1958 • Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Rules, 1959 • An qui es and Art Treasures Act, 1972 and The An qui es and Art Treasures Rules, 1973 • State legisla ons applicable to State Archaeology Monuments and Sites. With respect to cultural heritage sites and precincts, a localised hazard may also cause an emergency that is beyond the iden fied coping capacity. Disaster may severely impact the emergency infrastructure and response, which may affect the response for protec ng the heritage site or precinct. Therefore, building capacity within the site or precinct is an important aspect of disaster risk reduc on. The framework for disaster risk reduc on comprises of a four -pronged approach, a) Elimina on or preven on of the hazard b) Reducing vulnerability c) Reducing exposure and d) Building Capacity. With respect to disaster risk reduc on for cultural heritage sites and precincts, certain aspects need to be considered: a) Preserving and retaining cultural heritage values b) Retaining authen city c) Using tradi onal technologies and skill and indigenous knowledge systems d) A degree of acceptable risk should be established for the cultural heritage site or precinct and such a threshold should inform risk reduc on interven ons.

2.8 Global Catastrophic Risks A global catastrophic risk comes from very rare event that will have severe impacts on a glob al scale, even crippling or posing a threat to the whole of humanity (GCF 2018). An event that could cause human ex nc on or permanently and dras cally curtail humanity's poten al is known as an existen al risk. Poten al global catastrophic risks include anthropogenic risks, caused by humans (technology, governance, climate change), and non-anthropogenic or external risks. Examples of anthropogenic risks are global war including nuclear holocaust or the failure to manage a natural pandemic. Examples of non-anthropogenic risks are an asteroid impact event or a super-volcanic erup on. The 1815 erup on of Mount Tambora was the most powerful in human recorded history. The ash released dispersed around the world lowering global temperatures in an event some mes known as the Year Without a Summer in 1816. This brief period of significant climate change triggered extreme weather, harvest failures and food shortages in many areas around the world. Several climate forcings coincided and interacted in a manner not reported earlier a er any other large recorded volcanic erup on. Once of the dangers, is that such events could cut food supplies dras cally and countries must be prepared for feeding the survivors. While there are some discussions on the global catastrophic risks, there is not much clarity on preparing for such situa ons. India too needs to closely follow the global ini a ves. 57 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 58 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 3 Coherence and Mutual Reinforcement of Three Post - 2015 Global Frameworks for DRR

3.1 Background The Post-2015 goals and agenda are set forth in the three landmark global agreements reached in 2015 – the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduc on (Sendai, Japan, March 2015), Sustainable Development Goals (UN General Assembly, New York, September 2015) and Climate Change Agreement (Conference of Par es, COP21, Paris, December 2015). The three documents set the stage for future global ac ons on DRR, sustainable development and climate change. These three agreements have created a rare but significant opportunity to build coherence across different areas having several shared or overlapping concerns. Taken together, these frameworks represent a nearly complete agenda for building resilience, as that requires action spanning development, humanitarian, climate change impacts and disaster risk reduc on. India is commi ed to these global frameworks and the government of India has taken various measures for realiza on of the goals through involvement of government, private sector and the non-government organisa ons. The agreements represent a major turning point in the global efforts to tackle exis ng and future challenges in all countries. Specific emphasis is apparent to support resilience-building measures, and a shi away from managing crises to proac vely reducing their risks. The agreements have varying degrees of emphasis on sustainable development, DRR, resilience and climate change. An important element in the Sendai Framework is to mutually reinforce with the other post-2015 global agendas by deliberately pursuing coherence across and integra on of DRR, sustainable development, responses to climate change and resilience. In keeping with the global trends and priori es, the NDMP has also been restructured to ensure coherence and mutual reinforcing of the na onal ini a ves in the domains of DRR, sustainable development and the responses to meet challenges of global climate change.

3.2 Sendai Framework for DRR

3.2.1 New Emphasis on Disaster Risk Management The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduc on 2015-2030 was adopted at the Third UN World Conference in Sendai, Japan, on March 18, 2015. It is the outcome of stakeholder consulta ons ini ated in March 2012 and inter-governmental nego a ons from July 2014 to March 2015, supported by the United Na ons Office for Disaster Risk Reduc on at the request of the UN General Assembly. The foreword to the Sendai Framework describes it as “the successor instrument” to the Hyogo Framework for Ac on (HFA) 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Na ons and Communi es to Disasters. The Sendai Framework for DRR (SFDRR or Sendai Framework), the first interna onal agreement adopted within the context of the post-2015 development agenda, marks a definitive shi globally towards comprehensive disaster risk management aimed at disaster risk reduc on and increasing 59 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY disaster resilience going far beyond disaster management. This approach calls for se ng the overall goal as that of preven ng new and reducing exis ng disaster risk through the implementa on of integrated measures. The goal now is on DRR as the expected outcome, se ng goals on preven ng the crea on of new risks, reducing the exis ng ones, and strengthening overall disaster resilience. In addi on, the scope of DRR has been broadened significantly to focus on both natural and human- induced hazards including various related environmental, technological and biological hazards and risks. The Sendai Framework acknowledges the interlinkages between climate change and disaster risks. Disasters that tend to be exacerbated by climate change are increasing in frequency and intensity. The SFDRR is a non-binding agreement, which the signatory na ons, including India, will a empt to comply with on a voluntary basis. India will make all efforts to contribute to the realiza on of the global targets by following the recommenda ons in the Sendai Framework and by adop ng globally accepted best prac ces. Building on the Hyogo Framework for Ac on, the outcome that Sendai Framework aims to achieve globally over a span of 15 years by 2030 is the “substan al reduc on of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods, and health and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communi es and countries.” To a ain the expected outcome, Sendai Framework seeks to pursue the following goal: “Prevent new and reduce exis ng disaster risk through the implementa on of integrated and inclusive economic, structural, legal, social, health, cultural, educa onal, environmental, technological, poli cal and ins tu onal measure s that prevent and reduce hazard exposure and vulnerability to disaster, increase preparedness for response and recovery, and thus strengthen resilience.” In the domain of disaster management, the Sendai Framework provides the way forward for the period ending in 2030. There are some major departures in the Sendai Framework: • For the first me the goals are defined in terms of outcome -based targets instead of focusing on sets of ac vi es and ac ons. • It places governments at the centre of disaster risk reduc on with the framework emphasizing the need to strengthen the disaster risk governance. • There is significant shi from earlier emphasis on disaster management to addressing disaster risk management itself by focusing on the underlying drivers of risk. • It places almost equal importance on all kinds of disasters and not only on those arising from natural hazards. • In addi on to social vulnerability, it pays considerable a en on to environmental aspects through a strong recogni on that the implementa on of integrated environmental and natural resource management approaches is needed for disaster reduc on • Disaster risk reduc on, more than before, is seen as a policy concern that cuts across many sectors, including health and educa on As per the Sendai Framework, it is necessary to address exis ng challenges and prepare for future ones by focusing on monitoring, assessing, and understanding disaster risk and sharing relevant informa on. The framework notes that, to cope with disasters, it is “urgent and cri cal to an cipate, plan for and reduce disaster risk”. It requires the strengthening of disaster risk governance and coordina on across various ins tu ons and sectors. It requires the full and meaningful par cipa on of relevant stakeholders at different levels. It is necessary to invest in the economic, social, health, cultural and educa onal resilience at all levels. It requires investments in research and the use of 60 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN technology to enhance mul -hazard Early Warning Systems (EWS), prepare dness, response, recovery, rehabilita on, and reconstruc on.

3.2.2 Four Priori es; Seven Targets The four priori es for ac on under the Sendai Framework are: 1. Understanding disaster risk 2. Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk 3. Inves ng in disaster risk reduc on for resilience 4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for effec ve response and to “Build Back Be er” in recovery, rehabilita on and reconstruc on India is a signatory to the Sendai Framework for a 15-year, voluntary, non -binding agreement which recognizes that the State has the primary role to reduce disaster risk, but that responsibility should be shared with other stakeholders including local government, the private sector and other stakeholders. India will make its contribu on in achieving the seven global targets set by the Sendai Framework (Fig 3-1): Reduce Increase Mortality/ 7 GLOBAL TARGETS Countries with na onal global popula on 2020-2030 Average << 2005-2015 Average & local DRR strategies 2020 Value >> 2015 Value Affected people/ global popula on Interna onal 2020-2030 Average << 2005-2015 Average coopera on to developing countries Economic loss/ 2030 Value >> 2015 Value global GDP 2030 Ra o << 2015 Ra o Availability and access to mul -hazard early warning Damage to cri cal infrastructure systems & disaster risk & disrup on of basic services informa on and assessments 2030 Values << 2015 Values 2030 Values >> 2015 Values Figure 3-1: Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduc on - 7 Global Targets 1) Substan ally reduce global disaster mortality by 2030, aiming to lower the average per 100,000 global mortality rates in the decade 2020–2030 compared to the period 2005– 2015; 2) Substan ally reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030, aiming to lower the average global figure per 100,000 in the decade 2020–2030 compared to the period 2005–2015; 3) Reduce direct disaster economic loss in rela on to global gross domes c product (GDP) by 2030; 61 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 4) Substan ally reduce disaster damage to cri cal infrastructure and disrup on of ba sic services, among them health and educa onal facili es, including through developing their resilience by 2030; 5) Substan ally increase the number of countries with na onal and local disaster risk reduc on strategies by 2020; 6) Substan ally enhance interna onal coopera on to developing countries through adequate and sustainable support to complement their na onal ac ons for implementa on of the present Framework by 2030; 7) Substan ally increase the availability of and access to mul -hazard early warning systems and disaster risk informa on and assessments to people by 2030. On 2 February 2017, the United Na ons General Assembly endorsed the Report of the Open-ended Intergovernmental Expert Working Group (OIEWG) on Indicators and Terminology Related to Disaster Risk Reduc on and the recommenda ons for indicators and terminology rela ng to disaster risk reduc on (UNISDR 2016). The report of OIEWG is meant to help countries opera onalise the 38 global indicators for measuring the progress towards realising global targets for DRR along with targets of other major Post-2015 global frameworks (Annexe-III). The list as applicable to India will be used to monitor the progress of Ministries / Departments and States/ UTs towards achievement of targets set under the framework, by way of periodic repor ng. As part of this effort, all ministries, departments, states and UTs will compile data in accordance with the indicators for the base line period of 2005 to 2015 and on an ongoing basis from 2015 onwards.

3.3 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and Disaster Resilience The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted by the UN General Assembly on 25 September 2015, consis ng of 17 Global Goals (Fig. 3-2) and 169 targets, are a universal call to ac on to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The 17 Goals build on the successes of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), while including new areas such as climate change, economic inequality, innova on, sustainable consump on, peace and jus ce, among other priori es. The goals are interconnected – o en the key to success on one will involve tackling issues more commonly associated with another. Sustainable development (SD) and disaster risk reduc on (DRR) are closely interlinked. A single major disaster or “shock” incident (i.e. a rapid onset disaster like an earthquake, storm, tsunami or landslide) can undo hard-won development progress and set back development by years. A “stress” incident (i.e. a slow onset disaster like drought, sea level rise, and salinity intrusion into groundwater stocks) can also cause long-term socio-economic harm. Climate change aggravates impacts from both natural hazards and human-induced vulnerabili es by ac ng as a threat mul plier. Driven by climate change, there is increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events (including storms, droughts, heat waves and cold “snaps”). Such events mul ply the risks that people living in areas prone to natural hazards already face. 62 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Figure 3-2: Seventeen Sustainable Development Goals Source: UNDP 41 The possibili es of a aining SDGs are jeopardized because disasters undermine economic growth and social progress. No country or sector is immune to the impacts of natural hazards, many of which – the hydro-meteorological – are increasing in frequency and intensity due to the impacts of climate change. While necessary and crucial, preparing for disasters is not enough, to realise the transforma ve poten al of the agenda for SDGs, all stakeholders recognize that DRR needs to be its integral core. Progress in implemen ng the Sendai Framework contributes to the progress of a aining SDGs. In turn, the progress on the SDGs helps to substan ally build resilience to disasters. There are several targets across the 17 SDGs that are related to DRR. Conversely, all seven global DRR targets of the Sendai Framework are cri cal for the achievement of the SDGs. Figure 3-3: Coherence and mutual reinforcement of SDGs and Sendai Framework Source: preven onweb.net 42 41 UNDP, Sustainable Development Goals, , h ps://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable - development-goals.html (accessed Sep 20, 2019) 42 Integrated monitoring of the global targets of the S FDRR and SDGs, h ps://www.preven onweb.net/sendai- framework/sendai-framework-monitor//common-indicators 63 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Resilience is acknowledged both explicitly and implicitly in the SDG targets. The vision set out in the SDGs – for people, planet, prosperity and peace – will inevitably fail if shocks and stresses are not addressed. The pledge that ‘no one will be le behind’ requires a specific focus on the poorest and most vulnerable people, which is a key challenge: up to 325 million extremely poor people are likely to be living in the 49 most hazard prone countries by 2030. A focus on strengthening resilience can protect development gains and ensure people have the resources and capaci es to be er reduce, prevent, an cipate, absorb and adapt to a range of shocks, stresses, risks and uncertain es. Fig. 3-3 depicts how the coherence and mutual reinforcement of the SDGs and Sendai Framework are reflected in outcomes and targets.

3.4 COP21 Paris Agreement on Climate Change Ac on and Disaster Risk Reduc on The Paris Agreement was adopted on 12 December 2015 at the Twenty-first session of the Conference of the Par es (COP21) to the United Na ons Framework Conven on on Climate Change (UNFCC) held in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015. The agreement builds upon the UNFCCC and brings together all na ons into a common cause to undertake ambi ous efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects, with enhanced support to assist developing countries to do so (Fig. 3-4). The agreement aims at “holding the increase in the global average temperature to wel l below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre - industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change”. Ar cle-7 dwells on establishing “the global goal on adapta on of enhancing adap ve capacity, strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability to climate change”43. Mitigation by all nations with NDCs Global Stock Taking Five-year Long Term goal cycles for temperature NDCs with anomaly well progression below 20C, Adaptation towards 1.5"C, On Pat With Mitigation Climate Finance Universal Transparency Framework Main Elements of COP21, Paris Agreement on Climate Change Figure 3-4: Main elements of the COP21, Paris Agreement on Climate Change The major goals adopted in the agreement are: i) A consensus on adop ng the long-term goal of keeping the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels 43 Paris Agreement, COP21/UNFCC h ps://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf (accessed Sep 20, 2019) 64 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN ii) Aim to limit the increase to 1.5°C, since this would significantly reduce risks and the impacts of climate change iii) Accep ng the need for global emissions to peak as soon as possible, recognising that this will take longer for developing countries and iv) To undertake rapid reduc ons of emissions in accordanc e with the best available science There is significant convergence between the problems that disaster risk reduc on and climate change adapta on seek to address (Fig. 3-5). The regions already exposed to climate-related hazards and effects will be at greater risk due to a projected increase in the frequency and/or intensity of those hazards and effects because of global climate change. Figure 3-5: Common concerns of climate change adapta on and disaster risk reduc on The agreement aims to strengthen the ability of countries to deal with the impacts of climate change. To reach these ambi ous goals, appropriate financial flows, a new technology framework and an enhanced capacity building framework will be put in place, thus suppor ng ac on by developing countries and the most vulnerable countries, in line with their own na onal objec ves. The agreement also provides for enhanced transparency of ac on and support through a more robust transparency framework. It requires all signatories to make the best efforts through “Na onally Determined Contribu ons” (NDC) and to strengthen these efforts in the years ahead. The NDC includes requirements that all Par es report regularly on their emissions and on their implementa on efforts. In 2018, Par es will take stock of the collec ve efforts in rela on to progress towards the goal set in the Paris Agreement and to inform the prepara on of NDCs. There will also be a global stock-taking every five year to assess the collec ve progress towards achieving the purpose of the Agreement and to inform further individual ac ons by Par es. The agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016, thirty days a er the date on which at least 55 Par es to the Conve n on accoun ng in total for at least an es mated 55% of the total global greenhouse gas emissions have deposited their instruments of ra fica on, acceptance, approval or accession with the depositary. India has ra fied the agreement and submi ed her NDC along with the plan for mi ga on and adapta on strategies and ac ons. India is commi ed to engaging ac vely in mul lateral nego a ons under the UNFCCC in a posi ve, crea ve and forward-looking manner. India’s objec ve is to establish an effec ve, coopera ve and equitable global architecture under the UNFCCC based on climate jus ce 65 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY and the principles of equity and common but differen ated responsibili es and respec ve capabili es.

3.5 Coherence and Mutual Reinforcement—Thema c Area for DRR The presence of risk mul pliers is a threat to the success of all development frameworks and coping with risks is a central to sustainable development. Given the changes in human demographics and trends in development, impact of climate change (which dispropor onately affects the poorest and most vulnerable people), and increasing exposure to disaster risks, there has never been a greater need to enhance coherence and coordina on among all the major global ini a ves to reduce risks, vulnerability to hazards and enhance resilience. This coherence will serve to strengthen exis ng frameworks to cope with risks and enhance the resilience for mul ple hazards. It will promote governance systems to manage disaster risks aggravated by climate change impacts and make development resilient to various disaster risks. Effec ve reduc on of losses and risks from natural hazards and climate extremes requires integrated ac ons at different levels of governance. One of the greatest challenges is of cr ea ng ins tu onal convergence that integrates global goals emana ng from the se agreements. Disaster risk reduc on (DRR) and Climate Change Adapta on (CCA) are part of key agendas being considered in all these recent global agreements. All three agreements share a common aim of making development sustainable. Strong commitment to ambi ous goals and accelerated implementa on of these interna onal agreements must be a global priority. Given the complementari es between the post - 2015 agendas, leveraging the total impact of these instruments creates shared value. Efforts must be deployed to ensure that each of them do not build in “policy risks” or, contradictory policies, that generate more - rather than less - risk in development. Taken together, the different priori es, targets and ac ons in the three frameworks cons tute a more comprehensive resilience agenda than when implemented independently without mutual reinforcement because building resilience requires ac on that spans the mul ple domains of development, humanitarian ini a ves, responding to climate change and disaster risk reduc on. On 2 February 2017, the UN General Assembly adopted resolu on A/71/644, which states the necessary indicators to measure global progress in reducing loss a ributed to disasters 44. Through collec on of the informa on of these indicators, UN Member States can measure their progress in disaster risk reduc on efforts by 2030 against the seven global targets defined in the Sendai Framework, including: mortality, persons affected, economic loss, and damage to cri cal infrastructure and disrup on of basic services. Synergies with the monitoring of these interna onal frameworks are already recognised by the interna onal community. The UN Sta s cal Commissi on has adopted indicators developed by the Inter Agency and Expert Group on the Sustainable Development Goals, and this process is closely coordinated with the Sendai Framework. A global indicator framework has been adopted by the UN General Assembly on July 6, 2017⁴⁵ . The NDMP has tried to envisage coherence across the na onal efforts for DRR, sustainable development, and the ac ons in response to climate change (mi ga on and adapta on). The NDMP 44 UN General Assembly Resolu on, 71/644, Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology rela ng to disaster risk reduc on, A/71/644 45 UN General Assembly Resolu on, A/RES/71/313, Work of the Sta s cal Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 66 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN iden fies mutually reinforcing measures in these three domains. The mainstreaming of DRR can be synchronized with the ini a ves for sustainable development and the steps taken to addresses climate change impacts as an inherent part of the development agenda. Many of the addi onal challenges emerging from climate change impacts that act as hazard risk mul pliers and must be integrated into the implementa on of the NDMP. National Plan Disaster Risk Disaster Reduction Risk e nc ere Mutual Reinforcement Coh Sendai Mutual Framework Reinforcement DRR National Coherence Action Plan Climate Climate Change Change COP21 INDC Actions Mutual e Reinforcement nc ere h SDGs Development National Co Development Initiatives Post-2015 Global Frameworks - Coherence and Mutual Reinforcement within National Efforts Figure 3-6: Post-2015 Global Frameworks—Coherence and Mutual Reinforcement within Na onal Efforts Ideas on ensuring coherence and mutual reinforcement across the global frameworks on development, disasters and responding to climate change covering almost every aspect of society and all sectors of economy are at an early and incipient phase. Enhancing resilience is the overarching theme as far as disaster risk reduc on is concerned. All these discussions make it quite clear that these tasks cannot be separated from the mainstreaming of risk reduc on although it is an idea that predates the concepts of coherence and mutual reinforcement across the global frameworks. The ideas of coherence and reinforcement across frameworks expand the scope of mainstreaming beyond how it was envisaged earlier (Fig. 3-6). The ways in which coherence and mutual reinforcement are envisaged for SDGs and Sendai Framework is depicted in Fig. 3-7. Similarly, that for SDGs and COP21 Paris Agreement on climate change ac ons is depicted in Fig. 3-8. The measures envisaged for ensuring coherence and reinforcement will be discussed in the chapter on mainstreaming. The India’s na onal ini a ves relevant for DRR across the three Global Frameworks are summarised in Table 3-1. 67 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Figure 3-7: Envisaging coherence and Mutual Reinforcement of SDGs and Sendai Framework Source: UNISDR46 46 UNISDR, Implemen ng the Sendai Framework to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. h p://www.unisdr.org/files/50438_implemen ngthesendaiframeworktoach.pdf (accessed Sep 20, 2019) 68 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Figure 3-8: Envisaging coherence and mutual reinforcement of SDGs and COP21 for climate change ac on Source: Climate Diplomacy 47 and adelphi Table 3-1: India’s na onal ini a ves relevant for DRR across the three Global Frameworks Sustainable COP21 – Paris Sendai – Global Na onal Ini a ves Relevant Development Agreement on Climate Targets to DRR Goals Change •Changes in the pa ern of extreme events require enhanced Substan ally disaster resilience and reduce global Mul ple schemes and adapta on disaster mortality SDG 1, 2, 11, ini a ves for DRR, economic 1 •Addressing GACC risks by 2030 (2020- 13 development, GACC is crucial for 2030 compared mi ga on and adapta on. elimina ng poverty to 2005-2015) and reducing economic losses from disasters Substan ally Stresses the need for • Alloca on of resources and reduce the accelerated ac on to funds for disaster number of build resilience through preven on and to develop 2 SDG 1, 11, 13 disaster-affected risk-sensi ve planning capaci es for DRR people by 2030 and implementa on of • Strengthening of the DRR (2020-2030 DRR at all levels 47 h ps://www.climate-diplomacy.org/publica ons/infographic-making-development-sustainable-through- climate-ac on (accessed Sep 20, 2019) 69 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Sustainable COP21 – Paris Sendai – Global Na onal Ini a ves Relevant Development Agreement on Climate Targets to DRR Goals Change compared to • Promo ng disaster- 2005-2015) resilient development • Mainstreaming DRR and adapta on to GACC in development The Paris Agreement aims to hold global Na onal commitment to DRR average temperature evident from the PM Ten increase to well below Point Agenda for DRR Substan ally 2°C above pre-industrial Na onal commitments for reduce direct levels and to pursue 3 SDG 1, 11 mi ga on of and adapta on disaster economic efforts to limit it to to GACC as per Intended loss 1.5°C, recognizing that Na onally Determined this would significantly Contribu ons (INDC) reduce the risks and impacts of climate change Enhance the resilience of na onal health systems by integra ng DRR into primary, Global adapta on goals Substan ally secondary and ter ary for enhancing adap ve reduce damage to health care, and by capacity, strengthening cri cal promo ng and enhancing resilience and reducing infrastructure and training capaci es in the field 4 SDG 1, 4, 9, 11, vulnerability to ensure disrup on of of disaster medicine. The adequate adapta on basic services substan al reduc on of response in the context (health, disaster damage to cri cal of the global educa on, etc.) infrastructure and disrup on temperature goal of basic services is essen al to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being. Addressing GACC risks that are crucial for • NAPCC for mi ga on of reducing economic and adapta on to GACC losses from disasters Substan ally • Na onal Mission on along with a well- increase disaster SDG 1, 3, 6, 11, Sustainable Agriculture 5 integrated approach to risk reduc on 13, (NMSA) adapta on, sustainable strategies • Na onal Ini a ve on development, Climate Resilient environmental Agriculture (NICRA) management and disaster risk reduc on Substan ally Firm commitments by increase Close countries to the global India is a pro-ac ve member interna onal interna onal response to GACC based in the implementa on of the 6 coopera on to coopera on to on INDCs and Post-2015 and other global complement achieve SDGs interna onal frameworks na onal ac ons coopera on for 70 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Sustainable COP21 – Paris Sendai – Global Na onal Ini a ves Relevant Development Agreement on Climate Targets to DRR Goals Change achieving the COP21 goals Substan ally increase the availability of and Na onal investments to Emphasis on improving access to mul - improve the early warning early warning systems, 7 hazard early SDG 3, 13 and informa on systems in risk assessment and warning systems different sectors and for management and disaster risk mul -hazards. informa on and assessments Note: All the central ministries have specific responsibili es in accordance with achieving the na onal targets relevant to the global frameworks. For monitoring the progress of Sendai Framework, under seven targets of Sendai, a set of 38 indicators (Annexe-III, same as in 3.2.2) have been listed that must be measured against the me period of Hyogo Framework for Ac on, i.e., 2005-15, in terms of the percentage change with respect to the baseline. This sectoral segregated baseline data for the period of 2005 -15 will be collated by the central Ministry/ Department and States/UTs. Meanwhile, NITI Aayog has adopted a Na onal Indicator Framework (NIF) comprising 306 na onal indicators for monitoring the progress of 17 SDGs having 169 targets. As SFDRR and SDGs have clear cut established linkages, this NIF, besides others, includes na onal indicators for targets 1.5.1, 1.5.2, 11.5.1, 11.b.1 and 11.b.2 focusing specifically on DRR. The me frames used in the NDMP are co-terminus with the post-2015 global frameworks, ending in 2030. 71 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 72 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 4 Social Inclusion in Disaster Risk Reduc on

4.1 Background Disaster situa ons raise many ques ons on norma ve social order and structural inequali es which need to be reckoned with for an inclusive disaster response. Disaster management tend to view the affected people as a homogenous group – as internally undifferen ated ‘vic ms’ or ‘survivors’, par cularly in the relief and recovery processes. This leads to an inherent inability to address the exis ng dispari es and inequi es across gender, caste, or class (Fordham 1999). While hazards do not discriminate, people do. Disaster management could become unfair by being blind to prevailing inequi es. Exis ng socio-economic condi ons mean that disasters can lead to dissimilar outcomes even for what may seem demographically similar communi es. Inevitably, the most vulnerable groups suffer more than others. This chapter emphasizes the importance of DRR to address unequal disaster coping capabili es by recognizing that due to inequali es and social exclusions some sec ons suffer more than others in extreme events and disasters because of their place within the social system. Addressing the enormous challenges of social marginaliza on, social exclusion and other inequi es are beyond the domain of DRR. However, DRR must take cognizance of social reali es to ensure that every possible effort is made to make DR R as socially inclusive as possible. The Disaster Management Act 2005 (Chapter 11, Sec on 61) prohibits all forms of discrimina on – be it based on sex, caste, community, descent or religion – in any ac vi es related to disaster risk reduc on, disaster relief or humanitarian assistance to the affected people. The preamble of Na onal Policy of Disaster Management 2009 notes that the economically weaker and socially marginalized sec ons, women, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes tend to suffer more during disasters. A community’s vulnerability to disaster depends on the social, cultural, economic and poli cal environment. A cycle of depriva on not only increases their vulnerability but also slowly alienates them from the decision-making process denying accessibility to the basic en tlements. There are numerous defini ons and concepts of social inclusion, and despite many debates, there is no consensus on a defini on. The World Summit for Social Development, Copenhagen held in 1995 defines an inclusive society as a society for all, in which every individual, each with rights and responsibili es, has an ac ve role to play. An inclusive society is based on the fundamental values of equity, equality, social jus ce, human dignity, human rights and freedoms, as well as on the principles of embracing diversity. Social inclusion reflects, on the one hand, an individual’s experience of and possibili es for self-actualiza on, and on the other hand, societal capaci es to eliminate causes of exclusion and ensure equal opportuni es for all (UNDESA, 2008). The term social exclusion signifies all experiences of discrimina on, depriva on and denial be it based on any a ribute, be it caste, gender, differences in abili es, ethnicity, creed, religion, sexual orienta on or any other a ribute. The prac ces and manifesta ons of social exclusion are deeply ingrained in a rigid social stra fica on system influenced by caste, religious affini es, gender bias, prejudices towards people with disabili es and so on. Social exclusion is understood as the condi on (barriers and process) that impede social inclusion. Social exclusion is a process through which individuals or groups are wholly or par ally excluded from fully par cipa ng in all aspects of life of the society, in which they live, on the grounds of their social iden es, such as age, gender, race, ethnicity, culture or language, and/or physical, economic, social disadvantages. 73 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Exclusion is o en most acute when people suffer mul ple layers of discrimina on and they are embedded in unequal rela ons of power. To make ma ers worse, they o en remain ‘invisible’ in disaster reduc on or emergency response program s, even in many cases where they cons tute a significant propor on of popula on. The socially excluded groups have context specific and differen ated needs before, during and a er a disaster, which are not taken into considera on in DMPs. Inclusive Disaster Risk Management is about equality of rights and opportuni es, dignity of the individual, acknowledging diversity, and contribu ng to resilience for everyone, not leaving aside members of any community based on age, gender, disability or other. In the Indian context, the added emphasis on social inclusion in the NDMP for DRR will be on the following: 1. Gender-based Vulnerabili es 2. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SC&ST) 3. Elderly 4. Children and 5. Persons with Disabili es (PWD)

4.2 Gender Perspec ve and DRR

4.2.1 Gender-based Vulnerabilities In general, gender concerns arise from a complex mix of dynamic factors that include differen ated roles and responsibili es, skills and capabili es, vulnerabili es, power rela ons, ins tu onal structures, and long-standing tradi ons and a tudes. The specifici es of gender rela ons may vary depending on the socio-cultural values of a society. However, the fundamental gender -based divisions of roles, responsibili es and iden ties are prevalent in varying degrees throughout the world. Within gender rela ons there are many imbalances (gender gaps) between men and women, which have historically been favourable for men within an overwhelmingly patriarchal society. All these prevent women from enjoying equal-rights and equal-partner status in DRR as policy makers, contributors to and beneficiaries of development and DRR processes. Gender refers to the social a ributes and opportuni es associated with being male and female and the rela onships between women, men, girls and boys, as well as the rela ons between women and between men. These a ributes, opportuni es and rela onships are socially constructed, learned, and changeable over me. Gendered disadvantages – unequal access to resources, legal protec on, decision making and power, their reproduc ve burden and their vulnerability to violence – consistently render women more vulnerable than men to the impacts of disasters. Disasters reinforce, perpetuate and increase gender inequality, making bad situa ons worse for women. The poten al contribu ons that women can offer to the disaster risk reduc on are o en overlooked and female leadership in building community resilience to disasters is frequently disregarded. A gender perspec ve to DRR helps focusing a en on on the dis nct gender -specific capaci es and vulnerabili es to prevent, prepare, confront, and recover from disasters (WCDRR 2015). Post-disaster reconstruc on programs could render women more vulnerable w hen compared to the pre-disaster situa on, defea ng the very objec ve of building back be er. An increase in violence against women, domes c violence and divorce rates have been reported in the a ermath of disasters (Fothergill 1998). They become more vulnerable to abuse in disaster situa ons. They face difficulty in accessing sanita on facili es. There is lack of privacy and increased risk of sexual assault. In some situa ons, 74 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN there are risk of girls and young women being ensnared by traffickers or an increase in early marriages. There is a tendency to leave out women from accessing relief and recovery as they do not have control over resources and ins tu ons (Parkinson 2011). Women headed households, single women, and widows find it difficult to access informa on and necessary financial help for recovery and reconstruc on. Following a disaster, there are many situa ons in which there is likelihood of women becoming vic ms of domes c and sexual violence. There are cases women avoiding using shelters for fear of being sexually assaulted. Women are more likely to suffer from malnutri on because they have specific nutri onal needs when they are pregnant or breast feeding. During drought, in food scarcity situa ons, women are the first ones to compromise on their food intake. They are usually overburdened with many household tasks such as fetching drinking water and firewood walking long distances. Women and girls are usually denied the opportunity to acquire lifesaving skills such as swimming because of gender bias rendering them less capable of coping with hazards. Their tradi onal gendered role as caretakers and nurturers intensifies in post disaster situa ons having to take care of the injured and sick when they themselves are injur ed. During post-disaster planning, relief and recovery needs of women and girls tend to be overlooked because the disaster management is almost en rely male dominated with hardly any par cipa on of women. They are o en ignored during compensa on proceedings. While most women do not possess formal ownership of either movable or immovable proper es (land or assets), even those who have ownership find it difficult to complete the formali es due to various pressures at home and the lack of gender sensitivity in the proceedings. Their losses usually remain undervalued and uncompensated. It is necessary to adequately understand how the disaster risks tend to be amplified by the pre-exis ng social vulnerabili es and socio-economic stress. O en, unknowingly, due to social condi oning and gendered roles, women tend to demand less in the reconstruc on process. Many barriers inhibit women’s par cipa on in the decision -making and rebuilding processes. Yet, disasters do provide opportuni es for improving women’s status by altering the gender rela ons and by facilita ng social and behavioural changes. Post disaster recovery presents opportuni es to empower women. Despite these formidable challenges, amidst gender bias and inequality, some of the reconstruc on programs undertaken in India have tried to empower women, taking advantage of the window of opportunity opened by the disaster. Post-disaster reconstruc on is expected to “present opportuni es for new and more progressive gender roles and rela onships to emerge and provide opportuni es to rebuild in a way that is inclusive of women and girls and provide opportuni es for women to assume leadership roles and be er influence the direc on of development pa erns” (UNISDR 2015a). A gender perspec ve to DRR helps focusing a en on on the dis nct gender-specific capaci es and vulnerabili es to prevent, prepare, confront, and recover from disasters (WCDRR 2015). Disaster impacts are not gender neutral, hence adequate a en on must be paid to promote gender jus ce and equity in post disaster recovery programs. In the disaster situa ons, women need to be centrally involved in planning and implementa on process with the key principle of ac ve contributors in building resilience. The Sendai Framework emphasizes the need not only to address the issues related to women in post-disaster reconstruc on but also envisages a lead role for women in post-disaster reconstruc on: Women and persons with disabili es should publicly lead and promote gender-equitable and universally accessible approaches during the response and reconstruc on. 75 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY To promote gender equity, the reconstructed houses need to be registered in the joint names of husband and wife. Widows and single women, who do not have land tles, should not be le out from receiving shelters. Women feel more secure, confident and feel that they will never be without a roof over their head in their life. Owner Driven Reconstruc on (ODR) can be followed where women can take leadership role in monitoring implementa on of safe housing technology. Programs shall be designed and aimed at empowering women through access to social security measures and income genera on ac vi es. Women Self Help Groups can be formed for livelihood opportuni es. It needs to go beyond tradi onal income genera ng ac vi es and aim at enhanc ing skills as masons, carpenters, trading of local products, developing local shops for housing, sanita on and other materials, etc.

4.2.2 Sexual and Gender Minori es To be truly gender-sensi ve, it is necessary to address the concerns of persons of various sexual orienta ons including transgender48 persons. Transgender people are at a disadvantage in accessing resources, services and opportuni es. In addi on to social and economic vulnerabili es, the s gma and discrimina on that they are subjected to, deprives them of many disaster mi ga on/response programmes, hampering their ability to overcome the nega ve effects of a disaster. The approaches to disaster risk management, however, tend to overlook the needs and place of sexual and gender minori es. The ins tu onal and legal frameworks geared towards reducing the risk of disasters are usually silent on such sec ons. It is only recently that a handful of case studies have highlighted the fate of sexual and gender minori es in disaster. Most of the research on disaster-related vulnerabili es faced by the sexual and gender minori es concur that the y are o en more severely affected by disasters because they face barriers or lack of access to the means of protec on available to others. The highly marginalized condi ons of sexual and gender minori es in everyday life thus places them at higher risk when confronted with disaster situa ons. Their vulnerabili es will be aggravated if DRR policies and prac ces remain blind to the social reali es. There is greater likelihood of addressing the concerns of a marginalized group like transgenders in disaster situa ons when they are specifically accounted for during implementa on. For example, the need for ensuring inclusion of all such sec ons could be emphasized in the different phases of DRR.

4.3 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Certain castes and tribes – the scheduled castes and tribes – are recognized in the Indian Cons tu on as historically disadvantaged people and listed in two Schedules of the cons tu on for affirma ve policies and ac ons. The First Schedule lists 1,108 castes across various states and the Second

Schedule 744 Tribes for affirma ve policies and ac ons. The castes listed are known as Scheduled Castes (SC) and the tribes listed are known as Scheduled Tribes (ST). As per 2011 Census, the SC and ST comprise about 16.6% (20.14 Cr) and 8.6% (10.43 Cr), respec vely, of India's popula on. In acknowledgement of the marginality of tribal communi es, several Commi ees and Commissions have been cons tuted over the years by the government to examine the problems faced by these communi es, apart from numerous other bodies which have examined the status of tribes as part of broader thema c inves ga ons. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Preven on of Atroci es) Act, 1989 and the related rules no fied in 1995 have been amended to make them more effec ve. 48 The word “transgender” or “trans” covers persons whose gender iden ty is different from the sex assigned at birth. That includes LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer or Ques oning , and Intersex plus several others) 76 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN The amended Preven on of Atroci es Act, 2015 has brought in clarity on some sec ons, clearly defined certain offences, fixed roles and responsibili es of the authori es and has clear melines regarding inves ga on and judicial handling of atrocity cases. 4.3.1 Scheduled Castes Caste based discrimina on is a historical legacy for India. In the hierarchical caste society, the Schedule Castes o en face social exclusion, untouchability and many forms of overt as well as covert discrimina on. Recognizing this, the Cons tu on of India, under Ar cle 15, provides for ‘prohibi on of discrimina on on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place; and under Ar cle 17 provides for ‘aboli on of untouchability’, making it a punishable offenc e. Acknowledging the marginaliza on of Schedule Caste communi es, the Na onal Commission for Schedule Caste has been cons tuted to safeguard the provisions under the cons tu on and inquire into specific complaints. The Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribe Preven on of Atroci es Act 1995 and subsequent amendment in 2015 provide legal protec on against atroci es and discrimina on. Efforts must be made to ensure there are no discriminatory prac ces in any DRR ac vi es or while providing humanitarian assistance. The DRR efforts should also specifically recognize caste -related challenges and should not adopt caste- blind approaches. Most of the SC and ST communi es tend to be poor living on marginal lands that are also highly hazard prone, such as floodplains, unsafe coastal tracts and unstable hillsides. The dwellings of scheduled caste and tribal communi es are usually on the margins - be it in urban or rural areas. These se lements tend to be in the less served areas with poor availability of acc urate informa on, lack of access to basic ameni es and inadequate disaster resilient infrastructure. The housing is usually unsafe and of poor quality. In the urban areas they are usually on unsecure land tenure - o en unauthorized slums. Combined with hazardous living condi ons, chronic poverty and lack of ameni es they are most likely to suffer the outbreak of diseases in mes of disaster. For women from the SC and ST communi es, the gender-based discrimina on and violence become intensified and more difficult to counter due to the caste-based social marginaliza on. It must be ensured that in post disaster situa ons and in disaster mi ga on planning and implementa on ac vi es full a en on should be provided to ensure social inclusion prac ces in early warning, evacua on, relief support, rehabilita on and any other process so that the inherent systemic prejudices do not increase their vulnerability. For example, special efforts should be made to ensure that there are no instances of discriminatory prac ces in evacua on, distribu on of relief material, damage assessment, alloca on of housing plots, etc. 4.3.2 Scheduled Tribes The Cons tu on of India has created Schedule V and VI to protect the iden ty, tradi ons and customs of the tribal communi es without neglec ng their development. This has been further ar culated in the Panchayats Extension in Schedule Areas (PESA), 1996. Tribal communi es tend to remain marginalized due their geographical loca on as well as due to social excl usion. Tribal communi es are simple socie es endowed with socio-cultural cohesion, tradi onal knowledge, social rela ons around the forest and natural ecosystem and community governance based on their tradi on. Tribal communi es have very close interdependent rela on with their natural resources and environment. Some of tribal groups have never moved out of the natural habitat in the forest areas. 77 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY The basic thrust of mi ga ng the impact of natural disaster should be of two-fold: a) make the tribal people self-reliant by restoring the natural resource base and b) post-disaster, provide mely and appropriate relief and rehabilita on packages. The Tribal Development Ministry and the State Departments in consulta on with the tribal leaders and experts shall develop the package of interven ons. Efforts must be made so that there is community par cipa on and ownership over the interven ons. The tribal villages should be able to customize their plans in accordance with PESA disaster preparedness, relief and rehabilita on plans. 4.4 Children The United Na ons Conven on on the Rights of the Child adopted in 1989 (UN 1989) became the first legally binding interna onal conven on to affirm human rights for all children . It s pulates that children have the right to adequate food, water, shelter and educa on. In disaster situa ons they ought to be free from abuse, neglect, sexual exploita on or trafficking, and should be able to grow up in a safe and suppor ve environment. Children are vulnerable due to their age and immature psycho- social understanding of the surrounding. The chaos and erosion of support for care and protec on during a disaster could heavily affect their physical and psychological health causing children to be trauma zed. Given their vulnerability, children require special support and a en on during crisis situa ons to provide basic needs and ensure that their rights are not violated. The UN Conven on on the Rights of the Child and the Juvenile Jus ce (care and protec on of children) Act 2000 (JJ Act) states that children have the right to protec on from abuse, neglect and exploita on. In situa ons of emergency children face isola on, anxiety, trauma, some get separated from their families, loose their parent(s), face gender violence and trafficking. Some face the risk of ge ng recruited as child labourers. During disaster, children’s bodily integrity is at risk when widespread and/or systema c violence occur. The children o en face apathy leading to severe interrup on of educa on and recrea on, poor access to food and nutri on. In the post disaster situa ons, the Anganwadi and schools must open as soon as possible. In case of damage to the structures, temporary/ emergency provision must be created allowing children to access the services. The state governments may increase the food supplies so that the nutri on support can be doubled in the Anganwadis and primary schools. Many state governments have been doing this for a limited dura on in disaster situa ons. The JJ Act, 2000 provisions for care, protec on and rehabilita on of children ensuring se ng up of Child Protec on Units. Such units must be set up at village and block level so that children have access to nutri on, child friendly spaces for recrea on, protec on against violence and trafficking, restora on of children to their biological families, promote community -based rehabilita on of the orphan and children of single parent not in a posi on to provide care and protec on making use of State specific foster parent support services/ schemes. The Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) and Ministry of Social Jus ce and Empowerment (MSJE) and the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) along with the Na onal Commission for Protec on of Child Rights (NCPCR) and the State counterpart (usually, State Child Protec on Society – SCPS) under the Protec on of Child Rights Act, 2005 may develop support mechanisms and periodically oversee the status of care and protec on of children in all major disasters and recommend for mely ac on. 78 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 4.5 Elderly The world is ageing. Globally, approximately 700 million people or 10 per cent of the world’s popula on is already over the age of 60, and by 2030, there will be more people over 60 than under 10. While this represents a triumph of development, the combina on of more extreme climate and disaster events coupled with the failure to adapt DRR responses to the ageing demographic trend has the poten al to increase older people’s vulnerability to risks and disasters. Yet, the specific requirements and strengths of older people are o en not given appropriate considera on in DRR. A report of the Government of India, ‘Elderly in India’ (CSO 2016), presents detailed sta s cal profile of the elderly popula on based on various official data. The report states that like other na ons, India too has undergone changes in the age structure of the popula on with the propor on of older persons increasing due to increased life expectancy brought about by combina on of many factors such as reduc on in mortality rates, lower morbidity, be er quality of life, and be er health care. This phenomenon, called popula on ageing, is a demographic trend all over the world. According to na onal Census 2011, there are nearly 104 million elderly persons (aged 60 years or above); 53 million females and 51 million males. Both the share and size of elderly popula on is increasing over me. From 5.6% in 1961 the propor on has increased to 8.6% in 2011 (men 8.2%, women 9.0%). In terms of rural and urban distribu on, 71% of the elderly are in rural and 29 % is in urban areas. As per Census 2011, the sex ra o among elderly is 1033 women per 1000 men. The life expectancy at birth is 69.3 years for females and 65.8 years for males. At 60 years of age, the average remaining length of life is likely to be about 18 years (16.9 for men and 19.0 for women). At age 70, it was less than 12 years (10.9 for men and 12.3 for women). The old-age dependency ra o is 14.2%, as per Census 2011 (females 14.9%, males 13.6%). Most common disability among the aged persons was locomotor disability and visual disability. According to Helpage India, during disasters the elderly are usually the last in the line, likely to be lost in the crowd, and highly vulnerable49. The greater vulnerability of the elderly compared to others during disasters needs to get more a en on in all phases of disaster risk management. The elderly needs to be treated as priority group by proper design in the disaster management plans. The DRR planning needs to pay special a en on to psychological vulnerabilities, impaired physical mobility, diminished sensory awareness, poor health condi ons as well as weak social and economic limita ons that severely limit the capacity of the elderly to prepare for disasters, hinder their adaptability and constrain their ability to respond. The UN Charter 14 (UNISDR 2014) for older people in DRR focuses on three key principles of an inclusive approach to DRR and there are fourteen minimum standards which underpin these key principles. The three principles are: 1. In need: Older people have specific requirements which must be understood and responded to within all DRR ac vi es. 2. Invisible: Older people’s vulnerabili es and capaci es are o en overlooked; the collec on of data on people’s age and sex is essen a l to ensure older people and other people at risk are visible and supported in DRR. 49 Helpage India, h ps://www.helpageindia.org/our-work/welfare-development/disaster-management/ (accessed Sep 20, 2019) 79 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 3. Invaluable: Older people have years of knowledge, skills and wisdom which are invaluable assets in DRR and must be acknowledged, valued and engaged by suppor ng older people to par cipate in DRR. The Charter calls for stronger commitment from governments, donors and organiza ons to act on the shortcomings in DRR policies, strategies and prac ces that o en insufficiently respond to older people’s disaster risks. They must acknowledge and fulfil older people’s rights and engage older people’s capaci es and contribu ons. This charter has been developed through consulta ons with governments, NGOs, DRR and ageing experts as well as older men and women. The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Ci zens Act, 2007 provides legal framework for the wellbeing of senior ci zen lacking any support from family or close rela ves. In post disaster situa ons, it is essen al that the needs of elderly are considered separately, rather than clubbing them with others keeping in mind the specific concerns applicable to them. It is preferable to have community-based senior-ci zen support mechanisms so that the senior ci zens are not uprooted from their immediate surrounding. This should include efforts to educate local communi es about how they can help senior ci zens and raise their awareness about suppor ng the elderly. The district DRR plan may prepare a list of senior ci zens living without any family support. In the post disaster situa on, looking at the gravity of the situa on, the District Collector may take a call to set up temporary arrangements for the elderly and to take care of the personal needs such as food, medicine, shelter and other requirements. Special arrangements could be made to protect the property and assets of senior ci zens if required. 4.6 Persons with Disabili es (PWD) Disability is a contextual and evolving concept. The UN Conven on on the Rights of Persons with Disabili es (UNCRPD) states in its first ar cle: “Persons with disabili es include those who have long - term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interac on with various barriers may hinder their full and effec ve par cipa on in society on an equal basis with others”. The Conven on, in its ar cles 11 and 32, requires that persons with disabili es benefit from and par cipate in disaster relief, emergency response and disaster risk reduc on strategies. The Adop on of the Dhaka Declara on on Disability and Disaster Risk Management, in December 2015, acknowledges: “the importance of linking disability inclusive Disaster Risk Management (DRM) with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on the understanding that inclusion builds the resilience of the whole of society, safeguards development gains and minimizes disaster losses”. The popula on of PWD in India, as per census 2011, is 2.68 Cr, which is 2.2% of the popula on. Of these 56% are males and 44% are females. In the total popula on, the male and female popula on are 51% and 49% respec vely. Majority of the PWD (approx. 69%) live in rural areas, which is nearly same the share of rural popula on. A global survey by UNISDR50 in 2013 among 5,717 persons living with disabili es in 137 countries and eight non-self-governing territories examined why the number of the dead and injured PWD are dispropor onally high in conflict, disasters and other emergency situa ons. The survey showed that 72.9% of PWDs have no personal preparedness plans. PWDs across the world say they are rarely consulted about their needs. The survey found that in the event of a sudden disaster, only 20% of PWD could evacuate immediately without difficulty, while the majority would have some level of difficulty or not be able to evacuate at all. A Handicap Interna onal study 50 h ps://www.unisdr.org/archive/35032 (accessed on Sep. 20, 2019) 80 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN in 2015 (HI 2015) found that 75% of people with disabili es believe they are excluded from humanitarian responses to emergencies like natural disasters and conflict . It has been observed that persons with disabili es (PWD) are o en overlooked and thus not only excluded in risk reduc on and disaster response measures but are also subject to at higher risk than others. The NDMA has brought out relevant guidelines51 which must be consulted. Neglected throughout the DRM cycle, concerns about inclusion relate to limited social par cipa on in DRR ac vi es, poor access to informa on and services, poverty, invisibility during relief opera ons, response to basic needs not adapted and specific needs ignored. The most common priority iden fied by PWDs in the UNISDR survey of 2013 for improving inclusiveness of PWD in disaster risk reduc on is for the involvement of PWD in DRR-related ac vi es. The survey also emphasized the need for suppor ve policies, laws and promo on of support systems involving neighbours and local community. DRR efforts must specifically address the vulnerabili es of PWD among the affected popula on , rather than clubbing them with others. Special a en on must be paid to ensure that no PWD is abandoned a er a disaster. Local community -based efforts and support system including promo ng a buddy- system whereby each PWD have one or more persons in the neighbourhood who are responsible to act as a buddy to assist. The neighbours must be made aware of how they can help the PWD and provided training. The PWD must also make pro-ac ve efforts to iden fy people in the neighbourhood whom they can rely upon for assistance in emergencies. It is good to have more than one "buddy", par cularly in different areas where the PWD spend more me, such as workplace, home, or school. The more people who can assist are there so much the be er. It is also important for PWD to keep their helpers or buddies well informed about their special needs and for the helpers to remain in regular touch with those they are responsible for. A detailed disaster response planning at the local level must include lists of PWD in need special care. In the post disaster situa on, the agencies responsible for disaster management may set up temporary facili es that are barrier-free and friendly to PWD. The administra on can provide special arrangements to protect the property and assets of PWD, if required. 4.7 Making Disaster Risk Management Inclusive At each level, stage and step, DRR efforts need to be guided by the Ar cle 1 of the Universal Declara on of Human Rights that states: “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.” The DRR efforts must take up social inclusion as challenge recognizing its complex and diverse nature. A social inclusion strategy must iden fy a series of prac cal objec ves and ac ons that can significantly decrease or eliminate social exclusion in all aspects of DRR. The DRR efforts need to design local strategies to promote inclusion. All agencies involved in DRR – government, non-government or interna onal – must make special efforts to properly assess the needs of all the marginalized sec ons and par cularly vulnerable groups and to ensure full compliance with prescribed standards for assistance. Care must be taken to ensure that the vulnerability mapping exercises are able to iden fy properly all relevant factors. Efforts must be made to f acilitate the realiza on of rights and en tlements of all socially excluded sec ons. A poten al path forward in promo ng social inclusion is 51 Na onal Disaster Management Guidelines on Disability Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduc on, NDMA, 2019 . 81 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY to encourage community par cipa on as inclusion depends crucially on ac ve involvement of diverse sec ons of society. Social inclusion is theme cu ng across all aspects of DRR. While this chapter provides an overall perspec ve on the significance of social inclusion in DRR, its importance is given addi onal emphasis in different sec ons and related responsibility frameworks. Despite social inclusion being a cross - cu ng feature, it is added as a dis nct Thema c Area fo r DRR in the responsibility framework along with indica ve Sub-Thema c Areas. 82 4.8 Responsibility Framework—Social Inclusion Social inclusion being a cross-cu ng Thema c Area for DRR relevant to all types of hazards and disasters, the responsibili es rest with every agency. However, for clarity the lead agencies relevant to each Sub-Themes have been men oned. Central / State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Centre (Lead State (Lead Area for DRR Agencies) Responsibility - Centre Responsibility – State Agencies) • Guidance and support for • Ensure that special efforts are made to make DR R Lead Agencies: gender sensi ve DRR gender inclusive and to ensure par cipa on of approaches Lead Agencies: women MSJE and • Studies and research • Ensure that there are no discriminatory prac ces DSJE, DWCD that marginalise sexual and gender minori es at MWCD • Support for review and changes in exis ng any stage of DRR, Agencies with regula ons, norms and • Recognise the addi onal vulnerabili es of sexual Agencies with major roles: direc ves52 and gender minori es such as transgenders major roles: • Promote insurance/ risk • HRVCA - Risk Assessment to take care of women MHA, NDMA, transfer; encourage gender- and transgender vulnerabili es 1 Gender SDMA, DMD$ NIDM, MHFW sensi ve products/ • Use of Informa on and Data Management to campaigns from insurance support gender sensi ve approach - DDMA and Suppor ng Suppor ng providers SDMA Agencies: Agencies: • Guidelines, IEC, mass media • Convergence of concerned departments to ensure campaigns gender sensi ve DRR All Agencies All Agencies • Capacity development • Shelters/ Temp Shelters/ Relief Camps - provision Associated with Associated with guidelines for specific needs DRR directly or DRR directly or • Inclusion of gender concerns • Enabling Environment indirectly indirectly of DRR in curriculum • Review and changes in exis ng regula ons, norms development and direc ves to make them gender sensi ve 52 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Refers to prevailing rules and norms with respect to ownership, tenancy rights, tenurial rights and any other rules/ norms that are relevant to ensure inclusive DRM 83 84 Central / State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Centre (Lead State (Lead Responsibility - Centre Responsibility – State Area for DRR Agencies) Agencies) • Guidance on preven ng, • Training, Awareness, Mock drills, Voca onal checking and inves ga ng Training / Skill development discriminatory prac ces, • Empowering, especially leadership in DRR violence and abuse • Curriculum Development with gender sensi ve • Inter-agency support to approach prevent and stop trafficking • Specific knowledge products • Support from central • Promo ng insurance ins tu ons for gender- • Gender audit of DRR measures with the assistance sensi ve psycho-social of the State Women's Commission NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY support, post-disaster • Ensure joint ownership in the name of husband and rehabilita on (economic, wife of houses reconstructed and assets provided social etc.) under post-disaster recovery assistance Lead Agencies: • Guidance and support Lead Agencies: • HRVCA – Risk Assessment to specifically include • Promote studies and research MSJE, MTRA SC/ST vulnerabili es (loca onal, exis ng on DRR challenges for SC DSJE, DTWD discriminatory prac ces, is any, crea ng hindrances communi es Agencies with in DRR, access to informa on, access to risk • Promote studies and research major roles: reduc on resources) Scheduled on disaster response and Agencies with • Protec ng the tribal iden ty, tradi ons and Castes (SC) mi ga on strategies major roles: 2 MHA, NDMA, customs in post-disaster situa ons in different & appropriate and acceptable NIDM, MORD, phases of DRR Tribes (ST) to the tribal communi es SDMA, DMD$ MHUA, MHRD, • Ensure steps taken for DRR do not cause • Review and amendment of MOEF irreversible damage to the community’s culture, exis ng regula ons, norms tradi on, habitat and ecosystem and direc ves to make • Use of Informa on and Data Management to them consistent with needs support relevant issues - DDMA and SDMA of DRR Central / State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Centre (Lead State (Lead Area for DRR Responsibility - Centre Responsibility – State Agencies) Agencies) Suppor ng • Convergence between concerned departments in Suppor ng Agencies: schemes meant for SC/ST for DRR Agencies: All Agencies • Shelters/ Temp Shelters/ Relief Camps – non- All Agencies • Promote insurance/ risk Associated with discriminatory Associated with transfer DRR directly or • Ensuring enabling environment for par cipa on DRR directly or • Guidelines, IEC, mass media indirectly • Review and amendment of exis ng regula ons, indirectly campaigns norms and direc ves to address requirements of • Capacity development implemen ng DRR in SC/ST se lements (e.g. guidelines retrofi ng, social housing, hazard resistant • Inclusion of the concerns of construc on) SC/ST about DRR in • Training, Awareness, Mock drills, Voca onal curriculum development Training / Skill development • Empowering, especially leadership in DRR • Curriculum development with focus on issues of SC/ST communi es • Specific knowledge products • Promo ng insurance products/ campaigns • Include non-discriminatory implementa on of DRR in Social audit Lead Agencies: • Guidance and support for Lead Agencies: • Make special arrangements for disaster various DRR ini a ves for preparedness and safety of various children’s 3 Children MWCD, MHRD, children DWCD, EDD, SCPS ins tu ons53 MOLJ, NCPCR • Review regulatory and • Regulatory measures for ensuring school safety and ins tu onal needs for the disaster preparedness in schools 53 This includes all private and public ins tu ons dedicated for children – foster care centers, kindergartens, pre -schools, facili es for care of children with special needs, orphanages, children's homes, shelter homes, etc. and all ins tu ons designated for the care and protec on of children under Juvenile jus ce system . NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 85 86 Central / State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Centre (Lead State (Lead Area for DRR Responsibility - Centre Responsibility – State Agencies) Agencies) Agencies with protec on and safety of Agencies with • Regular mock drills and other preparedness major roles: children major roles: measures in all schools and children’s ins tu ons • Supervision and monitoring • Pay special a en on to children’s ins tu ons MHA, NDMA, of DRR ini a ves for children SDMA, DMD$, HD a er early warning and post-disaster NIDM – pre-school, school-going • Ensure that in post disaster situa ons children do and children not in school Suppor ng not face isola on, anxiety, trauma, separated from Suppor ng • Support for implemen ng Agencies: their families or parent(s) Agencies: measures for proper • Take adequate measures to prevent and st op child protec on and care of All Agencies NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY abuse and maintain strict vigil against child All Agencies disaster affected children Associated with trafficking Associated with • Mobilizing support to DRR directly or • Take measures to prevent and stop child labour in DRR directly or disaster-affected children indirectly post disaster situa on indirectly from na onal and • Sensi ze all agencies and key personnel associated interna onal agencies with protec on of child rights and safety, including working for children’s welfare those connected with juvenile jus ce such as • Guidance and support from police, CWC, JJB, CARA and DCPU NCPCR for care and • Promote community-based care and protec on of protec on of children the affected children. immediately a er a disaster • SCPS should ini ate steps to monitor post-disaster and during PDR threats to children and take counter measures along with the nodal agency at the state/UT for child rights and protec on Lead Agencies: Lead Agencies: • Sensi zing local communi es about addi onal • Guidance and support to vulnerabili es of the elderly persons in the 4 Elderly address DRR needs of the MHFW, MSJE HFWD, DSJE communi es and promote neighbourhood groups elderly or responsible individuals to assist the elderly Central / State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Centre (Lead State (Lead Responsibility - Centre Responsibility – State Area for DRR Agencies) Agencies) Agencies with • Promo ng awareness of the • Make special arrangements for disaster major roles: challenges faced by the Agencies with preparedness and safety of various ins tu ons for elderly in disasters major roles: the elderly such as old age homes, re rement MHA, NDMA, • Promo ng agencies and homes and shelter homes for the elderly NIDM organisa ons working for the SDMA, DMD$ • Linking organisa ons working for the welfare of welfare of the elderly to elderly with community ini a ves for DRR Suppor ng develop exper se for Suppor ng • Preparing lists of all the elderly persons living Agencies: suppor ng DRR efforts for Agencies: without adequate support, periodically reviewing the elderly their situa on and check the status of social All Agencies • Mobilizing support to the All Agencies network (neighbours, rela ves, friends) and other Associated with elderly in disaster-affected Associated with arrangements for their support DRR directly or areas from na onal and DRR directly or • In the risk season or a er early warnings, take indirectly interna onal agencies indirectly measures to ensure that the elderly is informed and working for the wellbeing of prepared the elderly • Involve elderly in disaster preparedness and planning to the extent they can contribute • Assess medical and health support needs of the elderly in each area and maintain stocks of crucial items • Special a en on to the protec on of property and assets of the elderly a er evacua on or post disaster situa ons Lead Agencies: Lead Agencies: • Sensi zing local communi es about the PWD living • Guidance and support to Persons in the community and their special needs MHFW, MSJE address DRR needs of PWDs a DSJE With par cularly during disasters 5 per global best prac ces Disabili es • Promote neighbourhood groups assist PWD or • Promo ng awareness of the (PWD) ensure a Personal Support Network consis ng of at DRR challenges for PWDs least three persons who are trusted for each PWD NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 87 88 Central / State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Centre (Lead State (Lead Area for DRR Responsibility - Centre Responsibility – State Agencies) Agencies) Agencies with • Promo ng agencies and Agencies with • Make special arrangements for disaster major roles: organisa ons working for the major roles: preparedness and safety of various ins tu ons for MHA, NDMA, welfare of PWDs to develop SDMA, DMD$, the PWD such as school for the blind, hostels for NIDM exper se in DRR HFWD PWD and any facili es dedicated to PWD • Mobilizing support to the • Linking organisa ons working for the welfare of Suppor ng PWDs in disaster-affected Suppor ng PWD with community ini a ves for DRR Agencies: areas from na onal and Agencies: • Preparing lists of all PWD, periodically reviewing interna onal agencies their situa on and check the status of social All Agencies working for the wellbeing of All Agencies network (neighbours, rela ves, friends) and other NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Associated with the PWDs Associated with arrangements for their support DRR directly or • Encourage technological DRR directly or • In an cipa on of a hazard or a er early warnings, indirectly support and innova ons for indirectly take measures to ensure that all PWDs are properly the benefit of the PWDs in informed and prepared DRR • Involve PWDs in disaster preparedness and planning as equal par cipants • Special a en on to the protec on of property and assets of the PWDs a er evacua on or post disaster situa ons (*) Applicable only to cases where shelters are relevant . ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Mainstreaming 5 Disaster Risk Reduc on 5.1 Background A disaster sets back development of the affected region and at mes beyond, depending on its scale. It can suddenly reverse decades or more of accumulated developmental gains. The impact can be minimised or reduced significantly if the affected community had incorporated adequate risk reduc on measures into the development. The losses to mul ple sectors of a disaster -affected region disrupts almost every sector of the economy and the quality of life of the people making it difficult to a ain development goals set prior to the disaster because considerable expenditure must be made on humanitarian assistance and for recovery. Investment in DRR is required for protec ng assets, proper es, development opportuni es and outcomes against disasters. According to an UNDP document every dollar invested into DRR could save seven dollars in disaster a ermath (UNDP 2012). The process of development, and the kind of development choices made could enhance disaster risks - the exis ng or by crea ng new. As per the provisions of the DM Act, all ministries, states, UTs, departments and agencies must have their own DM Plan. Unlike other components of a DMP, mainstreaming DRR must be incorporated into the overall plans, policies and programs rather than as a subcomponent of the DMP. DRR must become an integral part of every development plan and the DMP must provide indica ons how that will be accomplished in the DMP. At present there is, perhaps, some lack of clarity on this and this chapter provides both the perspec ve and a summary of how the prac ce of mainstreaming is evolving. Mainstreaming, by its very concept, is not a sub-component of a disaster-specific plan but an approach that must be woven into all developmental plans to reduce risks from disasters. Development without adequate incorpora on of DRR could worsen exis ng risks and has the likelihood of introducing new risks, increasing the nega ve impact of poten al disasters. Extensive and sound integra on of DRR into development can enhance disaster resilience, reduce losses and hasten the progress towards development goals. Thus, it is desirable that the development ini a ves and DRR are dealt with concurrently in a seamless manner into all the relevant policies, planning and implementa on. The climate change impacts act as risk mul pliers worsening uncertain es associated with almost every hydro-meteorological hazard. Therefore, all development ini a ves must factor in the likelihood of greater risks and increase in climate change -induced vulnerabili es. This requires incorpora on of risk management and climate adapta on as an intrinsic feature of all developmental efforts, especially in the areas where hazards are known to be high. Such an approach, which internalises DRR within development in a closely integrated manner is called mainstreaming DRR. It means radically expanding and enhancing DRR so that it becomes a normal prac ce, fully ins tu onalised within each agency’s regular planning and programmes in addi on to the preparedness for disaster response. For over two decades, there has been increasing a en on on the need to ‘mainstream’ disaster risk reduc on into development. This prompted many na ons address risks from natural hazards within their development frameworks in various ways and at different levels - spanning the legisla ve, ins tu onal, sectoral strategies and financial planning (Benson and Twigg, 2007). Development do not necessarily reduce disaster risk. It can unwi ngly create new risks or exacerbate the exis ng ones, with disasters likely to be both a cause and a product of development. The experiences from across 89 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY the world have highlighted the crucial importance of social inclusion in DRR. Social exclusion adversely affects both development and the capacity to cope with disasters. In addi on to the special emphasis on making DRR socially inclusive, the mainstreaming of DRR must also make social inclusion one of the intrinsic features. The Oslo Policy Forum (2008) concluded that rather than reducing disaster risk, development processes are in many cases giving rise to new forms of vulnerability impeding efforts to reduce poverty and promote growth. ‘Win–win’ solu ons for securing sustainable development, reducing poverty and strengthening hazard resilience therefore need to be explicitly and ac vely sought, par cularly as climate change is likely to increase the extreme weather events (Benson and Twigg, 2007). This process should take account of the impact of climate change on the intensity and frequency of hydro-meteorological events in the future, as well as historical hazard records. The recogni on of close linkages between development, disaster risk reduc on and global climate change have resulted in all the major global frameworks having a shared emphasis on building resilience. The concept of coherence and mutual reinforcement of the diverse ini a ves to achieve the na onal goals and those of the major global frameworks has also emerged. Given the highly cross-sectoral nature of these challenges, it is evident that they are naturally inseparable and almost indis nguishable from mainstreaming. 5.2 Mainstreaming—Sub Thema c Areas for DRR The strategic objec ve of mainstreaming is of ensuring that DRR within the ongoing development ini a ves lead to integra on of DRR into poverty reduc on efforts and sustainable socio -economic development by covering all aspects – ins tu onal, legisla ve, judicial and development policies. The key sub-thema c areas for mainstreaming DRR and crea ng the enabling environment for it emerging from the global discussions are: 1. Improving awareness and understanding of disaster risk 2. Enhanced legal support and be er disaster governance 3. Effec ve disaster risk transfer and risk management 4. Ensuring social inclusiveness in disaster risk management 5. Enabling coherence and mutual reinforcement of ini a ves under the major global frameworks for enhancing disaster resilience 6. Ins tu onal arrangements and capacity development (ins tu onal, human, community, technology, etc.) for DRR 7. Intra-government horizontal and ver cal integra on 8. Budget alloca ons for integra ng DRR concerns into development programs 9. Changes in project appraisal, scru ny of development plans, be er land-use regula ons, insistence on mul ple hazard resilient infrastructure 10. Se ng targets, meframes, indicators and monitoring mechanisms These broad themes need to be incorporated into the policies, plans and programs of government agencies at all levels as an integral part of their general plans, while their DM Plans will provide an outline or broad indica on of how it will be done. These are ideas and concepts that need to be developed further in opera onal terms and all agencies must explore ways to incorporate mainstreaming DRR in their regular planning and formula on of programmes. 90 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 5.3 Improving the Awareness and Understanding of Risk Increasing the awareness of disaster risk, ways to reduce it as well as manage it is an important element of mainstreaming DRR. It may be noted in this context that the Sendai Framework emphasises the role of improving the understanding and awareness of risk. The DRR policies and prac ces must be based on improved understanding of disaster risk in all its dimensions and communi es made aware of various aspects of disaster risk so that they are able to proac vely take preven ve measures. Such awareness is most cri cally essen al on the part of key line agencies, local authori es and communi es in high-risk areas. Disaster risk has a cascading nature with decisions in one sector poten ally changing disaster risk in another. Therefore, decision -makers across diverse sectors and levels of government as well as the private sector and civil society also must recognise the importance of considering disaster risk as an intrinsic part of all projects, programmes and ini a ves. 5.4 Legal Support and Disaster Governance Adequate and appropriate legisla ve arrangements for disaster risk management, including the mainstreaming of DRR into development, form a key component of an enabling environment. Revision of land-use regula ons and building codes and introduc on of judicial and other measures will be required to ensure enforcement. As a con nuous effort, it is necessary to improve and strengthen various laws having a bearing on DRR. DRR responsibili es must be explicitly incorporated in the du es of all branches of government. There is need to strengthen the ver cal and horizontal integra on of DRR plans between different levels of government, various line agencies and neighbouring local bodies. What this implies is the integra on of DRR into all the norms, regula ons, approval and monitoring rela ng to development through periodic reviews and amendments in addi on to those specific to disaster. 5.5 Disaster Risk Transfer A comprehensive disaster risk management strategy, ac vely involving stakeholders at all levels of government as well as the private sector, local communi es and civil society, is required to implement the legisla ve framework and to provide coordina on and monitoring mechanisms and arrangements. Individual disaster risk reduc on ac ons and programs need to be located within this strategy, rather than treated as discrete, individual measures. Moreover, the str ategy needs to indicate specific entry points and mechanisms for mainstreaming disaster risk reduc on concerns into both the broader development agenda and the design and implementa on of individual development ini a ves. The emphasis now is on managing risks going beyond disaster and emergency management, which tends to be concerned mainly with management of disaster events rather than risk. The risk management processes are con nuous and embedded within the broader development framework. There are various op ons for financing disaster risk management, i.e., Disaster Risk Financing Instruments (DFRI). DRFI are commonly classified as ex post (e.g., budget realloca ons, loan conversa ons, borrowing) or ex ante (accumulated reserves, precau ona ry savings, con ngent credit, risk transfer/insurance). Insurance is a type of ex ante financing, in which an at-risk party cedes all or some of its risk exposure to a third party in return for a premium payment. However, none of these are standalone or universal solu ons for DRR. For example, insurance is not a sufficient instrument 91 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY for achieving effec ve disaster risk management and disaster risk reduc on at a societal level. At -risk par es, whether individuals, businesses or governments, must decide when insurance is appropriate and what other tools to use when it is not. It must be noted that not all perils can be insured against. Various risk financing instruments must be integrated within an overall DRR strategy, enabling policies and suppor ng legal framework. The processes to facilitate and promote risk transfer involve iden fying aspects such as, a) various layers of disaster risk, b) who bears each level of risk and c) possible risk transfer instruments available to each layer (Le Quesne et al 2017). As part of risk layering, financing instruments must be selected based on the frequency and severity of disasters. Risks with high frequency and low severity (e.g., floods) can be self-financed by the insured party (government or affected populace). Disaster reserve funds or budgetary alloca on would be appropriate instruments in this case. On the other hand, risks with low frequency and high severity are likely to cause extensive damage and should be transferred to be er-equipped third par es. Integra ng risk transfer mechanisms into disaster risk informed development is challenging for policy-making and planning. 5.6 Ensuring Social Inclusiveness in Disaster Risk Management Importance of social inclusion for DRR was discussed earlier in considerable detail. Inclusive DRR is about equality of rights, equal opportuni es and the dignity of the individual irrespec ve of social background, community, age, gender or disability. Social inclusion is also a cross cu ng theme that needs to be an integral part of the mainstreaming efforts. A detailed list of Sub-Thema c Areas for DRR and responsibility framework has been provided in the chapter on social inclusion. Mainstreaming social inclusion in DRR must be based on the approach discussed in detail there and it is not necessary to reiterate it here. 5.7 Enabling Coherence and Mutual Reinforcement of Ini a ves under the Major Global Frameworks for Enhancing Disaster Resilience The process of defining the 2030 global agenda inevitably showed there is much to be gained from aligning plans, targets, ac ons and indicators across the separate but interlocking agreements. It was evident that there is significant poten al for designing financing mechanisms, policies and programmes that can deliver on more than one set of targets or frameworks. The very idea of coherence and mutual reinforcement implies concerted and mutually suppor ng efforts cu ng across several ministries and sectors. The efforts to achieve na onal goals under different major glo bal frameworks could be made to mutually reinforce each other, resul ng in cost -effec ve, faster and efficient implementa on. Given the way the ideas have emerged, coherence and mutual reinforcement goes beyond the usual formal inter -agency coordina on to achieve common targets. Instead, it heralds a new approach in which measures taken under one framework strengthens goals in all the three frameworks. The three global frameworks and the importance of coherence and mutual reinforcement have been elaborated in a separate chapter. It is evident from the very nature of coherence and mutual reinforcement that it can be implemented only by making it integral to the mainstreaming. To realise it, however, there is need to go beyond the conven onal coordina on and 92 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN planning mechanisms. From the perspec ve of DRR, some indica ve areas where a beginning can be made are: • Improving the understanding of disaster risk – both natural and those introduced or increased by developmental ac ons – in all its dimensions is an effort that must be integral to all development ini a ves by understanding risks in a broader sense, i.e., risks from hazards and those newly created • Understand the cascading nature of risk, of how decisions in one sector alters disaster risk in another in a cascading manner • Understand not only vulnerabili es from cascading risks, but also be er assess the capabili es to resist, absorb, and accommodate risks • Recognise disaster risk as an intrinsic part of all projects, programmes and ini a ves (by all decision-makers and at all levels – Govt., private sector and civil society) • Aligning the risk management approaches • Improving horizontal and ver cal integra on for DRR within government by making use of decision-making tools and informa on technology • Se ng targets, meframes, indicators and monitoring mechanisms to facilitate consolida on of efforts across sectors to enhance disaster resilience 5.8 Ins tu onal Arrangements and Capacity Development for Disaster Risk Management DRR is a crosscu ng responsibility that needs to be ‘owned’ by all government agencies rather than by a single nodal department or agency designated for it. That requires the ins tu ons to explicitly recognise the DRR requirements and pay a en on to implemen ng a dequate ins tu onal arrangements required for addressing relevant accountability and responsibility concerns. The nodal agencies at the na onal and state levels must provide leadership, determine broad disaster risk management policies, oversee implementa on and advocate for the inclusion of disaster risk reduc on concerns in broader development. The capacity development shall cover all aspects such as ins tu onal, human, community and technology applica ons. 5.9 Intra-Government Coordina on and Integra on Since there are mul ple line agencies, sectors and levels of administra on involved in development ini a ves at na onal and state levels, mechanisms of inter -agency coordina on and integra on must be strengthened to ensure that locally iden fied needs are reflected in higher -level plans and strategies. The inter-departmental and inter-ministerial coordina on or horizontal coordina on is important given the crosscu ng nature of DRR and the poten al implica ons of one agency ’s decisions on another. 5.10 Budget Alloca ons Integra on of disaster risk concerns into government budgets should be tackled from two angles, ensuring that levels of public expenditure on risk reduc on are sufficient and that there are adequate financial arrangements to manage the residual risk. The presence of residual risk implies a con nuing 93 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY need to develop and support effec ve capaci es for emergency services, preparedness, response and recovery, together with socioeconomic policies such as safety nets and risk transfer mechanisms, as part of a holis c approach. While there are certain budgetary alloca ons to par ally address requirements of relief (e.g., Na onal Disaster Response Fund, State Disaster Response Fund), the mainstreaming of DRR requires each ministry, department and state/UT to make adequate provision for DRR as an integral part of the main budget by ensuring that all the major ac vi es have incorporated DRR. 5.11 Changes in Project Appraisal DRR considera on must become part of the appraisal processes of various development projects to ensure that development gains are sustainable and to ensure that DRR components and development components of projects are mutually reinforcing. There are some examples of how development projects have been implemented by properly recognising and without underes ma ng risks, thereby avoiding the crea on of new risks (e.g., adequately factoring in seismicity, properly es ma ng flooding probabili es, ensuring restric ons against urban sprawl into industrial hazard-prone areas, strengthening land-use regula ons by incorpora ng hazard risk adequately). The project evalua ons at different stages from concept stage to detailed project report for implementa on needs to be as much informed by hazard likelihoods as possible. The project appraisals and EIA should include DRR and climate change concerns a lot more systema cally than is usually done currently in many parts of the world. Changes must be incorporated in the budget approval and financial sanc oning procedures employed by the Expenditure Finance Commi ee (EFC) and the Standing Finance Commi ee (SFC) to make DRR evalua on mandatory. 5.12 Se ng Targets, Timeframes and Indicators Capacity to monitor and evaluate disaster risk reduc on initia ves, generate hard evidence on related inputs, outputs, results and impacts, and learn lessons for the future is an essen al component of the enabling environment for mainstreaming. Although mainstreaming is essen ally con nuous and pervasive, it is necessary to set targets to achieve DRR outcomes along with appropriate meframes, responsibility frameworks and measurable indicators. Again, it must be recognised that all these apply to all aspects and sectors of development and governance as mainstreaming will be an ongoing and unending process that would become more and more ghtly interwoven into all developmental ini a ves. Nevertheless, given the fact that DRR mainstreaming had a very slow start, it is necessary to proceed in a phased manner with the ini al phase focussing on how to incorporate it into the overall plans, followed by the se ng medium and long-term goals. Basically, the phasing should be consistent with the priori es set in the NDMP in terms of short, medium and long-term goals. What needs to be done by the centre, state and UTs are described in a broad manner in the chapter on the responsibility framework for building disaster resilience. 5.13 Implementa on Mainstreaming is the internalisa on of risk awareness and incorpora on of risk reduc on measures into the main or the overall policies and programmes within and outside government. The NDMP can only provide broad perspec ve on mainstreaming DRR. Each ministry, department, state and agencies must review current programmes to include DRR to the extent possible cost effec vely within their 94 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN main budget and ensure comprehensive appraisal of all new ini a ves (policies, plans, programmes, projects, etc.) based on the perspec ves provided in the NDMP. DRR is a common theme amo ng the post-2015 global frameworks and NDMP emphasises the benefits of building coherence and mutual reinforcement among all na onal efforts associated with these frameworks, which involves many elements going beyond the NDMP into the domain of larger developmental efforts. The implementa on of mainstreaming depends on how these considera ons have been woven into the main ac vi es as integral to them and not as separate components under the DMP of each. Therefore, it should be noted that NDMP as a standalone document cannot provide details of how different central ministries and state governments will be mainstreaming DRR, which will be through ght integra on of DRR in their respec ve main plans. The NDMP provides in different sec ons and sub - sec ons, Thema c Areas and Sub-Thema c Areas relevant to mainstreaming of DRR. 95 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 96 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Building Disaster Resilience 6 – Responsibility Framework: Part-A, Prelude 6.1 Introduc on This chapter is essen ally a prelude to the detailed responsibility framework for realising DRR and building resilience presented in the next chapter. This includes almost all aspects of pre -disaster risk management. The complex and extensive nature of the tasks is summarised in this chapter and the detailed responsibility framework described in the next chapter. The responsibility framework provides a brief descrip on of ac ons, list of key agencies responsible from the centre and state and relevant me frames. Four categories of me frames, running concurrently in most cases, are: 1) Recurring/ Regular (day-to-day) 2) Short Term (T1, ending 2022) 3) Medium Term (T2, ending 2027) 4) Long Term (T3, ending 2030) It must always be understood that the me frames T1, T2, and T3 run concurrently in most cases and not necessarily sequen ally. Of course, there will be some tasks which can begin only when certain pre-requisites are sa sfied or can be implemented sequen ally in phases, while there are some which must be started at the earliest for it to be completed within the me frame . Many ac ons are ongoing and several are con nua on of those in previous version of NDMP. The goal is to implement as many as possible by 2030. A star ng year is not men oned because many of the ac ons are ongoing and many were stated in the previous version of the NDMP. A er the paradigm shi from an approach to addressing disasters that weighed heavily on relief and response to a radically different one based on DRR and prepa redness, there has been another major shi , partly incremental and partly drama c, towards building disaster resilience. This global shi centres on disaster risk management rather than disaster management. The principal features of this trend are enhancing resilience through reducing risks, be er preparedness, systema c understanding of hazards, minimising the crea on of new risks as part of development, inves ng significantly in DRR, improving governance and mainstreaming DRR. The DM Act 2005 and the Na onal Policy 2009 had made a paradigm shi towards proac ve disaster management by laying emphasis on long -term DRR. The global frameworks – Hyogo (2005-15) and Sendai (2015-30) – signify calibrated shi towards internalisa on of DRR and making it an integral part of development ini a ves. The DMP explicitly and implicitly incorporates the coherence among the major post -2015 global ini a ves, the corresponding na onal efforts, new ini a ves of the government, an emphasis on social inclusion and the mainstreaming of DRR, i.e., making DRR an integral feature of development. As men oned in Chapter-1, all these cons tute the five main pillars of NDMP (reiterated here for con nuity): I. Conforming to the na onal legal mandates – the DM Act 2005 and the NPDM 2009 II. Par cipa ng proac vely to realise the global goals as per agreements to which India is a signatory – Sendai Framework for DRR, SDGs and COP21 (Paris Agreement) – consistent with the interna onal consensus for achieving mutual reinforcement and coherence of these frameworks 97 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY III. Prime Minister’s Ten Point Agenda for DRR ar cula ng contemporary na onal priori es IV. Social inclusion as a ubiquitous and cross-cu ng principle V. Mainstreaming DRR as an integral feature This chapter describes various Thema c Areas (TA) for DRR, the related Sub-Thema c Areas (sub-TA) and the responsibility framework envisaged for implementa on. A major component of DRR, undoubtedly, is various types of mi ga on measures. The DM Act 2005 defines "Mi ga on" as measures aimed at reducing the risk, impact, or effects of a disaster or threatening disaster situa on. ” Goal of mi ga on is to minimize risks from mul ple hazards and the threats from individual hazards need not always occur in isola on. At mes, a hazardous event can trigger secondary events. For example, an earthquake can produce a tsunami or may create flooding or landslides. Similarly, cyclones o en lead to flooding and various other cascading events spread over an area wider than the primary event. In addi on, demographics, nature of human se lements, and effects of global climate change can magnify the vulnerability of the communi es at risk. The DM Plan focuses on enhancing the mi ga on capabili es for mul ple hazards, their likely cascading effects. 6.2 Thema c Areas for DRR The DMP, incorporates key principles enunciated in the DM Act, Na onal Policy, the three major post - 2015 global frameworks, the PM’s Ten Point Agenda, a special focus on social inclusion and an emphasis on mainstreaming. The guiding principles of Sendai Framework states that disaster risk reduc on requires responsibili es to be shared by different divisions of governments and various agencies. The effec veness in disaster risk reduc on will depend on coordina on mechanisms within and across sectors and with relevant stakeholders at all levels. For each hazard, the approach used in this na onal plan incorporates into the planning framework the key themes enunciated in the Sendai Framework and addi onal ones based on a broader approach to DRR elaborated earlier. These are grouped under the following six Thema c Areas for DRR: 1. Understanding Risk 2. Inter-Agency Coordina on 3. Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 4. Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures 5. Capacity Development 6. Climate Change Risk Management Separate chapters (3, 4, and 5) have been devoted to the discussion of three crosscu ng Thema c Areas—a) coherence and mutual reinforcement for DRR of the post-2015 global frameworks, b) social inclusion and c) mainstreaming DRR. 6.2.1 Understanding Risk This Thema c Area focuses on understanding disaster risk, the Priority-1 in the Sendai Framework and the integra on of numerous ac ons needed for strengthening disaster resilience. The Sub-Thema c Areas are: a) Observa on Networks, Informa on Systems, Research, Forecas ng, b) Zoning/ Mapping, c) Monitoring and Warning Systems, d) Hazard Risk, Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (HRVCA), and e) Dissemina on of Warnings, Data, and Informa on. Having adequate systems to provide warnings, disseminate informa on, and carry out meaningful monitoring of hazards are crucial to 98 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN disaster risk reduc on, and improving resilience. They are also an integral part of improving the understanding of risk. 6.2.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on Inter-agency coordina on is a key component of strengtheni ng the disaster risk governance - Priority- 2 of the Sendai Framework. The Sub-Thema c Areas for DRR are: a) Overall disaster governance b) Response c) Providing warnings, informa on, and data and d) Non-structural measures. The central ministries and agencies men oned are those vested with hazard-specific responsibili es by the Govt. of India or those expected to play major roles in the thema c areas given in the responsibility framework. 6.2.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures Undertaking necessary structural measures is one of the thema c areas for DRR and enhancing resilience. These consist of various physical infrastructure and facili es required to help communi es cope with disasters. The implementa on of these measures is essen al to enhance disaster preparedness, a component of Priority-4 of the Sendai Framework. It is also an important component of inves ng in disaster risk reduc on for resilience, which is Priority-3 of Sendai Framework. 6.2.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures Sets of appropriate laws, mechanisms, and techno-legal regimes are crucial components in strengthening the disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk, which is Priority-2 of the Sendai Framework. These non-structural measures comprising of laws, norms, rules, guidelines, and techno- legal regime (e.g., building codes) provide the legal regime that facilitates mainstreaming disaster risk reduc on into development ac vi es. It empowers authori es to enhance disaster resilience. The central and state governments will have to set up necessary ins tu onal support for enforcement, monitoring, and compliance. 6.2.5 Capacity Development Capacity development is a recurring theme in all DRR efforts. The Sendai Priority-2 (Strengthening DRR governance to manage DR) and Priority-3 (Inves ng in DRR for resilience) are central to capacity development. The capacity development includes training programs, curriculum development, large - scale awareness crea on efforts, and carryi ng out regular mock drills and disaster response exercises. The capabili es to implement, enforce, and monitor various disaster mi ga on measures must be improved at all levels from the local to the higher levels of governance. It is also strengthening the DRR governance at all levels to be er manage risk and to make the governance systems more responsive. 99 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 6.2.6 Climate Change Risk Management Climate change significantly alters the geographic spread, frequency and intensity of hydro- metrological extreme events. It can also exacerbate their impacts. Investments in DRR can play an important role in suppor ng communi es to adapt to climate change. As the impacts of climate change are increasingly felt, more financial and technical resources will be needed to support vulnerable people to adapt to the nega ve impacts. Planning for DRR must be informed by the likely climate change impacts and scenarios. There are major knowledge and data gaps concerning climate change impacts, impact scenarios and its effects on various hydro-metrological hazards, which need to be kept in mind while examining the me frames and ac ons listed under this Thema c Area for DRR. 100 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 7 Building Disaster Resilience – Responsibility Framework: Part-B The complex and extensive nature of the task of building disaster resilience is presented in a concise form in this chapter along with the necessary detailed responsibility framework. The previous chapter provides a prelude to this chapter, which may be referred for brief discussion on the broader aspects related to the subject of this chapter. Managing disaster risk and building resilience requires the involvement of mul ple agencies at different levels from the local administra ve bodies and communi es to the central ministries, departments and agencies. Different agencies must carry out not only their own responsibili es but also work in a well-coordinated way with several others. For the disaster risk management plans to succeed, it is necessary to iden fy various stakeholders/agencies and clearly specify their roles and responsibili es. At all levels - from local to the centre - the relevant authori es must ins tu onalise programmes and ac vi es at the ministry/department levels and increase inter-ministerial and inter-agency coordina on and networking. They must also ra onalise and augment the exis ng regulatory framework and infrastructure. This chapter covers the hazards and disaster situa ons listed below: 1. Cyclone and Wind 2. Floods 3. Urban Floods 4. Seismic/ Earthquake 5. Tsunami 6. Landslides and Snow Avalanches 7. Drought 8. Cold Wave and Frost 9. Thunderstorm, Lightning, Dust, Squall and Strong Winds 10. Cloudburst and Hailstorm 11. Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) 12. Heatwave 13. Chemical (Industrial) Emergencies 14. Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies 15. Biological and Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) 16. Fires 17. Forest Fire The primary role of the central agencies in most disasters and emergencies is of providing various types of support to the disaster-affected State or the UT, usually in response to requests for assistance. However, in certain disasters or when the situa on requires, the central agencies will play a pro -ac ve role. In the domains of DM planning, preparedness, and capacity building, the central agencies will constantly work for to upgrade the DM systems and prac ces as per global trends. For each hazard, in the sub-sec ons that follow, themes for ac on are presented in a separate responsibility framework for each of the six Thema c Areas (TA) for DRR and related Sub-Thema c Areas. 101 102 7.1 Cyclone and Wind 7.1.1 Understanding Risk Cyclone and Wind Understanding Risk Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Promote research and studies – both in- house and extra-mural by providing research grants to researchers and NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY ins tu ons • Studies on ecosystem and shoreline Recurring/ Regular (RR) changes • Support and coordina on Observa on • Promote availability in public domain • Sponsor studies, research and Networks, MOES*, DOS, cyclone database and forecasts documenta on Informa on MOST, Short Term (T1) DMD$, SDMA, • Promote studies on socio-economic Systems, MOJS, • Enhancement of Observa onal Network RD, SLRTI, impacts of cyclone and wind hazards 1 Monitoring, MEITY, Sta ons (ONS) DDMA, PRIs, Short Term (T1) Research, NLRTI, • Establishment of planned Automa c ULBs Cons tute State Level Coastal Advisory Forecas ng & Early MOEFCC Weather Sta ons (AWS) and Rain-Gauge Commi ees as per need Warning Network (RGN) Medium Term (T2) • Enhancement of a Doppler Weather Radar Studies on socio-economic on coping Network over coastal regions capabili es and impacts • Integra on of all ONS with AWS & RGN in one single pla orm Medium Term (T2) • Moderniza on of observa on network, equipment, systems, technology Cyclone and Wind Understanding Risk Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Establishment of at least one High Wind Speed Recorder and one surge recorder for each coastal district, vulnerable to cyclones • Aircra Probing of Cyclones Long Term (T3) • Land- and Ocean-based observa on systems • Research and studies to improve forecasts • Augmenta on of high-resolu on ver cal soundings and DWR network • Airborne Doppler Weather Radar (ADWR) • Airborne Laser Terrain Mapp ing (ALTM) • Establish atmospheric observa onal network complimented by mul -pla orm satellite and aircra -based profiler observa ons Recurring/ Regular (RR) Support the prepara on of detailed maps to MOES*, DOS, delineate coastal wetlands, mangroves and SDMA, SLRTI, Recurring/ Regular (RR) 2 Zoning/ Mapping MOEFCC, shelterbelts and tracts for coastal bio-shields DDMA Carry out the mapping and related studies MOST, NLRTI using best tools, field studies, and satellite data Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) MOES*, Hazard Risk • Promote studies, documenta on and Undertake HRVCA as part of preparing and MOST, Vulnerability and research SDMA, DDMA, periodic revision of DM plans, and for MOEFCC, $ 3 Capacity • Studies on vulnerabili es and capaci es DMD , SLRTI, RD, development planning MSJE, NLRTI, Assessment covering social, physical, economic, DSJE, PRIs, ULBs Short Term (T1) NDMA, (HRVCA) ecological, gender, social inclusion and Cons tute/ strengthen the mechanism s for NIDM NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN equity aspects consulta on with experts and stakeholders 103 Cyclone and Wind Understanding Risk 104 Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Provide technical support and guidance for comprehensive HRVCA Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Dissemina on of warnings to all Recurring/ Regular (RR) (including fishermen), down to the last • Quick, clear, effec ve dissemina on among mile – remote, rural or urban; Regular central and state agencies updates to people in areas at risk • Deployment of communica on equipment • Warnings using all types of op ons, types • Warnings using all types of op ons, types of technologies, and media MOES* of technologies, and media DMD$, SDMA, • Monitoring compliance by various Dissemina on of NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY MOIB, MEITY • Providing weather informa on online and DDMA, RD, network operators and service providers 4 warnings, data, MOST, offline and interface with mobile network DDMA, PRIs, Short Term (T1) and informa on MCOM service ULBs, IPRD Establishing seamless interface between • Providing warnings on radio, TV, and cell na onal and state networks phones Medium Term (T2) Medium Term (T2) • Ensure facili es and infrastructure for the Facilita ng last-mile connec vity and access implementa on of adequate access of to disaster risk informa on informa on to communi es at risk • Deployment of communica on equipment Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) MHA*, Systema c data management of data on Systema c data management of data on Disaster Data MOSPI, all disaster damage and loss assessments DMD$, SDMA, all disaster damage and loss assessments 5 Collec on and ministries/ Short Term (T1) depts. Short Term (T1) Management depts. Disaster Damage and Losses 2005-2015 Disaster Damage and Losses 2005-2015 baseline baseline Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.1.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on Cyclone and Wind Inter-Agency Coordina on Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Prepara on and implementa on of DM plans and ensure the func oning of DMD$, agencies with DM tasks Overall disaster Recurring/ Regular (RR) SDMA, RD, 1 MOES* • All aspects of disaster risk management governance Providing coordina on, technical inputs, and support DDMA, PRIs, and mainstreaming DRR ULBs • Ensuring coherence and mutual reinforcement of DRR, CCA and development DMD$, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) SDMA, RD, • Organising and coordina ng the 2 Response MHA Organising and coordina ng central assistance DDMA, PRIs, immediate response ULBs • Coordinate with central agencies Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, Warnings, MOES*, Effec ve coordina on and seamless communica on Coordina ng the dissemina on of warnings SDMA, RD, 3 Informa on, MEITY, among central and state agencies to ensure quick, to all, down to the last mile – remote, rural DDMA, PRIs, Data NDMA clear, effec ve dissemina on of warnings, or urban; Regular updates to people in areas ULBs informa on and data at risk Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, Coordina on among central and state agencies for a) Coordina on among state agencies for Non-structural MHA, SDMA, RD, 4 revised/ updated rules, norms b) adop on of ensuring updated norms/ codes and their measures NDMA, BIS DDMA, PRIs, new/updated standards, c) enact/amend laws, implementa on, enforcement and ULBs regula ons and d) adopt/ review policies monitoring Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 105 106 7.1.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures Cyclone and Wind Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Establishment/ Ensure round the clock Recurring/ Regular (RR) $ strengthening of Relevant Central opera ons of EOCs during DMD , SDMA, Ensure round the clock opera ons of EOCs during the 1 Emergency Ministries, MHA the Flood season with ULBs, PRIs flood season with adequate human resources to Opera on Centres adequate respond to urban flood manpower/resources Short Term (T1) NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Iden fica on of safe buildings and sites to serve as temporary shelters for people and livestock evacuated Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, from locali es at risk Mul -Purpose NDMA, MHUA, 2 RD, DDMA, PRIs, Medium Term (T2) Cyclone Shelters MOST Technical support ULBs Construc on of mul -purpose shelters in coastal villages/habita ons prone to frequent cyclones Long Term (T3) Ensure compliance with relevant building codes Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Review all housing schemes Review all housing schemes to ensure that appropriate to ensure that appropriate mul -hazard safety norms, including cyclone-resistant mul -hazard safety norms, features are incorporated in all social housing schemes including cyclone-resistant $ DMD , SDMA, Medium Term (T2) features are incorporated Social Housing DDMA, PRIs, • Ensure that mul -hazard, especially cyclone-resistant 3 MORD, MHUA in all social housing Schemes ULBs, DRD, UDD, features are incorporated in planning and execu on schemes PRD of social housing schemes • Ensure compliance with relevant building codes Medium Term (T2) Long Term (T3) Ensure that cyclone- Carry out retrofi ng of social housing without mul - resistant features are hazard, especially cyclone-resistant features incorporated in planning Cyclone and Wind Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State and execu on of social housing schemes Long Term (T3) Carry out retrofi ng of all social housing without mul -hazard, especially cyclone-resistant features Hazard resistant construc on, strengthening, and Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) NDMA, MHUA, 4 retrofi ng of all Guidance and DDMA, PRIs, Collabora on with technical agencies and MOST lifeline structures implementa on ULBs implementa on and cri cal infrastructure Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.1.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures Cyclone and Wind Non-Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State DMD$, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Laws Recurring/ Regular (RR) RD, Ecologically sound land-use zona on • Regula ons MOES, • Guidance and Support Environment/ Regula ng aquaculture, and groundwater • Enforcement MOEFCC, • Oversight and monitoring of compliance 1 Forest Dept., extrac on mechanisms DOS, BIS, with coastal zone laws DFIN Strengthen land-use planning NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN • Techno-Legal MFIN Short Term (T1) DMD$, CADA, regimes Review and Update relevant codes CZMA, 107 108 Cyclone and Wind Non-Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Ins tu onal DDMA, PRIs, Consider shoreline erosion, risk to structures, Arrangements ULBs monitoring shoreline changes paying a en on • Codes for disaster to the preserva on of natural barriers risk reduc on DMD$, Forest Short Term (T1) • Compliance Dept., UDD, No fica on of coastal zones for different monitoring DRD, CZMA, purposes as per CRZ guidelines and techno-legal DDMA, PRIs, framework of town and country planning rules; ULBs enforcement and monitoring NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY DMD$, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) MOES, RD, DDMA, Promote coastal shelterbelts as a All coastal states and UTs will undertake the MORD, PRIs, ULBs, mandatory component under na onal spread, preserva on and MOEFCC Environment/ afforesta on programme restora on/regenera on of bio -shields Forest Dept. Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Guidance and Support for Formula ng a CWC, All DMD$, SDMA, Promote risk insurance regulatory framework for flood plain ministries RD, DDMA, Short Term (T1) zoning and flood inunda on and IRD, PRIs, Cons tute task teams jointly with central management in cyclone-prone coastal departments ULBs agencies for implemen ng land-use regula on areas as per zoning guidelines • Promote risk insurance MOES, NDMA, Public Private MCA*, MCF, Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) 2 Partnerships MOCI, MPFI, Guidance RD, DDMA Promote private par cipa on MHIPE, MFIN MFIN*, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) NDMA, Implementa on of Risk Transfer DFIN*, DMD$, Implementa on of Risk Transfer Arrangements 3 Risk Transfer MHA, Arrangements including mul -hazard SDMA, DAG including mul -hazard insurance for life and MAFW insurance for life and property property Cyclone and Wind Non-Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Policy Framework Policy Framework Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.1.5 Capacity Development Cyclone and Wind Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, DDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Training and orienta on programs for state RD, SIDM, ATI, Training and orienta on programs govt. staff, and other direct stakeholders NIDM, NDMA, Technical Training for central govt. staff, SDRF, CDEF, such as: civil society, media-persons, NLRTI, NDRF Ins tutes, SIRD, Police Community, Volunteers, and other elected representa ves, professionals for Training Academies, direct stakeholders veterinary care and support to disaster- 1 Training AHD affected animals Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) NDMA, NIDM, Incorpora ng disaster response, Incorpora ng disaster response, search DMD$, SDMA, DDMA, NDRF, MYAS, search and rescue in the training and rescue in the training programs of RD, SIDM, ATI MOD programs of youth such as NCC, youth such as village volunteers, protec on NYKS, Scouts and Guides and NSS of disaster-affected animals Medium Term (T2) Medium Term (T2) Update curriculum for EDD, Professional MHRD, UGC, Update curriculum for undergraduate undergraduate engineering Bodies and Councils in NIDM, NLRTI engineering courses to include topics Curriculum courses to include topics relevant States 2 relevant for cyclone Risk Management Development for cyclone Risk Management Medium Term (T2) Medium Term (T2) NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN HFWD, EDD MHFW, NLRTI Introduc on of Crisis Introduc on of Crisis Management, 109 Management, emergency medical emergency medical response/recovery and Cyclone and Wind Capacity Development 110 Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State response/recovery and trauma trauma management at Diploma /UG/ PG management at Diploma /UG/ PG levels for Health Professionals levels for Health Professionals Medium Term (T2) Medium Term (T2) CBSE Introducing basic DM concepts in State Educa on Boards Introducing basic DM concepts in curriculum curriculum • Carry out mass media campaigns Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Promote a tude and behaviour • Carry out mass media campaigns change in the awareness • Promote a tude and behaviour change campaigns/ IEC in the awareness campaigns/ IEC NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Long Term (T3) Long Term (T3) • Promote culture of disaster risk • Promote culture of disaster risk NDMA, NDRF, preven on, mi ga on, and preven on, mi ga on, and be er risk Awareness 3 CAPF, NIDM, be er risk management management Genera on MOES • Promote use of insurance/ risk DMD$, SDMA, RD, • Promote use of insurance/ risk transfer transfer DDMA, SDRF, F&ES, • Promote Community Radio • Promote Community Radio CDEF, Police • Strengthening network of civil society • Strengthening network of civil organiza ons for awareness genera on society organiza ons for about DRR and DM awareness genera on about • Informa on on care and protec on of DRR and DM disaster-affected animals Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) NDMA, NDRF, Promote planning and execu on 4 Mock Drills/ Exercises Joint planning and execu on of emergency MOD, CAPF of emergency drills by all drills ministries and in all States/UTs NDMA, NIDM, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) $ Voca onal Training/ MSDE, NSDA, Promo ng skill development for DMD , SDMA, DDMA, • Conduct training programmes 5 Skill Development NSDC, IIE, mul -hazard resistant construc on RD, SLSDA • Crea ng ToT teams for different trades NIESBUD, in cyclone-prone areas for relevant to cyclone-resistant construc on Cyclone and Wind Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State MMSME, different types of housing and NLSDA infrastructure Recurring/ Regular (RR) Empowering women, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Incorpora ng gender sensi ve and marginalised Incorpora ng gender sensi ve and DMD$, SDMA, DSJE, MSJE, MWCD, equitable approaches in capacity 6 communi es, and equitable approaches in capacity RD, SIDM, ATI, DDMA, NDMA, NIDM development covering all aspects of persons with development covering all aspects PRIs, ULBs disaster management at the state, district, disabili es of disaster management and local levels Recurring/ Regular (RR) Training for PRI, SHG, NCC, NSS, youth, NDMA, NIDM, Community-Based DMD$, SDMA, RD, local community organiza ons NDRF, MOD, Recurring/ Regular (RR) 7 Disaster DDMA, SIDM, ATI, PRIs, Short Term (T1) CAPF, MORD, Promo on, Guidance, and Support Management ULBs Strengthen ability of communi es to MHUA manage and cope with disasters based on a mul -hazard approach Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.1.6 Climate Change Risk Management Cyclone and Wind Climate Change Risk Management Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Support na onal risk reduc on Research, MOES*, DOS, Promote studies and research on climate DMD$, SDMA, RD, efforts related to GACC Forecas ng, Data MOST, MOEFCC, 1 change-related risks and adapta on AGD., AHD, FIHD, • Coordina on with central agencies Management, MAFW, NDMA, op ons WRD, EFD, SLRTI • Sponsor and promote state-specific Zoning, Mapping NLRTI NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN efforts and local efforts for GACC mi ga on and adapta on 111 Cyclone and Wind Climate Change Risk Management 112 Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) • Develop GACC impact scenarios that Medium Term (T2) have bearing on cyclonic ac vity and Document state-specific GACC impacts sea surges and coping mechanisms • Studies on GACC driven ecosystem and Long Term (T3) shoreline changes • Promote state-specific studies on • Assess enhanced risks (economic, enhanced risks (economic, social, social, etc.) under different GACC etc.) under different GACC impact impact scenarios scenarios • Carry out risk zona on/mapping of • Promote research studies with State NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY climate change impacts considering specific contexts on GACC and various sea-level rise and shoreline consequent changes in hazards change scenarios • Research studies on mutual coherence and mutual reinforcement of GACC and risk management along the coast Long Term (T3) • Develop Data base management system for GACC impacts • Develop forecas ng model for risks from GACC and its likely impacts Long Term (T3) • Assess the changes in risk, vulnerability Long Term (T3) Hazard Risk and capaci es under GACC impact DMD$, SDMA, RD, • Promote state-specific studies on Vulnerability and scenarios MOES*, NIDM, EFD, AGD, FIHD, vulnerabili es, capaci es and risks 2 Capacity • Assess GACC risks of vulnerable and MOEFCC, NLRTI WRD DDMA, PRIs, under GACC impact scenarios Assessment marginalised sec ons ULBs, SLRTI • Assess GACC risks of vulnerable and (HRVCA) • Provide technical support and guidance marginalised sec ons for comprehensive HRVCA considering GACC impacts Cyclone and Wind Climate Change Risk Management Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Sensi sa on and awareness crea on • Support na onal CCA efforts • Coordina on with central agencies Medium Term (T2) • Sponsor and promote state-specific • Understanding CCA needs efforts and local efforts for GACC • Study GACC coping mechanisms mi ga on and adapta on • Develop CCA mechanisms Medium Term (T2) Long Term (T3) DMD$, SDMA, Develop local adapta on strategies and Climate Change MOES*, MOST, • Promote appropriate combina ons EFD*, RD, pilot projects 3 Adapta on DOS, MOJS, MAFW, of Green and Blue infrastructure Agriculture Dept., Long Term (T3) (CCA) MOEFCC approach WRD DDMA, PRIs, • Sponsor and promote state-specific • Support the implementa on GACC ULBs efforts and local efforts adapta on programs • Promote appropriate combina ons of • Promote adap ve measures in social Green and Blue infrastructure protec on programmes for the approach vulnerable groups • Implementa on of GACC adapta on programs • Integrate adap ve measures in social protec on programmes for the vulnerable groups Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 113 114 7.2 Flood 7.2.1 Understanding Disaster Risk Flood Understanding Disaster Risk Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Support and cooperate with Assessment, Monitoring, and Scien fic studies central agencies Short Term (T1) • Sponsor state-specific efforts; • Prepara on of close contour and flood vulnerability support local efforts for flood maps management NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Modernisa on of flood forecas ng and warning • Support local informa on systems on a river basin basis systems and update data for • Assist states/UTs in the iden fica on of priority flood be er flood management Observa on protec on and drainage improvement works Short Term (T1) Networks, DMD$, IRD., * • Monitoring of flood preparedness, river basin and • Implemen ng and monitoring of Informa on MOES , WRD, reservoir management plans flood preparedness, river basin Systems, MOJS/CWC*, SDMA, 1 Medium Term (T2) and reservoir management plans Monitoring, MAFW, DOS, DDMA, • Studies and monitoring of rivers flowing from including upda ng rule curves, Research, MEITY, NLRTI SLRTI, PRIs, neighbouring countries improve system of water release Forecas ng & ULBs • Studies involving interna onal coopera on for from reservoirs Early Warning forecas ng and cross border issues • Iden fica on of priority flood • Implementa on of the schemes for real- me protec on and drainage collec on of hydro-meteorological data on important improvement rivers including the relevant rivers flowing from Medium Term (T2) Nepal, Bhutan and China Studies on land use and • Specialized efforts for different types of floods and hydrological changes relevant to causes of flooding, including cloudburst flood management in river basins and reservoir command areas Flood Understanding Disaster Risk Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es # Area for DRR Centre Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Long Term (T3) Long Term (T3) • Developing/ improving/ upda ng forecas ng Execu on of flood protec on and methods and models for quan fica on of inflows and drainage improvement schemes storage of dams DMD$, IRD, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Short Term (T1) SLRTI, • Support and cooperate Zoning, mapping, MOJS*, DOS, Prepara on of large-scale hazard maps of flood WRD, with central agencies 2 and classifica on NLRTI prone areas iden fying areas of high SDMA, • Sponsor state-specific flood prone areas vulnerability DDMA, efforts; support local PRIs, ULBs efforts Short Term (T1) • Studies on support systems for people living in flood prone areas • Evolving designs of shelters in flood prone areas • Socio-economic impacts of flood Medium Term (T2) MOJS, DOS, • River basin studies Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, IRD, MOST, NLRTI, • Studies on flood related problems such as soil losses • Support and cooperate with WRD, Research and Brahmaputra caused by flooding of rivers, sediment transport, river central agencies 3 SDMA, Development Board, Ganga course changes, and appropriate use of • Sponsor/ carry out state-specific DDMA, Flood Control embankments efforts in all these areas; support SLRTI Commission • Promote research and studies – both in-house and local efforts extra-mural by providing research grants to researchers and ins tu ons Long Term (T3) • Hydrological and morphological studies before NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN undertaking major flood control or preven on 115 measures Flood Understanding Disaster Risk 116 Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Developing/ upda ng forecas ng methods and models for quan fica on of inflows and storage of dams Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring / Regular (RR) Undertake HRVCA as part of Hazard Risk • Promote studies, documenta on and research DMD$, preparing and periodic revision of Vulnerability and NDMA, NIDM, • Studies on vulnerabili es and capaci es covering SDMA, DM plans 4 Capacity MOJS, MOST, social, physical, economic, ecological, gender, DDMA, RD, Short Term (T1) Assessment MSJE, NLRTI social inclusion and equity aspects IRD, DSJE Cons tute/ strengthen the (HRVCA) • Provide technical support and guidance for mechanisms for consulta on with comprehensive HRVCA NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY experts and stakeholders Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Inter-state data and informa on Quick, clear, effec ve dissemina on among central and sharing where applicable state agencies • Coordina on and coopera on Short Term (T1) with the central agencies • Facilitate the distribu on of necessary • Ensure facili es and communica on equipment, last-mile connec vity infrastructure for the and access to disaster risk informa on DMD$, implementa on of adequate MOES, MOJS SDMA, RD, Dissemina on of • Interna onal coopera on to share warnings about access to communi es at risk MEITY, MCOM, IRD, WRD, 5 warnings, data, rivers flowing from neighbouring countries • Dissemina on of warnings to all, MOIB, MEA IPRD, and informa on • Promo ng reliable networking systems for data and down to the last mile – remote, NDMA, DOS DDMA, informa on sharing among central and state agencies rural or urban; Regular updates PRIs, ULBs • Monitoring of landslides and blockages in rivers to people in areas at risk • Warning systems • Warnings using all types of • Providing informa on in all possible ways and using op ons, types of technologies, all types of media and media • Interface with mobile network service • Monitoring compliance by providers for warnings various network operators and service providers Flood Understanding Disaster Risk Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Systema c data management of data on disaster Systema c data management of Disaster Data damage and loss assessments DMD$, data on disaster damage and loss * 6 Collec on and MHA , MOSPI, all SDMA, all assessments Management ministries/ depts. Short Term (T1) depts. Short Term (T1) Disaster Damage and Losses 2005-2015 baseline Disaster Damage and Losses 2005- 2015 baseline Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.2.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on Flood Inter-Agency Coordina on Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Prepara on and implementa on of DM plans and ensure the func oning of DMD$, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) agencies with DM tasks Overall disaster RD, IRD, 1 MOJS Providing coordina on, technical inputs, and • All aspects of disaster risk management governance DDMA, PRIs, support and mainstreaming DRR ULBs • Ensuring coherence and mutual reinforcement of DRR, CCA and development DMD$, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) RD, IRD, • Organising and coordina ng the 2 Response MHA Organising and coordina ng central assistance DDMA, PRIs, immediate response ULBs • Coordinate with central agencies NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 117 Flood Inter-Agency Coordina on 118 Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Warnings, MOJS, IMD, Effec ve coordina on and seamless communica on DMD$, SDMA, Coordina ng the dissemina on of warnings 3 Informa on, DOS, MEITY, among central and state agencies to ensure quick, RD, DDMA, to all, down to the last mile – remote, rural Data NDMA clear, effec ve dissemina on of warnings, PRIs, ULBs or urban; Regular updates to people in informa on and data areas at risk Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Coordina on among central and state agencies for DMD$, SDMA, Coordina on among state agencies for Non-structural MHA, BIS, 4 a) revised/ updated rules, norms b) adop on of RD, DDMA, ensuring updated norms/ codes and their measures NDMA new/updated standards, c) enact/amend laws, PRIs, ULBs implementa on, enforcement and regula ons and d) adopt/ review policies monitoring NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.2.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures Flood Structural Measures Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Relevant Recurring/ Regular (RR) Ensure round the clock opera ons of Establishment/ strengthening of Central Ensure round the clock opera ons of DMD$, SDMA, EOCs during the flood season with Emergency Opera on Centres Ministries, EOCs during the Flood season with ULBs, PRIs adequate human resources to respond MHA adequate manpower/resources to urban flood Short Term (T1) Iden fica on suitable sites for Flood control measures such as MOJS, NWDA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, RD, temporary shelters for people and 1 construc on of embankments CWPRS, CBRI, Technical support and studies DDMA, PRIs, ULBs livestock evacuated from locali es at and levees SERC, IE(I) risk Flood Structural Measures Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Medium Term (T2) • Construc on of mul -purpose shelters in villages/ habita ons prone to floods • Proper monitoring and maintenance of river embankments Relevant Medium Term (T2) Central Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, RD, Ensure that flood -resistant features Government Ensure that flood-resistant features are 2 Social Housing Schemes DRD, UDD, PRD, are incorporated in the planning and Ministries, incorporated in planning and execu on DDMA, PRIs, ULBs execu on of social housing schemes in MORD, of social housing schemes flood prone areas MHUA Medium Term (T2) NDMA, MOJS, Ensure availability of shelters, NBCC, Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, RD, 3 Mul -purpose Flood Shelters undertake proper maintenance, and BMTPC, CBRI, Advisory DDMA, PRIs, ULBs make arrangements to support the SERC, IE(I) people shi ed to temporary shelters Recurring/ Regular (RR) $ Waterways and drainage DMD , SDMA, RD, Coordina on and coopera on with the MRTH, MOD, Recurring/ Regular (RR) 4 systems for roads, highways, and SPWD, DDMA, central agencies and ensure proper NHAI, BRO Proper alignment and design expressways PRIs, ULBs alignment and design in all state projects Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Carry out measures to increase safety, reduce risks from flooding DMD$, SDMA, Enhancing the safety of dams Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Undertake pre- and post-monsoon 5 MOJS DDMA, RD, IRD, and reservoirs Advisories and guidance inspec ons of dams and reservoirs WRD • Monitor the implementa on of safety enhancements in accordance with norms NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 119 Flood Structural Measures 120 Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Desil ng/ dredging of rivers to improve flow; drainage Recurring/ Regular (RR) IRD, WRD, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) 6 improvement; floodwater MOJS Advisories and guidance DDMA, PRIs, ULBs Implementa on as per norms diversion through exis ng or new channels NDMA, NBCC, Hazard resistant construc on, BMTPC, CBRI, Recurring/ Regular (RR) strengthening, and retrofi ng SERC, IE(I), all Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, RD, 7 Collabora on with technical agencies of all lifeline structures and relevant Guidance and implementa on DDMA, PRIs, ULBs and implementa on cri cal infrastructure Ministries/ NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Departments Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.2.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures Flood Non-Structural Measures Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Implemen ng land-use • Guidance and Support • Regula on and enforcement of regula on for low lying areas as • Oversight and monitoring of laws, norms, regula ons, per flood control norms compliance with coastal zone laws DMD$, IRD, guidelines including IMD, DOS, • Regula on of inhabita on of low- • Promote ins tu onal mechanisms WRD, SDMA, 1 • Regula on for reservoir MOJS, NWDA, lying areas along the rivers, nallas for sharing forecasts, warnings, data, DDMA, RD, management DOS, MFIN and drains and informa on DFIN • Integrated Water Resources • Implemen ng flood management Short Term (T1) Management (IWRM) ac on plan • Adop on of revised reservoir • Support and cooperate with opera on manuals central agencies; Sponsor state- Flood Non-Structural Measures Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Regulatory framework for flood plain specific efforts; support local zoning efforts; Cooperate with central and flood inunda on management efforts Medium Term (T2) Short Term (T1) • Scheme of incen ves and • Enforcing building codes and disincen ves with respect to the regula ons central assistance to encourage the • Review and modifica on of states for implemen ng flood plain opera on manuals for all major zoning regula ons dams/ reservoirs • Norms/ regula ons applicable to • Preven on and removal of buildings in flood-prone areas encroachment into the Long Term (T3) waterways and natural drainage Facilitate the implementa on of IWRM systems in major river basins and their sub- Medium Term (T2) basins • Implemen ng regulatory framework for flood plain zoning and flood inunda on management • Implemen ng flood plain zoning regula ons Long Term (T3) Implementa on of IWRM in major river basins and their sub-basins within each state/UT DMD$, Medium Term (T2) Regula ons to promote flood NDMA, MOJS, Recurring/ Regular (RR) SDMA, Revise and implement the relevant 2 resilient buildings and MHUA, BIS Guidance and Support DDMA, RD, rules in flood prone areas infrastructure Local bodies • Wetland conserva on and Recurring/ Regular (RR) SDMA, NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 3 MOEFCC restora on Guidance and Support DDMA, 121 Flood Non-Structural Measures Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es 122 Sub-Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) $ • Catchment Area DMD , RD, Discourage reclama on of Treatment/Afforesta on EFD, Local wetlands, natural depressions bodies Medium Term (T2) Ac on plan managing wetlands and natural drainage systems for flood modera on Long Term (T3) Implementa on of watershed management including catchment area treatment and afforesta on NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY programmes $ NDMA, MOJS, DMD , Recurring/ Regular (RR) MCA*, MCF, Recurring/ Regular (RR) SDMA, 4 Public Private Partnerships Promote private par cipa on in MOCI, MPFI, Guidance DDMA, RD, disaster management facili es MHIPE, MFIN DDMA Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Implementa on of Risk Transfer Implementa on of Risk Transfer Arrangements including mul - MFIN*, NDMA, Arrangements including mul -hazard DFIN*, DMD$, 5 Risk Transfer hazard insurance for life and MHA, MAFW insurance for life and property SDMA, DAG property Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Policy Framework Policy Framework Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.2.5 Capacity Development Flood Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) NIDM, LBSNAA, NIRM, DMD$, SDMA, DDMA, • Training and orienta on programs Recurring/ Regular (RR) NDMA, NDRF, NISA, SDRF, ATIs, for state govt. staff, professionals Training and orienta on programs and other training Engineering Training for veterinary care and support to for central govt. staff, SDRF, CDEF, ins tu ons for Indian Ins tutes, SIRD, Police disaster-affected animals community, and volunteers Civil Services Training Academies • Training for CDEF, community, and volunteers 1 Training Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Incorpora ng disaster response, Incorpora ng disaster response, search and rescue in in the training search and rescue in in the training NDRF, CAPF, MYAS, DMD$, SDMA, SIDM, programs of youth such as village programs of youth such as NCC, MOD ATI DDMA, PRIs, ULBs volunteers, and for protec on of NYKS, Scouts and Guides, NSS, disaster-affected animals SDRF, CDEF, Community, • Training for CDEF, Community, Volunteers Volunteers Recurring/ Regular (RR) Medium Term (T2) MHRD, AICTE, IITs, Strengthen coverage of flood Update curriculum for UGC, NIDM, Professional Bodies/ damage mi ga on, flood tolerant undergraduate engineering courses Professional Bodies/ Councils designs/ crops, and construc on to include topics relevant for flood Councils techniques Risk Management Medium Term (T2) Curriculum 2 Introduc on of Crisis Management, Development Recurring/ Regular (RR) emergency medical Improve coverage of community Health Department MHFW response/recovery and trauma health and epidemic management management at Diploma /UG/ PG medical curriculum levels for Health Professionals NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 123 Flood Capacity Development 124 Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State CBSE Recurring/ Regular (RR) Boards of Educa on Recurring/ Regular (RR) Include awareness about flood and Improving curriculum periodically some aspects of flood management using new technologies in school and college teaching while reviewing the curriculum Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Carry out mass media campaigns • Carry out mass media campaigns • Promote culture of disaster risk • Promote culture of disaster risk preven on, mi ga on, and be er preven on, mi ga on, and risk management NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY be er risk management • Promote a tude and behaviour • Promote a tude and behaviour change in the awareness change in the awareness campaigns/ IEC Awareness NDMA, NDRF, CAPF, campaigns/ IEC 3 • Strengthening network of civil Genera on NIDM, MOJS • Strengthening network of civil DMD$, SDMA, RD, society organiza ons for awareness society organiza ons for WRD, IRD, SDRF, F&ES, genera on about DRR and DM awareness genera on about DRR CDEF, Police, DDMA, • Informa on on care and protec on and DM PRIs, ULBs of disaster-affected animals Medium Term (T2) Medium Term (T2) • Promote use of insurance/ risk • Promote use of insurance/ risk transfer transfer • Promote Community Radio • Promote Community Radio NDMA, NIDM, MOJS, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Line Ministries, Govt. Recurring/ Regular (RR) Mock Drills/ Promo ng the planning and 4 Agencies, Joint planning and execu on of Exercises execu on of emergency drills by all NDRF, Armed Forces, emergency drills ministries and in all States/UTs CAPF NDMA, NIDM, MSDE, Voca onal Recurring/ Regular (RR) NSDA, NSDC, IIE, DMD$, SDMA, DDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) 5 Training/ Skill Promo ng skill development for NIESBUD, MMSME, RD, SLSDA • Conduct training programmes Development mul -hazard resistant construc on NLSDA Flood Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State in flood-prone areas for different • Develop a team of Trainer-of- types of housing and infrastructure Trainers for different trades relevant to flood-resistant construc on Recurring/ Regular (RR) Empowering Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, RD, Incorpora ng gender sensi ve and women, Incorpora ng gender sensi ve and MSJE, MWCD, NDMA, SIDM, ATI, and other equitable approaches in capacity 6 marginalised, and equitable approaches in capacity NIDM state-level ins tu ons, development covering all aspects of persons with development covering all aspects DDMA, PRIs, ULBs disaster management at the state, disabili es of disaster management district, and local levels Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Strengthen ability of communi es Community-Based to manage and cope with disasters NDMA, NIDM, MORD, Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, RD, 7 Disaster based on a mul -hazard approach MHUA Promo on, Guidance, and Support DDMA, PRIs, ULBs Management • Training for PRI, SHG, NCC, NSS, Youth, local community organiza ons Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.2.6 Climate Change Risk Management Flood Climate Change Risk Management Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre # Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Research, Forecas ng / Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, EFD, IRD, MOES, MOJS*, • Support na onal risk reduc on Early Warning, Data Assessment, Monitoring, and Scien fic WSD*, SDMA, AGD, 1 MAFW, efforts related to GACC NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Management, Zoning, studies FIHD, DDMA, PRIs, MOEFCC, DOS • Coordina on with central Mapping ULBs 125 agencies 126 Flood Climate Change Risk Management Sub Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) • Sponsor and promote state- • Flood vulnerability maps under GACC specific efforts and local efforts scenarios for GACC mi ga on and • Assessing GACC effects on catchments adapta on and river basins including trends over Medium Term (T2) past decades. Document state-specific GACC • Assess enhanced economic and social impacts and coping mechanisms risks under GACC scenarios Long Term (T3) Medium Term (T2) • Promote state-specific studies • Study GACC-related changes in the on enhanced risks (economic, NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY rivers flowing from trans-boundary social, etc.) under different rivers GACC impact scenarios • Develop Database management system • Promote research studies with rela ng to climate change impact on State specific contexts on GACC floods and consequent changes in • Prepare GACC scenario maps for all hazards river systems • Enhanced risks from GACC and on adapta ons to change Long Term (T3) • Improve the flood forecas ng capabili es consistent with the an cipated GACC impacts on flood- prone areas • Coordinate with all neighbouring countries to understand and monitor GACC impacts on major rivers associated with or flowing from neighbouring countries Flood Climate Change Risk Management Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State Medium Term (T2) • Improve the understanding of the enhanced vulnerabili es of Recurring/ Regular (RR) communi es in flood-prone areas to • Undertake HRVCA as part of extreme hydro-clima c events preparing and periodic revision Hazard Risk • Assess GACC risks of vulnerable and of DM plans NIDM, MOJS*, State / UT, SDMA, Vulnerability and marginalised sec ons • Develop strategies for structural 2 MOST, MOST, DMD$, RD, Irriga on Capacity Assessment • Provide technical support and guidance and non-structural measures CSIR, DOS Dept. / WRD (HRVCA) for comprehensive HRVCA considering based on HRVCA DST GACC impacts Medium Term (T2) Long Term (T3) Assess GACC risks of vulnerable Undertake detailed studies on and marginalised sec ons vulnerability and risk under GACC scenarios along the coast Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Sensi sa on and awareness Short-Term (T1) crea on • Understanding adapta on needs • Support na onal CCA efforts • Study coping mechanisms • Coordina on with central • Develop GACC adapta on mechanisms agencies MOES*, Medium & Long Term (T2, T3) • Sponsor and promote state- Climate Change SDMA, IRD/WRD*, MOEFCC*, • Implement GACC adapta on programs specific efforts and local efforts 3 Adapta on EFD, DRD, DSJE, MOST, DOS, • Promote appropriate combina ons of for GACC mi ga on and (CCA) DDMA, PRIs, ULBs MOJS, MSJE Green and Blue infrastructure adapta on DST (es) approach Medium Term (T2) • Promote adap ve measures in social Develop local adapta on protec on programmes for the strategies and pilot projects vulnerable groups Long Term (T3) • Sponsor and promote state- NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN specific efforts and local efforts 127 Flood Climate Change Risk Management 128 Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre # Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State • Implementa on of GACC adapta on programs • Promote appropriate combina ons of Green and Blue infrastructure approach • Integrate adap ve measures in social protec on programmes for the vulnerable groups Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal dep artment for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.3 Urban Flood 7.3.1 Understanding Disaster Risk Urban Flooding Understanding Disaster Risk Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Technical support Recurring/ Regular (RR) Short Term (T1) • Develop land use planning • Develop guidelines for assessment of poten al based on mul -hazard disaster and actual damages to be done separately risk assessment • MOES (IMD) to priori ze the establishment in • Place land-use planning maps in consulta on with State Governments public domain • Establish satellite-linked Automa c Rain Gauge • Undertake adequate studies, Sta ons, Automa c Weather Sta ons for 24X7 evalua ons, and planning weather monitoring DMD$, SDMA, considering land use constraints Mapping/ Zoning, MHUA*, Medium Term (T2) RD, SRSAC, to prevent flooding Es ma on of Possible 1 MOES, MOJS, • Maximize real- me hydro-meteorological DDMA, PRIs • Coordinate with the central Inunda on levels, DOS network to cover all urban centres (peri-urban), agencies and implement monitoring networks • MOES (IMD) and MHUA to work out a strategic ULBs recommenda ons expansion of DWR network across the country to • Undertake HRVCA as part of cover all urban centres preparing and periodic revision Long Term (T3) of DM plans Ward Level Informa on System to be developed • Ward level assessment using high resolu on satellite images/ aerial photos • Cons tute/ strengthen the integrated with socioeconomic data covering mechanisms for consulta on natural resources and infrastructure facili es on with experts and stakeholders appropriate scale at community level NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 129 130 Urban Flooding Understanding Disaster Risk Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Short Term (T1) Informa on Systems, Regular monitoring State Urban Flood Disaster Monitoring, Medium Term (T2) Management Informa on System Forecas ng, Early 2 Warning MOES, MOJS Establishing technical umbrella for urban flood Medium Term (T2) forecas ng and warning Set up EOCs by the ULBs connected to the ARG network Recurring/ Regular (RR) Long Term (T3) • Promote studies, documenta on and research Develop capaci es to make Hazard Risk quan ta ve forecasts and • Studies on vulnerabili es and capaci es covering NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Vulnerability and NDMA, NIDM, simulate inunda on levels under 3 social, physical, economic, ecological, gender, Capacity Assessment MSJE various scenarios social inclusion and equity aspects (HRVCA) • Provide technical support and guidance for comprehensive HRVCA Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Systema c data management of Systema c data management of data on disaster data on disaster damage and loss Disaster Data Collec on damage and loss assessments DMD$, SDMA, 4 MHA*, MOSPI, assessments and Management all depts. all ministries/ Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) depts. Disaster Damage and Losses 2005-2015 baseline Disaster Damage and Losses 2005- 2015 baseline Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.3.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on Urban Flooding Inter-Agency Coordina on Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, • Prepara on and implementa on of DM Recurring/ Regular (RR) Overall disaster RD, DDMA, plans and ensure the func oning of 1 MHUA Providing coordina on, technical inputs, and governance ULBs, PRIs agencies with DM tasks support (peri-urban) • All aspects of disaster risk management and mainstreaming DRR DMD$, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) RD, DDMA, • Organising and coordina ng the 2 Response MHUA Organising and coordina ng central assistance ULBs, PRIs immediate response (peri-urban) • Coordinate with central agencies Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, Warnings, MOES* (IMD), Effec ve coordina on and seamless Coordina ng the dissemina on of RD, DDMA, 3 Informa on, MOJS, MOES, communica on among central and state agencies warnings to all, down to the last mile – ULBs, PRIs Data NDMA, MEITY to ensure quick, clear, effec ve dissemina on of remote, rural or urban; Regular updates to (peri-urban) warnings, informa on and data people in areas at risk Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, Coordina on among central and state agencies for Coordina on among state agencies for Non-structural MHUA, BIS, RD, DDMA, 4 a) revised/ updated rules, norms b) adop on of ensuring updated norms/ codes and their measures NDMA ULBs, PRIs new/updated standards, c) enact/amend laws, implementa on, enforcement and (peri-urban) regula ons and d) adopt/ review policies monitoring Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 131 7.3.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 132 Urban Flooding Structural Measures Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Responsibility – Area for DRR Centre# State# Responsibility – State Centre Short Term (T1) All road re-levelling works or strengthening/ overlay works to be carried out by milling the exis ng layers of the road so that the road levels will not be allowed to increase Medium Term (T2) • Upgrade the exis ng drainage and storm water systems MHUA*, • City Bridge Design • Managing drainage systems MCVA, NBCC, Considera ons DMD$, UDD, • Protec on of Water Bodies NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 1 Civil Works BMTPC, CBRI, • City Road Level ULBs, PRIs • Ensure protec on of Water Bodies and its restora on/ revival SERC, IE(I), Design (peri-urban) Long Term (T3) CRRI • Technical Support • Bus and Metro Terminals, Railway sta ons and Airports to be made flood-proof by providing efficient drainage for a much higher rainfall intensity • All future road and rail bridges in ci es crossing drains to be designed such that they do not block the flows resul ng in backwater effect • Remove encroachments and take strict ac on against the encroachers as per the byelaws/ regula ons Recurring/ Regular (RR) Establishment/ Relevant strengthening Ensure round the clock DMD$, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Central 2 of Emergency opera ons of EOCs ULBs, PRIs Ensure round the clock opera ons of EOCs during the flood season Ministries, Opera on during the Flood (peri-urban) with adequate human resources to respond to urban flood MHA Centres season with adequate manpower/ resources Hazard NDMA, NBCC, SDMA, DDMA, Guidance and Medium Term (T2) 3 resistant BMTPC, CBRI, ULBs, PRIs implementa on Collabora on with technical agencies and implementa on construc on, SERC, IE(I) (peri-urban) Urban Flooding Structural Measures Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Responsibility – Area for DRR Centre# State# Responsibility – State Centre strengthening, and retrofi ng of all lifeline structures and cri cal infrastructure Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.3.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures Urban Flooding Non-Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Medium Term (T2) Prepara on of MHUA will consider current interna onal DMD$, Recurring/ Regular (RR) comprehensive Urban 1 MHUA prac ces, specific loca ons and rainfall SDMA, Take ini a ves and collaborate with Storm Drainage Design pa ern of the ci es and future needs for DDMA, UDD central agencies Manual (USDDM) preparing USDDM Long Term (T3) MHUA, in consulta on with States/UTs DMD$, Prepara on of Storm Long Term (T3) and ULBs promote storm water drainage SDMA, 2 Water Drainage System MHUA Coordinate with MHUA in preparing the informa on system based on best ULBs, PRIs Inventory inventory through ULBs technologies available integra ng spa al (peri-urban) and non-spa al data DMD$, Opera on and Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) SDMA, 3 Maintenance of Drainage MHUA Provide guidelines, and carry out Adequate budget to be provided to take NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN ULBs, PRIs Systems monitoring care of the men, material, equipment and (peri-urban) 133 Urban Flooding Non-Structural Measures 134 Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State machinery for O&M of drainage systems on a periodic basis Short Term (T1) $ DMD , Ensure strict compliance with the Short Term (T1) SDMA, guidelines and land-use planning consistent Environmental Impact * Issue guidelines to State/UT for making 4 MOEFCC , MHUA ULBs, EFD, with sound storm water management Assessment storm water drainage concerns a part of PRIs (peri- Medium Term (T2) all EIA norms urban) Minimise loss of ecologically important areas and natural wetlands Short Term (T1) NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Ensure strict compliance of Techno-Legal Regime especially of land use through Recurring/ Regular (RR) ULBs • Coordinate the efforts of the States for • Strengthen land-use planning DMD$, • Techno-Legal Regime compliance with Techno-Legal Regime Medium Term (T2) SDMA, 5 • Land use planning MHUA, MFIN by all the ULBs in their respec ve • Incorporate water sensi ve urban design ULBs, PRIs • City/Town Planning States considera ons into land use planning (peri-urban) • Technical guidance to strengthen land - • Incorporate the topography and specific use planning terrain elements such as hilly, coastal, etc. in the land use plan to minimise flooding allowing free flow of storm water along natural contours Short Term (T1) Cons tu on of Urban Recurring/ Regular (RR) Nodal Department to cons tute Urban DMD$, 6 Flooding Cell for MHUA Lead role in the establishment of the Flooding Cell at State level and a DM Cell SDMA, UDD Integrated UFDM technical umbrella at the na onal level to be cons tuted at the ULB level for managing urban flooding at local level UDD, Long Term (T3) Public Private NDMA, MHUA, Long Term (T3) 7 SDMA, Promote private par cipa on in disaster Partnerships MCA*, MCF, Guidance and model regula ons DDMA management facili es Urban Flooding Non-Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State MOCI, MPFI, MHIPE, MFIN Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Implementa on of Risk Transfer Implementa on of Risk Transfer DFIN*, MFIN*, NDMA, Arrangements including mul -hazard Arrangements including mul -hazard 8 Risk Transfer DMD$, MHA, MAFW insurance for life and property insurance for life and property SDMA, DAG Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Policy Framework Policy Framework Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.3.5 Capacity Development Urban Flooding Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Trainings for urban flood rescue and management for CDEF, community, volunteers and others Medium Term (T2) Short Term (T1) MHUA*, MHRD, Introduce UFDM modules in school • Upgrade equipment and skills of F&ES for Educa on and MHFW, NDRF, ULB, PRIs (peri- 1 curricula through CBSE UFDM Training NIDM, CBSE, urban), SDRF Support to training of SDRF, CDEF, • Enlist professionals for veterinary care and MYAS community, and volunteers support to disaster-affected animals Medium Term (T2) State Governments will encourage their school boards to develop similar content in NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN their school curriculum 135 Urban Flooding Capacity Development 136 Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Carry out mass media campaigns Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Promote culture of disaster risk • Carry out mass media campaigns preven on, mi ga on, and • Promote culture of disaster risk preven on, be er risk management mi ga on, and be er risk management Medium Term (T2) Medium Term (T2) • Promote a tude and behaviour DMD$, SDMA, RD, • Promote a tude and behaviour change in MHUA*, NDMA, Awareness change in the awareness DDMA, SDRF, F&ES, the awareness campaigns/ IEC 2 NDRF, CAPF, Genera on campaigns/ IEC CDEF, Police, ULB, • Promote use of insurance/ risk transfer NIDM • Promote use of insurance/ risk PRIs (peri-urban) • Promote Community Radio NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY transfer • Strengthening network of civil society • Promote Community Radio organiza ons for awareness genera on • Strengthening network of civil about DRR and DM society organiza ons for • Informa on on care and protec on of awareness genera on about DRR disaster-affected animals and DM Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Ensure accurate documenta on of DMD$, SDMA, RD, Ensure accurate documenta on of all aspects all aspects of disaster events for 3 Documenta on NIDM DDMA, ULB, State of disaster events for crea ng good historical crea ng good historical records for ATI records for future research and Risk future research and Risk Management planning Management planning Empowering Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) DMD$, SDMA, women, Incorpora ng gender sensi ve and Incorpora ng gender sensi ve and equitable MWCD*, MSJE, DDMA, RD, SIDM, 4 marginalised, and equitable approaches in capacity approaches in capacity development covering NDMA, NIDM ATI, and other state - persons with development covering all aspects all aspects of disaster management at the level ins tu ons disabili es of disaster management state, district, and local levels $ Community- DMD , SDMA, SDRF, Recurring/ Regular (RR) MHUA*, MORD*, 5 Based Disaster RD, DDMA, ULB, Promo on, guidance, support, training for NDMA, NIDM Management SIDM CDEF, community, volunteers Urban Flooding Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Short Term (T1) Promo on, Guidance, and Support, Strengthen ability of communi es to manage Training for CDEF, Community, and cope with disasters based on a mul - Volunteers hazard approach Medium Term (T2) Training for RWA, SHG, NCC, NSS, Youth, Ward Commi ees, local community organiza ons MHUA, NDMA, All Recurring/ Regular (RR) Govt. Ministries/ DMD$, SDMA, RD, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Mock Drills/ Promo ng the planning and 6 Agencies, DDMA, ULB, SDRF, Joint planning and execu on of emergency Exercises execu on of emergency drills by all NDRF, Armed F&ES, CDEF, Police drills ministries and in all States/UTs Forces, CAPF Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.3.6 Climate Change Risk Management Urban Flooding Climate Change Risk Management Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Support na onal risk reduc on Research, Forecas ng / MOES, MOJS*, Assessment, Monitoring, and Scien fic DMD$, IRD, WSD*, efforts related to GACC Early Warning, Data MAFW, studies EFD, SDMA, AGD, 1 • Coordina on with central Management, Zoning, MOEFCC, DOS, Short Term (T1) FIHD, DDMA, ULBs, agencies Mapping NLRTI • Flood vulnerability maps under GACC PRIs (peri-urban) • Sponsor and promote state- scenarios specific efforts and local efforts NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 137 Urban Flooding Climate Change Risk Management 138 Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Assessing GACC effects on catchments for GACC mi ga on and and river basins including trends over adapta on past decades Medium Term (T2) • Assess enhanced economic and social Document state-specific GACC risks under GACC scenarios impacts and coping mechanisms Medium Term (T2) Long Term (T3) • Study GACC-related changes in the rivers • Promote state-specific studies on flowing from trans-boundary rivers enhanced risks (economic, social, • Develop Database management system etc.) under different GACC rela ng to climate change impact on impact scenarios NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY floods • Promote research studies with • Prepare GACC scenario maps for all river State specific contexts on GACC systems and consequent changes in • Enhanced risks from GACC and on hazards adapta ons to change Long Term (T3) • Improve the flood forecas ng capabili es consistent with the an cipated GACC impacts on flood- prone areas • Coordinate with all neighbouring countries to understand and monitor GACC impacts on major rivers associated with or flowing from neighbouring countries NIDM, MOJS*, Recurring/ Regular (RR) 2 Hazard Risk Vulnerability Medium Term (T2) MOST, MOST, DMD$, SDMA, RD, • Undertake HRVCA as part of and Capacity Assessment • Improve the understanding of the CSIR, DOS, IRD, WRD, SLRTI preparing and periodic revision (HRVCA) enhanced vulnerabili es of communi es NLRTI of DM plans Urban Flooding Climate Change Risk Management Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State in flood-prone areas to extreme hydro- • Develop strategies for structural clima c events and non-structural measures • Provide technical support and guidance based on HRVCA for comprehensive HRVCA considering Medium Term (T2) GACC impacts Assess GACC risks of vulnerable • Assess GACC risks of vulnerable and and marginalised sec ons marginalised sec ons Long Term (T3) Undertake detailed studies on vulnerability and risk under GACC scenarios along the coast Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Sensi sa on and awareness crea on Medium Term (T2) • Support na onal CCA efforts • Understanding adapta on needs • Coordina on with central agencies • Study coping mechanisms • Sponsor and promote state- • Develop GACC adapta on mechanisms DMD$, SDMA, IRD, specific efforts and local efforts 3 Climate Change MOES*, MOST, Long Term (T3) WSD*, EFD, DRD, for GACC mi ga on and Adapta on DOS, MOJS, • Implement GACC adapta on programs DDMA, ULBs, PRIs adapta on (CCA) MOEFCC* • Promote appropriate combina ons of (peri-urban) Medium Term (T2) Green and Blue infrastructure approach Develop local adapta on strategies • Promote adap ve measures in social and pilot projects protec on programmes for the Long Term (T3) vulnerable groups • Sponsor and promote state- specific efforts and local efforts • Implementa on of GACC adapta on programs NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 139 Urban Flooding Climate Change Risk Management 140 Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Promote appropriate combina ons of Green and Blue infrastructure approach • Integrate adap ve measures in social protec on programmes for the vulnerable groups Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal dep artment for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 7.4 Seismic/ Earthquakes 7.4.1 Understanding Disaster Risk Seismic Understanding Disaster Risk Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Es mate the earthquake parameters quickly a er detec on • Earthquake • Disseminate informa on Monitoring Services • Share informa on rela ng to undersea • Na onal earthquakes capable of genera ng Seismological tsunamis in the Indian coastal regions with Network MOES, MEITY, DMD$, Recurring/ Regular (RR) INCOIS to issue of tsunami related 1 • Real Time Seismic NLRTI SDMA, messages and warnings Monitoring Network DDMA, RD Share informa on widely • Share seismic ac vity data with na onal (RTSMN) and interna onal scien fic, academic and • Earthquake Hazard R&D ins tu ons and Risk Assessment Medium Term (T2) (EHRA) • Seismic hazard assessment • Seismic zoning • Seismic micro-zoning DMD$, Recurring/ Regular (RR) MOES*, EREC, Short Term (T1) Scien fic Seismic SDMA, RD, Ensuring implementa on, enforcement, 2 BIS, GSI, NLRTI, Inter-Agency Coordina on and Collabora on Zona on UDD, SPWD, compliance and monitoring; Awareness MOST for publishing the guidelines ULB, DDMA crea on DMD$, Long Term (T3) Seismic Micro- 3 EREC, NLRTI Medium Term (T2) SDMA, RD, Carry out need assessment from end- NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN zona on DDMA, SLRTI users, conduct micro-zona on studies, 141 Seismic Understanding Disaster Risk 142 Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Develop a status paper based on a consensus priori ze important urban areas for micro- among the professionals on the zona on, do professional review before methodologies for micro-zona on studies adop on Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Promote studies, documenta on and Recurring/ Regular (RR) research Undertake HRVCA as part of preparing and Hazard Risk DMD$, NDMA, NIDM, • Studies on vulnerabili es and capaci es periodic revision of DM plans Vulnerability and SDMA, RD, 4 MOST, MSJE, covering social, physical, economic, Short Term (T1) Capacity Assessment DSJE, PRIs, NLRTI ecological, gender, social inclusion and Cons tute/ strengthen the mechanisms (HRVCA) ULBs, DDMA equity aspects for consulta on with experts and NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Provide technical support and guidance for stakeholders comprehensive HRVCA Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Systema c data management of data on Systema c data management of data on Disaster Data MHA*, MOSPI, DMD$, disaster damage and loss assessments disaster damage and loss assessments 5 Collec on and all ministries/ SDMA, all Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Management depts. depts. Disaster Damage and Losses 2005-2015 Disaster Damage and Losses 2005-2015 baseline baseline Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context . (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.4.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on Seismic Inter-Agency Coordina on Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Prepara on and implementa on of DM plans and ensure the func oning of Overall DMD$, SDMA, agencies with DM tasks Recurring/ Regular (RR) 1 disaster MOES RD, DDMA, • All aspects of disaster risk management Providing coordina on, technical inputs, and support governance PRIs, ULBs and mainstreaming DRR • Ensuring coherence and mutual reinforcement of DRR, CCA and development Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Organising and coordina ng the 2 Response MHA RD, DDMA, Organising and coordina ng central assistance immediate response PRIs, ULBs • Coordinate with central agencies Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) * MOES , Coordina on among central and state agencies for a) DMD$, SDMA, Coordina on among state agencies for Non-structural 3 MHA, BIS, revised/ updated rules, norms b) adop on of RD, DDMA, ensuring updated norms/ codes and their measures NDMA new/updated standards, c) enact/amend laws, PRIs, ULBs implementa on, enforcement and regula ons and d) adopt/ review policies monitoring Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 143 7.4.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 144 Seismic Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, • Ensure that earthquake resistant Relevant Central Ensure that mul -hazard resistant SDMA, RD, features are incorporated in planning Government features are incorporated in 1 Social Housing Schemes DDMA, PRIs, and execu on of social housing Ministries, MORD, planning and execu on of social ULBs, DRD, schemes MHUA housing schemes (with special UDD, PRD • Ensure compliance with relevant focus on earthquake) building codes Medium Term (T2) DMD$, Implementa on strengthening and Strengthening and seismic Medium Term (T2) NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Relevant Central SDMA, seismic retrofi ng as per retrofi ng of priori zed Implementa on strengthening and 2 Government SPWD, RD, recommenda ons of safety audits in all lifeline structures and seismic retrofi ng as per Ministries DDMA, PRIs, govt. departments, agencies, public buildings recommenda ons of safety audits ULBs u li es, schools, colleges, community halls, etc. Hazard resistant NDMA, NBCC, construc on, DMD$, BMTPC, CBRI, SERC, Recurring/ Regular (RR) strengthening, and Recurring/ Regular (RR) SDMA, RD, 3 IE(I), all relevant Collabora on with technical agencies retrofi ng of all lifeline Guidance and implementa on DDMA, PRIs, Ministries/ and implementa on structures and cri cal ULBs, SPWD Departments infrastructure Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal dep artment for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.4.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures Seismic Non-Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Medium Term (T2) • Adopt suitable byelaws for rural and urban areas, put model Recurring/ Regular (RR) codes (e.g., NBC 2016) into • Periodic update of codes, rules, DMD$, SDMA, prac ce and ensure proper Regula ons and model regula ons IRC, MRTH, RDSO, MOR, RD, UDD, DRD, compliance codes for town planning, • Work with all central ministries, 1 AERB, DAE, BIS, MORD, SPWD, DDMA, • Micro-zona on for seismic risk civil works and public agencies, and state governments to MHUA PRIs, ULBs reduc on infrastructure implement techno-legal regime by Long Term (T3) modifying/ developing necessary Ensure strict compliance with rules code implementa on through relevant Departments and agencies Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Structural safety audit Carry out safety audit of lifeline Recurring/ Regular (RR) of lifeline structures buildings and cri cal Periodically provide clarifica ons in and buildings MOES*, NDMA, IE(I), DMD$, SDMA, infrastructure line with the relevant na onal • Priori za on of lifeline CIDC, CFI, NAC, relevant RD, UDD, SPWD, Medium Term (T2) 2 standards structures and Ministries/ DDMA, PRIs, Ensure implementa on, Medium Term (T2) buildings for Departments ULBs monitoring, enforcement and Formulate standard procedures and strengthening and proper compliance within state by guidelines seismic retrofi ng public, private and individuals Medium Term (T2) MHRD, NDMA, Medium Term (T2) Licensing and Implement licensing of engineers relevant Central Establish a professional Civil Engineers Relevant 3 cer fica on of through appropriate legal Ministries Council established by an Act for Departments professionals framework and ins tu onal NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN /Departments, cer fica on of engineers and evolve a mechanism 145 Seismic Non-Structural Measures 146 Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State professional bodies of procedure for cer fica on of architects and engineers engineers NDMA, MOES, MCA*, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Public Private Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, 4 MCF, MOCI, MPFI, Promote private par cipa on in Partnerships Guidance RD, DDMA MHIPE, MFIN disaster management facili es Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Implementa on of Risk Transfer Implementa on of Risk Transfer Arrangements including mul - MFIN*, NDMA, MHA, Arrangements including mul -hazard DFIN*, DMD$, 5 Risk Transfer hazard insurance for life and MAFW insurance for life and property SDMA, DAG property Short Term (T1) NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Short Term (T1) Policy Framework Policy Framework Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.4.5 Capacity Development Seismic Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Support regular training Carry out regular trainings of CDEF, programs community and volunteers MOES*, NIDM, MHRD, DMD$, SDMA, Medium Term (T2) • Training support for SDRF, 1 Training NDMA, MYAS, NDRF, SDRF, RD, EDD, • Carry out the na onal effort to build CDEF, community, volunteers others** ATI, SIRD, DDMA the requisite number of trained Medium Term (T2) Promote a na onal effort to build personnel to handle seismic safety in the requisite number of trained India Seismic Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State personnel to handle seismic • Trainings in search and rescue for safety in India. CDEF, community, and volunteers Medium Term (T2) MOES, MOCI, MHRD, Facilitate the introduc on of Medium Term (T2) Curriculum UGC, AICTE, IITs, DMD$, SDMA, RD, 2 subjects related to DM, in the DM related aspects to be included in Development NIDM and other HD, EDD, DDMA undergraduate and professional undergraduate and professional courses related agencies courses Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Carry out mass media campaigns • Carry out mass media • Promote culture of disaster risk campaigns preven on, mi ga on, and be er risk • Promote culture of disaster risk management preven on, mi ga on, and • Promote a tude and behaviour be er risk management change in the awareness campaigns/ • Promote a tude and IEC NDMA, NDRF, CAPF, behaviour change in the Medium Term (T2) 3 Awareness Genera on NIDM awareness campaigns/ IEC DMD$, SDMA, • Promote use of insurance/ risk Medium Term (T2) IPRD, RD, SIDM, transfer • Promote use of insurance/ risk ATIs, SDRF, F&ES, • Promote Community Radio transfer CDEF, Police, • Strengthening network of civil society • Promote Community Radio DDMA, PRIs, ULBs organiza ons for awareness • Strengthen network of civil genera on about DRR and DM society organiza ons for • Informa on on care and protec on of awareness genera on about disaster-affected animals DRR and DM NDMA, All Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Government Monitoring Emergency Monitoring Emergency Preparedness of 4 Mock Drills/ Exercises Ministries/ Agencies, Preparedness of Ministries/ Departments NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN NDRF, Armed Forces, Departments CAPF 147 Seismic Capacity Development 148 Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Promo ng the planning and Joint planning and execu on of execu on of emergency drills by emergency drills all ministries and in all States/UTs Medium Term (T2) DMD$, SDMA, RD, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Documenta on and Undertake documenta on of 5 MOES, NIDM DDMA, PRIs, ULBs, Populariza on and distribu on of Dissemina on major earthquakes and ensure ATI documenta on in local languages wider dissemina on Medium Term (T2) Medium Term (T2) Empowering women, Incorpora ng gender sensi ve Incorpora ng gender sensi ve and NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY DMD$, SDMA, RD, marginalised, and MWCD, MSJE, NDMA, and equitable approaches in equitable approaches in capacity 6 SIDM, ATI, SLRTI, persons with NIDM capacity development covering development covering all aspects of DDMA, PRIs, ULBs disabili es all aspects of disaster disaster management at the state, management district, and local levels Recurring/ Regular (RR) Training for PRI, SHG, NCC, NSS, Youth, Recurring/ Regular (RR) local community organiza ons Community-Based NDMA, NIDM, MORD, DMD$, SDMA, RD, 7 Promo on, Guidance, and Short Term (T1) Disaster Management MHUA DDMA, PRIs, ULBs Support Strengthen ability of communi es to manage and cope with disasters based on a mul -hazard approach Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. (**) AICTE, CA, IE(I), NITTTR, NICMAR, CFI, BAI, and other professional ins tu ons. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.5 Tsunami 7.5.1 Understanding Disaster Risk Tsunami Understanding Disaster Risk Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Medium Term (T2) • Encourage development of standardised Medium Term (T2) methods for tsunami risk assessment and Develop detailed computerized maps Research and MOES*, MOST, scenario development, support studies to DMD$, SDMA, 1 and databases of vulnerable areas Development Efforts NLRTI collect the data and compile knowledge RD, DDMA along the coast for planning and • Develop suitable large-scale digital maps coordina on of DM ac vi es indica ng the tsunami hazard basis on past tsunami events Long Term (T3) Recurring/ Regular (RR) MOES*, MOST, DMD$, SDMA, Database of Tsunami Risk and Vulnerability in Ensure support to the Central 2 Zoning/ Mapping NLRTI RD, DDMA, the coastal areas with informa on on trends of Government agencies in zoning/ PRIs, ULBs storm surge, high des, local bathymetry, etc. mapping and carry out at their level Medium Term (T2) Observa on Networks, Assess the status of exis ng important MOES*, NLRTI Informa on Systems, installa ons in coastal areas to withstand DMD$, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Monitoring, tsunami 3 RD, DDMA, Support, coopera on for data Research, DOS, IAF, Medium Term (T2) SLRTI collec on and updates Forecas ng & Early Indian Navy, Securing cri cal instrumenta on to ensure fail- Warning ICG safe func oning of these cri cal instruments and their protec on Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Dissemina on of DMD$, SDMA, Dissemina on of warnings to all, down Monitoring seismic ac vity, provide warnings 4 warnings, data, and MOES*, MHA RD, DDMA, to the last mile – remote, rural or based on seismic models and issue periodic informa on PRIs, ULBs urban; Regular updates to people in bulle ns NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN areas at risk 149 Tsunami Understanding Disaster Risk 150 Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Promote studies, documenta on and Recurring/ Regular (RR) research Undertake HRVCA as part of preparing Hazard Risk DMD$, SDMA, MOES*, NDMA, • Studies on vulnerabili es and capaci es and periodic revision of DM plans Vulnerability and RD, DSJE, 5 NIDM, MOST, covering social, physical, economic, Short Term (T1) Capacity Assessment PRIs, ULBs, MSJE ecological, gender, social inclusion and equity Cons tute/ strengthen the (HRVCA) DDMA aspects mechanisms for consulta on with • Provide technical support and guidance for experts and stakeholders comprehensive HRVCA Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Systema c data management of data on Systema c data management of data Disaster Data disaster damage and loss assessments DMD$, SDMA, on disaster damage and loss 6 Collec on and MHA*, MOSPI, assessments all depts. Management all ministries/ Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) depts. Disaster Damage and Losses 2005-2015 Disaster Damage and Losses 2005- baseline 2015 baseline Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.5.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on Tsunami Inter-Agency Coordina on Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Prepara on and implementa on of DM plans and ensure the func oning of DMD$, agencies with DM tasks Overall disaster Recurring/ Regular (RR) SDMA, RD, 1 MOES* • All aspects of disaster risk management governance Providing coordina on, technical inputs, and support DDMA, PRIs, and mainstreaming DRR ULBs • Ensuring coherence and mutual reinforcement of DRR, CCA and development in the coastal areas DMD$, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) SDMA, • Organising and coordina ng the 2 Response MHA* Organising and coordina ng central assistance DDMA, PRIs, immediate response ULBs • Coordinate with central agencies Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, Warnings, * Effec ve coordina on and seamless communica on Coordina ng the dissemina on of warnings MOES , SDMA, RD, 3 Informa on, among central and state agencies to ensure quick, to all, down to the last mile – remote, rural NDMA DDMA, PRIs, Data clear, effec ve dissemina on of warnings, or urban; Regular updates to people in areas ULBs informa on and data at risk Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, MOES*, Coordina on among central and state agencies for a) Coordina on among state agencies for Non-structural SDMA, RD, 4 MHA, BIS, revised/ updated rules, norms b) adop on of ensuring updated norms/ codes and their measures DDMA, PRIs, NDMA new/updated standards, c) enact/amend laws, implementa on, enforcement and ULBs regula ons and d) adopt/ review policies monitoring Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 151 152 7.5.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures Tsunami Structural Measures Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Relevant Central Strengthening of lifeline structures and high Implementa on as per RD, SPWD, Implementa on as per 1 Government priority buildings recommenda ons of safety DDMA, PRIs, recommenda ons of safety Ministries audit where applicable ULBs audit • Shelters from storm surges and tsunamis • Construc on of large-scale submerged sand NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY barriers • Periodical dredging of the inlets and Recurring/ Regular (RR) associated water bodies so as to absorb the Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SPWD, MOES*, NDMA, Implementa on in compliance 2 influx during tsunami Guidance to implemen ng DDMA, PRIs, NLRTI** with relevant building codes/ • Construc on of submerged dykes (one or two agencies ULBs standards/ technical guidance rows along the stretch of the coast) so as to decrease the impact due to the incoming tsunami and inland dykes to safeguard vital installa ons DMD$, SDMA, Hazard resistant construc on, strengthening, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) BIS, NDMA, RD, SPWD, 3 and retrofi ng of all lifeline structures and Guidance and Collabora on with technical NLRTI** DDMA, PRIs, cri cal infrastructure implementa on agencies and implementa on ULBs Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. (**) NBCC, BMTPC, CBRI, SERC, IE(I), IITs. ($) DMD —Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.5.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures Tsunami Non-Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, RD, Mainstreaming DM into MFIN, NDMA, Ni Include DM concerns in plan Include DM concerns all schemes and 1 Finance Dept., Development Planning Ayog schemes and non-plan proposals proposals by various ministries as per DDMA, PRIs, ULBs by various ministries as per norms norms Short Term (T1) • Ensure compliance with coastal environment protec on laws and Recurring/ Regular (RR) regula ons such as the CRZ Regula on and DMD$, SDMA, RD, • Guidance and Support • Regula ng aquaculture, and 2 enforcement of relevant MOES; DOS EFD, DDMA, PRIs, • Oversight and monitoring of groundwater extrac on laws ULBs compliance with CRZ laws Medium Term (T2) • Ecologically sound land-use zona on • Discourage inappropriate/ risky use of coastal areas Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Implementa on and Ensure implementa on of standards populariza on of relevant through all departments/ ins tu ons $ Indian Standards DMD , SDMA, RD, Medium Term (T2) 3 Techno-Legal Regime BIS • Support State Government in DDMA, PRIs, ULBs Develop suitable byelaws for rural preparing byelaws for rural areas (for both engineers and non- areas (for both engineered and engineered buildings) considering local non-engineered buildings) condi ons Medium Term (T2) Non-structural shore • Developing sand dunes along the NDMA, MOEFCC, Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, RD, 4 stabiliza on measures coast with sea weeds or shrubs or MOES Guidance and Support EFD, DDMA and bio-shields casuarinas trees for stabiliza on of the sand dunes NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 153 Tsunami Non-Structural Measures 154 Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Raising the ground level (above the design water level) with natural beach sand Long Term (T3) • Development of coastal forest (green belt) by plan ng casuarinas or coconut trees along the coastline to cover minimum of about 500m width of the beach • Establishment of bio-shields (e.g., NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY mangrove planta ons, as a natural defence) for communi es residing along the estuaries Long Term (T3) • Detailed assessment of tsunami Safety audits and NDMA, NBCC, hazard to the structure and evalua on of all lifeline BMTPC, CBRI, SERC, Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, RD, founda on and the benefits of 5 structures and IE(I), all Ministries/ Guidance and Support DDMA, PRIs, ULBs strengthening important facili es Departments • Carry out structural safety audit of all lifeline structures and important facili es NDMA, MOES, MCA*, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Public Private Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, RD, 6 MCF, MOCI, MPFI, Promote private par cipa on in Partnerships Guidance DDMA MHIPE, MFIN disaster management facili es Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Implementa on of Risk Transfer Implementa on of Risk Transfer MFIN*, NDMA, MHA, Arrangements including mul - DFIN*, DMD$, Arrangements including mul -hazard 7 Risk Transfer MAFW hazard insurance for life and SDMA, DAG insurance for life and property property Short Term (T1) Policy Framework Tsunami Non-Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) Policy Framework Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.5.5 Capacity Development Tsunami Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Technical capabili es in safety audit • Conduct training programmes for Recurring/ Regular (RR) State, SDRF, and Local Administra on DMD$, SDMA, Training and orienta on programs for MOES*, NIDM, personnel SDRF, RD, ATI, State Govt. staff/ emergency response MYAS, NDRF including Fire and Rescue and Police SIRD, DDMA officials, CDEF, Community, and other Training and Capacity personal in disaster management volunteer groups 1 Development of • Support training of SDRF, CDEF, Professionals community, and volunteers Medium Term (T2) Evolve an ac on plan to offer a Recurring/ Regular (RR) MOES*, NIDM, comprehensive curriculum related to Training of the Trainers to impart ATI, SLRTI MYAS tsunami management in the form of knowledge related to tsunami mi ga on training modules for the various target measures to various target groups groups Short Term (T1) $ Short Term (T1) DMD , SDMA, Include DM in the educa onal curricula Curriculum MHRD, UGC, 2 Include DM in the educa onal curricula RD, EDD, and develop adequate technical exper se Development AICTE, ICAR, etc. including Tsunami hazard DDMA on various subjects related to DM including NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Tsunami 155 Tsunami Capacity Development 156 Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Carry out mass media campaigns • Carry out mass media campaigns • Promote culture of disaster risk • Promote culture of disaster risk preven on, mi ga on, and be er risk preven on, mi ga on, and be er risk management management $ • Promote a tude and behaviour DMD , SDMA, • Promote a tude and behaviour change NDMA, NDRF, change in the awareness campaigns/ RD, DDMA, in the awareness campaigns/ IEC 3 Awareness Genera on CAPF, NIDM IEC SDRF, F&ES, • Promote use of insurance/ risk transfer • Promote use of insurance/ risk CDEF, Police • Promote Community Radio transfer • Strengthening network of civil society NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Promote Community Radio organiza ons for awareness genera on • Strengthening network of civil society about DRR and DM organiza ons for awareness • Inform people about care and genera on about DRR and DM protec on of disaster-affected animals NDMA, All Government DMD$, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Ministries/ RD, DDMA, 4 Mock Drills/ Exercises Joint planning and execu on of Joint planning and execu on of emergency Agencies, SDRF, F&ES, emergency drills (Central and State) drills (Central, State, Local and Community) NDRF, Armed CDEF, Police Forces, CAPF Short Term (T1) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Prepare and distribute manuals and • Create awareness on tsunami risk and NIDM, MOES, tsunami hazard zona on maps to the DMD$, SDMA, vulnerability among the coastal 5 Documenta on through its nodal public through SDMAs/ relevant RD, DDMA, communi es by distribu ng the hazard ins tu ons Ministries and Departments PRIs, ULBs zona on maps • Documenta on of lessons learnt, best • Documenta on of lessons learnt, best prac ces, success stories prac ces, success stories Empowering women, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) MSJE*, MWCD, Incorpora ng gender sensi ve and DMD$, SDMA, Incorpora ng gender sensi ve and 6 marginalised, and persons with disabili es NDMA, NIDM equitable approaches in capacity RD, SIDM, ATI, equitable approaches in capacity Tsunami Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State development covering all aspects of SLRTI, DDMA, development covering all aspects of disaster management PRIs, ULBs disaster management at the state, district, and local levels Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Strengthen ability of communi es to Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, manage and cope with disasters based Community-Based 7 NDMA, NIDM Promo on, Guidance, and Support to RD, DDMA, on a mul -hazard approach Disaster Management CDEF and community, volunteers PRIs, ULBs • Training for PRI, SHG, NCC, NSS, Youth, CDEF, local community organiza ons, volunteers Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal dep artment for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.5.6 Climate Change Risk Management Earthquakes are not triggered by climate change. However, tsunami needs to be considered due to change in the storm surge pat tern due to sea level rise. Tsunami Climate Change Risk Management Sub- Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Area for Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State DRR Research, Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, Forecas ng, Promote studies and research on climate change- SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) MOES*, DOS, MOST, Early related risks and adapta on op ons RD, AGD., • Support na onal risk reduc on efforts 1 MOEFCC, MAFW, Warning, Medium Term (T2) AHD, related to GACC NDMA, NLRTI Informa on • Studies on GACC driven ecosystem and FIHD, • Coordina on with central agencies NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Systems, shoreline changes WRD, 157 Tsunami Climate Change Risk Management 158 Sub- Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Area for Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State DRR Zoning, • Carry out risk zona on/mapping of climate EFD, • Sponsor and promote state-specific efforts Mapping change impacts considering various sea-level SLRTI and local efforts for GACC mi ga on and rise and shoreline change scenarios adapta on Long Term (T3) Medium (T2) • Develop database management system for • Promote state-specific studies on GACC impacts enhanced risks (economic, social, etc.) • Develop forecas ng model for risks from GACC under different GACC impact scenarios and its likely impacts • Promote research studies with State NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY specific contexts on GACC and consequent changes in hazards DMD$, Medium & Long Term (T2, T3) SDMA, Medium & Long Term (T2, T3) Hazard Risk • Assess the changes in risk, vulnerability and RD, EFD, • Promote state-specific studies on Vulnerability capaci es under GACC impact scenarios Ag.D, vulnerabili es, capaci es and risks under and NIDM, MOEFCC, • Assess GACC risks of vulnerable and FIHD, 2 GACC impact scenarios Capacity MOES*, NLRTI marginalised sec ons WRD • Assess GACC risks of vulnerable and Assessment • Provide technical support and guidance for DDMA, marginalised sec ons (HRVCA) comprehensive HRVCA considering GACC PRIs, impacts ULBs, SLRTI Recurring/ Regular (RR) Short Term (T1) DMD$, • Sensi sa on and awareness crea on • Understanding CCA needs SDMA, Climate • Support na onal CCA efforts MOES*, MOST, DOS, • Study GACC coping mechanisms EFD*, Change • Coordina on with central agencies 3 MOJS, MAFW, • Develop CCA mechanisms FIHD, RD, Adapta on • Sponsor and promote state-specific efforts MOEFCC Medium & Long Term (T2, T3) AGD, (CCA) and local efforts for GACC mi ga on and • Support the implementa on GACC adapta on WRD, DDMA, adapta on programs Tsunami Climate Change Risk Management Sub- Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Area for Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State DRR Short Term (T1) • Promote adap ve measures in social protec on PRIs, Develop local adapta on strategies and pilot programmes for the vulnerable groups ULBs projects Medium & Long Term (T2, T3) • Sponsor and promote state-specific efforts and local efforts • Promote appropriate combina ons of Green and Blue infrastructure approach • Implementa on of GACC adapta on programs • Integrate adap ve measures in social protec on programmes for the vulnerable groups Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 159 160 7.6 Landslides and Snow Avalanches 7.6.1 Understanding Disaster Risk Landslides and Snow Avalanches Understanding Disaster Risk Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Hazard Recurring/ Regular (RR) Zoning, User-friendly inventory of landslides and mapping, avalanche prone areas and its upda on as per geological, widely accepted standards DMD$, NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY and Short Term (T1) SDMA, MOM*, MOD*, Recurring/ Regular (RR) geotechnical Prepara on of high resolu on / large scale landslide RD, State 1 WIHG, NIDM, DOS, Support to and coopera on with central Inves ga ons and snow avalanche maps DGM, BRO, NLRTI ** agencies in regions Medium Term (T2) SRSAC, prone to • Studies and monitoring of risk prone areas on DDMA landslides site and using satellites and snow • Studies to classify vulnerable areas as per avalanches likelihood of hazard Medium Term (T2) DMD$, Scien fic assessment for predic ng likelihood of SDMA, landslides, and be er understanding of driving Recurring/ Regular (RR) Research and MOM, MOD, MOST, RD, DGM, 2 forces Support to and coopera on with central Development NLRTI** SRSAC, Long Term (T3) agencies DDMA R&D for methods to reduce risk and factors driving landslide Recurring/ Regular (RR) Hazard Risk MOM*, MOD*, DMD$, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Undertake HRVCA as part of preparing and 3 Vulnerability NDMA, NIDM, SDMA, • Promote studies, documenta on and research periodic revision of DM plans and Capacity MOST, MSJE RD, DSJE, Landslides and Snow Avalanches Understanding Disaster Risk Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Assessment • Studies on vulnerabili es and capaci es PRIs, Short Term (T1) (HRVCA) covering social, physical, economic, ecological, ULBs Cons tute/ strengthen the mechanisms for gender, social inclusion and equity aspects consulta on with experts and stakeholders • Provide technical support and guidance for comprehensive HRVCA DMD$, Recurring/ Regular (RR) RD, • Ensure facili es and infrastructure for the MOM*, MOD*, Recurring/ Regular (RR) SDMA, implementa on of adequate access to Dissemina on 4 MOJS, DOS, MOES, Quick, clear, effec ve dissemina on among SPWD, communi es at risk of warnings BRO central and state agencies DDMA, • Dissemina on of warnings to all, down to PRIs, the last mile – remote, rural or urban; ULBs Regular updates to people in areas at risk $ DMD , Monitoring, SDMA, MOM*, MOD*, Warning Medium Term (T2) RD, Recurring/ Regular (RR) 5 MOJS, DOS, MOES, Systems, and Deploy reliable monitoring and warning systems DDMA, Support and collabora on in implementa on BRO Dissemina on PRIs, ULBs Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Disaster Data Systema c data management of data on Systema c data management of data on DMD$, Collec on MHA*, MOSPI, all disaster damage and loss assessments disaster damage and loss assessments 6 SDMA, all and ministries/ depts. Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) depts. Management Disaster Damage and Losses 2005-2015 Disaster Damage and Losses 2005-2015 baseline baseline Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or age ncy with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. Lead agencies: GSI under MOM for Landslides; SASE under MOD for Avalanche. (**) Academic/ Research ins tu ons, especially CEDMM/IIT-Roorkee, DTRL. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 161 7.6.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on 162 Landslides and Snow Avalanches Inter-Agency Coordina on Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Prepara on and implementa on of DM plans and ensure the func oning of DMD$, Recurring/ Regular (RR) agencies with DM tasks Overall disaster SDMA, RD, 1 MOM, MOD Providing coordina on, technical inputs, and • All aspects of disaster risk management governance DDMA, ULBs, support and mainstreaming DRR PRIs • Ensuring coherence and mutual reinforcement of DRR, CCA and development NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY DMD$, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) SDMA, RD, • Organising and coordina ng the 2 Response MHA Organising and coordina ng central assistance DDMA, ULBs, immediate response PRIs • Coordinate with central agencies Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) GSI, SASE, DMD$, Warnings, Effec ve coordina on and seamless Coordina ng the dissemina on of warnings MOES (IMD), SDMA, RD, 3 Informa on, communica on among central and state agencies to all, down to the last mile – remote, rural MOM, BRO, DDMA, ULBs, Data to ensure quick, clear, effec ve dissemina on of or urban; Regular updates to people in NDMA PRIs warnings, informa on and data areas at risk Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, GSI, MHA, BIS, Coordina on among central and state agencies for Coordina on among state agencies for Non-structural SDMA, RD, 4 MOD, BRO, a) revised/ updated rules, norms b) adop on of ensuring updated norms/ codes and their measures DDMA, ULBs, NDMA new/updated standards, c) enact/amend laws, implementa on, enforcement and PRIs regula ons and d) adopt/ review policies monitoring Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.6.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures Landslides and Snow Avalanches Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Protec on of Human MOM, Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, State Recurring/ Regular (RR) 1 Se lements and other MOD, Technical inputs and guidance DGM, SPWD Improving infrastructure, roads, and land stabiliza on work infrastructures BRO Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, Prepare lists of structures/sites State DGM, Protec on of Heritage Recurring/ Regular (RR) 2 ASI at risk due to landslides/slope SRSAC, DDMA, Structures Support and collabora on stability problems and priori se PRIs, ULBs them for hazard mi ga on Short Term (T1) Iden fica on safe buildings and sites to serve as temporary shelters for people and livestock evacuated from locali es DMD$, SDMA, NDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) at risk 3 Mul -Hazard Shelters DDMA, PRIs, NIDM Technical support Medium Term (T2) ULBs • Construc on of mul -purpose shelters in high risk areas at safe sites away from hazard-prone loca ons • Proper maintenance of roads in risk-prone areas Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.6.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures Landslides and Snow Avalanches Non-Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Site selec on for Medium Term (T2) Short Term (T1) DMD$, SDMA, Human Se lements • Detailed land-use zona on Guidelines for proper site selec on for State DGM, 1 in Landslide and Snow MOM, MOD incorpora ng landslide and human se lements, ameni es, and DDMA, Local NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Avalanche Prone snow avalanche risks as other infrastructure Authori es Areas applicable 163 Landslides and Snow Avalanches Non-Structural Measures 164 Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Adopt suitable byelaws for rural and urban areas • Enforce/ promote model codes (e.g., NBC 2016 and updated standards) into prac ce • Ensure proper compliance Recurring/ Regular (RR) Ensure implementa on and adherence to codes and NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY guidelines Medium Term (T2) Medium Term (T2) • Adopt the techno-legal Codes and guidelines related to framework for ensuring DMD$, SDMA, Regula ons and * * landslides published by BIS to be compliance with land use 2 MOM , MOD , BIS, NIDM UDD, DDMA, building codes cri cally examined and reviewed by zoning and landslide Local Authori es peers. BIS will revise/revalidate every /avalanche safety issues five years or earlier, if necessary • Adopt land use zoning, building byelaws and model code (e.g., NBC 2016) legisla on with suitable modifica on for reducing risk MOM*, NDMA, MHRD, Short Term (T1) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Evolve an appropriate techno-legal relevant Central Ministries Implement licensing of Licensing and framework for mandatory licensing of DMD$ and all /Departments, AICTE, IITs, professionals engineers through 3 cer fica on of relevant COA, IIA, Urban planners, • Establish a Professional Civil appropriate legal framework professionals Departments professional bodies of Engineers Council established by an and ins tu onal mechanism architects and engineers Act for cer fica on of engineers and Landslides and Snow Avalanches Non-Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State evolve a procedure for cer fica on of engineers • COA and IIA will be responsible for the registra on, training and upgrada on of the skills of architects and town planners in landslide safety and construc on in case of architects and town planners Recurring/ Regular (RR) MOM, MOD, NDMA, MCA*, Public Private Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, Promote private par cipa on 4 MCF, MOCI, MPFI, MHIPE, Partnerships Guidance DDMA in disaster management MFIN facili es Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Implementa on of Risk Implementa on of Risk Transfer Transfer Arrangements Arrangements including mul -hazard DFIN*, DMD$, 5 Risk Transfer MFIN*, NDMA, MHA, MAFW including mul -hazard insurance for life and property SDMA, DAG insurance for life and property Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Policy Framework Policy Framework Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 165 7.6.5 Capacity Development 166 Landslides and Snow Avalanches Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Support and collabora on to na onal • Train professionals on how to handle agencies slope failures and their remedia on and DMD$, State • Training and skill upgrades for search and NIDM, MOM, MOD, landslide emergencies by promo ng DGM, SRSAC, rescue for CDEF, community, and 1 Training CDMM, COA, MYAS, observa onal method of design and SDRF, ATIs, volunteers NDRF construc on with training on the SIRD, SIDM, • Conduct regular training programmes for development of con ngency plans SLRTI professionals including those for care • Support to SDRF, CDEF, community, and and protec on of disaster affected volunteers NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY animals MOM, GSI, MHRD, Medium Term (T2) Curriculum Medium Term (T2) DMD$, SDMA, 2 UGC, AICTE, COA, Include informa on on landslides and Development Review and revise curriculum EDD NIDM snow avalanches in the curriculum Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Carry out mass media campaigns • Carry out mass media campaigns • Promote culture of disaster risk • Promote culture of disaster risk preven on, mi ga on, and be er risk DMD$, SDMA, preven on, mi ga on, and be er risk management SDRF, F&ES, Awareness GSI, NIDM, NDMA, management • Promote a tude and behaviour change 3 IPRD, DDMA, Genera on NDRF, CAPF, MOIB • Promote a tude and behaviour change in the awareness campaigns/ IEC PRIs, ULBs, in the awareness campaigns/ IEC • Promote use of insurance/ risk transfer CDEF, Police • Promote use of insurance/ risk transfer • Promote Community Radio • Promote Community Radio • Inform people about care and protec on of disaster-affected animals NDMA, All the Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Mock Drills/ 4 concerned SDRF, F&ES, Joint planning and execu on of emergency Exercises Promo ng the planning and execu on of Government CDEF, Police, drills Landslides and Snow Avalanches Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Ministries/ Agencies, emergency drills by all ministries and in all DDMA, PRIs, NDRF, Armed Forces, States/UTs ULBs CAPF Nodal Agency: MOM- Recurring/ Regular (RR) GSI in collabora on DMD$, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Cons tute mul -ins tu onal and mul - with the NIDM; CBRI; SIDM, ATI, 5 Documenta on Documen ng the history of landslide disciplinary teams for carrying out post CRRI; MOST; BRO; IITs, SLRTI, DDMA, studies and other related ac vi es in India landslide field inves ga ons, document universi es, and other PRIs, ULBs the lessons learnt and disseminate academic ins tu ons Recurring/ Regular (RR) Empowering Recurring/ Regular (RR) $ DMD , SDMA Incorpora ng gender sensi ve and women, Incorpora ng gender sensi ve and MSJE*, MWCD, NDMA, SIDM, ATI, equitable approaches in capacity 6 marginalised, equitable approaches in capacity NIDM SLRTI, DDMA, development covering all aspects of and persons development covering all aspects of PRIs, ULBs disaster management at the state, district, with disabili es disaster management and local levels Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Strengthen ability of communi es to Community- DMD$, SDMA NDMA, NIDM, MORD, Recurring/ Regular (RR) manage and cope with disasters based 7 Based Disaster DDMA, PRIs, MHUA Promo on, Guidance, and Support on a mul -hazard approach Management ULBs • Training for PRI, SHG, NCC, NSS, Youth, local community organiza ons Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context . (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 167 168 7.6.6 Climate Change Risk Management Landslide and Snow Avalanches Climate Change Risk Management Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Assessment, Monitoring, and • Support na onal risk reduc on Scien fic studies on GACC impacts efforts related to GACC on LSA • Coordina on with central agencies Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) LSA vulnerability maps under GACC • Sponsor and promote state-specific scenarios efforts and local efforts for GACC Medium Term (T2) mi ga on and adapta on • Study GACC-related changes on NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Medium Term (T2) LSA $ DMD , IRD, • Document state specific GACC Research, Forecas ng/Early MOM*, MOD*, • Prepare detailed scenario maps of WRD, SDMA, impacts and coping mechanisms 1 Warning, Data Management, MOES*, MOJS, LSA-prone areas likely to be DDMA, PRIs, • Promote local weather-based Zoning, Mapping MAFW, DOS impacted by GACC ULBs insurance mechanisms and • Assess enhanced LSA risks from agricultural prac ces. GACC Long Term (T3) • Develop database management • Promote state-specific studies on system rela ng LSA, GACC and enhanced risks (economic, social, triggering events. etc.) under different GACC impact Long Term (T3) scenarios Improve the LSA forecas ng • Promote research studies with State capabili es consistent with the specific contexts on GACC and an cipated GACC impacts on flood- consequent changes in hazards prone areas Recurring/ Regular (RR) MOM*, MOD*, Medium Term (T2) $ DMD , SDMA, Undertake HRVCA as part of preparing Hazard Risk Vulnerability and NDMA, NIDM, • Improve the understanding of the 2 RD, IRD, DSJE, and periodic revision of DM plans Capacity Assessment (HRVCA) MOJS, MOST, enhanced vulnerabili es of LSA- SLRTI Short Term (T1) MSJE, NLRTI prone communi es Data collec on related to landslides Landslide and Snow Avalanches Climate Change Risk Management Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Assess GACC risks of vulnerable Medium Term (T2) and marginalised sec ons • Develop State specific strategies • Provide technical support and • Assess GACC risks of vulnerable and guidance for comprehensive marginalised sec ons HRVCA considering GACC impacts Long Term (T3) Undertake detailed studies on vulnerability and risk due under GACC scenarios for LSA-prone regions Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Sensi sa on and awareness crea on Short Term (T1) • Support na onal CCA efforts Understanding adapta on needs • Coordina on with central agencies Medium Term (T2) • Sponsor and promote state-specific • Study coping mechanisms efforts and local efforts for GACC • Develop adapta on mechanisms mi ga on and adapta on MOM*, MOD*, Long Term (T3) Short Term (T1) DMD$, EFD, Climate Change Adapta on MOES*, MOST, • Implement adapta on programs Develop local adapta on strategies 3 SDMA, DDMA, (CCA) DOS, MOJS, and projects and pilot projects PRIs, ULBs MOEFCC • Promote appropriate Medium Term (T2) combina ons of Green and Blue Sponsor and promote state-specific infrastructure approach efforts and local efforts • Promote adap ve measures in Long Term (T3) social protec on programmes for • Implementa on of GACC adapta on the vulnerable groups programs • Promote appropriate combina ons of Green and Blue infrastructure NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN approach 169 Landslide and Snow Avalanches Climate Change Risk Management 170 Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Integrate adap ve measures in social protec on programmes for the vulnerable groups Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others mentioned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 7.7 Drought This sec on relies on the guidelines published by NDMA on drought management listed in Annexure-I and the manual54 prepared by the MAFW (2016). 7.7.1 Understanding Risk Drought Understanding Risk Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Block-wise rainfall deficit maps in the relevant regions – at crucial stages of Recurring/ Regular (RR) monsoon (e.g., early, middle, and • Annually, a er the end of the South- end), separately for SW and NE West monsoon, carry out monsoon55 comprehensive assessment of water • Comprehensive assessment of water availability for drinking and irriga on deficit in dryland farming, rainfed, $ DMD , SDMA, RD, in all the dryland farming/drought- MNCFC, MAFW, and drought-prone areas every year, Vulnerability SDMC, DDMA, SAUs prone areas in the state to demarcate 1 DOS, MOES, MOJS, at the end of the SW and NE Maps in collabora on with blocks and preferably villages MOST monsoons (stream flow, surface and central agencies • Prepare maps of areas likely to face groundwater) water deficit before onset of next • Agro-clima c region wise water monsoon (demarcate blocks and deficit assessment reports for preferably villages) relevant regions separately at the • Undertake village-wise assessment of end of SW and NE monsoon water storage in the vulnerable blocks • Provide technical assistance to the State Govt./SDMC to prepare vulnerability maps 54 Drought Management Manual—MAFW (2016) 55 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Most of India receives rainfall from the South-West (SW) monsoon, while Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, and coastal Andhra Pradesh get bulk of their rainfall from the Post- Monsoon (or the North East – NE – monsoon). For Tamil Nadu, NE monsoon is the main rainy season. 171 Drought Understanding Risk 172 Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Analysis of satellite imageries, use of appropriate indicators (vegeta on, NDVI, SAVI, soil moisture, MAI, etc.) Short Term (T1) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Improve the drought forecast, and • Coordinate with central agencies in the assessment of water deficit (likely compila on, for refining forecast mismatch between es mates of accuracy for the region, and analysis of requirements and availability) in the all the drought, water deficit, and crop arid/semi-arid, drought-prone, and related data dryland farming areas • Ensure func oning of DMC with NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Prepare detailed advisories on water requisite facili es and staff to conserva on and crop management con nuously monitor water availability measures based on drought and in the drought-prone blocks a er $ water deficit in consulta on with SDMC, DMD , SDMA, likelihood of drought. Is high. Assessment, experts for each State/UT which is RD, AGD, IRD, Water • Separately, at the end of SW and NE Monitoring, MAFW, MOES, likely to face acute water deficit Supply Dept., SAUs in monsoon, as applicable, prepare and Forecas ng, Early DOS, MOJS, MOST • Monitoring key drought indices at collabora on with update a robust database of micro- 2 Warning Na onal and State levels as per latest central agencies, level details on rainfall, reservoir/ lake na onal manual for drought DDMA water levels, surface water/ ground management water, soil moisture, sowing/ crop • Developing composite index of condi ons and socio-economic factors various drought indicators relevant • Separately, at the end of SW and NE to each agro-clima c zone monsoon, prepare crop advisory for • Develop a mul -criteria method blocks that are likely to face water based on various indices (vegeta on, deficit soil, water availability, etc.) as • Separately, at the end of SW and NE standardized framework for drought monsoons, prepare comprehensive forecas ng considering agro-clima c water conserva on, re-distribu on, zones and management plan for the areas in Drought Understanding Risk Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State the state that are likely to experience water deficit Short Term (T1) • Apply the latest (most updated) criteria and methods for assessment Short Term (T1) of drought condi ons and key • Monitor key indicators for drought indicators for declaring drought, as declara on with the support of per latest recommenda ons of the relevant Central/ State agencies/ Dept. appropriate agency • State Govt. to issue a formal • Collaborate with State Government DMD$, SDMA, RD, declara on of drought affected areas Drought MAFW, MOES, 3 and its agencies for monitoring/ SDMC, SAU, AGD, a er which Collector will no fy the Declara on DOS, NITI Aayog declara on of drought IRD, WRD, DDMA district and talukas affected and • Separately, a er end of SW and NE ini ate drought response measures monsoon, if applicable, ini ate • No fy drought - Kharif by 30 October; consulta ons to provide drought Rabi by 31 March advisory to states by end of October • Early season drought: In August as per for regions covered by SW monsoon recommended criteria and by end of March for regions relevant to NE monsoon Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Promote studies, documenta on and • Undertake HRVCA as part of Hazard Risk research prepara on/ revision of DMP Vulnerability and MAFW, MOJS, • Studies on vulnerabili es and DMD$, SDMA, DSJE, • Es mate vulnerability of crops to 4 Capacity MOES, MOST, capaci es covering social, physical, SAU, AGD, PRIs, rainfall uncertain es Assessment MSJE, DOS economic, ecological, gender, social ULBs, DDMA Short Term (T1) (HRVCA) inclusion and equity aspects Cons tute/ strengthen the mechanisms • Provide technical support and for consulta on with experts and guidance for comprehensive HRVCA stakeholders NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 173 Drought Understanding Risk 174 Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State MAFW, MOES Recurring/ Regular (RR) Medium Term (T2) (IMD), DOS, MOJS, Conduct research through the university • Agricultural research focussed on NRAA, CRIDA, DMD$, SDMA, SAUs system to cope with water deficit, to drought-prone areas, arid/semi-arid 5 Research NIDM, MOST, in collabora on with manage crops with less water, improve tracts, and dryland farming areas MOST, CSIR, and CRIDA, NRAA water conserva on programs, enhance • Research related to water other agencies the produc vity of dryland/ rainfed conserva on and management related to research farming Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Systema c data management of data Systema c data management of data on Disaster Data on disaster damage and loss disaster damage and loss assessments MHA*, MOSPI, all DMD$, SDMA, all NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 6 Collec on and assessments ministries/ depts. Short Term (T1) depts. Short Term (T1) Management Disaster Damage and Losses 2005-2015 Disaster Damage and Losses 2005-2015 baseline baseline Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead rol e, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.7.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on Drought Inter-Agency Coordina on Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, • Prepara on and implementa on of DM Recurring/ Regular (RR) Overall disaster RD, AGD, DRD, plans and ensure the func oning of 1 MAFW Providing coordina on, technical inputs, and governance PRD, DDMA, agencies with DM tasks support PRIs, ULBs • All aspects of disaster risk management and mainstreaming DRR Drought Inter-Agency Coordina on Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Ensuring coherence and mutual reinforcement of DRR, CCA and development Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Organising and coordina ng the 2 Response MAFW RD, DDMA, PRIs, Organising and coordina ng central assistance immediate response ULBs • Coordinate with central agencies Recurring/ Regular (RR) SDMC, DMD$, Recurring/ Regular (RR) MAFW, MOES, Warnings, Effec ve coordina on and seamless SDMA, RD, AGD, Coordina ng the dissemina on of MOJS, DOS, 3 Informa on, communica on among central and state IRD, WRD, warnings to all, down to the last mile – MOST, MEITY, Data agencies to ensure quick, clear, effec ve DDMA, PRIs, remote, rural or urban; Regular updates NDMA dissemina on of warnings, informa on and data ULBs to people in areas at risk Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) MAFW, MOJS, Coordina on among central and state agencies DMD$, SDMA, Coordina on among state agencies for Non-structural 4 MOES, MHA, for a) revised/ updated rules, norms b) adop on RD, DDMA, PRIs, ensuring updated norms/ codes and their measures BIS, NDMA of new/updated standards, c) enact/amend laws, ULBs implementa on, enforcement and regula ons and d) adopt/ review policies monitoring Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.7.3 Inves ng in DRR - Structural Measures Drought Structural Measures Sub- Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Area for DRR Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Storage MAFW, MOJS, DMD$, SDMA, RD, DDMA, 1 • Technical support for water conserva on • Drinking water storage and NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Facili es MORD Forest Dept., Water Supply structures, integrated water resources distribu on facili es 175 Drought Structural Measures 176 Sub- Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Area for DRR management infrastructure needs Dept., PRIs, ULBs, WRD, DRD, • Fodder storage facili es to (surface and ground water) PRD, RD maintain fodder banks Short Term (T1) • Rainwater harves ng systems – • Projects/ Grants individual and community • Guidelines on various forms of coping arrangements Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Water harves ng and storage Recurring/ Regular (RR) Water DMD$, SDMA, RD, DDMA, structures MAFW, MOJS, • Technical support NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 2 Conserva on PRIs, ULBs, WRD, DRD, PRD, • Check dams, reservoirs with MORD • Guidelines Structures AHD, RD, IRD excess capacity • Projects/ Grants • Groundwater recharge augmenta on systems Recurring/ Regular (RR) MORD, MHUA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Social DMD$, SDMA, RD, DDMA, Ensure rainwater harves ng and relevant Central Ensure rainwater harves ng and storage in 3 Housing PRIs, ULBs, WRD, DRD, PRD, storage in the social housing Government the social housing schemes in drought- Schemes AHD, RD, IRD schemes especially in drought- Ministries prone areas prone areas Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal dep artment for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.7.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures Drought Non-Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) $ MOES, MAFW, DMD , SDMA, RD, Recurring/ Regular (RR) 1 Mi ga on Measures MOJS • Conduct pilot studies in drought DDMA, PRIs, ULBs, Coordinate the efforts of the central Drought Non-Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State prone areas for sugges ng long WRD, DRD, PRD, agencies in implemen ng mi ga on term mi ga on measures AHD, RD, IRD, SAU, measures • Promote watershed EFD Short Term (T1) development projects • Promote private par cipa on in disaster Medium Term (T2) management facili es • Convergence of lessons learnt • Improve the implementa on of from studies carried out by watershed development programmes various research ins tu ons. Medium Term (T2) • Technical inputs on be er crop • Risk management for dryland/ rainfed management (especially for farmers through agricultural extension, dryland/ rainfed farming) and financial ins tu ons based on • Public Private Partnerships assessments at the end of monsoon (SW or NE as applicable) • Drought-Proofing Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Promote water efficient irriga on systems (sprinklers, drip, etc.) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Promote protec ve irriga on through • Support training programmes micro irriga on systems MAFW, ICAR, DMD$, SDMA, RD, Promote water • IEC efforts • Provide advice to farmers to cope with Agricultural DDMA, PRIs, ULBs, conserva on, • Judicious use of surface and drought, crop management under 2 Research WRD, DRD, PRD, harves ng, efficient groundwater drought condi ons, and efficient water Ins tu ons, DOS, AHD, RD, IRD, SAU, irriga on, afforesta on • Technical and training inputs management NIDM EFD • Research, guidance, and • Training in water and soil moisture documenta on support conserva on • Promote village-level informa on systems for natural resour ce NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN management 177 Drought Non-Structural Measures 178 Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Afforesta on and other op ons using economically useful vegeta on Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Need-based credit • Provide credit and financing • Promote financial inclusion products relevant to the • Monitor the availability of credit and drought-prone areas other financial support from banks and • Promote agricultural insurance DMC, AGD, State Agricultural credit, other financial ins tu ons to farmers in MAFW, IRDA, programmes and ensure that Rural Coop. Banks, agricultural inputs, drought-prone areas 3 NABARD, Banks, farmers are informed about the Rural Banks, finance, marke ng, • Ensure the insurance programmes reach ICAR availability of insurance NABARD, SLBC, NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY and crop insurance the target audiences (especially dryland/ products DDMA rainfed farmers) and dependent • Ensure risk cover for dryland / agricultural labor rainfed farmers who face very • Marke ng support high rainfall uncertainty and • Ensuring availability of quality dependent agricultural workers agricultural inputs Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Implementa on of Risk Transfer Implementa on of Risk Transfer Arrangements including mul - MFIN*, NDMA, DFIN*, DMD$, Arrangements including mul -hazard 4 Risk Transfer hazard insurance for life and MHA, MAFW SDMA, DAG insurance for life and property property Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Policy Framework Policy Framework Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.7.5 Capacity Development Drought Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) • Formulate and implement na onal training and capacity building programme for drought management, especially, be er water conserva on, Short Term (T1) integrated water management (surface • Formulate and implement na onal and ground water), and cropping training and capacity building systems programme for drought • Implement different training management through be er water programmes for officials at various SDMA, ATI, MAFW, NIDM, conserva on, integrated water levels, elected representa ves, SIDM, SIRD, Training and Capacity NDRF, MANAGE, management (surface and ground community leaders, CDEF, civil society 1 SLRTI, SDMC, Building NIRD, DMC, MYAS, water), and cropping systems organiza ons, animal welfare SDRF, DDMA, NDRF • Ensure availability of qualified and organiza ons PRIs, ULBs experienced trainers conversant with Medium Term (T2) drought mi ga on and management • Ensure availability of qualified and techniques experienced trainers conversant with • Support training of SDRF, CDEF, drought mi ga on and management community, and volunteers techniques (crop, animal care, integrated water resources – surface and ground water) • Professionals for veterinary care and support to drought-affected animals NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 179 Drought Capacity Development 180 Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Include basic aspects of disaster • Include basic aspects of disaster management including drought in management including drought in MAFW, Agri. Univ., graduate and post-graduate courses $ Curriculum DMD , SAU, graduate and post-graduate courses in 2 MHRD, MHRD, in agriculture offered by central Development EDD, SBSE agriculture and veterinary courses NCERT, CBSE ins tu ons offered by state ins tu ons • Include drought mi ga on in • Include drought mi ga on in secondary secondary and higher secondary and higher secondary school curriculum school curriculum Recurring/ Regular (RR) NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Carry out mass media campaigns • Carry out mass media campaigns • Promote culture of disaster risk • Promote culture of disaster risk preven on, mi ga on, and be er risk preven on, mi ga on, and be er management covering crop and water DMD$, SDMA, risk management management (including conserva on of Awareness NDMA, NDRF, IPRD, RD, 3 • Promote a tude and behaviour surface and ground water) Genera on NIDM DDMA, PRIs, change in the awareness campaigns/ • Promote a tude and behaviour change ULBs, SAU IEC in the awareness campaigns/ IEC • Promote use of insurance/ risk • Promote use of insurance/ risk transfer transfer • Promote Community Radio • Promote Community Radio • Inform people about care and protec on of disaster-affected animals $ DMD , SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Empowering women, Recurring/ Regular (RR) RD, DDMA, Incorpora ng gender sensi ve and marginalised Incorpora ng gender sensi ve and PRIs, ULBs, MWCD, MSJE, equitable approaches in capacity 4 communi es, and equitable approaches in capacity AGD, AHD, NDMA, NIDM development covering all aspects of differently abled development covering all aspects of WRD, DRD, disaster management at the state, persons disaster management PRD, IRD, SAU, district, and local levels EFD, DSJE Drought Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) • Support the prepara on of drought DMD$, SDMA, management plans based on detailed RD, DDMA, Short Term (T1) projec ons of water deficit in the PRIs, ULBs, Drought Management Ensure development of state, district, 5 MAFW drought-prone areas taking into AGD, AHD, Plans block, taluka and village drought account agro-clima c zones WRD, DRD, management plans • Provide advisory to the states having PRD, IRD, SAU, large areas that may face drought/ EFD acute water deficit DMD$, SDMA, Mainstreaming Relevant Central Recurring/ Regular (RR) RD, DDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) drought management Ministries in All ministries/ departments will PRIs, ULBs, All state govt. departments/ agencies will 6 in developmental collabora on with mainstream disaster management AGD, AHD, mainstream disaster management efforts plans State Governments efforts in their developmental plans WRD, DRD, in their developmental plans PRD, IRD Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.7.6 Climate Change Risk Management Drought Climate Change Risk Management Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Research, MAFW*, DMD$, IRD, AGD, Improving the assessment and monitoring of • Support na onal risk reduc on Forecas ng, Data MOEFCC, WRD, SDMA, 1 intensity, frequency of weather events and efforts related to GACC Management, MOES, DOS, DDMA, PRIs, ULBs, rainfall/water deficit in rainfed, arid/semiarid • Coordina on with central NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Zoning, Mapping MOJS, NLRTI SLRTI, EFD areas factoring-in GACC impacts agencies 181 Drought Climate Change Risk Management 182 Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) • Sponsor and promote state- • Assessing GACC effects on drought-prone specific efforts and local efforts areas for GACC mi ga on and • Assess enhanced economic and social risks adapta on under GACC scenarios Short Term (T1) Medium Term (T2) • Document state-specific GACC • Prepare GACC scenario maps for all drought- impacts and coping mechanisms prone areas • Take ini a ves to promote • Assess enhanced drought risks from GACC and drought resistant crops on adapta ons to change • Promote local weather-based NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Develop Database management system insurance mechanisms and rela ng to climate change & Drought Risk agricultural prac ces Long Term (T3) Medium & Long Term (T2, T3) • Improve GACC impact-based projec on and • Promote state-specific studies assessment capabili es consistent with the on enhanced risks (economic, an cipated changes in the occurrence of social, etc.) under different drought condi ons GACC impact scenarios • Expansion of weather insurance mechanisms • Promote research studies with and agricultural prac ces. State specific contexts on GACC • Research on climate resilient crops for drought and consequent changes in proofing. hazards. Recurring/ Regular (RR) Short-Term (T1) Undertake HRVCA as part of Hazard Risk Water deficit and crop vulnerability maps under MAFW*, preparing and periodic revision of Vulnerability and GACC scenarios DMD$, SDMA, RD, NDMA, NIDM, DM plans 2 Capacity Medium Term (T2) IRD, AGD, DSJE, MOJS, MOST, Short Term (T1) Assessment • Improve the understanding of the enhanced SLRTI MSJE, NLRTI • Impact assessment, economic (HRVCA) vulnerabili es of communi es to extreme and social risks under GACC and hydro-clima c events. repor ng Drought Climate Change Risk Management Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Crea on of data bank and hazard risk & • Assess GACC risks of vulnerable vulnerability mapping. and marginalised sec ons • Impact assessment, periodic review and Medium Term (T2) evalua on Crea on of databank and hazard, • Assess GACC risks of vulnerable and risk & vulnerability mapping at marginalised sec ons local level. • Provide technical support and guidance for comprehensive HRVCA considering GACC impacts Long Term (T3) Undertake detailed studies on vulnerability and risk due to land degrada on / deser fica on. Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Promote climate resilient crops • Sensi sa on and Public Awareness • Capacity Building and Regular Monitoring & Evalua on • Capacity building and u lising Short Term (T1) tradi onal knowledge to build eco-system. • Understanding adapta on needs Short Term (T1) • Study coping mechanisms MAFW*, Develop Local Adapta on Climate Change • Develop adapta on mechanisms DMD$, SDMA, MOES*, MOST, Strategies 3 Adapta on Medium & Long Term (T2, T3) DDMA, PRIs, ULBs, DOS, MOJS, Medium Term (T2) (CCA) • Implement CCA programs AGD MOEFCC • Implement various water and • Implement efficient water management and soil conserva on programmes monitoring systems as part of CCA in the consistent with an cipated drought-prone areas GACC impacts • Formulate legal and regulatory frameworks in • Adapta on and mi ga on drought-prone areas considering GACC strategies under DM plan for • Promote appropriate combina ons of Green ensuring food security. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN and Blue infrastructure approach 183 Drought Climate Change Risk Management 184 Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Long Term (T3) • Promote adap ve measures in social • Sponsor state-specific efforts; protec on programmes for the vulnerable support local efforts groups • Develop climate resilient infrastructure. • Implement efficient water management and monitoring systems as part of CCA in the drought prone areas. • Promote appropriate NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY combina ons of Green and Blue infrastructure approach • Integrate adap ve measures in social protec on programmes for the vulnerable groups Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 7.8 Cold Wave and Frost As Cold Wave/Frost is a localized phenomenon, the relevant State Governments must draw up loca on specific mi ga on plans involving respec ve DDMAs and local authori es (PRIs and ULBs). Risk transfer arrangements including mul -hazard insurance for life and property should be implemented. The central and state governments should develop relevant policy frameworks. 7.8.1 Mi ga on Measures for People The State Governments must maintain close coordina on with India Meteorological Department (MOES (IMD)) and closely monitor cold wave situa on. Warnings should be disseminated to the public through appropriate forums (including local newspapers and radio sta ons) on a regular basis. Some of the mi ga on measures to be followed are shown below: • Stay indoors as much as possible • Listen to local radio sta ons for weather updates • Eat healthy food to supply heat to the body and drink non-alcoholic beverages to avoid dehydra on • Wear several layers of lightweight and warm clothes; rather than one layer of heavy clothing. The outer garments should be ghtly woven and water-repellent. • Keep dry. Change wet clothing frequently to prevent loss of body heat. • Maintain proper ven la on when using kerosene, heater or coal oven to avoid toxic fumes. • In case of non-availability of hea ng arrangement, go to public places where hea ng arrangements are made by administra on. • Cover your head, as most body heat is lost through the top of the head and cover your mouth to protect your lungs. • Avoid over work. Over exer on can cause heart a ack. • Watch for signs of frostbite: loss of feeling and white or pale appearance on fingers, toes, ear lobes and the p of the nose. • Watch for signs of hypothermia (subnormal body temperature): uncontrolled shivering, memory loss, disorienta on, incoherence, slurred speech, drowsiness and apparent exhaus on. Immediately rush to the nearest hospital for medical treatment. • Stock up on food, water, and other necessi es before a cold wave. • Stock suitable forage before cold waves for livestock • Keep hospitals in a state of readiness for the admission of vic ms of frostbite a nd hypothermia 7.8.2 Mi ga on Measures for Crops and Animals The MAFW closely monitors cold wave situa on in consulta on with MOES (IMD) and State Governments. In case of cold wave/frost situa on, States needs to ini ate loca on specific measures as outlined in District Crop Con ngency Plans and in consulta on with respec ve State Agricultural Universi es to minimize its impact. Farmers are to provide light irriga on as per need, immediately prune damaged ps of branches or shoot, burn leave/waste material in the orchard to create smoke and manage rejuvena on of damaged crops through pruning of dead material, applica on of extra doses of fer lizer through foliar sprays. Vulnerable crops may be sprayed with water that will paradoxically protect the plants by freezing and absorbing the cold from surrounding air. Agencies specializing in animal care should provide necessary advisory and support for the care and protec on 185 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY of animals. In cold wave condi ons, animal and livestock owners must feed adequately with appropriate feed to avoid animal deaths. They must stock suitable feed or forage before cold wave to feed the livestock. They must avoid exposure of animals to extreme cold. Illustra ve crop protec on measures during different vegeta ve stages are given in Table 7-1. Table 7-1: Snow and frost – Illustra ve Crop Protec on Measures Stages of Plant Growth Measures to be taken by Farmers 1 Seedling/ Nursery Stage Change of microclimate by smoking around the field especially during night 2 Vegeta ve/ Reproduc ve Irriga ng the field, smoking the field during night Stage 3 Harves ng State Harvest the crop at physiological maturity stage Crops: Soybean, maize, jowar, arhar, co on, chickpea, and wheat [Source: Safety ps for Cold Wave, available at www.nidm.gov.in] 7.8.3 Climate Change Risk Management Note: Unlike other sub-sec ons, the responsibility framework given here has a simpler format. Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es # Centre Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Medium Term (T2) • Promote research, monitoring and DMD$, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) MOES, informa on systems DDMA, DRD, • Support and cooperate with MAFW*, consistent with the UDD, AGD, central agencies MOEFCC, an cipated GACC impacts PRIs, ULBs, • Sponsor state-specific efforts; NLRTI • Develop Database SLRTI support local efforts management system rela ng to Climate Change & cold wave Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Sensi sa on and awareness crea on Short Term (T1) • Support na onal CCA efforts • Understanding adapta on • Coordina on with central agencies needs • Sponsor and promote state-specific • Study coping mechanisms efforts and local efforts for GACC Medium Term (T2) mi ga on and adapta on MOEFCC*, DMD$, SDMA, Short Term (T1) MORD, DRD, UDD, Develop local adapta on strategies MoHUA, Long Term (T3) DDMA, PRIs, and pilot projects NDMA, • Implement adapta on ULBs, DSJE Medium Term (T2) MSJE programs Sponsor and promote state-specific • Promote adap ve efforts and local efforts measures in social Long Term (T3) protec on programmes • Implementa on of GACC for the vulnerable groups adapta on programs • Integrate adap ve measures in social protec on programmes for the vulnerable groups Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and 186 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD —Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 187 188 7.9 Thunderstorm, Lightning, Dust, Squall and Strong Winds Note: Unlike other sub-sec ons, the responsibility framework given here has a simpler format. Thunderstorm, Lightning, Dust, Squall and Strong Winds Central/ State Agencies & Their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR # Centre Responsibility State# Responsibility Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Preparing State Ac on Plan and its Recurring/ Regular (RR) implementa on Technical support, data collec on NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 7.9.1 Understanding • Prepare detailed departmental MOES Short Term (T1) SDMA*, Risk SoPs by concerned department Compiling the baseline data of 2005-2015 DMD$ • Data Collec on Medium Term (T2) Short Term (T1) Guidelines and ac on plan Compiling the baseline data of 2005- 2015 Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Early Warning and Communica on Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Alerts and weather forecasts • To disseminate the informa on • In case of forecasts/ warning of extreme received from IMD to public at /severe nature: Specific message and large informa on, dissemina on to public at large • Promote installa ons of lightning MOES*, MIB, DOT, DMD$*, 7.9.2 Inter-Agency through print/ electronic and social media, arresters and Doppler Radars MPWR, MHA, SDMA, Coordina on SMS, etc. in relevant geographic area • Create a network of community MAFW DDMA, IPRD, • Specific message dissemina on to concerned based early warning systems MHA, NEC, NDMA PED*, AGD* Power Genera on, Transmission, Distribu on • Ensure specific message and and Supply offices informa on, dissemina on to • Alertness and deployment of NDRF as per public at large through requirement print/electronic/social and other • Monitoring and Review of the Guidelines mass media at local level • Technical support Thunderstorm, Lightning, Dust, Squall and Strong Winds Central/ State Agencies & Their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility State# Responsibility • Periodic review/ upda ng • Ensure Push SMS by various telecom service operators to all ac ve mobile connec ons • Ac vate all concerned DISCOM office/officers • To ensure power cuts⁵⁶ and restora on of power supply and also provide emergency power supply to cri cal facili es • Ac vate the district administra on with line departments as soon as specific warning is received. • Following and quickly implemen ng the instruc ons of central/State govt. • Designate a nodal officer for emergency response • Ins tu onalised mul -agency coordina on with clear role and responsibility • Rescue and evacua on opera ons in coordina on with the administra on, NGOs and volunteers. • Emergency medical response • Other necessary related ac ons 56 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN At the me of occurrence of thunderstorm power supply may further pose addi onal threats of e lectrocu on. Timely power cut and restora on need to be ensured by concerned authority as per weather forecast. 189 Thunderstorm, Lightning, Dust, Squall and Strong Winds 190 Central/ State Agencies & Their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility State# Responsibility • Nodal officer’s act as the contact person for each dept. / agency • Monitor State/District level plan • Collect updated data / informa on and plan for review/upda ng Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Inter-agency coordina on and Recurring/ Regular (RR) review and update precau onary • Technical guidance for structural measures measures and procedures • Inter-agency coordina on, review and update • Ensure building bye laws and make precau onary measures and procedures to be NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY it mandatory or all ground floor followed plus two and taller buildings to 7.9.3 Inves ng in MHUA*, MOPR, • Follow the Building Bye Laws, makes it DMD$, SDMA, install lightning conductors DRR – Structural MEITY, MPWR, mandatory for all G+2 and above building to DDMA, ULBs, /arresters measures MRTH install lightning conductors /arresters PRIs • Promote install of lightning • Promote installa ons of lightning arresters conductors / arresters in schools, • Start a drive to check the structural strength industries, and Government and of hoardings and similar old structures private buildings • Start a drive to check the medical & hospital • A drive to be undertaken to check equipment at places the structural strength of hoarding and old structures Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$*, NDMA*, MOCI, • Inter-agency coordina on and 7.9.4 Inves ng in • Disseminate informa on to public on SDMA, UDD, MORD, MHUA, implementa on DRR – Non- structural mi ga on measures DRD, IPRD, DOT, MPWR, • Prepare Assessment, preparedness structural • Ensure drives to check the structural strength PED, SPWD, MRTH, MHFW, and mi ga on measures report measures of trees, old structures HFWD, AGD*, MAFW, MOEFCC, and implement • Setup alterna ve or emergency AHD MHA • Review and update precau onary communica on systems EFD measures and procedures Thunderstorm, Lightning, Dust, Squall and Strong Winds Central/ State Agencies & Their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility State# Responsibility • To deal with power cuts and emergency • Public awareness and educa on power supply for early warning response • Start a drive to check and maintain/replace • Iden fy vulnerable places old electrical equipment/cables • Follow alerts/warning, advisory, • To ensure road connec vity and access to • Disseminate Dos and Don’ts for vulnerable areas general public and enable access to • Create a post of medical staff in respect of safe places. emergency • Protec ng property/infrastructure • Hospital preparedness, including training of and environment from fire damage human resources • Ensuring strict adherence to fire • Ensure adherence to crop safety norms safety norms • Construc on safe crop storage shelters for • To ensure essen al services and farmers facili es at vulnerable places • Set up awareness programs • Setup alterna ve or emergency • Compiling data and documenta on communica on systems • Organising and maintaining data base • To ensure early restora on of • Implementa on of Risk Transfer electricity supply to essen al Arrangements including mul -hazard services during emergencies and insurance for life and property restora on of electric supply at the Short Term (T1) earliest • Technical guidance for preparedness • To ensure func onal stat e of all • Develop norms for Inter-agency coordina on electrical equipment and maintain • Construct shelters/ sheds, bus stands as per the service or replace equipment BIS code from me to me • Risk Transfer arrangements – policies • Ensure road connec vity and framework access to vulnerable areas • Ensure appropriate medical staff, and facili es at place of incident NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 191 Thunderstorm, Lightning, Dust, Squall and Strong Winds 192 Central/ State Agencies & Their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility State# Responsibility • Strengthen health centres with a network of paramedical professionals • Ensure stock piling of life-saving drugs, de-toxicants, anaesthesia, availability of Halogen tablets in vulnerable areas • Assessment of damage from weather events • Collec ng post disaster data from NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY field and repor ng to state/na onal level • Implementa on of Risk Transfer Arrangements including mul - hazard insurance for life and property Short Term (T1) • Establishment of public informa on / facili es. • Construc on of thunderstorm safe crop storage shelters for farmers • Ensuring adherence to fire safety norms • Protec ng of property/infrastructure and the environment from fire damage • Risk Transfer arrangements – implementa on including crop and animal insurance Thunderstorm, Lightning, Dust, Squall and Strong Winds Central/ State Agencies & Their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility State# Responsibility Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Training programme for all concerned department officials/ volunteers , CDEF, community, and Recurring/ Regular (RR) volunteers • Training programme for all concerned • Conduct training programmes and func onaries, SDRF, CDEF, community, and drills on usage of various fire DMD$, SDMA, 7.9.5 Capacity NIDM*, MIB, NDRF, volunteers protec on equipment and SDRF, SIRD, Development other ministries • Extensive IEC campaigns to create awareness preven ve systems SLRTI, IPRD through print, electronic and social media • Crea on of public awareness • Push SMS by various telecom service • Extensive IEC campaigns to operators to all ac ve mobile connec ons generate public awareness through print, electronic and social media • Ensure Push SMS by various telecom service operators to all ac ve mobile connec ons. Medium Term (T2) DMD$, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Promote research, monitoring and EFD, AGD, • Support and cooperate with MOES*, MAFW*, informa on systems consistent with the AHD, DRD, central agencies MOEFCC, NLRTI an cipated GACC impacts UDD, SLRTI, • Sponsor state-specific efforts; • Develop database management system PRI, ULB, 7.9.6 Climate support local efforts relevant to climate change SPWD, SLRTI Change Risk Short-Term (T1) Management Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Understanding GACC adapta on needs DMD$, SDMA, • Sensi sa on and awareness MOES*, MAFW*, • Study GACC coping mechanisms DDMA, PRIs, crea on MOEFCC • Develop GACC adapta on mechanisms ULBs • Support na onal CCA efforts Medium & Long Term (T2, T3) • Coordina on with central agencies • Implement GACC adapta on programs NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 193 Thunderstorm, Lightning, Dust, Squall and Strong Winds 194 Central/ State Agencies & Their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility State# Responsibility • Promote adap ve measures in social • Sponsor and promote state- protec on programmes for the vulnerable specific efforts and local efforts for groups GACC mi ga on and adapta on Short –Term (T1) Develop local adapta on strategies and pilot projects Medium -Term (T2) • Sponsor and promote state- specific efforts and local efforts • Implementa on of GACC NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY adapta on programs • Integrate adap ve measures in social protec on programmes for the vulnerable groups Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department f or disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.10 Cloudburst and Hailstorm Note: Unlike other sub-sec ons, the responsibility framework given here has a simpler format. Cloudbursts and Hailstorms Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Compile and maintain data on events like cloud bursts and hailstorms – loca on, event informa on, impacts, etc. Short Term (T1) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Iden fy se lements located on sites • Technical support for HRVCA and prone to landslides/ unstable slope risk assessment • Prepare list of se lements and • Data Collec on households facing very high risk Short Term (T1) • Mapping landslide-prone areas and DMD$, SDMA, EFD, MOES, MAFW, Compiling the baseline data of iden fica on of unsafe sites for 7.10.1 Understanding AGD, AHD, DRD, MOEFCC, MOST, DOS, 2005-2015 human se lements Risk UDD, SLRTI, PRI, NLRTI** • Compiling the baseline data of 2005- ULB, SPWD, DDMA Medium Term (T2) 2015 • Installing Automa c Weather Medium Term (T2) Sta ons (AWS) • Landslide Hazard Zona on (LHZ) • Deploying Doppler Weather Radar using different kinds of spa al data (DWR) (aerial photographs, satellite imagery) employing the technological improvements in remote sensing that greatly improve the mapping accuracy • Amalgama on of local/indigenous NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN knowledge of landslide-prone areas 195 Cloudbursts and Hailstorms 196 Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State and technical exper se to prevent and mi gate landslides • Inventory of areas that experienced hailstorm episodes and related losses, especially crop losses Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Prepara on and implementa on of Recurring/ Regular (RR) DM plans and ensure the func oning • Providing coordina on, technical of agencies with DM tasks inputs, and support • All aspects of disaster risk NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Organising and coordina ng management and mainstreaming central assistance DRR • Effec ve coordina on and • Ensuring coherence and mutual seamless communica on among reinforcement of DRR, CCA and central and state agencies to development 7.10.2 Inter-Agency MOES, MAFW, $ ensure quick, clear, effec ve DMD , SDMA, DDMA • Organising and coordina ng the Coordina on MOEFCC dissemina on of warnings, immediate response informa on and data • Coordinate with central agencies • Coordina on among central and • Coordina ng the dissemina on of state agencies for a) revised/ warnings to all, down to the last mile updated rules, norms b) adop on – remote, rural or urban; Regular of new/updated standards, c) updates to people in areas at risk enact/amend laws, regula ons • Coordina on among state agencies and d) adopt/ review policies for ensuring updated norms/ codes and their implementa on, enforcement and monitoring Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, DRD, 7.10.3 Inves ng in Undertake slope stabiliza on measures MHUA, MORD Technical support for slope UDD, SLRTI, PRI, DRR – on a regular basis stabiliza on and geo-engineering ULB, SPWD, DDMA Cloudbursts and Hailstorms Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) Structural Integrated approach to slope Measures stabiliza on combining bioengineering (plants, trees) and mechanical structures for slope stabilisa on Medium Term (T2) • Develop addi onal drainage for quick and safe flow of storm water • Repair and maintain natural drainage systems, rivulets, etc. to ensure unhindered flow of storm water Recurring/ Regular (RR) Implementa on of Risk Transfer Arrangements including mul -hazard insurance for life and property Recurring/ Regular (RR) Short Term (T1) • Provide Support • Review of exis ng regula ons and • Implementa on of Risk Transfer amending them in accordance with 7.10.4 Inves ng in Arrangements including mul - safer building DRR – Non- MHA, MOES, hazard insurance for life and All departments, • Amend town and city plans to reduce Structural MOEFCC, MOST property ULBs, PRIs risks Measures Short Term (T1) • Risk Transfer Policy Framework • Frame model rules, laws, Medium Term (T2) guidelines • Apply concept of mul -level safety to • Risk Transfer Policy Framework se lements and the expansion of towns/ci es – preven on, spa al planning, organiza on and emergency management MAFW, MOES, DMD$, SDMA, SDRF, NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 7.10.5 Capacity Recurring/ Regular (RR) MOEFCC, DOS, MSJE, EFD, AGD, AHD, Development • Awareness raising 197 MWCD, NIDM, NDRF DRD, UDD, SIRD, Cloudbursts and Hailstorms 198 Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Technical support for post - SLRTI, PRI, ULB, • Enhancing capabili es of ULB/PRIs to hailstorm management in SPWD, DDMA prepare and cope with events like agriculture cloudbursts and hailstorms • Provide guidance and technical • Basic training on coping up with support to SDRF, CDEF, hailstorm for CDEF, community, and community, and volunteers volunteers • Sponsor ToT programs on various • Training on various aspects of coping aspects such as managing with cloudburst, hailstorms, search landslide, and search and rescue and rescue NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Training support for SDRF, CDEF, • Training on post -hailstorm community, and volunteers management in agriculture • Basic training on coping with cloudburst and hailstorm • Training on various aspects of coping with cloudburst, hailstorms, search and rescue • Promo ng culture of awareness, alertness and preparedness • Awareness genera on programs for public, u li es, ULBs, PRIs, and industries • IEC materials and ensure wider disseminate to general public through all medium • Informa on on safety, care and protec on of disaster-affected animals • Promote use of insurance/ risk transfer Cloudbursts and Hailstorms Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Short-Term (T1) • Support and cooperate with central • Understanding GACC adapta on agencies needs • Sponsor state-specific efforts; • Study GACC coping mechanisms support local efforts • Develop GACC adapta on • Sensi sa on and awareness crea on mechanisms • Support na onal CCA efforts • Coordina on with central agencies Medium Term (T2) • Sponsor and promote state-specific • Promote research, monitoring DMD$, SDMA, 7.10.6 Climate efforts and local efforts for GACC and informa on systems DDMA, EFD, AGD, MOES*, MAFW*, mi ga on and adapta on Change Risk consistent with the an cipated AHD, DRD, UDD, MOEFCC, NLRTI Short –Term (T1) Management GACC impacts SLRTI, PRI, ULB, Develop local adapta on strategies and • Develop Database management SPWD, SLRTI pilot projects system rela ng to Hailstorm, Medium -Term (T2) Cloudburst & Climate Change • Sponsor and promote state-specific Long Term (T3) efforts and local efforts • Implement GACC adapta on • Implementa on of GACC adapta on programs programs • Promote adap ve measures in • Integrate adap ve measures in social social protec on programmes for protec on programmes for the the vulnerable groups vulnerable groups Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or age ncy with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. (**) Especially IMD, NCMRWF, GSI, ISRO, NRSC, NIASM, ICAR, CSMRS, WIHG, DTRL, Roorkee Univ., IITs, CEDMM/IIT- Roorkee, BRO, CBRI, CSMRS, DTRL. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 199 200 7.11 Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) Note: Unlike other sub-sec ons, the responsibility framework given here has a simpler format. The GLOF is applicable only to the Himalayan region (see 2.2.2.11). Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Technical support Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Regular monitoring of all glacial • Involve local communi es in monitoring of glacial lakes lakes and water bodies with high risk – boundary condi ons, • Data Collec on discernible terrain changes, etc. Short Term (T1) NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Data Collec on • Research on glacier mel ng and Short Term (T1) forma on of glacial lake • Install and opera onalise appropriate warning systems • Mapping all glacial lakes, glaciers SDMA*, • Mapping and iden fica on of unsafe areas for human and relevant waterbodies in IHR as DMD$, se lements that are likely to be at risk from each of the * well as classifica on based on MOJS , MOES, DRD, likely GLOF (i.e., glacial lake and waterbody wise) poten al GLOF risks MOST, DOS, UDD, • Iden fy se lements located on sites prone to 7.11.1 Understanding • Improving the understanding of MOEFCC, SLRTI, landslides/ unstable slope, mostly downstream Risk ** poten al GLOF triggering factors NLRTI PRI, (economic, social, etc.) • Provide technical support for ULB, • Compiling baseline 2005-2015 HRVCA SPWD Medium Term (T2) • Compiling baseline 2005-2015 • Amalgama on of local/indigenous knowledge of the Medium Term (T2) terrain and technical exper se for monitoring of glacial • Priori sa on of glacial lakes/ lake/ waterbodies waterbodies according to GLOF • Landslide Hazard Zona on (LHZ) using different kinds of risk spa al data employing the technological improvements • Compila on and analysis of in remote sensing that greatly improve the mapping proven methods for the controlled accuracy release of water from glacial lake to avoid sudden breach due to Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State landslide or overflowing of water from glacial lakes • Understanding the GLOF risk in rela on to the people and property located downstream • Dam-break modelling and downstream vulnerability assessment Long Term (T3) • Refining/ improving computer simula on models of GLOF risk • Facilita ng interna onal technical coopera on and sharing of exper se Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Providing coordina on, technical • Prepara on and implementa on of DM plans and inputs, and support ensure the func oning of agencies with DM tasks • Organising and coordina ng • All aspects of disaster risk management and central assistance mainstreaming DRR • Effec ve coordina on and • Ensuring coherence and mutual reinforcement of DRR, MOEFCC*, seamless communica on among DMD$, CCA and development MOES, MAFW, central and state agencies to SDMA, • Organising and coordina ng the immediate response 7.11.2 Inter-Agency MOJS, MOM, ensure quick, clear, effec ve DDMA • Coordinate with central agencies Coordina on DOS dissemina on of warnings, • Coordina ng the dissemina on of warnings to all, down informa on and data to the last mile – remote, rural or urban; Regular • Coordina on among central and updates to people in areas at risk state agencies for a) revised/ • Coordina on among state agencies for ensuring updated rules, norms b) adop on updated norms/ codes and their implementa on, NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN of new/updated standards, c) enforcement and monitoring 201 Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) 202 Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State enact/amend laws, regula ons and d) adopt/ review policies Medium Term (T2) Reduce the volume of water in the lake, thus reducing the magnitude of the possible peak discharge at the me of breach - controlled breaching of the moraine dam; DMD$, construc on of an outlet control structure; pumping or SDMA, siphoning the water from the lake; and tunnelling 7.11.3 Inves ng in DRD, through the moraine barrier or under an ice dam. Recurring/ Regular (RR) UDD, DRR – Protec ng downstream infrastructure from peak floods MOJS*, NLRTI* SLRTI, NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Structural Long Term (T3) Technical support PRI, Measures • Infrastructure downstream (diversion weirs, intakes, ULB, bridges, or river bank se lements) can be protected SPWD, against a possible surge through proper construc on DDMA that allows sufficient space for the flow of water and avoids damming • River banks with poten al or old landslides and scree slopes near se lements should be stabilised Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, Implement risk transfer arrangements Recurring/ Regular (RR) SDMA, Short Term (T1) • Provide technical support 7.11.4 Inves ng in MOES, DRD, • Review of exis ng regula ons and amending them in • Implement risk transfer MOEFCC, UDD, accordance with safer building DRR – Non- arrangements MOST, MOJS, SLRTI, • Discourage/ disallow se lements on or near low river Structural Short Term (T1) NDMA and PRI, terraces within the GLOF hazard zones Measures Risk Transfer Policy Framework NRSC ULB, • Risk Transfer Policy Framework Medium Term (T2) SPWD, Medium Term (T2) Frame model rules, laws, guidelines DDMA • Make legal provisions manda ng infrastructure developers, especially private hydropower developers, Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State to engage in GLOF early warning and risk reduc on ac vi es • Land use zoning to discouraging development in risky zone Long Term (T3) • Amend town and city plans to reduce risks • Apply concept of mul -level safety to se lements and the expansion of towns/ci es – preven on, spa al planning, organiza on and emergency management Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Training for SDRF, CDEF, community, and volunteers • Provide support for awareness • Promo ng culture of awareness, alertness and raising about GLOF and GACC for preparedness SDRF, CDEF, community, and • IEC materials; ensure wider dissemina on to general volunteers DMD$, public through all medium • Training support for SDRF, CDEF, SDMA, • Dissemina on and communica on of GLOF risk community, and volunteers SDRF, MOES*, MOST, informa on and early warnings to individuals and Short Term (T1) DRD, DOS, MOJS, communi es at risk 7.11.5 Capacity • Basic training on coping with GLOF UDD, MOEFCC, MSJE, • Training support for CDEF, community, and volunteers Development • ToT programs on various aspects SLRTI, MWCD, NIDM, Medium Term (T2) of GLOF, managing landslide and PRI, NDRF • Training in how to respond during and a er GLOF search and rescue ULB, SPWD, events Medium Term (T2) • Informa on on safety, care and protec on of disaster- • Technical suppo rt from specialised DDMA affected animals agencies and research ins tu ons • Enhancing capabili es of PRIs and local communi es at – na onal and interna onal for risk to monitor and prepare for the likelihood GLOF strengthening the scien fic and (close to the glacial lake and along the likely path of technical capabili es flood a er a GLOF) NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 203 Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) 204 Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Coordinated research by major • Training on various aspects of GLOF without ins tutes with interna onal exaggera ons using best informa on available collabora on • Understanding early signs, glacial lake characteris cs, • Mechanisms for inter- level of hazards, governmental collabora on in • How to respond during and a er GLOF events sharing data and informa on Long Term (T3) where relevant • Decentralisa on of risk management ac vi es to communi es and local authori es • Promote use of insurance/ risk transfer Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. (**) Especially, MOES (IMD), NCMRWF, GSI, CSMRS, WIHG, ISRO, NRSC, DTRL, Roorkee Un iv., IITs, CEDMM/IIT-Roorkee, CIMFR, BRO and CBRI. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.11.6 Climate Change Risk Management Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) Climate Change Risk Management Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Medium Term (T2) • Mapping all glacial lakes, glaciers and relevant waterbodies in IHR based on Recurring/ Regular (RR) poten al GLOF risks an cipated under Research, Forecas ng, MOES*, MOD*, Support and cooperate with GACC impacts DMD$, SDMA, Early Warning, MOJS*, MOST, central agencies 1 • Monitoring GACC related aspects of the SPWD, WRD, Informa on Systems, DOS, MOEFCC, Short –Term (T1) glacial system SLRTI Zoning, Mapping NLRTI Sponsor and support state-specific • Develop Database management system and local efforts rela ng to GLOF & Climate Change and triggering events Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) Climate Change Risk Management Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Long Term (T3) Research on climate change impact on glaciers, the extension of exis ng glacial lake boundaries, forma on of new glacial lakes, etc. Medium & Long Term (T2, T3) • Improve understanding of the enhanced vulnerabili es of GLOF and its domino Short –Term (T1) effects due to climate change Undertake HRVCA as part of • Undertake detailed studies on preparing and periodic revision of Hazard Risk Vulnerability MOJS*, MOES*, DMD$, SDMA, vulnerabili es and risk under climate DM plans / SOPs. 2 and Capacity Assessment MOEFCC*, MSJE, SPWD, WRD, change for GLOF prone regions Medium Turn (T2) (HRVCA) NLRTI DSJE, SLRTI • Assess GACC risks of vulnerable and • Develop State specific strategies marginalised sec ons • Assess GACC risks of vulnerable • Provide technical support and guidance for and marginalised sec ons comprehensive HRVCA considering GACC impacts Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Sensi sa on and awareness crea on Short-Term (T1) • Support na onal CCA efforts • Understanding adapta on needs • Coordina on with central • Study coping mechanisms agencies Climate Change • Develop adapta on mechanisms DMD$, SDMA, MOJS*, MOES*, • Sponsor and promote state- 3 Adapta on Medium & Long Term (T2, T3) DDMA, PRIs, MOEFCC* specific efforts and local efforts (CCA) • Implement adapta on programs ULBs for GACC mi ga on and • Promote adap ve measures in social adapta on protec on programmes for the vulnerable Short –Term (T1) groups Develop local adapta on strategies NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN and pilot projects 205 Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) Climate Change Risk Management 206 Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Medium & Long Term (T2, T3) • Sponsor and promote state- specific efforts and local efforts • Implementa on of GACC adapta on programs • Integrate adap ve measures in social protec on programmes for the vulnerable groups Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.12 Heat Wave This sec on is based on the NDMA guidelines57 for prepara on of Heat-wave Ac on Plan (HAP) listed in Annexure-I. 7.12.1 Understanding Risk Heat Wave Understanding Risk Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for Responsibility – DRR Centre# State# Responsibility – State Centre Recurring/ Regular (RR) Maintaining preven ve measures as per norms Short Term (T1) • Vulnerability Assessment and Establishing Observa on Networks, Heat-Health Threshold Temperatures Informa on Systems, Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Strengthening and maintaining monitoring DMD$, SDMA, RD, DRD, Monitoring, MOES*, MOEFCC, and data logging systems for temperature, • Support for UDD, DWSD, EDD, PD, 1 Research, MEITY, NDMA, humidity, etc. required for threshold for heat organising training EFD, AHD, HD, WCD, Forecas ng, Early MHFW wave alerts. • Extend technical PRI/ULB, DDMA, SLRTI Warning and Zoning/ Medium Term (T2) support Mapping Establish and maintain community-based network for sharing alerts Long Term (T3) Modify or customise warnings according to thresholds suitable for the State/UT Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Hazard Risk Vulnerability MOES, MOEFCC, • Upda ng HRVCA DMD$, SDMA, EFD, DSJE, 2 and Capacity Assessment NDMA, MHFW, • Promote studies, • Iden fica on and lis ng of Iden fying the PRI/ ULB, DDMA, SLRTI (HRVCA) MSJE documenta on and vulnerable popula on/ communi es/ research se lements NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 57 NDMA Guidelines for Prepara on of Ac on Plan – Preven on and Management of Heatwave, 2017 207 Heat Wave Understanding Risk 208 Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for Responsibility – DRR Centre# State# Responsibility – State Centre • Provide Training & • Iden fica on of groups requiring special Technical support a en on • Studies on Short Term (T1) vulnerabili es and • Cons tute/ strengthen the mechanisms for capaci es covering consulta on with experts and stakeholders social, physical, • Conduct audit of equipment and human economic, resource requirements ecological, gender, social inclusion and NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY equity aspects Short-Term (T1) Develop guidelines Short Term (T1) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Create awareness preven ve measures • Extensive IEC campaigns to create awareness Dissemina on of IMD, MOEFCC, DMD$, SDMA, EFD, SLRTI, through print, electronic and social media 3 warnings, data, and • Support for NDMA, MHFW PRIs/ ULBs, DDMA Medium Term (T2) informa on organising training Specific messages for highly vulnerable groups • Extend technical such as elderly, young children, outdoor workers support and slum residents Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Systema c data management of data on Systema c data disaster damage and loss assessments Disaster Data Collec on MHA*, MOSPI, all management of data 4 DMD$, SDMA, all depts. and Management ministries/ depts. on disaster damage and loss assessments Heat Wave Understanding Risk Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for Responsibility – DRR Centre# State# Responsibility – State Centre Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Disaster Damage and Disaster Damage and Losses 2005-2015 baseline Losses 2005-2015 baseline Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.12.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on Heat Wave Inter-Agency Coordina on Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Ensure the local administra on (city/district) Recurring/ Regular (RR) can understand and meaningfully use all the • Crea ng/ strengthening the heatwave-related informa on from various ins tu onal framework including agencies and health authori es – central and assigning nodal agency and nodal state officials at different levels • Team prepara on and coordina on - officials DMD$, SDMA, RD, • Preparing state/region-specific and agencies are well prepared for the heat- Overall DRD, UDD, DWSD, MHFW, NDMA, Heat Ac on Plan wave season 1 disaster EDD, PD, EFD, AHD, MHUA, MRD, • Team prepara on and streamlining • Coordinate with IMD regarding forecasts, early governance HD, WCD, PRIs, ULB, coordina on mechanisms warning and alert system based on drought DDMA • Technical inputs for severity implementa on based on Short Term (T1) experience from different loca ons • Appoin ng a State Nodal Agency and Officer • Collabora on with NGOs/CSOs • Preparing/Adap ng Heat Wave Ac on Plan • Implementa on as per specific condi ons in the NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN state 209 Heat Wave Inter-Agency Coordina on 210 Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Medium Term (T2) Develop a clearly defined interagency emergency response plan with roles and informa on flows clearly marked out Long Term (T3) • Ensuring coherence and mutual reinforcement of DRR, CCA and development • Partnering local ins tu ons with na onal ins tu ons / experts • Adap ng HAPs developed in other countries NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY /ci es, monitoring and evalua ng implementa on and impact on mortality and morbidity Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Organising and coordina ng the immediate response • Coordinate with central agencies Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Implemen ng heat ac on plan • Establishing First Aid/ Medical Aid facili es in MHUA, MORD, Direc ves/ Advisory on shelters, DMD$, SDMA, RD, key loca ons MOJS, MRTH, crea ng awareness, managing DRD, UDD, DWSD, Prepara on • Iden fy vulnerable places and provide drinking 2 MHRD, MOPR, resources, organizing medical EDD, PD, EFD, AHD, and Response water points at those places and worksites; MLBE, MPWR, support, strengthening hospital HD, WCD, PRD, ULB, also, ORS MHFW preparedness PRIs, DDMA • Avoiding outdoor games/sports ac vi es • Livestock preparedness during hot weather - ensuring that the livestock has sufficient shade and water on hot days Short Term (T1) • Heat treatment wings in hospitals Heat Wave Inter-Agency Coordina on Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Establishing medical assistance facili es at places of mass gathering Medium Term (T2) • Implement a system of heat alerts to trigger early morning shi s for schools and offices/ Rescheduling school and office mings during heat-wave season • To construct cool shelters, bus stands, etc that offer shelter from heat wave Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Coordina ng the dissemina on of warnings to • Issue Heat wave alerts and weather all, down to the last mile – remote, rural or forecasts on Short / Medium / Long urban; Regular updates to people in areas at range dura on DMD$, SDMA, RD, risk Warnings, • Public awareness and community DRD, UDD, DWSD, • Follow the alerts/warning 3 Informa on, MOES*, MHFW outreach EDD, PD, EFD, AHD, • “Do's-and-Don’ts” during a heat wave should be Data Short Term (T1) HD, WCD, PRD, ULB, available in local languages and disseminated • Documenta on PRIs, DDMA through media. • Collec ng Data from States Short Term (T1) • Maintaining na onal-level Collec ng Data/Informa on necessary for database review/update of the plan Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or age ncy with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 211 7.12.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 212 Heat Wave Structural Measures Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) • Strengthening/mainstreaming the network medical assistance facili es MHUA, DMD$, • Temperature forecasts and heat alerts will be sent Short Term (T1) MORD, SDMA, as bulk messages on mobile phones, local Heat wave shelters and other Direc ve to promote cool roofs 1 MOJS, Forest electronic media measures and heat reducing integrated MRTH, Dept., PRIs, • Electronic screens at busy traffic intersec ons and development MOPR ULBs, DDMA market places • Effec ve transporta on NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Promote cool roofs and heat reducing integrated development Short Term (T1) DMD$, Short Term (T1) Guidelines and technical MHUA, SDMA, EFD, Ensure incorpora on of protec on from heat wave support for incorpora on of 2 Social Housing Schemes MORD, PRIs, ULBs, in mul -hazard resistant features in the planning protec on from heat wave in MOPR DRDA, and execu on of social housing schemes in heat mul -hazard resistant housing DDMA wave prone areas schemes Hazard resistant DMD$, construc on, strengthening, MHUA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) SDMA, EFD, 3 and retrofi ng of all lifeline MORD, Collabora on with technical agencies and Guidance and implementa on PRIs, ULBs, structures and cri cal MOPR implementa on DDMA infrastructure Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.12.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures Heat Wave Non-Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Laws and Regula ons • Ins tu onal arrangements • Improving the forest coverage and green MHUA, MORD, EFD, areas • Laws and Regula ons MOJS, MRTH, PRIs, ULBs, • Promote use of building materials that Techno-Legal • Guidance and Support 1 MHRD, MOPR, UDD, DRD, provide protec on from heat regimes • Improving the forest coverage and green MLBE, MPWR, DDMA, • Promote designs to reduce heat island areas MHFW PRIs, ULBs effects in urban areas • Facilitate integrated development plans that can cope be er with heatwave condi ons Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Implementa on of Risk Transfer Implementa on of Risk Transfer MFIN*, NDMA, Arrangements including mul -hazard DFIN*, DMD$, Arrangements including mul -hazard 2 Risk Transfer MHA, MAFW insurance for life and property SDMA, DAG insurance for life and property Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Policy Framework Policy Framework Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 213 214 7.12.5 Capacity Development Heat Wave Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Train key officials regarding pre, • Training and orienta on programs for during and post heat-wave season MHUA, DMD$, SDMA, SDRF, central govt. staff, other direct ac vi es MORD, RD, DRD, UDD, DWSD, stakeholders • Training for CDEF, community, and 1 Training NDRF, EDD, PD, EFD, SIRD, • Training support for youth through volunteers MHFW, SLRTI, AHD, HD, WCD, NCC, NYKS, Scouts and Guides and NSS, • Training for deployment of Rapid NIDM, MYAS PRI/ ULB, DDMA SDRF, CDEF, community, and Medical Response Teams NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY volunteers • Training on heat-wave specific health care for vulnerable groups Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) MHFW, DMD$, SDMA, SDMI, 2 Curriculum Development Inclusion of heat wave and similar issues Inclusion of heat wave and similar NLRTI EDD, SLRTI, DDMA in various curriculum issues in various curriculum Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Promo ng awareness, alertness Recurring/ Regular (RR) and preparedness • Support awareness campaigns/ IEC • Training programs for public, PRIs/ Awareness NDMA, DMD$, SDMA, UDD, 3 • Support network of civil society ULBs Genera on MOIB RD, HD, DDMA organiza ons for awareness genera on • Carry out mass media campaigns in about coping with heat wave heat-wave prone areas • Create awareness of coping with heat wave and HAP Heat Wave Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Iden fy and resolve communica on gaps between Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, UDD, par cipa ng departments, Mock Drills/ MHUA, 4 Promo ng the planning and execu on of RD, SDRF, F&ES, CDEF, partners and the public Exercises MOPR emergency drills Police, DDMA • Joint execu on of emergency drills with local bodies to address heat- wave emergencies in relevant areas Recurring/ Regular (RR) Short Term (T1) Conduct training programmes MHUA, Promo ng skill development for -hazard Short Term (T1) MOPR, Voca onal Training/ Skill resistant construc on with emphasis on DMD$, SDMA, RD, Crea ng ToT teams for different 5 NDMA, development protec on from heat in heat-wave prone SLSDA, DDMA trades relevant to heat-wave NLSDA, areas for different types of housing and protec on in the construc on of MSDE infrastructure different types of housing and infrastructure Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Empowering women, • Guidance to addressing heat wave $ DMD , SDMA, SIDM, Incorpora ng gender sensi ve and marginalised emergencies in relevant areas 6 MSJE DSJE, PRIs, ULBs, equitable approaches in capacity communi es, SC/ST, and • Promote gender sensi ve and DDMA development for coping with heat persons with disabili es equitable approaches for awareness wave emergencies raising Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 215 7.12.6 Climate Change Risk Management 216 Heat Wave Climate Change Risk Management Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) • Develop GACC impact scenarios relevant for occurrence of heat wave • Improving the assessment and forecas ng of intensity, severity of Recurring/ Regular (RR) Research, extreme weather events • Support and coordina on Forecas ng, Early MOES*, MOEFCC, • Improving the assessment DMD $*, SDMA, UDD, • Research on local threshold and climate change 1 Warning, Data NDMA, MHFW, NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY and monitoring of DRD, HD, SLRTI adapta on Management, NLRTI intensity, severity of • Improving the dissemina on informa on on of Zoning, Mapping extreme weather events & GACC and adapta on forecas ng Medium Term (T2) Develop Database management system rela ng to Heat Wave & climate change Recurring/ Regular (RR) Incorporate updated info on GACC in HRVCA while Recurring/ Con nuous (RR) preparing or periodic revision of DM plans Hazard Risk Impact Assessment, Periodic Short Term (T1) Vulnerability and MOES*, MOEFCC, review and evalua on • Assess heat wave risk and vulnerability due to DMD$*, SDMA, UDD, 2 Capacity NDMA, MHFW, Short Term (T1) GACC DRD, HD, DSJE, SLRTI Assessment MSJE, NLRTI Crea on of data bank and • Update heat-wave vulnerability maps based on (HRVCA) hazards risk & vulnerable projected GACC impacts mapping Medium Term (T2) • Assess GACC risks of vulnerable and marginalised sec ons Heat Wave Climate Change Risk Management Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Medium Term (T2) • Assess the trends of heat wave risk under GACC scenarios • Assess GACC risks of vulnerable and marginalised sec ons • Provide technical support and guidance for comprehensive HRVCA considering GACC impacts Short-Term (T1) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Understanding CCA needs • Sensi sa on and awareness crea on • Study GACC coping • Support na onal CCA efforts mechanisms • Coordina on with central agencies • Develop CCA mechanisms • Sponsor and promote state-specific efforts and Medium & Long Term (T2,T3) local efforts for GACC mi ga on and adapta on Short Term (T1) * • Formulate strategy under Climate Change MOES , MOST, Develop local adapta on strategies and pilot projects GACC like cool-roof, DMD$, SDMA, HFWD, 3 Adapta on DOS, MOJS, Medium Term (T2) green energy, reducing DDMA, PRIs, ULBs (CCA) MOEFCC Sponsor and promote state-specific efforts and local omission CO2 efforts • Promote solar energy at Long Term (T3) roof top at every house • Implementa on of GACC adapta on programs or retrofi ng • Promote appropriate combina ons of Green and • Implement adapta on Blue infrastructure approach programs • Integrate adap ve measures in social protec on • Promote appropriate programmes for the vulnerable groups combina ons of Green NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 217 Heat Wave Climate Change Risk Management 218 Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State and Blue infrastructure approach • Promote adap ve measures in social protec on programmes for the vulnerable groups Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DM D—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 7.13 Chemical (Industrial) Disasters 7.13.1 Understanding Risk Chemical (Industrial) Disasters Understanding Risk Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) • Online informa on system on HAZCHEM conforming to interna onal standards • Chemical Accident Informa on Repor ng System • Informa on on dealing with HAZCHEM Medium Term (T2) • Research on effec ve management MOEFCC*, MLBE, MCF, MCOAL, of HAZCHEM DMD$, Informa on Systems, MCA, MPFI, MHIPE, MLBE, • Na onal Hazardous Waste SDMA, INDD, Recurring/ Regular (RR) 1 Monitoring, MMSME, MOM, MNRE, MPNG, Informa on System (NHWIS) SPCB, DISH, Support and coordina on Research MOP, MOR, MSTL, MTEX Long Term (T3) DDMA • Promote research and studies – both in-house and extra-mural by providing research grants to researchers and ins tu ons • Promote R&D for indigenous manufacture of quality personal protec on equipment most of which are currently imported • Studies on improving occupa onal NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN safety 219 Chemical (Industrial) Disasters Understanding Risk 220 Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Medium Term (T2) • Industrial zones on basis of hazard poten al and effec ve disaster management for worst MOEFCC*, MCF, MCOAL, MOCI, DMD$, case scenarios for MAH Units MPFI, MHIPE, MLBE, MMSME, Recurring/ Regular (RR) SDMA, INDD, 2 Zoning/ Mapping • Separate zoning for si ng of MOM, MNRE, MPNG, MOP, Guidance, Data Management SPCB, DISH, MAH units MSTL, MTEX, MLBE, DOS DDMA • Carry out the mapping and related studies in collabora on with central agencies/ technical NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY organiza ons Recurring/ Regular (RR) MOEFCC*, MCF, MCOAL, MOCI, Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, Monitoring compliance with MPFI, MHIPE, MLBE, MMSME, Monitoring compliance with safety SDMA, INDD, 3 Monitoring safety norms for HAZCHEM and MLBE, MOM, MNRE, MPNG, norms for HAZCHEM and proper SPCB, DISH, proper disposal of hazardous MOP, MSTL, MTEX disposal of hazardous waste DDMA waste Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Promote studies, documenta on Recurring/ Regular (RR) and research Undertake HRVCA as part of MOEFCC*, MLBE, NDMA, NIDM, Hazard Risk • Studies on vulnerabili es and DMD$, preparing and periodic revision of MOST, MCF, MCOAL, MOCI, Vulnerability and capaci es covering social, physical, SDMA, DSJE, DM plans 4 MPFI, MHIPE, MLBE, MMSME, Capacity Assessment economic, ecological, gender, DISH, PRIs, Short Term (T1) MOM, MNRE, MPNG, MOP, (HRVCA) social inclusion and equity aspects ULBs, DDMA Cons tute/ strengthen the MSTL, MTEX, MSJE • Provide technical support and mechanisms for consulta on with guidance for comprehensive experts and stakeholders HRVCA Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Disaster Data * DMD$, MHA , MOSPI, All Ministries/ Systema c data management of data Systema c data management of 5 Collec on and SDMA, all Depts. on disaster damage and loss data on disaster damage and loss Management depts. assessments assessments Chemical (Industrial) Disasters Understanding Risk Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Disaster Damage and Losses 2005- Disaster Damage and Losses 2015 baseline 2005-2015 baseline Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.13.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on Chemical (Industrial) Disasters Inter-Agency Coordina on Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Prepara on and implementa on of DMD$, SDMA, DM plans and ensure the Recurring/ Regular (RR) RD, INDD, Overall disaster * func oning of agencies with DM 1 MOEFCC , MCA Providing coordina on, technical inputs, SPCB, DISH, governance tasks and support DDMA, PRIs, • All aspects of disaster risk ULBs, IBTA management and mainstreaming DRR MOEFCC*, MCF, DMD$, SDMA, MCOAL, MOCI, MCA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) RD, INDD, MPFI, MHIPE, MLBE, • Organising and coordina ng the 2 Response Organising and coordina ng central SPCB, DISH, MMSME, MOM, immediate response assistance DDMA, PRIs, MNRE, MPNG, MOP, • Coordinate with central agencies ULBs, IBTA MOR, MSTL, MTEX Recurring/ Regular (RR) Warnings, * DMD$, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) MOEFCC , NDMA, Effec ve coordina on and seamless 3 Informa on, Data RD, INDD, Coordina ng the dissemina on of MCA communica on among central and state NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Dissemina on SPCB, DISH, warnings to all, down to the last mile agencies to ensure quick, clear, effec ve 221 Chemical (Industrial) Disasters Inter-Agency Coordina on 222 Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State dissemina on of warnings, informa on and DDMA, PRIs, – remote, rural or urban; Regular data ULBs, IBTA updates to people in areas at risk MOEFCC*, MHA, BIS, Recurring/ Regular (RR) NDMA, MCF, MCOAL, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Coordina on among central and state DMD$, SDMA, MOCI, MCA, MPFI, Coordina on among state agencies Non-structural agencies for a) revised/ updated rules, RD, SPCB, DISH, 4 MHIPE, MLBE, for ensuring updated norms/ codes measures norms b) adop on of new/updated DDMA, PRIs, MMSME, MOM, and their implementa on, standards, c) enact/amend laws, ULBs, IBTA MNRE, MPNG, MOP, enforcement and monitoring regula ons and d) adopt/ review policies MOR, MSTL, MTEX Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this sym bol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.13.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures Chemical (Industrial) Disasters Structural Measures Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for Responsibility – DRR Centre# State# Responsibility – State Centre Short Term (T1) • Shelters, evacua on, and • Iden fica on of shelters with basic facili es like drinking support facili es DMD$, SDMA, water and first aid for chemical exposure Recurring/ • Mul ple routes for MOEFCC*, INDD, SPCB, • Ensuring water storage facili es and sources for water Regular (RR) 1 reliable access and NDMA, DISH, DDMA, for accident containment and firefigh ng opera ons Technical escape NLRTI** PRIs, ULBs, Medium Term (T2) support • Decontamina on IBTA • Providing wide roads and mul ple routes in the facili es industrial area to allow quick access by first responders and to ensure escape pathways Chemical (Industrial) Disasters Structural Measures Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for Responsibility – DRR Centre# State# Responsibility – State Centre • Establish decontamina on facili es for off -site emergencies of MAH units Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. (**) NBCC, BMTPC, CBRI, SERC, IE(I). ($) DMD —Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.13.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures Chemical (Industrial) Disasters Non-Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Medium Term (T2) • Formulate/ strengthen rules, norms, and laws such as factories rules consistent with that of ensuring greater safety in hazardous industries and to reduce • Laws Regula ons, likelihood of disasters Techno-Legal • Review land use norms for the si ng of MOEFCC*, MLBE, MCF, Medium Term (T2) DMD$, SDMA, regimes hazardous industries MCOAL, MOCI, MCA, MPFI, Review exis ng rules, DDMA, SPCB, • Enforcement, • Empower factory inspectorates to take 1 MHIPE, MLBE, MMSME, regula ons, laws par cularly DISH, EFD, Compliance and legal ac ons for noncompliance of MSIHC MOM, MNRE, MPNG, MOP, of land use and si ng of INDD, PRIs, Monitoring Rules MOR, MSTL, MTEX hazardous industries ULBs, IBTA • Ins tu onal • Review rules to grant compensa on to Arrangements chemical accident vic ms to improve them in favour of vic ms • Amend land use norms to ensure greater safety and to ensure buffer zo nes without human se lements in close proximity of NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN hazardous industries 223 Chemical (Industrial) Disasters Non-Structural Measures 224 Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Strengthen the conduct of safety audits and enforcement of disaster preven on norms Medium Term (T2) • Promote private par cipa on in off-site disaster management facili es MCA*, MOEFCC, NDMA, • Provide legal support for Mutual Public Private Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, 2 MCF, MOCI, MPFI, MHIPE, Assistance Groups among industries Partnerships Guidance DDMA, IBTA MFIN, Private sector** within clusters • Encourage private par cipa on in NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY enhancing off-site disaster response and Risk Management Recurring/ Regular (RR) Implementa on of Risk Recurring/ Regular (RR) Transfer Arrangements Implementa on of Risk Transfer including mul -hazard DFIN*, DMD$, Arrangements including mul -hazard 3 Risk Transfer MFIN*, NDMA, MHA, MAFW insurance for life and SDMA, DAG insurance for life and property property Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Policy Framework Policy Framework Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. (**) ASSOCHAM, FICCI, CII, AIAI, etc. ($) DMD —Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.13.5 Capacity Development Chemical (Industrial) Disasters Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) MOEFCC*, NIDM, MLBE, • Training and orienta on Recurring/ Regular (RR) MCF, MCOAL, MOCI, MCA, DMD$, SDMA, SDRF, programs on management Training and orienta on programs MPFI, MHIPE, MLBE, ATI, SIRD, SPCB, and disposal of HAZCHEM for state govt. staff, and other MMSME, MOM, MNRE, INDD, DDMA, PRIs, • Training support for SDRF, stakeholders such as CDEF, MPNG, MOP, MOR, MSTL, ULBs, IBTA, SLRTI CDEF, community, and community, and volunteers MTEX, MYAS volunteers Recurring/ Regular (RR) 1 Training Training programs of youth such as NSS, NYS, Scouts and Guides, and Short Term (T1) NSS in DRR Incorpora ng disaster response, DMD$, SDMA, SIDM, NIDM, NDRF, CAPF, MYAS, Short Term (T1) search and rescue in the training ATI DDMA, PRIs, MOD Incorpora ng disaster response, programs of youth such as NSS, ULBs, IBTA search and rescue in in the training NYS, Scouts and Guide programs of youth such as village volunteers, civil society, village/ward level leaders Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Promote inclusion of more Professional Bodies MHRD, AICTE, IITs, UGC, Add more specializa ons and specializa ons and elec ves on and Councils in NIDM elec ves on HAZCHEM and chemical HAZCHEM and chemical disaster States, IBTA disaster management management Curriculum Short Term (T1) 2 Development • Review and address gaps in Short Term (T1) medical educa on at different HD, DDMA Implement the recommenda ons of MHFW, NLRTI levels with respect to reviews in all educa onal ins tu ons emergency medical response in the state/UT • Review the specializa on NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN needs in the area of dealing 225 Chemical (Industrial) Disasters Capacity Development 226 Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State with vic ms of chemical disasters • Review and take steps to improve the facili es required to treat vic ms of chemical disasters Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Introducing basic DM concepts State Educa on Central Boards of Educa on Introducing basic DM concepts and and precau ons related to Boards precau ons related to HAZCHEM HAZCHEM NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) • Carry out mass media • Carry out mass media campaigns campaigns • Promote culture of disaster risk • Promote culture of disaster preven on, mi ga on, and be er risk preven on, mi ga on, risk management and be er risk management Medium Term (T2) • Promote a tude and • Promote a tude and behaviour MOEFCC, NDMA, NDRF, behaviour change in the change in the awareness CAPF, NIDM, MLBE, MCF, awareness campaigns/ IEC DMD$, SDMA, IPRD, campaigns/ IEC Awareness MCOAL, MOCI, MCA, MPFI, Medium Term (T2) SDRF, F&ES, CDEF, • Promote use of insurance/ risk 3 Genera on MHIPE, MLBE, MMSME, • Promote use of insurance/ Police, DDMA, PRIs, transfer MOM, MNRE, MPNG, MOP, risk transfer ULBs, IBTA • Strengthening network of civil MOR, MSTL, MTEX • Promote Community Radio society organiza ons for awareness • Strengthening network of genera on about DRR and DM civil society organiza ons for • Focus on safety and compliance awareness genera on about with SOP at workplace for workers DRR and DM • Informa on on safety, care and • Focus on safety and protec on of disaster-affected compliance with SOP at animals workplace for workers Chemical (Industrial) Disasters Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State MOEFCC*, NDMA, NDRF, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Armed Forces, CAPF, MCF, DMD$, SDMA, INDD, Promo ng the planning and Recurring/ Regular (RR) Mock Drills/ MCOAL, MOCI, MCA, MPFI, SDRF, F&ES, CivDef, 4 execu on of emergency drills by Joint planning and execu on of Exercises MHIPE, MLBE, MMSME, Police, DDMA, PRIs, all ministries and in the all emergency drills MOM, MNRE, MPNG, MOP, ULBs, IBTA States/UTS MOR, MSTL, MTEX Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Empowering Incorpora ng gender sensi ve Incorpora ng gender sensi ve and women, DMD$, SDMA, SIDM, and equitable approaches in equitable approaches in capacity 5 marginalised, and MSJE*, NDMA, NIDM ATI, SLRTI, DDMA, capacity development covering development covering all aspects of persons with PRIs, ULBs, IBTA all aspects of disaster disaster management at the state, disabili es management district, and local levels Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Strengthen ability of communi es Community-Based Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, to manage and cope with disasters MOEFCC*, NDMA, NIDM, 6 Disaster Promo on, Guidance, and DDMA, PRIs, ULBs, based on a mul -hazard approach MORD, MHUA Management Support IBTA • Training for PRI, SHG, NCC, NSS, Youth, local community organiza ons Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symb ol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 227 228 7.14 Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies 7.14.1 Understanding Risk Nuclear and Radiological Understanding Risk Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) Establish set ups for monitoring, warning including Short Term (T1) * DMD$, Monitoring and warning network DAE , MHA, IERMON system network Follow and support the 1 SDMA, Strengthening Radia on Monitoring MOD Medium Term (T2) safety and regulatory DDMA Strengthening radia on Monitoring and Detec on requirements Systems in the Public Domain NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Short Term (T1) Se ng up reliable and dedicated To set up reliable and dedicated communica on Short Term (T1) 2 NDMA DMD$ communica on network network at the na onal level for the last mile To extend logis cs connec vity DAE*, MHA, Short Term (T1) Establish monitoring mechanism to Short Term (T1) MOD, Coordina on with and 3 prevent illicit movement of Install radia on detectors at all iden fied loca ons DMD$ Port support to central agencies radioisotopes at border posts, and ports. Authori es Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Systema c data management of data on disaster Systema c data MHA*, damage and loss assessments management of data on DMD$, Disaster Data Collec on and MOSPI, all disaster damage and loss 4 SDMA, Management ministries/ assessments Short Term (T1) all depts. depts. Short Term (T1) Disaster Damage and Losses 2005-2015 baseline Disaster Damage and Losses 2005-2015 baseline Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.14.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on Nuclear and Radiological Inter-Agency Coordina on Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, RD, • Prepara on and implementa on of DM plans and Overall disaster 1 DAE* Providing coordina on, technical HFWD, DDMA, ensure the func oning of agencies with DM tasks governance inputs, and support PRIs, ULBs • All aspects of disaster risk management and mainstreaming DRR Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, RD, 2 Response DAE*, MHA Nodal ministry for central Organising the immediate response and seeking DDMA, PRIs, ULBs assistance assistance of central agencies Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) $ Warnings, DAE*, MHA, Quick, clear, effec ve DMD , SDMA, RD, Dissemina on of warnings to all, down to the last 3 Informa on, Data NEC, NDMA dissemina on among central and DDMA, PRIs, ULBs mile – remote, rural or urban; Regular updates to state agencies people in areas at risk Short Term (T1) • Revised/ Updated rules, norms, Short Term (T1) Non-structural and codes DMD$, SDMA, RD, 4 AERB*, BIS Adap ng the norms/ codes as per State’s measures • New/Updated standards DDMA, PRIs, ULBs requirement, enforcement, monitoring • Review and improve laws, regula ons and policies Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, depar tment or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 229 7.14.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures 230 Nuclear and Radiological Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) NDMA, • Iden fica on safe buildings and sites to serve as NBCC, Recurring/ Regular (RR) DMD$, SDMA, temporary shelters near nuclear installa ons 1 Shelters BMTPC, Technical support DDMA, PRIs, ULBs • Construc on of mul -purpose shelters near CBRI, nuclear installa ons SERC, IE(I) • Ensure compliance with relevant building codes • Decontamina on Short Term (T1) centres Strengthen physical protec on DMD$, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) 2 • Strengthen protec on DAE* systems along with proper DDMA, PRIs, ULBs Coordina on with and support to central agencies NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY systems of nuclear inventory and control procedures facili es of the radia on sources Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has o r is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.14.4 Inves ng in DRR - Non-Structural Measures Nuclear and Radiological Non-Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State 1 Short Term (T1) Se ng of safety Prepare safety and regulatory documents for all standards and other AERB*, Short Term (T1) nuclear/ radiological applica ons, transport, safe DMD$ safety and regulatory DAE To follow the requirements custody, waste handling, personal safety, documents medical aspects etc. 2 Short Term (T1) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Improve regulatory cover AERB* To set up regional regulatory centres for be er DMD$ To enforce compliance coverage of safety and regulatory aspects Nuclear and Radiological Non-Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State 3 NDMA, DAE*, DMD$, Recurring/ Regular (RR) Public Private MCA*, MCF, Recurring/ Regular (RR) SDMA, Promote private par cipa on in Partnerships MOCI, MPFI, Guidance DDMA disaster management facili es MHIPE, MFIN Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Implementa on of Risk Transfer Implementa on of Risk Transfer Arrangements DFIN*, Arrangements including mul - MFIN*, NDMA, including mul -hazard insurance for life and DMD$, 4 Risk Transfer hazard insurance for life and MHA, MAFW property SDMA, property Short Term (T1) DAG Short Term (T1) Policy Framework Policy Framework Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.14.5 Capacity Development Nuclear and Radiological Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Enhancing public awareness on DMD$, SDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) MHA, DAE*, NDRF, nuclear/radiological applica on, safety. SDRF, DDMA, Training of state police , CDEF, CAPF, MYAS, Others** Training of first responders, staff CDEF, PRIs, community, and volunteers • Training support for SDRF, CDEF, ULBs, 1 Training community, and volunteers Recurring/ Regular (RR) MHA, DAE*, MHFW, Training of medical and paramedics on DMD$, DDMA, Recurring/ Regular (RR) NDMA, MYAS various aspects of medical management of PRIs, ULBs, To follow and comply NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN radiological events 231 Nuclear and Radiological Capacity Development 232 Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) Curriculum Relevant subjects should be included in the DMD$, SDMA, Short Term (T1) 2 MHRD*, DAE Development school/college syllabus throughout the EDD To follow the same country Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Carry out mass media campaigns • Promote culture of disaster Recurring/ Regular (RR) risk preven on, mi ga on, • Carry out mass media campaigns and be er risk management NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Promote culture of disaster risk preven on, • Promote a tude and mi ga on, and be er risk management behaviour change in the DAE*, NDMA, NDRF, • Promote a tude and behaviour change in awareness campaigns/ IEC Awareness 3 CAPF, NIDM the awareness campaigns/ IEC DMD$, SDMA, • Promote use of insurance/ risk Genera on • Promote use of insurance/ risk transfer SDRF, F&ES, transfer • Promote Community Radio CDEF, Police, • Promote Community Radio • Strengthening network of civil society DDMA, PRIs, • Strengthening network of civil organiza ons for awareness genera on ULBs society organiza ons for about DRR and DM awareness genera on about DRR and DM • Informa on on safety, care and protec on of disaster- affected animals DAE*, NDMA, NDRF, All Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Government Promo ng the planning and execu on of 4 Mock Drills/ Exercises Joint planning and execu on of Ministries/ Agencies, emergency drills by all ministries and in all emergency drills Armed Forces, CAPF States/UTs Short Term (T1) Developing Capability MHA*, NCMC, DAE, Short Term (T1) 5 Prepare a na onal plan for nuclear and DMD$, SDMA for response MOD, AERB Develop State and district plans radiological emergencies Nuclear and Radiological Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) • Prepare nuclear/radiological emergency DMD$, SDMA, management plan for metros and other Short Term (T1) DDMA, PRIs, MHA*, MOD, DAE important ci es Follow the MHA, DAE guidelines ULBs, State • Surveillance at vulnerable loca ons and Acquire detec on capabili es. (Police) early detec on capabili es Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Ministries/ Prepare own plans in line with the na onal DMD$, SDMA Prepare own plans in line with Departments plan the na onal plan Short Term (T1) DMD$, SDMA, Short Term (T1) * MOH&FW , DAE, MOD Prepare plan on nuclear/radiological DDMA, PRIs, To follow and ensure emergency on site, off-site and public events ULBs compliance Prepare Medium Term (T2) comprehensive plan •To establish ter ary care 6 on medical DMD$, SDMA, hospitals for treatment of * Recurring/ Regular (RR) management MoH&FW , DAE DDMA, PRIs, radia on injuries Provide guidance ULBs •Establish primary and secondary care hospitals of adequate capacity at select ci es. Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) DAE*, NDRF, CAPF, Maintain adequate stock of radia on DMD$, SDMA, To equip the health and police MoH&FW detec on, monitoring instruments, safety DDMA, Police dept. appropriately kits, first aid medicines Medium Term (T2) Short Term (T1) 7 Preparedness $ Adequate number of ERCs should be set up DMD , SDMA, To equip the health and police DAE*, NDRF across the country for covering of any event DDMA, Police dept. appropriately in reasonable me NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 233 234 Nuclear and Radiological Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) $ Short Term (T1) MHUA DMD , SDMA, To iden ty the places/buildings such as DDMA To help iden fy the loca ons and community buildings/schools/hospitals for ensure that evacua on plans are use as emergency shelters in place Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Provision for food, water, Provision for food, water, medicines and DDMA, PRIs, medicines and other relief MAFW, MoH&FW * other relief materials should be made at the ULBs materials should be made at the shelters for the affected public shelters for the affected public NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) DDMA, PRIs, Se ng up of at least one mobile radiological To provide support for se ng MoH&FW*, DAE, DRDO ULBs laboratory unit in each district and at least up of mobile radiological two such units in each metropolis laboratories Short Term (T1) Appoint, and maintain areas wise details of DMD$, SDMA, Short Term (T1) MoH&FW, AERB *, radiological safety officers, trained medical DDMA, PRIs, To maintain the data district MHA, NDMA personnel, first responders, trained ULBs wise volunteers, etc. Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or age ncy with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. (**) Users of nuclear/radiological facili es including industries, hosp itals. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.15 Biological and Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) 7.15.1 Understanding Risk Biological & Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) Understanding Risk Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Maintaining preven ve measures • Support for training as per norms • Extend technical Short Term (T1) Observa on support Strengthening integrated health Networks, Medium Term (T2) surveillance systems Informa on Systems, MHFW*(NCDC), MAFW, • Establishment of Early HFWD*, DMD$, SDMA, RD, Medium Term (T2) Monitoring, MHA, MOD, MOES, Warning System DRD, UDD, DWSD, EDD, PD, 1 • Establishing and maintain Research, MOEFCC, MOR, MLBE, • Strengthening IDSP and EFD, AHD, WCD, PRI/ULB, community-based network for Forecas ng, Early MEITY, NDMA early warning systems SLRTI, DDMA sharing alerts Warning and Zoning/ at regional levels • Strengthening IDSP Mapping • Epidemiological disease Long Term (T3) mapping States should, modify or adapt • Health facili es IMD’s warning system according to mapping thresholds applicable in each state Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Promote studies, • Upda ng HRVCA documenta on and • Iden fying the vulnerable Hazard Risk research popula on/ communi es/ MHFW*, MAFW*, MHA, HFWD, DMD$, SDMA, DRD, Vulnerability and • Provide Training & se lements 2 MOD, MOES, MOEFCC, UDD, DWSD, EFD, AHD, WCD, Capacity Assessment Technical support • Iden fica on of groups requiring MSJE, NDMA DSJE, PRI, ULB, SLRTI, DDMA (HRVCA) • Studies on special a en on vulnerabili es and • Conduct audit of equipment and capaci es covering human resource requirements NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN social, physical, 235 Biological & Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) Understanding Risk 236 Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) economic, ecological, Cons tute/ strengthen the gender, social inclusion mechanisms for consulta on with and equity aspects experts and stakeholders Short-Term (T1) Develop guidelines Short Term (T1) • Create awareness preven ve measures NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Extensive IEC campaigns to HFWD*, DMD$, SDMA, DRD, Dissemina on of MHFW, MHA, MOD, create awareness through print, UDD, DWSD, EDD, PD, EFD, 3 warnings, data & MOES, MAFW, • Support for organising electronic and social media AHD, WCD, PRI, ULB, SLRTI, informa on MOEFCC, NDMA training Medium Term (T2) DDMA • Extend technical support Specific messages for highly vulnerable groups such as elderly, young children, outdoor workers • and slum residents Recurring/ Regular (RR) Systema c data • Recurring/ Regular (RR) management of data on Systema c data management of Disaster Data disaster damage and loss data on disaster damage and loss MHA*, MOSPI, all assessments 4 Collec on and assessments DMD$, SDMA, all depts. ministries/ depts. Management Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Disaster Damage and Disaster Damage and Losses 2005- Losses 2005-2015 2015 baseline baseline Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.15.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on Biological & Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) Inter-Agency Coordina on Sub- Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Area for DRR Short Term (T1) • Implementa on as per specific condi ons in the state • Team mobiliza on and coordina on - officials and agencies • Involving local administra on Recurring/ Regular (RR) Medium Term (T2) • Preparing guidelines • Coordinate with the state MOES (IMD) office MHFW, MHA, HFWD, DMD$, • Promote the mainstreaming of DRR in regarding forecasts, early warning and alert MOD, MOES, SDMA, RD, DRD, Overall healthcare system based on colour codes corresponding to MAFW, UDD, DWSD, 1 disaster • Technical inputs for implementa on different thresholds MOEFCC, EDD, PD, EFD, governance based on experience from different • Develop a clearly defined interagency emergency MOR, MLBE, AHD, WCD, PRI, loca ons response plan with roles and informa on flows NDMA ULB, DDMA • Collabora on with NGOs/CSOs clearly marked out Long Term (T3) • Partnering local ins tu ons with na onal ins tu ons / experts • Adap ng HAPs developed in other countries /ci es, monitoring and evalua ng implementa on and impact on mortality and morbidity HFWD*, DMD$, MHFW*, Short Term (T1) SDMA, RD, DRD, Prepara on MHA, MOD, • Strengthening of integrated surveillance Short Term (T1) UDD, DWSD, 2 and MAFW, systems based on epidemiological • Rapid health assessment and provision of EDD, PD, EFD, Response MOEFCC, surveys; detec on and inves ga on of laboratory support AHD, WCD, PRI, NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN MLBE any disease outbreak. ULB, DDMA 237 Biological & Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) Inter-Agency Coordina on 238 Sub- Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Area for DRR • Development of HEOC and its integra on • Ins tu on of public health measures to deal with with centralised EOC secondary emergencies as an outcome of • Developing specialised response biological emergencies capabili es for biological emergencies • Develop preparedness for biosafety issues rela ng animals and agricultural crops, especially food crops Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Follow the alerts/warning MHFW*, • Public awareness and community HFWD*, DMD$, • “Do's-and-Don’ts” should be available in local MHA, MOD, outreach SDMA, RD, DRD, languages and widely disseminated Warnings, MOES, • Documenta on UDD, DWSD, • Dissemina on of warnings to all, down to the last 3 Informa on, MAFW, • Collec ng Data from States EDD, PD, EFD, mile – remote, rural or urban Data MOEFCC, Medium Term (T2) AHD, WCD, MOR, MLBE, PRI/ULB, SLRTI, • Regular updates to people in areas at risk • Collec ng Data/ Informa on necessary NDMA DDMA Medium Term (T2) for review/ update of the plan Collec ng Data/ Informa on necessary for review/ • Maintaining na onal-level database update of the plan Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government - central and state - not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.15.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures Biological & Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State * * $ MHFW , Short Term (T1) HFWD , DMD , SDMA, Short Term (T1) Strengthening 1 MHA, MOD, • Strengthening Pre-hospital RD, DRD, UDD, DWSD, • Establishing adequate decontamina on systems, Response MOES, Care and Emergency EDD, PD, EFD, AHD, cri cal care Intensive Care Units (ICUs) and Biological & Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State MAFW, Medical Care (EMC) WCD, PRI/ULB, SLRTI, isola on wards with pressure control and lamellar MOEFCC, Network DDMA flow systems NDMA • Iden fying infrastructure • Adequate Personal Protec ve Equipment (PPE) for needs for formula ng all the health workers associated with the mi ga on plans responding to biological emergencies • Laying down minimum Medium Term (T2) standards for water, food, • Strengthening/mainstreaming the network shelter, medical care, medical assistance facili es sanita on, and hygiene • Equipping Medical First Responders (MFRs)/Quick • Strengthening of EMT Reac on Medical Teams (QRMTs) with all material response mechanism logis cs and backup support na onally and Long Term (T3) interna onally and IHR • Upgrada on of earmarked hospitals to cope with Framework Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) emergencies • Communica on and networking system with appropriate intra-hospital and inter-linkages with state ambulance/transport services, state police departments and other emergency services • Mobile tele-health services and Mobile Hospitals Medium Term (T2) Medium Term (T2) • Guidelines and technical Specialised health care and laboratory facili es to support address biological emergencies/ incidents HFWD*, DMD$, SDMA, Upgrading MHFW*, • Specialised health care Long Term (T3) 2 DRD, UDD, WCD, PRI, Medical Facili es MHA, MOD and laboratory facili es • Establishing and strengthening quaran ne ULB, DDMA Long Term (T3) facili es • Crea ng a chain of public • Crea ng at least one public health laboratory in health laboratories with at each district NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 239 Biological & Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) Structural Measures 240 Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State least one such laboratory in each district • Stockpiling of essen al medical supplies such as vaccines and an bio cs, etc. • Guidance for establishing and strengthening quaran ne facili es Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government - central and state - not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.15.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures Biological & Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) Non-Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Guidance and Support Recurring/ Regular (RR) Medium Term (T2) Strengthen ins tu onal • Dovetail norms and regula ons HD, DMD$, SDMA, RD, arrangements MHFW*, MHA, relevant for BPHE with the DM Act DRD, UDD, DWSD, Medium Term (T2) 1 Techno-Legal regimes MOD, MAFW, 2005 EDD, PD, EFD, AHD, Enact/ amend any Act, Rule or NDMA • Enact/ amend any Act, Rule or WCD, PRI, ULB, DDMA Regula on, if necessary, for be er Regula on, if necessary, for be er implementa on of BPHE implementa on of BPHE programmes programmes Biological & Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) Non-Structural Measures Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Strict compliance with biosafety and biosecurity provisions • Environmental monitoring to prevent outbreaks Recurring/ Regular (RR) Biosafety and Biosecurity MHFW*, MHA, • Integrated vector management for • Strict compliance with biosafety HD, DMD$, SDMA, Measures and MOD, MOES, elimina on of breeding places and biosecurity provisions 2 AHD, PRI, ULB, SLRTI, Environmental MAFW, • Biological and chemical interven ons • Environmental monitoring to DDMA Management MOEFCC for vector control prevent outbreaks • Monitoring of water supply and sewage systems to prevent the dispersal of biological agents that can cause epidemics Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Implementa on of Risk Transfer Implementa on of Risk Transfer Arrangements including mul - MFIN*, NDMA, Arrangements including mul -hazard DFIN*, DMD$, SDMA, 3 Risk Transfer hazard insurance for life and MHA, MAFW insurance for life and property DAG property Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Policy Framework Policy Framework Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 241 242 7.15.5 Capacity Development Biological & Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Training support for SDRF, CDEF, community, and volunteers Recurring/ Regular (RR) Medium Term (T2) Training support for CDEF, Strengthening of Na onal Disaster community, and volunteers Response Force (NDRF), medical first Medium Term (T2) responders, medical professionals, NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Training for surveillance paramedics and other emergency responders • Training for deployment of Rapid HFWD*, DMD$, MHFW*, MHA, Medical Response Teams Long Term (T3) SDMA, SDRF, RD, Human Resource NDRF, MOD, AYUSH, • Training for All Health and allied • Development of human resources for DRD, UDD, DWSD, 1 Development & MOES, MAFW, healthcare professions, AYUSH monitoring and management of the EDD, PD, EFD, AHD, Training MOEFCC, NIDM, doctors and prac oners, delayed effects of BPHE in the areas of WCD, PRI, ULB, SIRD, MYAS community health workers, ASHA, mental health and psychosocial care SLRTI, DDMA MPWS, ANM and aanganwadi • Training programmes in the areas of workers. emergency medicine and biological Long Term (T3) emergency management for hospital Organising community awareness administrators, specialists, medical programmes for first aid and officers, nurses and other health care general triage workers • Training for youth through NCC, NYKS, Scouts and Guides and NSS Biological & Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Incorpora ng basic knowledge of • Incorpora ng basic knowledge of BPHE BPHE management through the management through the educa onal educa onal curricula curricula • Proper educa on and training of Knowledge MHFW*, MOD, • Support for proper educa on and HFWD*, DMD$, DRD, personnel management & MOES, MAFW, training health emergency personnel UDD, EDD, EFD, 2 • Conduct con nuing medical Curriculum MOEFCC, MHRD, • Promote con nuing medical educa on AHD, SLRTI, PRI, ULB, educa on programmes and Development NIDM programmes and workshops at regular DDMA workshops at regular intervals intervals • Defining the role of public, • Defining the role of public, private, and private, and corporate sector for corporate sector for their ac ve their ac ve par cipa on and their par cipa on and their sensi sa on sensi sa on Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Promo ng awareness, alertness and preparedness • Training programs for public, PRIs/ ULBs Recurring/ Regular (RR) HFWD*, DMD$, • Community awareness MHFW*, MOES, • Support awareness campaigns/ IEC SDMA, IPRD, DRD, programme for first aid Awareness MAFW, MOEFCC, • Support network of civil society UDD, DWSD, EDD, 3 • Dos and Don’ts to mi gate the Genera on MLBE, NDMA, organiza ons for awareness genera on PD, EFD, AHD, WCD, effects of medical emergencies MOIB, NIDM about emergencies caused by biological PRI/ULB, SLRTI, caused by biological agents agents SIHFW, DDMA • Awareness about the importance of personal hygiene • With due considera on to the social, ethnic and religious issues involved, utmost care will be NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 243 244 Biological & Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es # Area for DRR Centre Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State exercised in the disposal of dead bodies. Recurring/ Regular (RR) NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Defining the role of the community as a part of the Recurring/ Regular (RR) disaster management • Promo ng the planning and execu on • Tes ng of various elements of the HFWD*, DMD$, MHA*, MHFW, of emergency drills hospital emergency preparedness SDMA, EFD, RD, Mock Drills/ MOD, MAFW, • Technical support for iden fying and through table top exercises, and 4 DDMA, SDRF, F&ES, Exercises/ CBDM MOEFCC, MOR, resolve communica on gaps between mock drills CDEF, Police, PRI, NDMA, NRDF par cipa ng departments, partners and • Iden fy and resolve ULB the public communica on gaps between par cipa ng departments, partners and the public • Joint execu on of emergency drills with local bodies Short Term (T1) Recurring/ Regular (RR) HFWD*, DMD$, Hospital MHFW*, MHA, Iden fying, stockpiling, supply chain and Prepara on of DMP by all the 5 SDMA, DRD, UDD, Preparedness MOD, MLBE inventory management of drugs, hospitals including those in the DWSD, WCD, DDMA equipment and consumables including private sector Biological & Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State vaccines and other agents for protec on, Medium Term (T2) detec on, and medical management Developing a mechanism to Medium Term (T3) augment surge capaci es to • Ins tu onalisa on of advanced respond to any mass casualty event Emergency Medical Response System following a biological emergency (EMRS) Long Term (T3) • Upgrading exis ng biosafety Specialised health care and laboratories and establishing new ones laboratory facili es Recurring/ Regular (RR) Post-disaster phase medical documenta on procedures and epidemiological surveys Short Term (T1) Regular upda ng by adop ng ac vi es in Long Term (T3) Research and Development (R&D) mode, HFWD*, DMD$, Strengthening of scien fic and MHFW*, MOD, ini ally by pilot studies SDMA, DRD, UDD, technical ins tu ons for knowledge 6 Applied research MOES, MAFW, Medium Term (T2) DWSD, EDD, PD, management and applied research MOEFCC, MOST Development of post-disaster medical EFD, AHD, WCD, and training in management of documenta on procedures and PRI/ULB, SLRTI CBRN emergencies epidemiological surveys Long Term (T3) Strengthening of scien fic and technical ins tu ons for knowledge management and applied research and training in management of CBRN emergencies Empowering Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) * WCD*, HFWD, DMD$, women, MHFW , MHA, • Guidance Incorpora ng gender sensi ve and 7 SDMA, DRD, UDD, marginalised NIDM, NDMA • Promote gender sensi ve and equitable equitable approaches in capacity PRI, ULB, DDMA communi es, approaches development for coping with BPHE NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 245 Biological & Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) Capacity Development 246 Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State SC/ST, and persons with disabili es Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.15.6 Climate Change Risk Management Biological & Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) Climate Change Risk Management Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Share informa on and updates Short Term (T1) Strengthening integrated health surveillance systems based on GACC scenarios Medium Term (T2) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Research, Forecas ng, $ MHFW*, MOES, • Detailed assessment and HFWD*, DMD , SDMA, • Support and cooperate with Early Warning, Data 1 MOEFCC, MOES, monitoring of biological threats DRD, UDD, AGD, DWSD, central agencies Management, Zoning, NDMA, NLRTI under GACC impact scenarios EDD, PD, EFD, AHD, SLRTI • Sponsor and support state- Mapping • Develop Database specific and local efforts management system rela ng to Biological Disasters & climate change Long Term (T3) Improve forecas ng and assessment capabili es Biological & Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) Climate Change Risk Management Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State consistent with the anticipated changes Medium & Long Term (T2, T3) • Undertake detailed studies on Recurring/ Regular (RR) vulnerability and risk under Undertake HRVCA as part of MHFW*, MOES, GACC scenarios Hazard Risk Vulnerability HFWD*, DMD$, SDMA, preparing and periodic revision of MAFW*, MOEFCC, • Assess GACC risks of vulnerable 2 and Capacity Assessment AGD, RD, WRD, DSJE, DM plans NDMA, MSJE, and marginalised sec ons (HRVCA) SLRTI Medium Term (T2) NLRTI • Provide technical support and Assess GACC risks of vulnerable guidance for comprehensive and marginalised sec ons HRVCA considering GACC impacts Short-Term (T1) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Understanding adapta on • Sensi sa on and awareness needs crea on • Study coping mechanisms • Support na onal CCA efforts • Develop adapta on • Coordina on with central mechanisms agencies Climate Change MHFW*, MOES, Medium & Long Term (T2, T3) HFWD*, DMD$, SDMA, • Sponsor and promote state- 3 Adapta on MOJS, MOEFCC, • Environmental monitoring to DDMA, PRIs, ULBs specific efforts and local efforts (CCA) MAFW reduce risks from GACC for GACC mi ga on and • Support the implementa on of adapta on CCA programs Short –Term (T1) • Promote appropriate Develop local adapta on combina ons of Green and strategies and pilot projects NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Blue infrastructure approach 247 Biological & Public Health Emergencies (BPHE) Climate Change Risk Management 248 Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Medium -Term (T2) • Promote adap ve measures in Sponsor and promote state- social protec on programmes specific efforts and local efforts for the vulnerable groups Long – Term (T3) • Implementa on of GACC adapta on programs • Promote appropriate combina ons of Green and Blue infrastructure approach • Integrate adap ve measures in NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY social protec on programmes for the vulnerable groups Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.16 Fire Hazard Note: Unlike other sub-sec ons, the focus of the responsibility framework for fire risk mi ga on is on Fire and Emergency Services and, therefore, it is in a different format. Fire Hazard Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Systema c data management of data on disaster damage and loss assessments Short Term (T1) • Applying the classifica on system for hazardous industries in rural Recurring/ Regular (RR) and urban areas based on norms • Technical support laid down by the SFAC for fire • Systema c data management services MHA*, MHUA, DMD$, SDMA, F&ES, of data on disaster damage • Vulnerability analysis of densely 7.16.1 Understanding MOEFCC, Other SDRF, INDD, SPCB, DISH, and loss assessments popula on clusters prone to high Risk Relevant Ministries/ ULBs, PRIs, DDMA, SLRTI, Short Term (T1) risk of fire Departments Other Depts. Disaster Damage and Losses • Disaster Damage and Losses 2005-2015 baseline 2005-2015 baseline Medium Term (T2) • Mapping of hazardous sites that pose fire and explosion risks • Assess and fix the requirement of equipment and manpower • Iden fying areas prone to forest fires and take preven ve measures NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 249 Fire Hazard 250 Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Prepara on and implementa on DMD$, SDMA, F&ES, Recurring/ Regular (RR) of fire safety and preven on 7.16.2 Inter-Agency SDRF, INDD , SPCB, DISH, MHA, MHUA, NDRF Provide guidance, technical plans in all built environments Coordina on ULBs, PRIs, DDMA, Other inputs, and support • Ensure the func oning of Depts. agencies to ensure proper compliance of fire safety norms Medium Term (T2) • Iden fy the gaps in exis ng capabili es – equipment and NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY infrastructure • Address gaps in infrastructure and equipment needs, upgrade equipment including personal protec ve equipment • Ac on plan for moderniza on DMD$, SDMA, F&ES, and mee ng future needs 7.16.3 Inves ng in DRR Recurring/ Regular (RR) SDRF, INDD , SPCB, DISH, • Strengthening and standardizing – Structural MHA, MHUA, NLRTI Technical support ULBs, PRIs, DDMA, SLRTI, response mechanisms Measures Other Depts. Long Term (T3) • Procurement of equipment for firefigh ng, urban search and rescue as per the requirement • Establish fire sta ons/ posts up to the sub-divisional level to the block level • Enhance the mul hazard response capabili es considering local hazards and vulnerabili es Fire Hazard Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Strict implementa on and strengthening of fire safety rules • Strict procedures for fire safety cer fica on should be followed before issuing building use permissions • Ensure frequent inspec on for fire safety system and equipment Recurring/ Regular (RR) in public u li es • Enforcement of Fire Safety • Implementa on of Risk Transfer Rules and Regula on Arrangements including mul - • Provide Support hazard insurance for life and • Frame model rules, laws, DMD$, SDMA, F&ES, property 7.16.4 Inves ng in DRR MHA, MHUA, Other guidelines SDRF, INDD, SPCB, DISH, Short Term (T1) – Non-Structural relevant Ministries/ • Implementa on of Risk ULBs, PRIs, DDMA, SLRTI, • Enactment of Fire Act and other Measures Depts. Transfer Arrangements Other Depts. legal measures as per including mul -hazard recommenda ons of SFAC and insurance for life and other official bodies property • Promo on of building codes as Short Term (T1) per NBC 2016, especially parts Risk Transfer Policy Framework rela ng to fire and life safety and other relevant sec ons • Ins tu onal reform and major changes in organiza onal set up • Legal regime for mandatory fire clearance from F&ES for different types of buildings, colonies, industries and other installa ons NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN • Risk Transfer Policy Framework 251 Fire Hazard 252 Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Advanced training on disaster management CDEF, community, and volunteers • Promo ng culture of awareness, alertness and preparedness • Awareness genera on programs for public, u li es, ULBs, PRIs, Recurring/ Regular (RR) and industries • Provide guidance and support • IEC materials and ensure wider NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY MHA, NDMA, NIDM, to SDRF, CDEF, community, DMD$, SDMA, SDRF, disseminate to general public 7.16.5 Capacity NDRF, Other relevant and volunteers SIDM, ATI, F&ES, SDRF, through all medium Development Ministries/ • TOT programs on various CDEF, ULBs, PRIs, DDMA, • Informa on on safety, care and Departments aspects such as firefigh ng, SIRD, SLRTI protec on of disaster-affected managing collapsed structure, animals and search and rescue • TOT programs on various aspects such as firefigh ng, managing collapsed structure, and search and rescue Medium Term (T2) • Address the capability gaps – human and ins tu onal • Strengthening and standardizing response mechanisms Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.17 Forest Fire Hazard 7.17.1 Understanding Risk Forest Fires Understanding Risk Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Support for organising training Maintaining preven ve measures as Extend technical support per norms Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) • Employ a system of fire risk • Mapping of human se lements in classifica on based on best available fire-prone forest areas methods such as those using satellites • Monitoring fire-prone forest areas • Technical support in mapping forest • Iden fy areas prone to forest fires Observa on fire vulnerability areas using satellites and monitor them closely in the Networks, • Seasonal forest-fire monitoring and months when fires usually occur Informa on Systems, MOEFCC*, assessment Medium Term (T2) EFD*, DMD$, SDMA, Monitoring, MOES, DOS, • Strengthen coordina on between • Establish and maintain community- 1 RD, SLRTI, PRIs/ Research, MHA, MOD, MOD and MOEFCC based networks for early detec on ULBs, DDMA Forecas ng, Early MEITY Medium Term (T2) and repor ng to the nearest Warning and Zoning/ • Strengthen the early detec on and authori es Mapping warning • Promo ng community-based forest • Opera onalise a system of near real- monitoring system me monitoring of forest fires using Long Term (T3) best technologies available such as • Establishing and maintain low flying aircra , unmanned aerial arrangements to communicate vehicles (UAV) and drones effec vely with people living within Long Term (T3) and near forests • Near Real-Time monitoring of forest • Establish and maintain a system of fires mutual aid among nearby fire NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 253 Forest Fires Understanding Risk 254 Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Studies/ assessments of areas prone services and forest offices for to forest fires, ecological aspects, sharing/ pooling of resources wildlife concerns • Conduct a detailed fire history to determine the frequency, distribu on, and severity of wildfire Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Upda ng HRVCA Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Iden fica on and lis ng of • Promote studies, documenta on and popula on clusters prone to forest research NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY fire risk • Provide Training & Technical support Hazard Risk • Iden fica on of popula on clusters MOEFCC*, • Studies on vulnerabili es and EFD*, DMD$, SDMA, Vulnerability and within forests requiring urgent 2 MOES, MSJE, capaci es covering social, physical, DSJE, PRIs, ULBs, Capacity Assessment a en on NDMA, NIDM economic, ecological, gender, social DDMA (HRVCA) • Conduct audit of equipment and inclusion and equity aspects manpower requirements Short-Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Develop guidelines Cons tute/ strengthen the mechanisms for consulta on with experts and stakeholders Short Term (T1) Create awareness for forest fire preven on as most fires are caused by Dissemina on of MOEFCC*, Recurring/ Regular (RR) EFD*, DMD$, SDMA, humans, deliberately or inadvertently 3 warnings, data, and MOES, NDMA, Support for organising training SLRTI, PRIs/ ULBs, Medium Term (T2) informa on NIDM Extend technical support DDMA Establishing reliable system to pass on the correct informa on on fire situa on to communi es and responders Forest Fires Understanding Risk Sub-Thema c Area Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Systema c data management of data Systema c data management of data Disaster Data MHA*, MOSPI, on disaster damage and loss on disaster damage and loss DMD$, SDMA, all 4 Collec on and all ministries/ assessments assessments depts. Management depts. Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Disaster Damage and Losses 2005-2015 Disaster Damage and Losses 2005-2015 baseline baseline Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.17.2 Inter-Agency Coordina on Forest Fires Inter-Agency Coordina on Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Prepara on and implementa on of DM Overall disaster Recurring/ Regular (RR) plans and ensure the func oning of MOEFCC*, MHA, EFD*, DMD$, governance • Providing coordina on, technical inputs, and agencies with DM tasks NDMA, MOES, SDMA, RD, 1 (Forests are in support • All aspects of disaster risk management MOD, DOS, MORD, PRIs, ULBs, the concurrent • Coordina on among mul ple agencies – and mainstreaming DRR MHUA DDMA list) forest, IMD, FSI, • Ensuring coherence and mutual reinforcement of DRR, CCA and development Recurring/ Regular (RR) EFD*, DMD$, Recurring/ Regular (RR) * • Organising and coordina ng central MOEFCC , MHA, SDMA, RD, • Organising and coordina ng the 2 Response assistance MOD, NDMA PRIs, ULBs, immediate response • Strengthening Incident Command System NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN DDMA • Coordinate with central agencies involving mul ple agencies 255 Forest Fires Inter-Agency Coordina on 256 Sub-Thema c Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Effec ve coordina on and seamless EFD*, DMD$, Warnings, MOEFCC*, MOES, Coordina ng the dissemina on of communica on among central and state SDMA, RD, 3 Informa on, DOS, NDMA, NIDM, warnings to all, down to the last mile – agencies to ensure quick, clear, effec ve PRIs/ ULBs, Data MORD, MHUA remote, rural or urban; Regular updates dissemina on of warnings, informa on and DDMA to people in areas at risk data Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 7.17.3 Inves ng in DRR – Structural Measures Forest Fires Structural Measures Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Strengthening various forest fire preven on measures • Communica on network of wireless Recurring/ Regular (RR) system MOEFCC*, EFD*, DMD$, Strengthening forest-fire figh ng Support by deploying aircra s, • Effec ve transporta on 1 MORD, SDMA, PRIs, systems helicopters, UAV, drones and • Specialised equipment to fight forest MHUA ULBs, DDMA equipment fires • Improved fire-resistant clothing • Strengthening the network of watch towers • Expanding fire detec ng systems Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) MORD, EFD*, DMD$, 2 Social Housing Schemes Guidelines and technical support for Ensure incorpora on of fire and mul - MHUA, SDMA, PRIs, incorpora on of fire and mul - hazard resistant features in the planning Forest Fires Structural Measures Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State MOEFCC, hazard resistant features in ULBs, DRDA, and execu on of social housing schemes NDMA planning and execu on of social DDMA in the se lements within and adjacent to housing schemes forests. Hazard resistant construc on, MOEFCC*, strengthening, and retrofi ng of EFD*, DMD$, Recurring/ Regular (RR) MORD, Recurring/ Regular (RR) 3 all lifeline structures and cri cal SDMA, PRIs, Collabora on with technical agencies and MHUA, Guidance and implementa on infrastructure near forest area and ULBs, DDMA implementa on NDMA in forest villages Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this sym bol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.17.4 Inves ng in DRR – Non-Structural Measures Forest Fires Non-Structural Measures Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Guidance and Support Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Ins tu onal Arrangements • Strengthen the laws and regula ons for • Promote use of insurance/ risk transfer EFD*, DMD$, * forest fire preven on and control Techno-Legal MOEFCC , SDMA, UDD, 1 Short Term (T1) • Improve the ins tu onal arrangements for regimes MORD, MHUA DRD, DDMA, • Develop forest fire preven on and forest fire preven on and control PRIs, ULBs management manual • Promote use of insurance/ risk transfer • Priori sing forest fire management in forestry plans NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 257 Forest Fires Non-Structural Measures 258 Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Review forest management systems and prac ces • Review Laws & Regula ons NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Implementa on of Risk Transfer Implementa on of Risk Transfer MFIN*, NDMA, Arrangements including mul -hazard DFIN*, DMD$, Arrangements including mul -hazard Risk Transfer MHA, MAFW insurance for life and property SDMA, DAG insurance for life and property Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Policy Framework Policy Framework Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.17.5 Capacity Development Forest Fires Capacity Development Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Training and orienta on programs for Training and orienta on programs for central govt. staff, SDRF, CDEF, state govt. staff, and other MOEFCC*, MHA, * $ community, volunteers and other direct EFD , DMD , stakeholders such as: CDEF, civil NDRF, NDMA, stakeholders SDMA, SDMI, society, volunteers, elected 1 Training MOES, MOD, DOS, Short Term (T1) SIRD, SDRF, representa ves. MORD, MHUA, Incorpora ng preven on and DDMA Short Term (T1) NIDM, MYAS management of forest fires in the Incorpora ng preven on and training programs of youth such as NCC, management of forest fires in the NYKS, Scouts and Guides and NSS training programs of village volunteers Short Term (T1) Short Term (T1) Update curriculum rela ng to forestry Update curriculum rela ng to forestry Curriculum MOEFCC*, MHRD, EFD*, EDD, 2 management courses and training management courses and training Development NIDM, NLRTI** SDMI, SLRTI programmes to include topics relevant to programmes to include topics relevant forest fire preven on and control to forest fire preven on and control Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Promo ng awareness, alertness and preparedness • Training programs for public, PRIs/ Recurring/ Regular (RR) ULBs • Support awareness campaigns/ IEC EFD*, DMD$, • Carry out mass media campaigns in Awareness MOEFCC*, NDMA, • Support network of civil society 3 SDMA, IPRD, forest fire prone areas Genera on NDRF, CAPF, NIDM organiza ons for awareness genera on RD, DDMA • Create awareness of forest fire about forest fires preven on and preven on and control control • Strengthening network of community involvement in forest fire repor ng, preven on and assistance NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN to controlling 259 Forest Fires Capacity Development 260 Sub-Thema c Area for Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Recurring/ Regular (RR) EFD*, DMD$, • Involving forest communi es/ forest Recurring/ Regular (RR) SDMA, RD, Mock Drills/ MOEFCC*, NDRF, village commi ees, JFM commi ees 4 Promo ng the planning and execu on of DDMA, SDRF, Exercises CAPF, NDMA • Joint execu on of emergency drills emergency drills F&ES, CDEF, with local bodies – urban and rural in Police areas prone to forest fires Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Conduct training programmes Promo ng skill development for mul - MOEFCC, MSDE, DMD$, SDMA, • Crea ng ToT teams for different Voca onal Training/ hazard resistant construc on with 5 MMSME, NDMA, RD., SLSDA, trades relevant to fire-resistant Skill development emphasis on fire safety in forest fire NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY NIDM DDMA construc on in forest fire prone prone areas for different types of housing areas for different types of housing and infrastructure and infrastructure Recurring/ Regular (RR) Recurring/ Regular (RR) Empowering women, • Guidance to addressing issues of DSJE*, EFD, Incorpora ng gender sensi ve and marginalised marginalised communi es, SC/ST in MWCD*, MOEFCC, SDMA, SIDM, equitable approaches in capacity 6 communi es, and forest fire prone areas NDMA, NIDM DDMA, PRIs, development covering all aspects of persons with • Promote gender sensi ve and ULBs disaster management at the state, disabili es equitable approaches relevant in district, and local levels forest fire prone areas Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agen cy with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. (**) AICTE, IITs, UGC, NLSDA, IIE, NIESBUD, FSI, FRI. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. 7.17.6 Climate Change Risk Management Forest Fire Climate Change Risk Management Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State Medium Term (T2) Develop Database management system rela ng to Biological Disasters & climate change Recurring/ Regular (RR) Research, Forecas ng, Early Long Term (T3) MOEFCC*, FSI, MOES, • Support and cooperate with Warning, Data • Studies/ assessments of areas EFD*, DMD$, 1 DOS, MHA, MOD, central agencies Management, Zoning, prone to forest fires, ecological SDMA, SLRTI NLRTI • Sponsor state-specific efforts; Mapping aspects, wildlife concerns support local efforts • Conduct a detailed fire history to determine the frequency, distribu on, and severity of wildfire Medium & Long Term (T2, T3) • Undertake detailed studies on Recurring/ Regular (RR) vulnerability and risk under GACC MOEFCC*, MOES, EFD*, DMD$, Incorporate GACC informa on in Hazard Risk Vulnerability scenarios MHA, MOD, MAFW, SDMA, RD, DM plans/ reviews 2 and Capacity Assessment • Assess GACC risks of vulnerable NDMA, MSJE, MHFW, WRD, DSJE, Medium Term (T2) (HRVCA) and marginalised sec ons NLRTI SLRTI Assess GACC risks of vulnerable and • Provide technical support and marginalised sec ons guidance for comprehensive HRVCA considering GACC impacts Short-Term (T1) Recurring/ Regular (RR) • Understand and assess adapta on • Sensi sa on and awareness EFD*, DMD$, Climate Change Adapta on MOEFCC*, MOES, needs crea on 3 SDMA, DDMA, (CCA) MHFW, MOJS • Study coping mechanisms • Support na onal CCA efforts PRIs, ULBs Medium & Long Term (T2, T3) • Coordina on with central NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN • Develop adapta on mechanisms agencies 261 Forest Fire Climate Change Risk Management 262 Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Sub-Thema c Area for DRR Centre# Responsibility – Centre State# Responsibility – State • Support the implementa on of • Sponsor and promote state- CCA programs specific efforts and local efforts • Promote adap ve measures in for GACC mi ga on and social protec on programmes for adapta on the vulnerable groups Short Term (T1) • Strengthen ecological monitoring of forests to improve the understanding of risks from GACC • Develop local adapta on strategies and pilot projects NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Medium & Long Term (T2, T3) • Sponsor and promote state- specific efforts and local efforts • Implementa on of GACC adapta on programs • Integrate adap ve measures in social protec on programmes for the vulnerable groups Notes: (#) Every ministry, department or agency of the government – central and state – not specifically men oned will also have both direct and indirect suppor ng role depending on the disaster, loca on and context. (*) The ministry, department or agency with this symbol has or is deemed to have a nodal or lead role, while others men oned have a direct or explicit suppor ng role. ($) DMD—Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 8 Preparedness and Response 8.1 Background Response measures are those taken immediately a er receiving early warning from the relevant authority or in an cipa on of an impending disaster, or immediately a er the occurrence of an event without any warning. The primary goal of response to a disaster is saving lives, protecting property, environment, and mee ng basic needs of human and other living beings a er the disaster. Its focus is on rescuing those affected and those likely to be affected by the disaster. The UNISDR (2016) defines response as: Ac ons taken directly before, during or immediately a er a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected. The overarching concern of disaster response is immediate and short-term needs, including immediate disaster relief. Effec ve, efficient, and mely response relies on disaster risk -informed preparedness measures, including the development of the response capaci es of individuals, communi es, organiza ons, countries and the interna onal community. The ins tu onal elements of response o en include the provision of emergency services and public assistance by public and private sectors and community sectors, as well as community and volunteer par cipa on. “Emergency services” are a cri cal set of specialized agencies that have specific responsibili es in serving and protec ng people and property in emergency and disaster situa ons. They include civil protec on authori es, and police and fire services, among many others. The division between the response stage and the subsequent recovery stage is not clear-cut. Some response ac ons, such as the supply of temporary housing and water supplies, may extend well into the recovery stage. Preparedness, as defined by UNISDR (2016), consist of the knowledge and capaci es developed by governments, response and recovery organiza ons, communi es and individuals to effec vely an cipate, respond to and recover from the impacts of likely, imminent or current disasters. Preparedness ac on is carried out within the context of disaster risk management and aims to build the capaci es needed to efficiently manage all types of emergencies and achieve orderly transi ons from response to sustained recovery. Preparedness is based on a sound analysis of disaster risks and good linkages with early warning systems, and includes such ac vi es as con ngency planning, the stockpiling of equipment and supplies, the development of arrangements for coordina on, evacua on, and public informa on, and associated training and field exercises. These must be supported by formal ins tu onal, legal, and budgetary capaci es. The related term “readiness” describes the ability to respond quickly and appropriately when required. Local level preparedness of people for disasters can help in mi ga ng the impacts of disasters and also be er response. Involvement of community at local level through PRIs can go a long way in ge ng people prepared for countering disasters. In case of disasters, PRIs can play a crucial role in mobilizing people and local resources. Based on the preparedness, the response process begins as soon as it becomes apparent that a disastrous event is imminent and lasts un l the relevant authori es declare it as over. Response is 263 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY carried out during periods of high stress in highly me-constrained situa ons with limited informa on and recourses. It is considered as the most visible among various phases of disaster management. Response includes not only those ac vi es that directly address the immediate needs, such as search and rescue, first aid and temporary shelters, but also rapid mobiliza on of various systems necessary to coordinate and support the efforts. For effec ve response, all the stakeholders need to ha ve a clear vision about hazards, its consequences, clarity on plans of ac on and must be well versed with their roles and responsibili es. Any emergency requires a quick response to save lives, contain the damage and prevent any secondary disasters. In most cases, first responders such as members of Incident Response Teams (IRT) of district, block, or other agencies (medical fire, police, civil supplies, municipali es) manage emergencies immediately at the local level. If an emergency escalates beyond t heir capabili es, the local administra on must seek assistance from the district administra on or the State Government. If State Government considers it necessary, it can seek central assistance. The CCS deals with issues related to defence of the country, law and order, and internal security, policy ma ers concerning foreign affairs that have internal or external security implica ons, and economic and poli cal issues impinging on na onal security. CCS will be involved in the decision-making if the disaster has serious security implica ons. The NEC will coordinate response in the event of any threatening disaster situa on or disaster where central assistance is needed. The NEC may give direc ons to the relevant Ministries/Departments of the GOI, the State Governments, and the State Authori es regarding measures to be taken by them in response to any specific threatening disaster situa on or disaster as per needs of the State. The NDMA has a facilita ve role in disaster risk management in all phases of the disaster management cycle including response for all types of disasters. The general superintendence, direc on and control of the Na onal Disaster Response Force (NDRF) is vested in and will be exercised by the NDMA. The NCMC will deal with major crises that have serious or na onal ramifica ons. These include incidents such as those requiring close involvement of the security forces and/or intelligence agencies such as terrorism (counter-insurgency), law and order situa ons, serial bomb blasts, hijacking, air accidents, threats of nuclear/ radiological terrorism events, CBRN emergencies, detona on of conven onal weapons, mine disasters, port and harbour emergencies, forest fires, oilfield fires, and oil spills. The immediate response in the event of a disaster lies with the local authori es with the support of the state government, central government and the specialized agencies. The central government supplements the efforts of state government by providing logis c and financial support, deploying NDRF, Armed Forces, CAPF, and other specialized agencies mandated to respond to par cular types of disasters. It will depute experts to assist the state government in planning and its implementa on as per request from the state government. 8.2 Ins tu onal Framework Chapter-1 provided an overview of the ins tu onal arrangements covering all aspects of disaster management. There are specific tasks, roles and responsibili es in the domain of response, which as men oned before, is the most cri cal and me-sensi ve aspect of disaster management. This sec on summarizes the func on and responsibili es of ministries and agencies that have a key role to play in disaster response as per current guidelines. The plan will be updated periodically to reflect any changes in the key roles envisaged to ministries and agencies. 264 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN No single agency or department can handle a disaster situa on of any scale alone. Different departments must work together to manage the disaster with an objec ve to reduce its impact. Sec on 37(a) of the DM Act, 2005 mandates that departments/ ministries of Central Government prepare disaster management plans keeping mi ga on, preparedness and response elements into considera on. Sec ons 22(2), 24, 30 and 34 of the DM Act, 2005 have clearly laid down various du es rela ng to DM to be performed by various agencies. The ins tu onal arrangements for the response system consist of the following elements: a) Nodal central ministries with disaster-specific responsibili es for na onal-level coordina on of the response and mobiliza on of all the necessary resources b) Central agencies with disaster-specific responsibili es for Early Warning Systems and alerts c) Na onal Disaster Response Force (NDRF) d) State Disaster Response Force (SDRF) Currently a Na onal Emergency Response Centre (NERC) is func onal in Disaster Management Division of MHA and establishment of an Integrated Control Room for Emergency Response (ICR -ER) has been ini ated by MHA. It will be connected to the following control rooms: • All agencies designated to provide hazard-specific early warnings • State Emergency Opera ons Centre (SEOC) • District Emergency Opera ons Centre (DEOC) • NDRF • Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) • MEA • CAPFs 8.3 Na onal Early Warning System 8.3.1 Central Agencies Designated for Natural Hazard-Specific Early Warnings Table 8-1: Central Agencies Designated for Natural Hazard-Specific Early Warnings SN Hazard Ministry Agency 1. Avalanches MOD Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE) 2. Cold Wave MOES India Meteorological Department (IMD) India Meteorological Department (IMD) Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) 3. Cyclone MOES Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres (TCWC) for different regions Central Drought Relief Commissioner (CDRC) and 4. Drought MAFW Crop Weather Watch Group (CWWG) 5. Earthquake MOES India Meteorological Department (IMD) 6. Epidemics MHFW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MHFW) 7. Floods MOJS Central Water Commission (CWC) 8. Heat Wave MOES India Meteorological Department (IMD) 9. Landslides MOM Geological Survey of India (GSI) India Na onal Centre for Oceanic Informa on Services 10. Tsunami MOES (INCOIS) 265 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY The GOI has designated specific agencies (Table 8 -1) to monitor the onset of different natural disasters, set up adequate Early Warning Systems (EWS), and disseminate necessary warnings/ alerts regarding any impending hazard, for all those hazards where early warning and monitoring is possible with the currently available technologies and methods. These agencies provide inputs to the MHA, which will issue alerts and warnings through various communica on channels. The agencies responsible for EWS will maintain equipment in proper func oning order and conduct simula on drills to test their efficacy. On their part, the relevant State Government and district administra on shall disseminate such alerts and warnings on the ground through all possible methods of communica ons and public announcements. 8.3.2 Role of Central Agencies/ Departments The Na onal Emergency Response Centre (NERC) will act as the communica on and coordina on hub for maintaining constant touch with early warning agencies for updated inputs. It will eventually be upgraded as the Integrated Control Room for Emergency Response (ICR-ER). It will inform State Emergency Opera ons Centre (SEOC) and District Emergency Opera ons Centre (DEOC) through all the available communica on channels and mechanisms. The DM Division of the MHA will communicate and coordinate with designated early warning agencies, various nodal ministries, and state governments. It will mobilise reinforcements from the NDRF, Armed Forces and the CAPFs and put together transporta on plans for moving resources. The NDMA will support the overall coordina on of response as per needs of MHA. The NDMA will be providing general guidance and take decisions for the deployment of the NDRF. The NDRF will be deployed as required depending on the request from State Government. The NRDF will always be in opera onal readiness. 8.4 Coordina on of Response at Na onal Level At the na onal level, the Central Government has assigned nodal responsibili es to specific ministries for coordina ng disaster-specific responses (Table 1-3, Chapter-1). As described in Chapter-1, the NEC will coordinate response in the event of any threatening disaster situa on or disaster. The State Government will ac vate the IRTs at State, District, or block level and ensure coordina on with the SEOC. The SDMA will provide the technical support needed to strengthen the response system. It is essen al that the first responders and relief reach the affected areas in the shortest possible me. O en, there are inordinate delays due to real constraints imposed by the loca on, nature of disaster and, most regre ably, due to inadequate pre paredness. In many situa ons, even a delay of six to twelve hours will prove to be too late or unacceptable. To make ma ers worse, relief tend to arrive in a highly fragmented or uncoordinated form with mul ple organisa ons ac ng independently of each other without a cohesive plan, without mechanisms to avoid overlaps and without proper priori za on of different aspects of relief such as shelter, clothing, food, or medicine. From an opera onal perspec ve, the challenges are similar across most haza rds. The NDMA has formulated Incident Response System (IRS) Guidelines for the effec ve, efficient, and comprehensive management of disasters (listed in Annexure -I). The implementa on of NDMA’s IRS Guidelines by the States will help in standardisa on of opera ons, bring clarity to the roles of various departments and other agencies, which are common to most disaster response situa ons. The state and district administra on shall iden fy sites for establishment of various facili es as men oned in the IRS guidelines such as Incident Command Post, relief camp, base, staging area, camp, and helipad, for providing various services during the response. The state and local administra on must widely disseminate and publicise informa on about these arrangements as mandated in the 266 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN SDMP and DDMP. Since disaster response opera ons are mul faceted, me -sensi ve, extremely fast- moving, and mostly unpredictable, it requires rapid assessment, close coordina on among several departments, quick decision-making, fast deployment of human resources and machinery as well as close monitoring. To prevent delays and eliminate ambigui es regarding chain of command, the SDMP and DDMP must clearly spell out the response organisa on as per IRS. These plans must clearly iden fy the personnel to be deputed various responsibili es in the IRT at various levels of administra on along with proper responsibility and accountability framework. Provision for implementa on of unified command in case of involvement of mul ple agencies such as Army, NDRF, CAPF, and Interna onal Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG) must be spelt out in the SDMP. From me to me the DM plan must be tested and rehearsed by carrying out mock exercises. 8.5 Fire and Emergency Services (F&ES) The Fire and Emergency Service (F&ES) fall within the mandate of the urban local bodies (municipali es/ nagarpalikas) as per cons tu onal provisions (Sec on 7, Schedule 12, Ar cle 243W). The administra ve and opera onal structures and systems vary fro m state to state. Presently F&ES are organized by the concerned States and UTs with the MHA rendering advice on protec on, preven on, reforms and legisla on. The primary role of F&ES is of responding to fire incidents. However, besides firefigh ng, F&ES a ends to other emergencies such as building collapse, road traffic accidents, human and animal rescue, and several other emergency calls. F&ES also takes part in medical emergencies. The role of F&ES has become mul -dimensional. The role of F&ES extends to the domain of preven on, especially in urban areas. F&ES is an integral part of the group of agencies responding to disaster situa ons. F&ES is one of the first responders during the Golden Hour a er a disaster and plays a vital role in saving lives and property. Therefore, it is impera ve to adequately equip and develop the capaci es of F&ES. Further, con nuous training should also be provided to the fire staff in using and maintaining the equipment. F&ES is a key element in the emergency response system. It comes under the 12th schedule of the cons tu on dealing with municipal func ons. At present, States and UTs, and ULBs are managing the F&ES. The MHA and NDMA will render technical advice to the States, UTs, and central ministries on fire protec on, preven on, and related legisla on. While in several states, F&ES is under the jurisdic on of Municipal Corpora ons, in others it is under the respec ve Home Department. Only a few States have enacted their own Fire Act. The type, scale and standards applicable for equipment and the training of the staff are subject to technological advances and emerging good global prac ces. Besides, given the regional differences and local challenges due to diverse terrains as well as condi ons, some degree of innova on, customisa on and adapta on are necessary to make for effec ve use and deployment. Both right - sizing and down-sizing are required while maintaining the opera onal efficiencies of the equipment. For example, in some urban areas where roads are narrow and large equipment cannot gain quick access, it may be necessary to use down-sized equipment mounted on small vehicles that have adequate capacity to carry the equipment. Similarly, in most rural or less developed areas, it is difficult to maintain and operate the same equipment that are deployed in large ci es. Therefore, rather than providing specifica ons or an indica ve list, the NDMP enjoins the agencies responsible for response to adopt the best prac ces and most appropriate technologies subject to rigorous quality control and tes ng. In each State, the F&ES have grown according to the ini a ves taken by the States and availability of funds. Government of India has taken many ini a ves to strengthen the techno-legal regime for fire safety. Apart from ini a ng major legal changes, government is also reviewing many laws need to be 267 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY amended. Government of India has also taken steps for ins tu onal ref orms and organiza onal restructuring of F&ES. However, it is the responsibility of the State Governments to implement the major changes for the moderniza on of the F&ES to make them more effec ve. 8.6 Responding to Requests for Central Assistance from States Catastrophic disasters like earthquakes, floods, cyclones and tsunami result in large casual es and inflict tremendous damage on property and infrastructure. The Government of India has established a flexible response mechanism for a prompt and effec ve delivery of essen al services as well as resources to assist a State Government or Union Territory hit hard by a severe disaster. Disaster management is considered as the responsibility of the State Governments, and hence the primary responsibility for undertaking rescue, relief and rehabilita on measures during a disaster lies with the State Governments. The Central Government supplements their efforts through logis c and financial support during severe disasters as requested by the State Governments. Responding to such emergencies stretches the resources of district and State administra on to the utmost and they may require and seek the assistance of Central Ministries/ Departments and agencies like the NDRF, Armed Forces, CAPF, and Specialized Ministries/ Agencies. 8.7 Management of Disasters Impac ng more than one State At mes, the impact of disasters occurring in one State may spread over to the areas of other States. Similarly, preven ve measures in respect of certain disasters, such as floods, etc. may be required to be taken in one State, as the impact of their occurrence may affect another. The administra ve hierarchy of the India consisting of Na onal, State and District level arrangements presents challenges in respect of disasters impac ng more than one State. Management of such situa ons calls for a coordinated approach, which can respond to a range of issues quite different from those that normally present themselves – before, during and a er the event. The NCMC will play a major role in handing such mul -state disasters. The NDMA will encourage iden fica on of such situa ons and promote the establishment of mechanisms for coordinated strategies for dealing with them by the States and Central Ministries, departments and other relevant agencies. 8.8 Response System Ac va on Na onal Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) remains in opera on during all phases of disaster cycle i.e. mi ga on, preparedness, response and recovery. However, NEC may ac vate disaster response system (par ally or fully with all support func ons ac vated based on the situa on) on the receipt of disaster warning or upon the occurrence of a disaster. The occurrence of disaster may be reported by the relevant monitoring authori es (both na onal and State) to the NEC by the fastest means. The NEC will ac vate emergency support func ons, scale of which will commensurate with the demand of situa on (size, urgency, and intensity of incident). The ac va on sequence for na onal response in the event of a disaster is as given below: 1. The relevant State Government would assume direct responsibility in the event of a disaster. 2. The MHA would assume direct responsibility in case of Union Territories. 268 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 3. The response from Central agencies would come into opera on when the relevant State Government makes a specific request for Central assistance, financial, logis cal, or resources – including transport, search, rescue and relief opera ons by air, inter -State movement of relief materials, among others. 4. The direct involvement of Central Agencies will apply to those cases where the GOI has primary jurisdic on: organisa on of interna onal assistance, response on high seas, and impact assessment of disasters with the assistance of interna onal agencies, and financial assistance from the Na onal Disaster Response Fund. 8.9 Emergency Func ons and the Responsibili es: Centre and State While there are disaster-specific aspects to the post-disaster response, the emergency func ons are broadly common to all disasters and there are specific ministries, departments, or agencies that can provide that emergency response. Besides, very o en, there are mul ple hazards and secondary disasters that follow a major disaster. Hence, response intrinsically follows a mul -hazard approach. Therefore, all the response ac vi es have been summarized in a single responsibility framework applicable to all types of disasters. The response responsibility framework specifies the major theme of response. It specifies the agencies from the Central and State Government responsible for the major theme of response. All agencies responsible for response should follow the NDMA’s IRS guidelines, which will help in ensuring proper accountability and division of responsibili es. Different ministries and departments must provide specialized emergency support to the response effort. Certain agencies of Central Government will play a lead role, while others will be in a suppor ng role. The DMD (State Disaster Management Department, i.e., the state’s nodal dept. for DM ) and SDMA are lead agencies at the state level for coordina on of response. The DDMA is the lead agency for coordina on of response at District level. Various central ministries, departments, agencies, and state governments must prepare their own hazard specific response plans as per guidelines of the NDMA and in line with the NDMP. They must always ensure preparedness for response and must carry out regular mock drills and conduct tests of readiness periodically, and the ministries/ departments must report the status to the NDMA. Agencies responsible for disaster response should develop their individual scenario-based plans and SOPs considering mul ple hazards and envisaging different scenarios ranging from least to the worst cases. The scenario-based planning exercises should be part of the preparedness of response agencies at all levels. The major tasks of disaster response given in the responsibility framework and listed alphabe cally for easy reference are: 1. Communica on 2. Cultural Heritage Sites, their Precincts and Museums — Protec on & Preserva on 3. Data Collec on and Management 4. Disposal of animal carcasses 5. Drinking Water/ Dewatering Pumps/ Sanita on Facili es 6. Early Warning, Maps, Satellite inputs, Informa on Dissemina on 7. Evacua on of People and Animals 8. Fodder for livestock in scarcity-hit areas 9. Food and Essen al Supplies 10. Fuel 11. Housing and Temporary Shelters 12. Management of the dead people 13. Media Rela ons 14. Medical care 269 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 15. Power 16. Public Health 17. Rehabilita on and Ensuring Safety of Livestock and other Animals, V eterinary Care 18. Relief Employment 19. Relief Logis cs and Supply Chain Management 20. Search and Rescue of People and Animals 21. Transporta on 270 8.10 Responsibility Framework for Preparedness and Response Preparedness and Response Emergency Central/ State Ministries/ Departments and their Responsibili es SN Func on* Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State • Detailed plans for fail safe communica on with all • Failsafe communica on plan is the early warning agencies (such as IMD, CWC, etc.) prepared with all early warning and Control Rooms (Central/ State) for ge ng agencies accurate informa on at regular intervals • Logis c sec on of the state level • Restora on of emergency communica on in IRT coordinates with central disaster affected areas agencies to provide effec ve • Emergency response teams to be in place with communica on support to the detailed technical plans to restore communica on field level IRTs for response. a er the occurrence of a disaster • State and district EOCs are • Provide a dedicated radio frequency for disaster Lead Agencies: equipped with satellite phones/ Lead Agencies: communica ons VHF/ HF as a backup to the • Mobile communica on units fi ed with V -SAT IPRD landline MCOM, DOT terminals, VHF repeaters, reserve WT VHF Sets, • All communica on equipment, portable mobile towers, etc. Support Agencies: especially the satellite phones are 1 Communica on Support Agencies: • Con ngency plans including pre-disaster contracts in good working condi on 24x7 on with suppliers – government and private– for easy State/UT, SDMA, all days through regular tes ng MOR, MOCI, MOD, availability of resources at the me of emergency RD, DMD$, SEOC, • Plans for communica on including Telecom Providers • Opera onal plan for establishing temporary DDMA, all other telephone and HAM is prepared telecommunica on facili es in the affected areas relevant Depts. for smooth coordina on with the jointly with the State Government field level IRTs • Secure, failsafe communica on network among • Establish protocols and Central, State and other Control Rooms for responsibili es for coordina ng exchanging reliable and authen c informa on about with central agencies and various the affected areas, and resource mobiliza on service providers • Prepare, update and maintain a State wise list of • Prepare, update and maintain a HAM Operators who could be contacted and District wise list of HAM Operators deployed at the site of emergency when all other who could be contacted and modes of communica on fail deployed at the site of emergency NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 271 272 Preparedness and Response Emergency Central/ State Ministries/ Departments and their Responsibili es SN Func on* Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State • Inter-Operability (the ability of emergency • Have binding agreements with responders to communicate among jurisdic ons, telecom service providers to disciplines, and levels of government using a variety restore damaged facili es and set of frequency bands, as needed and as authorized) of up temporary facili es on mobile service providers emergency basis • Ensure Inter-Operability among different telecom service providers • Safety of the people who NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY engage with the Museums / Cultural Heritage sites and Precincts. Lead Agencies: • Comprehensive plan including evacua on, immediate Lead Agencies: ARHD response protocols and Cultural Heritage • Facilitate the development of comprehensive procedures, etc. considering Sites, their MOCU plan for emergency response including Support the specific challenges Precincts58 and evacua on, immediate response protocols and Agencies: presented by the site/precinct 2 Museums59 — Support Agencies: procedures, etc. • Crea ng an emergency team Protec on & • Mobilizing specialised support SDMA, DMD$, that includes the management, Preserva on MHUA, MTOU, • Assist in cataloguing and documen ng damages DDMA, SEOC, administrators and staff of the MOLJ SDRF, F&ES, site or precinct as well as ULBs, PRIs, CUD, representa ves from local TOD, SPWD stakeholders • Iden fica on of evacua on routes, spaces that may act as temporary refuge areas, and displaying these routes and 58 Na onal DM Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Sites, Museums and Precincts 59 Na onal DM Guidelines for Museums Preparedness and Response Emergency Central/ State Ministries/ Departments and their Responsibili es SN Func on* Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State spaces in a clear manner as signage, maps, printed literature, etc., for wide distribu on • Iden fica on of various kinds of emergency supplies and equipment and their storage for ease of access should be undertaken • Representa ve of SDMA works Lead Agencies: with the planning sec on at state Lead Agencies: level for making of Incident Ac on MHA, NDMA Plan (IAP) and dissemina on of • Maintain proper records of all the essen al services DMD$ informa on. Support Agencies: needed for rescue, response and relief phases, both • Crea on of a cell at the District by the State Governments and by the Central Support Agencies: Data Collec on and level (preferably as part of DEOC) 3 NIDM, MOIB, Ministries/ Departments Management and place dedicated resources to MCOM, MOST, • Establish a sound repor ng mechanism to meet the State/UT, RD, collect/ update data on all MOES, MOJS, informa on needs of both Central and State SEOC, SDMA, essen al services (as per the MOEFCC, ministries/ Governments about the disaster response DDMA, Bureau of template given in the IRS depts. with hazard- Economics and guidelines) which will help during specific Sta s cs, all other the response phase for effec ve responsibili es relevant Depts. repor ng and compila on. Lead Agencies: • Provide clarity when required in following the Lead Agencies: • Adopt SOP in SDMP and DDMP as na onal guidelines and interna onal norms per Na onal Guidelines60 and MAFW, MAHDF Disposal of Animal • Facilitate the support from various na onal AHD implement it properly 4 Carcasses laboratories and ins tu ons relevant for recording • Ac vate the Animal Carcass evidence and compiling data on the dead such as Management Group in the IRS as forensic, gene c studies, etc. per na onal guidelines NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 273 60 Na onal Guidelines – Management of the Dead in the A ermath of Disasters, 2010 Preparedness and Response 274 Emergency Central/ State Ministries/ Departments and their Responsibili es SN Func on* Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State Suppor ng Support Agencies: • If necessary, assist the state government to contain • Equip and train the staff in carcass Agencies: State/UT, SDMA, any public health challenges beyond the capabili es removal/ disposal at pre-iden fied MHA, MHFW RD, DMD$, SEOC, sites to ensure that no other of the state administra on DDMA, AGD, health hazard is created both for Police, all other the staff as well as the public relevant Depts. • Use of recommended safety kits and personal protec on by the staff deployed in carcass disposal so that they are not infected • Take measures for dispersal of financial relief as per norms NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Promote strict compliance with minimum standards • Ensure strict compliance with of relief as per Sec on 12 of DM Act 2005 minimum standards of relief as • Assist the respec ve state government in providing per Sec on 12 of DM Act 2005 disaster-affected areas with clean drinking water • Provide disaster-affected areas and to prevent the spread of water borne diseases with clean drinking water and to • Assist affected state to address the public health Lead Agencies: prevent the spread of water borne needs to prevent and mi gate a sudden outbreak of diseases Lead Agency: epidemic, water and food contamina on as well as WSD • Provide emergency water supplies other public health-related problems in the when there is scarcity of potable Drinking Water/ MDWS, MFPI a ermath of a disaster Support Agencies: water 5 Dewatering Pumps/ • Arrangements with vehicle manufactures for vehicle • Respond to the public health Sanita on Facili es Support Agencies: mounted RO Systems with integrated power source State/UT, SDMA, needs to prevent and mi gate a MOJS, MORD, and pouch facility with a condi on that system RD, DMD$, SEOC, sudden outbreak of epidemic, MHFW, MCAFPD should be in place usually within 6 hours of placing DDMA, HFWD, water and food contamina on as order. CDEF, all other well as other public health-related • Easy availability of chlorine tablets to the State relevant Depts. problems in the a ermath of a Government on demand disaster • Arrangements with companies for providing vehicle • Dept. of Water Resources and mounted heavy duty dewatering pumps with a Drinking Water and Sanita on condi on to make them available usually within 12 works with the logis c sec on of hours of request the state level IRT to provide Preparedness and Response Emergency Central/ State Ministries/ Departments and their Responsibili es SN Func on* Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State • Facilitate the quick availability of hygienic portable effec ve services to the field level toilets through pre-disaster agreements/ contracts IRTs with suppliers • Necessary arrangements are made • Facilitate the quick availability of packaged drinking for supplying drinking water water through pre-contracts with suppliers through tankers • As per request from State/UT, assist in organizing • Necessary arrangements are made emergency water supplies when there is scarcity of for supplying chlorine tablets potable water • Arrangements with vehicle manufactures for vehicle mounted RO Systems with integrated power source and pouch facility with a condi on that system should be in place usually within 6 hours of placing order • Arrangements with companies for providing vehicle mounted heavy duty dewatering pumps with a condi on to make them available usually within 6 hours of request • Availability of hygienic portable toilets and bleaching powder through pre-disaster agreements/ contracts with suppliers Lead Agencies: Lead Agencies: • To disseminate early warning • Issue forecasts, alerts, warnings signals to the district See Table 8-1 for • Provide early warnings (where possible) to reduce DMD$ Early Warning, administra on, local authori es, different disasters loss of life and property. Maps, Satellite and the public at large in the areas no fied by GOI • Dissemina ng warnings and informa on to all Support Agencies: 6 Data, likely to be affected by a disaster Central Ministries/ Departments/ Agencies and State Informa on so as to reduce loss of life and Support Agencies: Government State/UT, SDMA, Dissemina on property • Use of satellite imageries and other scien fic RD, SEOC, DDMA, • Dissemina on of warnings and Ministries and methods for risk assessment and forecas ng all other relevant NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN informa on up to the last mile agencies as Depts. 275 Preparedness and Response 276 Emergency Central/ State Ministries/ Departments and their Responsibili es SN Func on* Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State described in the • Ensure appropriate compila on/ relevant NDMA analysis of received data guideline • Use of satellite imageries and other scien fic methods for risk assessment and forecas ng • Quick assessment of evacua on needs such as the number of people and animals to be evacuated and mode of evacua on • Special a en on to evacua on of NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY PWD On request, support the affected state government in • Mobilize transport and resources evacua on of people and animals from areas likely to for evacua on Lead Agency: be affected by major disaster Lead Agencies: • Iden fy and prepare sites for MHA temporary reloca on of affected DMD$ Special Situa ons: people and animals Support Agencies: • Evacua on of large numbers of people from far • Iden fy requirements of resources Support Agencies: Evacua on of flung areas and islands (e.g., Andaman and Nicobar for evacua on such as helicopters, 7 People and Animals MOD, CAPF, MRTH, Islands, Lakshadweep Islands, etc. in cases of aircra s, high speed boats and State/UT, SDMA, MOR, MOCI, cyclone) ships to be provided to the SDRF, RD, SEOC, ministries/ depts. • Evacua on of visitors/pilgrims stranded in remote affected state government F&ES, DDMA, with hazard-specific Himalayan regions because of inclement weather, • Request for central resources, if CDEF, all other responsibili es, landslides, flash floods and avalanches needed relevant Depts. NDRF, CDEF • Coordinate with central agencies • Evacua on of fishermen from the high seas in case of a cyclone to mobilise required resources • Monitor the situa on • Earmark resources/ units/ ba alions of SDRF for quick deployment • Prepare handbook/manuals and SOP for evacua on for people and animals Preparedness and Response Emergency Central/ State Ministries/ Departments and their Responsibili es SN Func on* Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State • Undertake review and revise DMPs and SOPs a er each major incident • Prepare evacua on plan considering local condi ons and periodically update it • Undertake mock/simula on drills • Prepare opera onal checklists • Prepare list of agencies/ organiza ons who could assist in evacua on • Web-based resource inventory and its regular updates • Mobilize fodder and ca le feed to Lead Agency: meet shortages, as in drought or scarcity condi ons Lead Agency: AHD • Transport fodder from storage • When required, mobilize fodder and ca le feed to facili es or collec on centres to meet shortages, as in drought or scarcity condi ons MAFW, MAHDF Support Agencies: the scarcity-hit areas Fodder for Livestock • Facilitate transport of fodder from storage facili es 8 • Organize fodder resource and in Scarcity-hit Areas or distant areas to the scarcity-hit areas Support Agencies: State/UT, SDMA, mobilisa on centres • Enlist PSUs and private agencies for providing fodder RD, DMD $, SEOC, • Organize collec on centres for and other support MRTH, MOR DDMA, EFD, AGD, fodder and ca le feed Animal Welfare • Enlist PSUs and private agencies Organiza ons for providing fodder and other support Lead Agencies: Facilitate the following: Lead Agencies: • Dept. of Food and Civil Supply • Availability of adequate and appropriate food works with the logis c sec on of Food & Essen al MCAFPD, MFPI supplies to the disaster-affected areas FCSD the state level IRT to provide 9 Supplies • Food grains effec ve services to the field level • Ready-to-eat/ pre-cooked food/ meals IRTs for response NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN • Transport with essen al supplies at strategic • MOU with suppliers to provide loca on food grains, ready-to-eat/ pre- 277 Preparedness and Response 278 Emergency Central/ State Ministries/ Departments and their Responsibili es SN Func on* Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State Suppor ng • MOU with suppliers to provide required quan es Suppor ng cooked food/ meals, family packs Agencies : of family packs of essen al food provisions Agencies : of essen al food provisions MRTH, MOCI, MOR, • Supply of provisions to meet the needs of infants/ State/UT, SDMA, • Agreements/MoUs with MSJE, MHA, FCI small children RD, DMD $, SEOC, organisa ons, trusts, and firms for • Counselling for lacta ng mothers DDMA, CDEF, all se ng up community kitchens in • Prepare FCI storage facili es to supply required food other relevant the affected areas grains as per requirement of disaster affected areas Depts. • Depending upon the requirement, coordinate with the relevant Central Ministry to make sure that the supplies reach the site on me NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Deploy a dedicated team at the local level to receive the supplies, maintain log (manual or computerized), and distribute them at required loca ons • Ensure food storage facili es have sufficient stocks and are located in rela vely risk-free loca ons • Supply of provisions to meet the needs of infants/ small children • Counselling for lacta ng mothers Lead Agencies: • Logis c sec on of the state level Lead Agency: • Petrol pumps are func onal and adequate petrol, oil IRT to coordinate with the and diesel are available to Government for relief, relevant departments/ agencies to FCSD MPNG rescue and general public provide effec ve services (Ground • Adequate supply of petrol, diesel, kerosene and LPG Support Unit) to the field level Support Agencies: 10 Fuel Gas in the affected areas in close coordina on with IRTs for response the State Government for general public as well as • Assess and make the requirement Support Agencies: State/UT, SDMA, emergency responders/equipment of fuel clear with the Central RD, DMD $, SEOC, MOD, MOR, MRTH, • Quick mobiliza on of fuel in hilly areas to avoid Ministry and coordinate the DDMA, all other MOCI delays caused by complex supply chain to such areas delivery of fuel through local relevant Depts. arrangements. Preparedness and Response Emergency Central/ State Ministries/ Departments and their Responsibili es SN Func on* Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State • Ensure sufficient availability of tankers/ other vehicles for local transporta on through the relevant Dept. • Establish mechanism for stocking the fuel at strategic loca ons with relevant agencies • Ensure strict compliance with minimum standards of relief as per Sec on 12 of DM Act 2005 • Logis c sec on of the state level • Ensure strict compliance with minimum standards of IRT must coordinate with Railways relief as per Sec on 12 of DM Act 2005 to provide effec ve services to the • Assist the respec ve state government in the task of field level IRTs for response providing temporary, safe, hygienic and secure living • Alternate places for establishment spaces to meet the needs of people in disaster- Lead Agency: of facili es as men oned in the Lead Agencies: affected areas IRS guidelines such as relief camp, • Providing shelters/ tents to the affected popula on UDD base, camp etc. are iden fied in MHUA, MORD • Se ng up of relief camps and catering to the needs advance and included in the local Housing and of the responders Support Agencies: DM Plan 11 Temporary Support Agencies: • Prior and long-term e-up with prefab shelter • Iden fy shelter suppliers for Shelters manufacturers/ suppliers, and tent manufacturers to State/UT, SDMA, supply of tents/ shelters up to the MHA, MRTH, MOR, provide shelters at the site usually within 24 hours RD, DMD$, SEOC, village level and have MoUs for HUDCO, BMTPC, of placement of orders DDMA, all other supply at short no ce (usually less CBRI • Establish regional logis c facili es (covering 5 major relevant Depts. than 24 hours) as per requirement regions in the country) that are well-coordinated • Stockpile tents, tarpaulins and with the corresponding NDRF regional unit to temporary shelter material in maintain stocks of temporary shelters, tents and regional warehouses/ stores/ ERCs other non-food resources • Depending upon the requirement, coordinate with the relevant Central Ministry to make sure that the tents/ shelters reach the site NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN on me 279 Preparedness and Response 280 Emergency Central/ State Ministries/ Departments and their Responsibili es SN Func on* Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State • Deploy a dedicated team at the local level to receive the tents/ shelters • Maintain logs (manual or computerized) of all material movements and details of distribu on to required loca ons • Include provisions for evacua on, safety, and rehabilita on of animals in SDMP Lead Agency: • Support the se ng up of livestock camps/ shelters • Set up of livestock camps/ NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY for animals in distress due to disasters, including shelters for animals in distress Lead Agency: AHD drought due to disasters, including Livestock and Other • Support for care of animals in the camps/ shelters drought MAFW, MAHDF Support Agencies: Animals: Veterinary • Assist State/UT in the proper management, and • Organize proper care of animals 12 Care, Rehabilita on running of livestock camps/ shelters in the camps/ shelters Support Agencies: State/UT, SDMA, and Ensuring Safety • Assist in proper rehabilita on of animals • Ensure proper management and RD, DMD $, SEOC, • Supplement the needs of State/UT to provide running of livestock camps/ MRTH, MOR DDMA, EFD, AGD, veterinary care to disaster-affected livestock, shelters Animal Welfare including drought-hit areas • Proper rehabilita on of animals Organizations • Provide veterinary care to disaster-affected livestock, including in drought-hit areas Lead Agencies: • Provide guidance and support depending on the • Adopt SOP in SDMP and DDMP as Lead Agency: type of disaster and challenges faced by the state per NDMA guidelines62 and MHA, NDMA, NDRF government implement it properly Management of the SDRF 13 • Provide clarity when required in following the • Establishing Dead Body Dead Support Agencies: recommended interna onal prac ces as prescribed Management Group in the IRS at in relevant NDMA guidelines61 and interna onal state and district levels as per MOD, CAPF, MHFW, norms such as those of the IRC na onal guidelines 61 NDMA Guidelines – Management of the Dead in the A ermath of Disasters, 2010 62 NDMA Guidelines, ibid Preparedness and Response Emergency Central/ State Ministries/ Departments and their Responsibili es SN Func on* Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State MHA, MRTH, MOR, • Facilitate the support from various na onal Support Agencies: • Deploy trained squads for ministries/ laboratories and ins tu ons relevant for recording State/UT, SDMA, detec on and recovery of the departments with evidence and compiling data on the dead such as RD, DMD$, SEOC, survivors and the dead as early as hazard-specific forensic, DNA studies, etc. F&ES, DDMA, possible a er the event responsibili es, • If necessary, assist the state government to contain CDEF, all other • The recovery team will use basic CDEF any public health challenges beyond the capabili es relevant Depts. personal protec ve kit and follow of the state administra on adequate precau ons • Follow the protocols for the iden fica on of the dead, recording evidence, transport and burial (i.e., disposal as per norms) • Follow protocols to maintain the dignity of the dead in all possible ways • If required, establish temporary mortuaries with adequate facili es where it is possible • In special cases, appropriate arrangements and relevant protocol must be followed for vic ms in certain types of disaster keeping in view the safety of survivors and emergency workers • Inform the affected community by giving wide publicity to the procedure for the management of the dead • Take urgent steps for release of ex-gra a payment • Ensure to the extent possible ethical management of the dead, NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN along with respect for religious and cultural sensi vi es 281 Preparedness and Response 282 Emergency Central/ State Ministries/ Departments and their Responsibili es SN Func on* Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State • Deal with the psychological impacts as per the na onal guidelines on psycho-social support63 • Ensure due documenta on such as inventory record of the dead, dead body iden fica on and all relevant informa on as given in the na onal guidelines • Collect, process and disseminate informa on about an actual or poten al disaster situa on to all NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY stakeholders so as to facilitate response and relief opera ons; update informa on on disaster and disaster vic ms; maintain contacts with mass media; Lead Agencies: • Dept. of Informa on and Public inform public regarding the impact of disaster and Rela ons works with the the measures taken for the welfare of the affected Lead Agency: MOIB, MHA, NDMA Command staff as Informa on and people media officer of the state level IRT • Ethical guidelines for disaster coverage by media as IPRD Support Agencies: to provide effec ve services per accepted global standards respec ng dignity and Media • Ethical guidelines for coverage of 14 privacy of the affected communi es and individuals Support Agencies: Rela ons MCOM, MOST, disaster is prepared and shared and work with media to adopt the guidelines MOES, MOJS, with all media agencies through self-regula on as well as oversight by State/UT, SDMA, MOEFCC, ministries/ • Plan is prepared for providing/ relevant regulatory ins tu ons RD, DMD $, SEOC, departments with broadcas ng warnings, do's and • Mechanisms for broadcas ng warnings, do's and DDMA hazard-specific don’ts etc. to media and ensure its don’ts etc. to media and public before (if applicable), responsibili es dissemina on during and a er the disasters • Proper schedule for media briefing (once/ twice/ thrice daily depending on the severity of the disaster) and designate a nodal officer for interac ng with media on behalf of the Government 63 Na onal Guidelines – Psycho-Social Support and Mental Health Services in Disasters, 2009 Preparedness and Response Emergency Central/ State Ministries/ Departments and their Responsibili es SN Func on* Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State • Assess medical emergency needs • Assess medical emergency needs (if central in coordina on with central assistance is required) agencies as per situa on • Medical assistance to the affected state in response • Health and Family Welfare Dept. to its request for post-disaster emergency medical works with the logis c sec on of care the state level IRT to provide • Mobile Field Hospitals similar to the military field effec ve services (Medical Unit) to units that has trauma-care for the disaster-affected the field level IRTs for response. and serve as a temporary subs tute for the • District wise repository of collapsed local general medical and surgical facili es hospitals (both Government and in the disaster zone Private), availability of beds, • Gradual improvement of the field hospital to Lead Agencies: doctors, paramedics and other conform to global standards trained staff available along with • Mobile medical care units with OT facility, power HFWD Lead Agencies: other infrastructure details and sources, dedicated trained staff of doctors, and update it on a regular basis paramedics who could be immediately summoned Support Agencies: MHFW • Include the hospital wise at the me of emergency 15 Medical Care informa on in the DM Plans at • Mobile medical support units stocked with State/UT, SDMA, Support Agencies: local levels medicines usually needed such as those for BP, RD, DMD$, SEOC, • Tie-up with the companies for diabe cs, heart problems, common ailments, etc. as SDRF, F&ES, MOD, CAPF, MOR easy availability of common well as provisions such as: bleaching powder, DDMA, CEDF, all medicines during the emergency chlorine tablets; nutri onal supplements catering to other relevant situa ons specialized groups such as lacta ng mothers, elders, departments • Hygienic condi ons are prevalent and children below 6 years of age. at all mes in various facili es • Timely technical support to the State Governments established as well as hospitals to for restora on of damaged hospitals as well as curb the spread of diseases infrastructure • Establishment of sound protocols • Ensure strict compliance with minimum standards of for coordina on between state’s relief as per Sec on 12 of DM Act 2005 health Dept. and the central • Develop specialized facili es to handle chemical, agencies biological, radiological and nuclear emergencies • Ensure strict compliance with • Strengthening of emergency departments in all minimum standards of relief as NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN hospitals under the central administra on per Sec on 12 of DM Act 2005 283 Preparedness and Response 284 Emergency Central/ State Ministries/ Departments and their Responsibili es SN Func on* Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State • Mobilise Psycho-Social Support and Mental Health • Plan for surge capacity in all the Services (PSSMHS) professionals, para-professionals major hospitals in the state and trained community level workers • Develop specialized facili es to • Assist state government in providing PSSMHS handle chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear emergencies • Strengthening of emergency departments of all major hospitals in the state • Deploy PSSMHS professionals, para-professionals and trained NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY community level workers • Iden fy those requiring immediate PSSMHS and organise PSSMHS • Electricity Board and Power Distribu on Companies work with the logis c sec on of the state • Assistance to the respec ve state government in level IRT to provide effec ve Lead Agencies: repairing power infrastructure; restore power supply services to the field level IRTs for in the disaster-affected areas; help power Lead Agency: response MPWR companies in establishing emergency power supply • Pre-disaster arrangements for • Arrangements of alternate sources of power such as SEB, DISCOM quick restora on of power supply Support Agencies: generator sets, solar lanterns, portable tower lights, with alternate mechanisms to 16 Power etc. un l resump on of normal power supply Support Agencies: cri cal facili es usually within 6 to MNRE, MPNG, • Arrangements with suppliers for emergency supplies State/UT, SDMA, 12 hours of placement of order Power genera ng/ usually within 24 hours of placement of order RD, DMD $, SEOC, • Pre-disaster agreements with distribu on • Technical support to the State Government for DDMA central and neighbouring state companies restora on of power supply as well as infrastructure governments for technical support on request in restora on of power supply and infrastructure • Mobile power supply units or other arrangements with power Preparedness and Response Emergency Central/ State Ministries/ Departments and their Responsibili es SN Func on* Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State genera on companies for quick deployment at the site during emergency • Ac va ng Public Health IRS • Assess public health (if central assistance is Lead Agencies: • Assess public health needs in required) coordina on with central agencies • Helping to implement public health IRS HFWD as per situa on Lead Agencies: • Respond to biological emergencies • Coordinate with central agencies • Opera ng epidemiological surveillance systems Support Agencies: in case of biological emergencies MHFW • Providing laboratory support • Coordinate with central agencies 17 Public Health • Managing informa on systems State/UT, SDMA, for epidemiological surveillance Support Agencies: • Providing risk communica on RD, DMD$, SEOC, • Manage public health logis cs • Support public health logis cs (drugs and vaccines), SDRF, F&ES, (drugs and vaccines), non- MOD, CAPF, MOR non-pharmaceu cal interven ons DDMA, CEDF, all pharmaceu cal interven ons • Support immunisa on, disinfec on, vaccina on and other relevant • Carry out immunisa on, vector control measures departments disinfec on, vaccina on and vector control measures • Provide opportuni es for unskilled work in public works for people Lead Agencies: Lead Agencies: seeking work in drought affected areas as a relief measure MORD, MOPR, MHA COR • Ensure quick and prompt payment • Provide projects to employ people seeking work in Relief of wages 18 drought affected areas as a relief measure Employment Support Agencies: Support Agencies: • Carry out health check-up of those • Provide financial support for such schemes seeking work MLBE, MOJS, State/UT, AGD, • Draw from various funds including MDWS, MAFW DRD, DMD$, Disaster Response Fund to SDMA, DDMA implement the employment schemes • Provide necessary support to the disaster-affected Lead Agencies: • Establish a mobilisa on centre at Relief Logis cs and Lead Agencies: state government for organizing logis cs for the the airport/railway sta on for the 19 Supply Chain DMD$ NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN availability of relief and emergency supplies of food, movement of relief supplies within Management medical, and non-food materials the state 285 Preparedness and Response 286 Emergency Central/ State Ministries/ Departments and their Responsibili es SN Func on* Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State MHA, ministries with • Support for emergency supply of food and in some Support Agencies: • Deploy special transporta on for hazard-specific cases drinking water; first aid kits; temporary the movement of relief supplies responsibili es shelters, relief supplies State/UT, SDMA, within the state • Make a rapid assessment of emergency relief needs RD, SEOC, DDMA, • Make arrangements to receive Support Agencies: in consulta on with the affected state government all other relevant and distribute relief and • Establish a mobilisa on centre at the airport/railway Depts. emergency supplies received from MOD, MOR, MRTH, sta on for the movement of relief supplies different parts of the country MOCI, MCAFPD, • Deploy special transporta on for the movement of • Coordinate transporta on (air, MFPI, MAFW relief supplies rail, road, water) with Central • Coordinate transporta on of material from different ministries/ departments/ agencies parts of the country, and coordinate and provide • Arrange alterna ve means of NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY relief supplies from neighbouring states transporta on to reach relief • Coordinate transporta on (air, rail, road, water) f or supplies to the affected loca ons other Central ministries/departments/agencies if normal transport cannot reach • Locate, procure and issue resources to Central agencies involved in disaster response, and supply to the affected state • Adopt alterna ve means of transporta on to reach relief supplies to the affected state/district • Fail safe communica on between early warning • Various posi ons of IRTs (State, Lead Agencies: agencies and EOC of Central and State/ District, District, Sub-division and Tehsil) Lead Agencies: Central Min. are trained and ac vated for MHA, NDRF • Adequate NDRF support in a state of readiness to response at their respec ve DMD$ move at a short no ce administra ve jurisdic on Support Agencies: • Deploy Quick Response Teams (QRT) • SDRF teams are trained, equipped Search and Rescue Support Agencies: • Deploy Quick Medical Response Teams (QMR T) and ready to move at a short 20 of People and MOD, CAPF, MHFW, • MoU with suppliers for medicines, vaccines, no ce to the affected areas Animals MHA, MRTH, MOCI, State/UT, SDMA, disinfectants, blankets, tarpaulins, tents, boats, • Strategic sta oning of state-of- MOR, ministries/ RD, SEOC, SDRF, inflatable lights, torches, ropes, etc. with a condi on the-art equipment for search, departments with F&ES, DDMA, that they will be supplied at short no ce (usually rescue and response with hazard-specific CDEF, all other within 24 hours) from the placement of order dedicated trained manpower responsibili es, relevant Depts. • SOPs for sending rescue/ relief material from other • MoU is in place with suppliers for CDEF adjoining States to the affected state immediately blankets, tarpaulins, tents, boats, Preparedness and Response Emergency Central/ State Ministries/ Departments and their Responsibili es SN Func on* Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State • Support of Armed Forces and CAPF as per inflatable lights, torches, ropes, requirement etc. with a condi on that they will • Coordinate with the state government and district be supplied quickly at short no ce administra on for deployment of QRTs and QMRTs (usually within 24 hours) • SAR in coastal and marine waters • Nodal officer selected for coordina on is in regular touch with MHA/NDMA for addi onal requirements (including help from other Central Ministries) • Deploy Quick Response Teams (QRT) • Deploy Quick Medical Response Teams (QMRT) • Adequately address the post-disaster transporta on • Dept. of Transport works with the needs to ensure that the emergency response and logis c sec on of the state level recovery efforts are carried out in a mely manner; IRT to provide effec ve services restore the public transport; resump on of the (Ground Support Unit) to the field movement of essen al goods Lead Agencies: level IRTs for response • Pool heavy duty earth moving machineries, tree • Requirement of transport for the Lead Agencies: cu ers, fork li ers and other required equipment TRAD transporta on of relief material, either at strategic loca ons or centralized responders are arranged MRTH, MOR, MOCI • Quick deployment of resources and equipment for Support Agencies: • Need of the transport of various quick repairs/ restora on of roads and highways for ac vated sec on of the IRT as per 21 Transporta on Support Agencies: movement of rescue and relief teams with their State/UT, SDMA, Incident Ac on Plan is fulfilled supplies RD, DMD $, SEOC, • Indian Railway works with the MHA, MOD, NHAI, • Opera onal plans are in place to transport heavy DDMA, EFD, logis c sec on of the state level MOSH, NDRF, machinery (like dewatering pumps, boats, etc.) SPWD, Airport IRT to provide effec ve services MHFW through road in close coordina on with the relevant Officer, all other (Ground Support Unit) Ministries relevant Depts. • Restora on of railway tracks and • Opera onal plans are in place for quick restora on func oning of railway at the of train services, providing addi onal railway earliest wagons, containers and passenger coaches for • Coordinate with central govt. for NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN movement of relief supplies/rescue equipment and transporta on of relief materials 287 Preparedness and Response 288 Emergency Central/ State Ministries/ Departments and their Responsibili es SN Func on* Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State personnel and shi ing affected popula on to safer • Within and near Airports: AAI places/ shi ing stranded passengers in consulta on works with the logis c sec on of with State Government the state level IRT to provide • Availability of diesel locos and drivers in disaster- effec ve services (Ground Support affected areas where power is disrupted/ shut as a Unit) and also provide Nodal preven ve measure; maintain a live roster of such Officer for coordina on of the emergency support systems which can be mobilized relief opera ons at very short no ce by periodic review of readiness • Restora on of Airport at the • Establishment of emergency services group within earliest involving specialised the railways having staff with experience of working response force of the central in disaster situa ons government NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Con ngency plan is in place to deploy rail coaches as • Coordina on with state and makeshi shelters if required district administra on to provide • Ac va on of railway hospitals/ mobile rail air support ambulances to shi / treat injured pa ents in • Cater to the needs of transpor ng consulta on with the Health Ministry affected people if required • Easy availability of heavy equipment available with the Railways for search and rescue • Plan is in place for quick restora on of airport runway and restora on of air traffic for facilita on of transport of relief teams/ supply/ equipment, stranded passengers, etc. • Control room gets ac vated for smooth coordina on in receiving and dispatching resources and equipment in close coordina on with the State Government Preparedness and Response Emergency Central/ State Ministries/ Departments and their Responsibili es SN Func on* Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State • Availability of trained manpower for making night landing during emergencies • Availability of Air Ambulances at strategic loca ons with trained manpower and equipment in close coordina on with the Health Dept. (*) The emergency func ons are listed alphabe cally and do not imply any sequence or order of priority. Many of these are executed concurrently and not sequen al ly. ($) DMD-Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 289 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 290 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 9 Recovery and Building Back Be er 9.1 Scope Recovery is defined as: "The restoring or improving of livelihoods and health, as well as economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets, systems and activities, of a disaster-affected community or society, aligning with the principles of sustainable development and "build back better", to avoid or reduce future disaster risk." (UNISDR 2016) The recovery task of rehabilita on and reconstruc on begins soon a er the emergency phase ends, and should be based on pre-exis ng strategies and policies that facilitate clear ins tu onal responsibili es for recovery ac on and enable public par cipa on. The focus of recovery is on restoring livelihoods, shi ing to a path of sustainable development that reduces disaster risk. Recovery should be conceived as an integral part of ongoing developmental process at appropriate levels: national, regional, and local. The context in which it will take place will be necessarily shaped by the prevailing social and economic condi ons and the vulnerability of the affected states and communi es. Recovery processes are aimed at restoring the capacity of the government and communi es to recover from the disaster, strengthen the capabili es to cope with disasters and reduce future disaster risk. Building back be er envisages seizing the opportunity to rebuild to reduce development deficits of the affected areas going beyond restora on to the pre -disaster ‘normal’. Recovery programmes, coupled with the heightened public awareness and engagement a er a disaster, afford a valuable opportunity to develop and implement disaster risk reduc on measures and to apply the “Build Back Be er” principle. Globally, the approach towards post-disaster restora on and rehabilita on has shi ed to one of building back be er. While disasters result in considerable disrup on of normal life, enormous suffering, loss of lives and property, global efforts consider the recovery, rehabilita on and reconstruc on phase as an opportunity to “Build Back Be er” (BBB) integra ng disaster risk reduc on into development measures and making communi es resilient to disasters. The Sendai Framework expects that a er a disaster, the stakeholders will be prepared for BBB. Exis ng mechanisms may require strengthening to provide effec ve support and achieve be er implementa on. Disaster recovery tends to be very difficult and long-drawn out. The reconstruc on will vary depending on the actual disaster, loca on, pre -disaster condi ons, and the poten ali es that emerge at that point of me. The NDMP provides a generalized framework for recovery since it is not possible to an cipate every likely element of building back be er. The plan for reconstruc on and rehabilita on is designed keeping in view the worst -case scenarios in which the capacity of the State and District administra on would be overwhelmed and require assistance from the Central Government for re-establishing normalcy in the disaster affected areas. This chapter provides a general framework for the role of Government and its development partners in restoring a er a disaster, various essen al and basic services. Much of this support will involve the coordinated working of mul ple agencies – government and non-government. All the agencies are required to closely monitor response ac vi es and to obtain valuable data regarding the severity and intensity of the event, the affected geographical area and the pote n al unmet cri cal needs of the affected popula on while evolving a comprehensive recovery plan. 291 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 9.2 Approach The approach to reconstruc on and recovery is guided by the NPDM 2009. Its salient clauses/ sec ons are given below: Para 9.1.1 of the NPDM states that - the approach to the reconstruc on process must be comprehensive to convert adversity into opportunity. Incorpora ng disaster resilient features to ‘build back be er’ will be the guiding principle. The appropriate choice of technology and project impact assessment needs to be carried out to establish that the projects contemplated do not create any side effects on the physical, socio -cultural or economic environment of the communi es in the affected a reas or in their neighbourhood. Systems for providing psycho-social support and trauma counselling need to be developed for implementa on during reconstruc on and recovery phase. Para 9.2.1 of NPDM states that - Reconstruc on plans and designing of houses need to be a par cipatory process involving the government, affected community, NGOs and the corporate sector. A er the planning process is over, while owner driven construc on is a preferred op on, contribu on of the NGOs and corporate sector will be encouraged. Reconstruc on programme will be within the confines and qualita ve specifica ons laid down by the Government. Para 9.3.1 of NPDM states that essen al services, social infrastructure and intermediate shelters/camps will be established in the shortest possible me. For permanent reconstruc on, ideally, the work including the construc on of houses must be completed within two to three years. Relevant Central Ministries/Departments and the State Governments should create dedicated project teams to speed up the reconstruc on process. Para 9.3.2 of NPDM states that plans for reconstruc on in highly disaster-prone areas need to be drawn out during the period of normalcy, which may include architectural and structural designs in consulta on with the various stakeholders. Para 9.5.1 of NPDM suggest that state governments should give emphasis to restora on of permanent livelihood of those affected by disasters and to pay special a en on to the needs of women-headed households, ar sans, farmers and people belonging to marginalised and vulnerable sec ons. 9.3 Recovery Process Effec ve post -disaster recovery usually has the following three broad aspects: a) Physical aspects of recovery, i.e. restora on and reconstruc on of damaged community infrastructure, cri cal infrastructure, private houses and cultural heritage buildings b) Economic aspects of recovery, i.e. livelihoods, produc ve ac vi es and market services c) Social recovery, i.e. social and psychological aspects of personal, family and community func oning and wellbeing 292 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN The key interven ons under recovery programmes can be classified under four broad heads: • Physical • Economic • Social • Cross Cu ng Sectors A er a disaster, a Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) must be undertaken, which will be a government-led exercise. Depending on the disaster, this may be undertaken by the state government and through joint efforts of the central and state governments. The PDNA will also provide a pla orm for the interna onal community to assist in recovery and reconstruc on, where such assistance is required. A systema c PDNA will provide a credible basis for recovery and reconstruc on planning that incorporates risk reduc on measures. Typically, the PDNA comprises of a ‘Damage and Loss Assessment’ (DALA), a ‘Human Recovery Needs Assessment’ (HRNA) and a ‘Recovery Framework. The DALA is quan ta ve in nature that can be used to value damages arising from a hazardous event, and the subsequent economic losses caused by the event. The DALA highlights the possible consequences on the growth of the economy, the external sector and the fiscal balances, as well as the impact due to decline of income and livelihoods of households or individuals. The HRNA focuses on the social impact of disasters, analysing how disasters affect local pa erns of life, social structures and ins tu ons. A HRNA includes analysis of primary data from household or other units of analysis and provides insight into the recovery and reconstruc on from the viewpoint of the affected community. The Recovery Framework summarizes the recovery recommenda ons from the sectoral assessments within the PDNA. It outlines the short, medium and long-term priori es for the recovery including plans for financing the BBB. The UNISDR consulta ve document on building back be er (UNISDR 2017) in support of the Sendai Framework, states the following: Recovery is the most complex of the disaster management func ons, involving the greatest number and variety of stakeholders and affec ng the greatest long-term impact on a community’s social and economic success. There are numerous rela onships that must be formed and dependencies that must be fostered, many of which are wholly unfamiliar to the recovery stakeholders that typically operate outside of the post-disaster context. An inclusive and comprehensive disaster recovery framework serves as an agreed way forward to simplify the recovery process thereby maintaining or even improving development trajectories while ensuring adherence to Build Back Be er principles. Recovery is most successful when the wide-ranging needs of communi es, organiza ons, and individuals are addressed in the coordinated manner that recovery frameworks enable. Disaster recovery process is rarely a set of orderly ac ons. It will consist of several related ac vi es such as the following: • Damage and needs assessments (PDNA, DALA, HRNA) • Developing a recovery framework including ins tu onal arrangements and financing plan • Measures to ensure socially inclusive recovery • Focus on sustainable development and climate change adapta on • Demoli on of damaged structures, debris clearance, removal and its environmentally safe disposal • Restora on and even upgrading u li es including communica on networks • Re-establishment of major transport linkages • Temporary housing and detailed building inspec ons • Redevelopment planning • Environmental assessments • Reconstruc on 293 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Integra ng DRR into various development ini a ves • Financial management • Economic impact analyses The major steps/ processes of the recovery process and the processes involved are summarized in Table 9-1: Table 9-1: Major Steps of the Recovery Process and the Key Processes Involved Major steps Process • Preliminary assessment reports • Compila on and transmi al of damage and loss data • Disaster damage assessments led by government and assisted by humanitarian response agencies, and the ini al damage surveys leading to a comprehensive assessment Post-Disaster Needs • Quan ta ve and qualita ve baseline for damage, loss, and Assessment and Credible 1 needs across sectors, blocks (taluka) and districts Damage Assessment • Results monitoring and evalua on plan for recovery program • Select the most appropriate and achievable processes and methodology for conduc ng early and credible damage and needs assessments • High level mee ngs as well as broad-based, wider consulta ons with experts, civil society, and key stake Developing a vision for 2 holders Build-Back Be er (BBB) • Build consensus among the range of stakeholders within and outside government Ensure coherence of BBB • Discussions at top level to align the recovery vision with the 3 with the development government’s broader, longer ter m development goals and programs and goals growth and poverty reduc on strategies Consulta ons and background studies on: • Disaster resistant physical recovery • Op ons for fast economic recovery Incorpora ng resilience • Gender and equity concerns 4 and BBB in recovery • Vulnerability reduc on vision • Natural resource conserva on and environmental protec on • Social recovery • Balance public and private sectors BBB programs • Promote norms for non-discriminatory and equitable asset disbursement among individuals and communi es Balancing recovery • Priori ze infrastructure reconstruc on 5 across sectors • Address the recovery of the lives and livelihoods of disaster-affected communi es • Show sensi vity to the needs of the affected popula on with regard to public expecta ons from recovery Determine rela ve importance of various sectors such as Priori sing sectors for housing, water and sanita on, governance, transport, power, 6 recovery communica ons infrastructure, environment, livelihoods, tourism, social protec on, health, and educa on. 294 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 9.4 Early, Mid and Long-term Recovery UNISDR notes that recovery programmes, coupled with the heightened public awareness and engagement a er a disaster, provide a valuable opportunity to develop and implement disaster risk reduc on measures and to apply the BBB principle. It is an important component of risk reduc on strategy and if implemented systema cally, the recovery process prevents the affected community from sliding into further poverty and depriva on. While the DM Act 2005 mandates the government to carry out rehabilita on and reconstruc on ac vi es, it does not explicitly refer to ‘recovery’ as a component to be used as a part of disaster management strategy. However, the NPDM 2009 recognizes ‘recovery’ as one of the six elements within the disaster management con nuum where it is linked to physical, social and economic assets within the overall context of ‘safe development’. The disaster recovery programmes usually proceed in three dis nct stages to facilitate a sequenced, priori zed, and flexible mul -sectoral approach. Three recovery stages, in which appropriate policies and programmes tend to be planned and implemented are: a) Early, b) Mid -Term, and c) Long-Term, which are described briefly in Table 9-2. Table 9-2 Recovery Stages Recovery Dura on Brief Descrip on Stage Early Within 18 Months Cash for work, resump on of markets, commerce and trade, restora on of social services, transi onal and temporary shelters Mid-Term Within 5 Years Recovery plans for assets and livelihoods, reconstruc on (concurrent with early plans for housing, infrastructure, public buildings and recovery) cultural heritage buildings Long-Term Within 10 Years Implemented along with developmental plans: infrastructure strengthening, environmental, urban and regional planning The salient provisions of the recovery framework include the following: 1) Ins tu onal arrangements: Ensuring ins tu onal mechanisms at the na onal, state, district, and local (urban and rural) levels that clearly defines roles and responsibili es in recovery 2) Coordina on: There is considerable interdependence between stakeholders – government, interna onal agencies, private sector, civil society organiza ons – in realizing the objec ves of recovery and inter-agency coordina on is extremely important 3) Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Par cipa on of the private sector must be leveraged for larger public good and the Public-Private Partnerships is one effec ve way to facilitate the private sector involvement in recovery 4) Informa on and Communica on Technology (ICT): Effec ve use of ICT in recovery programme, dissemina ng messages among all stakeholders, and providing informa on on all aspects of recovery programme 5) Decision Support System (DSS): Se ng up an adequate DSS that includes Management Informa on System (MIS), databases, deployment of spa al data management technologies 6) Pool of Exper se: Pooling of professional skills and exper se in diverse areas 295 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 7) Community Par cipa on: Ensuring the pro-ac ve involvement of communi es, proper community outreach, empowerment, and gender equity in programme formula on and implementa on 8) Monitoring and Evalua on (M&E): M&E is an important component required for promo ng transparency in the recovery processes and it should include technical and social audits. 9.5 Reconstruc on Long term recovery efforts must focus on redeveloping and restoring the socio -economic viability of the disaster area(s). The reconstruc on phase requires a substan al commitment of me and resources by the Governments (State and Central) and other agencies. It is important to note that much of this commitment would be beyond the scope of tradi onal emergency management programmes. The reconstruc on challenge involved would most o en be the result of a catastrophic event that has caused substan al damage over a very large area and/or affected a very large popula on. These reconstruc on efforts include: • Reconstruc on of public infrastructures and social services damaged by the disaster, which can be completed over the long-term • Re-establishment of adequate housing to replace that which has been destroyed • Restora on of jobs/ livelihood that was lost • Restora on of the economic base of the disaster areas 9.6 Co-ordina on of Reconstruc on Recovery efforts require the coordina on at several levels of government and the stakeholder ins tu ons having specific responsibili es for central, state, private sector, voluntary organiza ons, and interna onal aid agencies. 9.6.1 Central Government The role of the central government will include among others the following: • Coordinate with various stakeholders • Facilitate solicita on and management of donated resources and volunteer s • Coordinate with various stakeholders to promptly resolve recovery issues • Provide resources on “need basis” and which are within the capabili es of Central Government, as per norms 9.6.2 State Government The damage assessment and all the phases of recovery and reconstruc on (early to long-term) are the responsibility of the State/UT government. Some of the key tasks are: • Lead in and support need and damage assessment opera ons • Provide relevant data regarding the severity of the disaster and assessment of individual needs 296 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN • Par cipate in and support public informa on and educa on programmes regarding recovery efforts and available Central/ State Government assistance • Coordinate with the Central Government and other stakeholders for reconstruc on management 9.6.3 Private Sector There is a need for facilita ng the involvement of private sector in disaster management and for businesses to integrate disaster risk into their management prac ces. There is a need to involve the private sector in the areas of: • Technical support • Reconstruc on effort • Risk management including covering risks to their own assets • Financial support to reconstruc on efforts • Risk-informed investments in recovery efforts 9.6.4 Voluntary Organiza ons and Interna onal Aid Agencies They may par cipate in the following ac vi es: 1. Joint need and damage assessment 2. Support government effort in reconstruc on process especially in so far as the mandate requires them 3. Provide technical support to reconstruc on and recovery efforts 4. Assist the government in dissemina ng public informa on regarding recon struc on and rehabilita on plan 5. Training and capacity development of local communi es 9.7 Rehabilita on 9.7.1 Background Rehabilita on, an integral part of disaster recovery; other being reconstruc on, could be defined as an overall dynamic and intermediate strategy of ins tu onal reform and reinfor cement, reconstruc on and improvement of infrastructure and services; aimed towards support to the ini a ves and ac ons of the affected popula ons in the poli cal, economic and social domains, as well as reitera on of sustainable development. Genera lly, rehabilita on package includes reconstruc on of damaged physical infrastructure and measures to address disaster-induced psychological problems, as well as economic and social rehabilita on of the people in the affected region. The rehabilita on is classified into the following: • Physical • Social • Economic and • Psychological 297 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 9.7.2 Physical Rehabilita on Physical rehabilita on is a very important facet of rehabilita on. It includes: • Reconstruc on of physical infrastructure such as houses, buildings, railways, roads, communica on network, water supply, electricity, and so on • Short-term and long-term strategies towards watershed management, canal irriga on, social forestry, crop stabiliza on, alterna ve cropping techniques, job crea on, employment genera on and environmental protec on • Rehabilita on of agriculture, ar san work and animal husbandry • Adequate provision for subsidies, farm implements, acquisi on of land for reloca on sites, adherence to land-use planning, flood plain zoning, retrofi ng or strengthening of undamaged houses, and construc on of model houses 9.7.3 Reloca on Reloca on is a very sensi ve part of the physical rehabilita on process and it must be ensured that need based considera ons and not extraneous facto rs should drive the reloca on policy. The local authori es, in consulta on with the affected popula on and under the guidance of the State Government shall determine reloca on needs employing criteria relevant to the nature of the calamity and the extent of damage. Reloca on efforts should invariably include ac vi es such as the following: • Avoid secondary displacement as far as possible • Ensure that reloca on when it is unavoidable is undertaken in a socially inclusive manner taking the marginalised communi es belonging to SC and ST into confidence • Making the processes as gender-sensi ve as possible and giving due considera on to the needs of sexual and gender minori es • Gain consent of the affected communi es • Clearly define land acquisi on and alloca on process ensuring transparency and providing adequate grievance redressal as well as nego a on mechanisms • Take into considera on urban/ rural land use planning before moving ahead • Provide customized reloca on packages • Decentralize powers for undertaking the reloca on process • As far as possible, ensure reloca on site is near to their agricultural lands and/or sources of livelihood, as applicable • Ensure provision of livelihood rehabilita on measures for relocated communi es, wherever necessary, to the extent possible 9.7.4 Social Rehabilita on Social rehabilita on is also an important part of disaster rehabilita on. The vulnerable groups such as the ar sans, elderly, orphans, single women and young children would need special social support to survive the impact of disasters. The rehabilita on plan must have components that do not lose sight of the fact that the vic ms have to undergo the en re process of re -socializa on and adjustments in a completely unfamiliar social milieu. 298 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 9.7.5 Revival of Educa onal Ac vi es Educa onal facili es may suffer greatly in a major disaster placing considerable stress on children. Therefore, the following steps will be helpful in helping children to recover and cope with the situa on: • Give regular counselling to teachers and children • Encourage children to a end the schools regularly • Provide wri ng material, and workbooks to children • Make children par cipate in all ac vi es pertaining to resurrec on of normalcy in the school • Try to inculcate conducive a tudes to enable the students to play a posi ve role in self - development • Establish village level educa on commi ees • Iden fy local groups that could conduct smooth func oning of educa on ac vi es 9.7.6 Rehabilita on of the Elderly, Women, Children and PWD The elderly, women, and children are more vulnerable a er a major disaster. Hence the following measures will help in their rehabilita on: • Iden fy familiar environs to rehabilitate elderly, women and children • Make efforts to a ach des tute, widows and orphans with their extended family, if that is not possible then iden fy foster families • Organize regular counselling to strengthen the mental health of women and children • Ini ate various training programmes to make the women economic ally self-sufficient • Measures to support PWDs including providing facili es and health care • Give due a en on to health, nutri on and hygiene in the long-term rehabilita on package for women and children • Ac vate/reac vate the Anganwadis (day-care centres), and old-age homes within the shortest possible me • Set up at least one mul -purpose community centre per village • Make efforts to build residen al female children homes at the block level • Set up voca onal training camps to improve the skills of orphans and children • Promote self-help groups 9.7.7 Economic Rehabilita on The major components of economic rehabilita on are livelihood restora on and ensuring the con nuity of businesses, trade, and commerce. Restoring employment and income genera ng opportuni es to disaster affected communi es is a vital component of post -disaster reconstruc on. Livelihood opportuni es are severely disrupted by the destruc on or loss of essen al assets; with the result that people are unable to engage in normal income genera ng ac vi es; become demoralized and dependent on humanitarian aid. Economic recovery should be based on: • Analysis of exis ng livelihood strategies and sustainability of businesses • A comprehensive analysis of exis ng and future risks • The vulnerabili es of the affected families 299 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • The accessibility of linkages to external influences and ins tu ons including skills and knowledge • Access to func oning markets As per the para 9.5.1 of NPDM, the state governments must give due importance to the restora on of permanent livelihood of those affected by disasters and special a en on to the needs of women - headed households, ar sans, farmers and people belonging to marginalized and vulnerable sec ons. 9.7.8 Psychological Rehabilita on Another crucial dimension of disaster rehabilita on is psychological rehabilita on. Dealing with vic m’s psychology is a very sensi ve issue and must be dealt with cau on and concern. The psychological trauma of losing rela ves and friends, and the scars of the shock of disaster event can take much longer to heal than the stakeholders in disaster management o en realize. Thus, counselling for stress management should form a con nuous part of a disaster rehabilita on plan. Efforts should be made to focus more on: • Psycho-therapeu c health programmes • Occupa onal therapy • Debriefing and trauma care • Tradi on, values, norms, beliefs, and prac ces of disaster -affected people 9.7.9 Restora on of Damaged Cultural Heritage Sites, their Precincts and Museums Post disaster repairs and reconstruc on of damaged sites/precincts should always be undertaken based on sound documenta on and assessment prac ces. Poor reconstruc on prac ces cause further physical damage to heritage structures, may worsen its structural vulnerability and carries the risk of erasing the heritage features. Reconstruc on and rehabilita on approaches need to consider the legisla ve frameworks already in place for different typologies of heritage sites and precincts. In general, the following principles should be followed: • An approach of minimal interven on should be undertaken for sites of historic and archaeological importance and any interven on should be based on sound documenta on and research. Aspects of authen city and visual integrity should form the basis of any reconstruc on, repair, and retrofi ng a empt. • As far as possible, tradi onal skills and technologies where they s ll exist should be employed in the repair and restora on of damaged structures. This helps ensure con nuity of building and cra s tradi ons. • Many cultural heritage sites and precincts hold strong cultural/ socio-economic associa ons with the local popula on and restoring them ins ls a sense of normalcy a er a disaster. These considera ons should facilitate the conserva on/ reconstruc on of heritage within the overall recovery plan. • The no on of ‘build back be er’ applied to cultural heritage must not undermine the archeological and/ or cultural aspects, which means that retrofi ng measures for improving the structural stability of cultural heritage sites, should be undertaken cau ously paying due a en on to restora on of the original. • All restora on and retrofi ng of the cultural heritage must be undertaken only a er carrying out due consulta on among stakeholders to preserve the cultural, archeological and heritage aspects. 300 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN • The impact of retrofi ng on integrity and cultural value of heritage structures must be discussed and properly evaluated with due weightage for restora on to pre -disaster status as closely as possible • Restora on or reconstruc on of heritage a er disasters should go beyond buildings and it should look at heritage livelihood, tradi onal trades/ cra s etc. 9.8 Fund Mobiliza on 9.8.1 Background Reconstruction and rehabilita on projects a er a major disaster are usually highly resource intensive. Such projects are typically financed through the State exchequer. Recently, large funds have been raised from mul lateral/ bilateral funding agencies/ interna onal agencies in close coordina on with the na onal Governments. The State Government, through the relevant ministry of the Central Government, shall finalize the fund mobiliza on strategy, incorpora ng appropriate condi ons governing flow of funds, its disbursement, and usage as per norms decided by the Central Government. This will include: • Es ma on of funds required based on the detailed damage assessment reports and consolida on of the same under sectoral and regional heads and • Contrac ng with funding agencies and evolving detailed opera ng procedures for fund flow and corresponding covenants 9.8.2 Mobilizing, Disbursement and Monitoring The domes c or internal sources of on-budget government funds usually consist of the following: • Government opera onal and capital budgets • Realloca on among the budget items to disaster-hit sectors • Special levies or taxes; addi onal taxes or surcharge for recovery • Con ngency financing arrangements • Issuing sovereign reconstruc on or development bonds • Introducing policy incen ves for the private sector to share recovery costs • Voluntary contribu ons from civil society and private philanthropies • Insurance/ risk transfer mechanisms External resources for post-disaster reconstruc on can be sourced from mul lateral development banks, regional development banks, bilateral development partners, interna onal NGOs, private philanthropies and chari es, and remi ances. The possible mul lateral financing resources for post - disaster recovery and reconstruc on consist mostly of the following types: • Credits or loans from mul lateral development banks • Realloca on of exis ng por olio of interna onal development ins tu ons • Mul -donor Trust Funds • Debt relief • Ex-ante con ngent component of standard investment opera ons 301 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Risk Insurance • Standby financing • Catastrophic development Deferred Drawdown Op on 64 (DDO) Some of the important aspects of mobilizing and managing the funds of a large recovery programme consist of the following and are summarised in Table 9-3: 1. Review of the Damage and Loss Assessment (DaLA) 2. Developing a vision and specific me-bound goals for BBB 3. Es mate financial requirements of the recovery programme 4. Iden fy likely sources of funds and examine various op ons 5. Defining and enforcing robust financial norms for the financial management Table 9-3: Important aspects in mobilizing and managing the funds of a recovery programme Major Step Descrip on Review of the Damage & Quan ta ve and qualita ve baseline for damage, loss, and 1 Loss Assessment needs across sectors, blocks (taluka) and districts • Develop the scope and goals of BBB Developing a vision and • Disaster resilient physical recovery 2 specific me-bound goals • Op ons for fast economic recovery for BBB • Set phase-wise be erment targets Es mate financial • Prepare sector-wise and phase-wise financial es mates 3 requirements of the • Consulta ons and evalua on of various op ons recovery programme • Finaliza on of financial es mates • Domes c resources: – From the state (on budget) and addi onal fund-raising op ons (off budget) – Central grants and other op ons – on and off the budget Iden fy likely sources of • Interna onal including borrowing from IFI – facilitated by the 4 funds and examine various central govt. op ons • Other Sources: – Donors – Community contribu on – Private sector CSR, PPP • Se ng norms and rules to allocate funds for new development, retrofi ng, owner-driven reconstruc on Defining and enforcing (mainly homes), 5 robust financial norms for • Defining norms efficient disbursement along with the degree the financial management of flexibility needed in recovery programs • Implemen ng mechanisms for monitoring proper u liza on including an appropriate MIS The funds raised through funding agencies are usually accompanied by stringent disbursement and usage restric ons. It is therefore important to monitor the disbursement of funds t o ensure that none of the covenants are breached. The fund disbursal shall be monitored by: 64 The catastrophe development loan with a Deferred Draw Down Op on is a con ngent credit line that provides immediate liquidity to IBRD member countries in the a ermath of a natural disaster. It is part of a broad spectrum of risk financing instruments available from the World Bank Group to help borrowers plan efficient responses to natural disasters . 302 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN • Priori zing resource alloca on across approved projects • Establishing mechanisms for disbursement of funds to the beneficiaries • Strengthening the monitoring mechanisms for fund u liza on and progress of implementa on 9.8.3 Recovery of Reconstruc on Costs The State Government, in consulta on with the relevant Ministry of the Central Government, can finalize and implement select cost recovery measures such as: • Imposing special tax/ surcharge (Central Government) • Imposing local taxes • Issuing tax free Government bonds 303 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 304 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 10 Capacity Development – An Overview 10.1 Background This chapter provides an overview of the capacity development measures described in appropriate contexts in the previous chapters presen ng both a summary and a perspec ve to the capacity building aspects of the plan. The previous chapters describe specific aspects of capacity development in respec ve responsibility frameworks and discussion. The list given in this chapter is not exhaus ve but indica ve and illustra ve supplemen ng the details present in the previous chapters. While the themes included are broadly in consonance with na onal, regional, and global prac ces, inevitably there will be changes that must be incorporated in the periodic revisions of the plan and during its implementa on. All efforts must be made to follow the emerging best prac ces. Capacity development covers strengthening of ins tu ons, mechanisms, and capaci es at all levels of all stakeholders. UNISDR defines 'Capacity Development' for DRR as follows: "Capacity development is the process by which people, organizations and society systematically stimulate and develop their capacities over time to achieve social and economic goals. It is a concept that extends the term of capacity-building to encompass all aspects of creating and sustaining capacity growth over time. It involves learning and various types of training, but also continuous efforts to develop institutions, political awareness, financial resources, technology systems and the wider enabling environment." (UNISDR, 2016). The Sendai Framework challenges all stakeholders to focus on establishing and increasing capacity to manage their country’s disaster risk. It is an important component of inves ng in disaster risk reduc on. In the domain of disaster risk management, the Sendai Framework emphasizes the need for enhancing the technical, financial, and administra ve capabili es of ins tu ons, governments, and communi es to deal with the iden fied risks at different levels. The framework calls for reinforcing the capacity to implement and enforce risk reduc on measures. Capacity development commonly refers to a process that is driven from the inside and starts from exis ng capacity assets. The Sendai framework underlines the need for capacity development of women in disaster management and building their ability to par cipate effec vely in managing disaster risk. Inves ng in capacity development for DRR is a con nuing process of enhancing the capability of individuals, agencies, and communi es to improve the performance of their DM func ons. The process of capacity building will include elements of human resource development, i.e., individual training, organiza onal development such as improving the func oning of groups, and the strengthening of organiza ons, regula ons, and inst itu ons. Involving stakeholders through par cipatory approaches is essen al to establish ownership and commitment. The sustainability of capacity development ini a ves increases in direct rela on to the level of par cipa on and ownership of the internal partners. Mainstreaming of DRR is incomplete without mainstreaming of capacity building on DRR by different central Ministries/Departments and States/UTs. Capacity building should also include crea ng enabling environment by making relevant provisions in exis ng laws, rules and regula ons etc. As capacity development entails ac vi es on various levels, i.e. legal and ins tu onal frameworks, systems of organisa ons, organisa on and human and material resources, it is necessary to address 305 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY challenges on all of them by implemen ng a mix of ac vi es across all me frames – recurring, short, medium and long term. The reason for this is that changes at one level o en require changes at other levels too, as the levels are interdependent. Therefore, the focus of many capacity development efforts for DRR must go beyond human resource development paying enough a en on to organisa onal and ins tu onal issues. Partnerships and collabora ons are integral to ins tu onal capacity building. In ins tu onal capacity development, emphasis should also be on use of state-of- the-art technologies to upgrade the exis ng system s. Public and private investment in disaster risk preven on and reduc on through structural and non-structural measures are essen al to enhance the disaster resilience. Inves ng in capacity development is the cost-effec ve way to save lives, prevent or reduce losses and ensure effec ve recovery and rehabilita on. The NPDM 2009 underlines the need for a strategic approach to capacity development and notes that the ac ve and enthusias c par cipa on of various stakeholders is necessary for it to be effec ve. The na onal policy notes that capacity development must address the challenge of “pu ng in place appropriate ins tu onal framework, management systems and alloca on of resources for efficient preven on and handling of disasters.” The capacity development being a con nuous process, it must address challenges of staff turnover, task of educating new recruits, keeping pace with technical changes and incorpora ng the rapid advances in scien fic knowledge. The NPDM 2009 envisages a pivotal role for the Na onal Ins tute of Disaster Management in capacity development. Similarly, the State Disaster Management Ins tutes and ATIs should play a lead role in the States/ UTs. The NPDM envisages capacity development in the domain of DM at all levels of government including ministries, line departments and across various autonomous ins tu ons. It also stresses the importance of capacity development efforts to promote community -based DM efforts. The policy notes that to sustain DRR, it is necessary to undertake capacity development across the educa on sector covering schools to professional ins tu ons. It recognizes that skill development in all sectors to incorporate mul -hazard resistant features along with strengthening of relevant licensing, cer fica on, and standards. 10.2 NIDM, NDRF and Other Ins tu ons The NIDM, in partnership with other research ins tu ons has capacity development as one of its major responsibili es, along with training, research, documenta on and development of a Na onal level informa on base. It will network with other knowledge-based ins tu ons and func on within the broad policies and guidelines laid down by the NDMA. It will organise training of trainers, DM officials and other stakeholders. The NIDM will strive to emerge as a ‘Centre of Excellence’ in the field of Disaster Management. The NIDM will play an important role in developing and facilita ng the implementa on of a Na onal training schedule for DM. It will also be the nodal ins tu on for Regional and Interna onal coopera on for training. NDRF can also support capacity development and training needs of SDRF, Civil Defence, community and volunteers in preparedness and response. It is important that the SDRF and other agencies involved in response are able to work harmoniously for which NDRF must have a role in the training of all responders. There are several renowned ins tutes in various States, which are impar ng training in DM. These will be strengthened with skilled resource persons and financial assistance and such efforts will be replicated by other States/UTs. Also, the DM cells in all Administra ve Training Ins tutes, Police Academies, State Ins tutes of Rural Development, Training centres of five CAPFs from where NDRF is drawn up (BSF, CRPF, CISF, ITBP, and SSB) and the Na onal Training Academy will contribute most significantly in developing DM related skills. The capacity of exis ng ins tutes needs to be upgraded in accordance with regional and local requirements. There are many other training 306 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN ins tu ons belonging to various Ministries/ Departments/ Agencies/ PSUs, and they must include DRR in their training programmes and departmental examina ons. 10.3 Capacity Development of Local Bodies – Rural and Urban The capaci es of PRIs and ULBs must be developed in the sphere of disaster management. Without adequate capacity development, the local bodies cannot contribute effec vely to disaster management or in ensuring the proper implementa on of DM plans. Capacity development is also necessary for true empowerment of the bodies of local self-governance. The elected leaders and officials of PRIs and ULBs should be trained to competently handle different types of crises, contribute to disaster preparedness, make proper use of available warnings, organize opera ons such as search, rescue, relief, medical assistance, and carry out damage assessment. They should also have sound understanding of the needs of proper post-disaster rehabilita on. The local leadership can play a big role in disaster management in all stages and in DM planning. Capacity development must aim at increasing the competence of local bodies in all aspects of disaster management, mainstreaming DRR, and in promo ng a culture of disaster preven on and DRR. The capabili es of the local bodies must be developed in financial, technical, and managerial spheres. The state level training ins tutes (ATI, SIDM, and others) will develop need-based training programs for the capacity development of rural and urban local bodies. 10.4 Training of Communi es Enhancing the capacity of communi es, as they are the first responders to disasters, is a significant part of the capacity development process. The Sendai Framework notes the need to build the knowledge of civil society, communi es, and volunteers on disaster risk reduc on. Capacity building must include awareness, sensi sa on, orienta on, and developing skills of communi es and community leaders. Assistance from NDRF, Civil Defence, civil society organisa ons, local community - based organiza ons, and Self-Help Groups will be encouraged. The overall responsibility to give impetus to leadership and mo va on will rest with local authori es, PRIs and ULBs under the overall guidance of State and District authori es. Community training programmes should be socially inclusive, and they should place special emphasis on building the capaci es of women, children, elderly, SC/ST and PWD. 10.5 Disaster Resource Networks – National, State and District India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN) is a portal providing na on -wide inventory of DM-related resources covering almost all the basic needs. It is a web-based pla orm, for managing the inventory of equipment, skilled human resources and cri cal supplies for emergency response. Primary focus of IDRN portal is to enable the decision makers to find answers on availability of equipment and human resources required to combat any emergency. At the state -level, Government of India has encouraged each state to establish its own State Disaster Resource Network (SDRN) portal on the pa ern of IDRN. The resource network shall cover na onal level, state-level and district level agencies involved in disaster risk management. 307 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 10.6 Capacity Development Themes The capacity development is applicable to all aspects of disaster management. The Central Ministries, departments and agencies as well as the State/UT Governments will take ac ons for capacity development of different stakeholders. It must be noted that the division of responsibili es between centre and state are described in greater detail in the responsibility fr amework given in separate chapters. The capacity development themes for DRR and related responsibili es are summarised in Table 10-1. The specifics corresponding to each Sub-Thema c Area are men oned in the chapters shown in the last column of the table. Table 10-1: Capacity Development for DRR Themes - Centre and State Chapter (s) where SN Thema c Area Sub-Thema c Areas Responsibili es are described Deploying • Adop ng the best global technologies advanced • Iden fying technology needs based on hazard risk and 1 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 technology and vulnerability and experiences equipment • Procurements of best and most appropriate equipment • Maintaining the resource network • Monitoring and maintaining the resource data • Regular upda ng the resource data • Developing fail-safe communica ons with advance technology Disaster • Na onal and state level disaster informa on system 2 Informa on 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 • Improve data flows across Central Ministries/ Dept./ States and System other authorised users • Integra on of HRVCA data with disaster informa on systems • Ensuring reliable and credible database on disaster losses (direct and indirect) and post-disaster reconstruc on • Mainstream and integrate DRR and strengthen ins tu onal Disaster Risk mechanisms for DRR 3 12 Governance • Promote par cipatory approaches, partnerships and networks • Promote quality standards, cer fica ons, and incen ves • Promote, encourage and facilitate appropriate risk transfer instruments by collabora ng with insurance companies and financial Ins tu ons • Design and implement social safety-net mechanisms, including community-based systems Disaster Risk • Disaster resilience of health care systems by integra ng 4 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 Management disaster risk management into primary, secondary and ter ary health care • Business resilience, and protec on of livelihoods and produc ve assets throughout the supply chains, ensure con nuity of services and integrate disaster risk management into business models and prac ces • Trainings in DRR at different levels of local governance DM and DRR • Improve awareness and preparedness of stakeholders at all 5 capacities at 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 levels local levels • Preparing DM plans, regular upda ng, and mock drills DRR– in education, • Incorporate subjects of relevance to DRR in curriculum 6 research and • Introduced specialized programs, degrees, courses and 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 professional diplomas disciplines 308 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Chapter (s) where SN Thema c Area Sub-Thema c Areas Responsibili es are described • Promote relevant research projects, programs within ins tutes and through research grants • Technical and professional programs relevant to various specialized aspects of DRR • Develop ToTs • Research in diverse areas of DRR • Deploy the state of art methods and technologies • Up-grade technical infrastructure and systems • Improve EW dissemina on and ensure the last mile 7 Early Warning 7 connec vity to the most remote parts • Improve the alerts system to make it more relevant to different regions and sec ons • Enhance emergency response capabili es • Strengthen EOCs, improve infrastructure, upgrade equipment, adopt best available technologies • Improve capabili es based on experience a er each disaster Emergency event Opera on 8 • Deploy best of ICT 7, 8 Centres - • Conduct capacity audits of EOCs Strengthening • Set up State and District level EOCs with adequately trained manpower • Regular reviews and improvement of SOPs, protocols, etc. • Mobile control rooms Global Anthropogenic • Recognise and address climate change risks in DRR 9 3, 7 Climate Change • Strengthen adapta ons to GACC Risks • Incorpora ng DRR into development plans and programs • Incorpora ng PM’s Ten Point Agenda for DRR into Mainstreaming development plans 10 5 DRR • Making DRR as an inherent part of all ministry, department, state development plans • Extending convergence to the domain of DRR • Ins tu onal arrangements, policies, legal support, and regulatory framework • Revision of building codes and standards for rehabilita on Non-Structural reconstruc on prac ces both for urban and rural areas 11 Measures for 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 • Norms and incen ves for retrofi ng DRR • Reinforce systems to implement, monitor, and enforce regula ons for DRR to promote disaster-resistant built environment • Understanding post 2015 global frameworks and their Post-2015 implementa on for DRR Global • Understanding Sendai Framework and its integra on into the Frameworks – implementa on of DMP at different levels coherence and 12 • Understanding DRR aspects of SDG and its implementa on for 3 mutual DRR reinforcement • Understanding COP21 (Paris Agreement on Climate Change) across DRR and the integra on of climate-related concerns into various themes DMPs 309 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Chapter (s) where SN Thema c Area Sub-Thema c Areas Responsibili es are described • Ins tu onal reforms, moderniza on, and changes in legal framework • Strengthening of Fire and Emergency Services • Strengthening of the Fire and Emergency Service through revamping, ins tu onal reforms, and moderniza on • Comprehensive revamping of Fire and Emergency Services with ins tu onal reforms and moderniza on Preparedness 13 • Adop on and adapta on of emerging global good prac ces 8 and Response • Rigorous training and HRD of first responders • Table-top exercises, simula ons, and mock drills to improve opera onal readiness of the plans • Rescue equipment at all levels • Systems to provide basic services in emergencies • Preparedness and response plans at all levels • Community-based DRR and DM • Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) systems and exper se • Credible damage assessment mechanisms and exper se Recovery and • Planning capabili es to ensuring coherence of BBB with overall 14 Build Back development efforts and goals 9 Be er • Studies and research for incorpora ng resilience into BBB models • Studies on past disasters and recovery to draw useful lessons • Training and skill development for masons and other ar sans • Promo ng community-based DM considering specific needs, Skill regional diversi es and mul -hazard vulnerabili es Development • Training on CBDR and preparedness at local levels 15 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 for Disaster • Address gender issues, and special needs of children, disabled, Resilience aged, etc. holis cally in the DM context • Promote private sector and civil society involvement • Promote PPPs • Gender-based vulnerabili es • Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Social Inclusion 16 • Elderly 4,7, in DRR • Children • Persons with Disabili es • Observa on Networks, • Informa on Systems, • Research Understanding 17 • Forecas ng 7 Risk • Zoning/ Mapping • Monitoring • Hazard Risk Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (HVCA) 310 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 11 Financial Arrangements 11.1 Background The financial aspects of Disaster Risk Management entail various factors ranging from development planning to immediate relief post disaster, followed by investments made for reconstruc on. As per the prevailing prac ce, the funds for preparedness, mi ga on and reconstruc on are allocated by the Government as a part of budgetary alloca ons. However, a firm commitment is made by the Government regarding funds for immediate relief as recommended by the FC and precipitated for five years. The FC make s recommenda ons regarding financing of disaster risk management also, amongst other subjects being dealt by it. The Second FC made a provision for ‘Margin Money’ for mee ng out such con ngencies. Subsequent FCs have reviewed various aspects of funding disaster management in the country in consulta on with various stakeholders. Based on their recommenda ons, various funds have been maintained by Govt. of India and States for funding disaster relief. The 13th Finance Commission (FC -XIII) has given its recommenda ons for maintaining Na onal Disaster Response Fund and State Disaster Response Fund in accordance with the DM Act 2005. The FC-XIV has taken them forward and made relevant recommenda ons. The DM Act 2005 has also recommended the Na onal Disaster Mi ga on Fund, which has been under the considera on of the Government. As of now, the 14th Finance Commission (FC -XIV) has not made any recommenda on regarding the Na onal Disaster Mi ga on Fund. However, the need for funds is being deliberated by the Na onal Authority in consulta on with the stakeholders. Appropriate measures will be taken accordingly. The DM Act 2005 has clearly mandated upon the Government to ensure that the funds are provided by the Ministries and Departments within their budgetary alloca ons for the purpose of disaster management. The Act has stressed upon the need for mainstreaming of the Disaster Risk Management by way of making definite budgetary arrangements for the purpose by the respec ve Ministries and Departments within their overall agenda. As of now, no specific alloca ons are being made by the Government for disaster management, except in the cases of specific projects undertaken by any Ministry or Department. Financial mainstreaming of DRR concepts is necessary to entrench the need for disaster risk resilience within the main development agenda of the country. 11.2 Na onal Disaster Response Fund The state government is primarily responsible for undertaking rescue, relief and rehabilita on measures in the event of a disaster. At mes, its efforts need to be strengthened and supplemented with Central assistance. Providing financial assistance for disaster preparedness, restora on, reconstruc on and mi ga on in the event of a natural disaster are not part of Na onal Disaster Response Fund’s mandate. In the event of a calamity of a severe nature, where the requirement of funds for relief opera ons is beyond the funds available in the State’s Disaster Response Fund account, addi onal Central assistance is provided from Na onal Disaster Response Fund, a er following the laid down procedure. 311 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY As per this procedure, the State Government is required to submit a memorandum indica ng the sector wise damage and requirement of funds. On receipt of the memorandum from the State, an inter-Ministerial Central Team is cons tuted and deputed for an on the spot assessment of damage and requirement of funds for relief opera ons, as per the extant items and norms of State Disaster Response Fund and Na onal Disaster Response Fund. A Sub-Commi ee of the NEC will examine the request under Sec on 6 of the DM Act, 2005. The NEC will assess the extent of assistance and expenditure, which can be funded from the Na onal Disaster Response Fund as per norms and make recommenda ons. Based on the recommenda ons of Sub-Commi ee of the NEC, a High Level Commi ee (HLC) will approve the quantum of immediate relief to be released from Na onal Disaster Response Fund. The Disaster Management Division of MHA will provide support to the HLC. The MHA shall oversee the u lisa on of funds provided from the Na onal Disaster Response Fund and monitor compliance with norms. 11.3 State Disaster Response Fund The State Disaster Response Fund shall be used only for mee ng the expenditure for providing immediate relief to the vic ms of cyclone, drought, earthquake, fire, flood, tsunami, hailstorm, landslide, avalanche, cloud burst, pest a ac k, frost and cold wave. While the state can draw from State Disaster Response Fund for the emergency response and relief, there are provisions to adjust a por on of the expense against funds released from Na onal Disaster Response Fund between the fiscal year in which Na onal Disaster Response Fund is released and the expenses incurred by state in the previous fiscal year under State Disaster Response Fund. In case the same state faces another severe disaster during the same year, no reduc on will be made while releasing assistance from the Na onal Disaster Response Fund. The state-specific disasters within the local context in the State, which are not included in the no fied list of disasters eligible for assistance from State Disaster Response Fund and Na onal Disaster Response Fund, can be met from State Disaster Response Fund within the limit of 10 per cent of the annual funds alloca on of the State Disaster Response Fund. The two funds have provisions for the following: • Gratuitous Relief • Search and Rescue opera ons, as per actual cost incurred • Relief measures • Air dropping of essen al supplies • Emergency supply of drinking water • Clearance of affected area, including management of debris • Agriculture, Animal husbandry, fishery, Handicra , ar sans • Repair/ Restora on (of immediate nature) of damaged Infrastructure • Capacity development The default period of assistance is as per norms prescribed. However, based on assessment of the ground situa on, the SEC may extend it beyond the prescribed me limit subject to the condi on that expenditure on this account should not exceed 25 per cent of State Disaster Response Fund alloca on for the year. The SEC will organize contribu ons from the relevant State Government, administer the State Disaster Response Fund and invest the accre ons to the State Disaster Response Fund in accordance with the norms approved by GOI from me to me. 312 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN State must meet the capacity development expenses from the State Disaster Response Fund and not Na onal Disaster Response Fund, subject to a limit of 10 per cent of the State Disaster Response Fund. Capacity Development covers the following: • Se ng up/strengthening of Emergency Opera on Centres (EOCs) in the State • Training/Capacity Building of stakeholders and func onaries in the State • Suppor ng disaster management centres in the state • Prepara on of Disaster Management Plans based on Hazards, Risks, and Vulnerability Analysis • Strengthening of SDMA and DDMA In most cases, the SEC and, if necessary, a central team will carry out need assessment. The State Governments must take utmost care and ensure that all individual beneficiary-oriented assistance is disbursed through the beneficiary’s bank account. The scale of relief assistance against each item for all disasters including ‘local disaster’ should not exceed the norms of State Disaster Response Fund/ Na onal Disaster Response Fund. Any amount spent by the State for such disasters over and above the ceiling would be borne out of the resources of the State Government and not from State Disaster Response Fund. For disasters needing central support over and above the State Disaster Response Fund, the MHA processes the request of the state government for support from the Government of India. The Ministry of Finance will make the budgetary provisions for the relief funds required for strengthening response mechanisms, disaster management ins tu ons, capacity development of stakeholders, and DRR. The effec ve implementa on of these statutory provisions would place India on a firm foo ng for effec vely managing disasters and minimising their nega ve socio -economic consequences. Another important aspect of disaster management is financial resilience. This requires a systema c approach, combining an op mum mix of ex ante and ex post financing mechanisms based inter alia on the country’s current economic status. 11.4 Na onal Disaster Mi ga on Fund As per Sec on 47 of the DM Act 2005, Central Government may cons tute a Na onal Disaster Mi ga on Fund for projects exclusively for the purpose of mi ga on. The FC -XIV restricted its recommenda on to exis ng arrangements on the financing of the already cons tuted funds (Na onal Disaster Response Fund and State Disaster Response Fund) only, as per its terms of reference. The FC-XIV did not make any specific recommenda on for a mi ga on fund. 11.5 Recommendations of the Fourteenth Finance Commission Regarding grants for disaster management, Fourteenth Finance Commission (FC-XIV) has adopted the procedure of the FC-XIII and used past expenditures on disaster relief to determine the State Disaster Response Fund corpus. While making recommenda ons, FC-XIV has taken note of the addi onal responsibility cast on States and their district administra ons under the Disaster Management Act. FC-XIV has also taken note of the loca on-specific natural disasters not men oned in the no fied list, which are unique to some States. 313 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 11.6 Statutory Provisions 11.6.1 Financing Preven on, Mi ga on, and Preparedness The provisions rela ng to funding of preven on, mi ga on, and preparedness, as per DM Act 2005 are listed below: i. Sec on 6 (g) provides that NDMA may recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mi ga on; ii. Sec on 18 (2) (f) provides that SDMAs may recommend provision of funds for mi ga on and preparedness measures; iii. Sec on 35 (2) (c) provides that the Central government may ensure appropriate alloca on of funds for preven on of disaster, mi ga on, capacity -building and preparedness by the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India; iv. Sec on 36 (e) provides that the Ministries or Departments of Government of India shall allocate funds for measures for preven on of disaster, mi ga on, capacity -building and preparedness; v. Sec on 38 (2) (d) provides that the State Government may allocate funds for measures for preven on of disaster, mi ga on, capacity -building and preparedness by the departments of the Government of the State in accordance with the provisions of the State Plan and the District Plans; vi. Sec on 39 (c) provides that the departments of the state government shall allocate funds for preven on of disaster, mi ga on, capa city- building and preparedness 11.6.2 Alloca on by Ministries and Departments Sec on 49 of DM Act 2005 provides for Alloca on of funds by Ministries and Departments. It states that: • Sec on 49 (1) – Every Ministry or Department of the Government of India shall make provisions, in its annual budget, for funds for the purposes of carrying out the ac vi es and programmes set out in its disaster management plan. • The provisions of sub-sec on (1) shall, muta s mutandis, apply to departments of the Government of the State. 11.6.3 Provisions in the Act for Disaster Risk Reduc on Some of the statutory provisions incorporated in t he Disaster Management Act, 2005 for mainstreaming DRR and financing thereof are reproduced below. i. Sec on 6 (2) (i) provides that the NDMA may take such other measures for the preven on of disaster, or the mi ga on, or preparedness and capacity building for dealing with the threatening disaster situa on or disaster as it may consider necessary; ii. Sec on 18 (2) (g) provides that the SDMA may review the development plans of the different departments of the State and ensure that preven on and mi ga on measures are integrated therein; iii. Sec on 22 (2)(b) provides that the SEC may examine the vulnerability of different parts of the State to different forms of disasters and specify measures to be taken for their preven on or mi ga on; 314 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN iv. Sec on 23 (4) (b) provides that the State Plan shall include measures to be adopted for preven on and mi ga on of disasters; v. Sec on 23 (4) (c) provides that the State Plan shall include the manner in which the mi ga on measures shall be integrated with the development plans and projects; vi. Sec on 23 (4) (d) provides that the State Plan shall include, capacity-building and preparedness measures to be taken; vii. Sec on 30 (2) (iv) provides that the District Authority may ensure that the guidelines for preven on of disasters, mi ga on of its effects, preparedness and response measures as laid down by the Na onal Authority and the State Authority are followed by all departments of the Government at the district level and the local authori es in the district; viii. Sec on 30 (2) (xiii) provides that the District Authority may facilitate community training and awareness programmes for preven on of disaster or mi ga on with the support of local authori es, governmental and non-governmental organisa ons; ix. Sec on 30 (2) (xiv) provides that the District Authority may set up, maintain, review and upgrade the mechanism for early warnings and dissemina on of proper informa on to public; x. Sec on 31 (3) (b) provides that the District Plan shall include the measures to be taken, for preven on and mi ga on of disaster, by the Departments of the Government at the district level and local authori es in the district; xi. Sec on 32 (a) provides that every office at the district level shall prepare a Plan se ng out: • provisions for preven on and mi ga on measures as provided for in the District Plan and as is assigned to the department or relevant agency; • provisions for taking measures rela ng to capacity-building and preparedness as laid down in the District Plan; • the response plans and procedures, in the event of, any threatening disaster situa on or disaster; xii. Sec on 35(2) (b) provides that the central government may ensure the integra on of measures for preven on of disasters and mi ga on by Ministri es or Departments of the Government of India into their development plans and projects; xiii. Sec on 36 (b) provides that every Ministry/ Department of Government of India may integrate into its development plans and projects, the measures for preven on or mi ga on of disasters in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the Na onal Authority; xiv. Sec on 37 (1) (a) mandates all the Ministries and Departments of Government of India to prepare a disaster management plan inter alia specifying: • the measures to be taken by it for preven on and mi ga on of disasters in accordance with the Na onal Plan; • the specifica ons regarding integra on of mi ga on measures in its development plans in accordance with the guidelines of the Na onal Authority and the Na onal Execu ve Commi ee; xv. Sec on 38 (2) (e) provides that the State Government may ensure integra on of measures for preven on of disaster or mi ga on by the departments of the Government of the State in their development plans and projects; xvi. Sec on 38 (2) (f) provides that the State Government may integrate in the State development plan, measures to reduce or mi gate the vulnerability of different parts of the State to different disasters; xvii. Sec on 39 (b) provides that the departments of State Government may integrate into its development plans and projects, the measures for preven on of disaster and mi ga on; 315 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY xviii. Sec on 40 (1) (a) (ii) mandates all department of the State to prepare a disaster management plan that shall integrate strategies for the preven on of disaster or the mi ga on of its effects or both with the development plans and programmes by the department 11.7 Implementa on of DRR – Financial Aspects 11.7.1 Public Funded Schemes The primary mechanism for funding DRR related schemes and projects in India are through Public Funded Schemes at Central and State level. Various nodal Ministries play a key role in disaster management as far as specific disasters are concerned. These nodal Ministries as well as other Ministries and Departments have dedicated schemes, aimed at disaster preven on, mi ga on, capacity building, etc. within their par cular domain. Exis ng examples include the scheme of MHA for Strengthening of Fire and Emergency Services, Financial assistance to ATIs and other Training ins tu ons for disaster management, Integrated Coastal Zone Management programme of MOEFCC, and flood management and flood forecas ng programmes of MOJS. The DOS has a Disaster Management Support Programme and MOES has a project on Tsunami and Storm Surge Warning System. NDMA is implemen ng an important World Bank funded project for cyclone risk mi ga on. The Na onal Cyclone Risk Mi ga on Project encompasses cyclone forecas ng tracking and warning systems, capacity building and structural measures. Apart from this, many of the schemes, which are implemented by various ministries/ departments, have embedded DRR components, as for example, those implemented by the MOEFCC. There are many other programmes that improve societal resilience, which is a critical component of DRR, such as the Na onal Rural Health Mission, Mahatma Gandhi Employment Guarantee Scheme, and the Urban Development’s Urban Renewal Mission. Outlay for reconstruc on ac vi es are normally embedded in the schemes of the Union Government to ensure that “Building Back Be er” is in consonance with the approved programs. Post disaster reconstruc on work is funded by the Union Government through increased outlay for the on-going infrastructure projects in the region and providing more un ed grant to the affected State. The Centre/State may also u lize funds from interna onal agencies for specific interven on in a par cular region in the form of an externally aided project. 11.7.2 Flexi Funds as a part of Centrally Sponsored Schemes As per Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance, the NITI Aayog has issued instruc ons for ra onaliza on of Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS), vide OM No. O —11013/02/2015-CSS & CMC dated August 17, 2016. As per para 6 of the said OM, flexi-funds available in each CSS has been revised to 25% for States, and 30% for UTs, of the overall annual alloca on under each scheme. The flexi -fund component within the CSS can be used to achieve the following objec ves: a) To provide flexibility to States to meet local needs and requirements within the overall objec ve of any given Scheme at the sub-head level b) To pilot innova on to improve efficiency within the overall objec ve of any given Scheme at the sub-head level c) To undertake mi ga on/ restora on ac vi es in case of natural calami es, or to sa sfy local requirements in areas affected by internal security disturbances 316 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN The u lisa on of flexi-funds for mi ga on/restora on ac vi es in the event of natural calamity must be in accordance with the broad objec ves of the CSS. It is possible to combine flexi-fund component across schemes within the same sector but the flexi-funds of a CSS in a par cular sector however, shall not be diverted to fund ac vi es/schemes in another sector. The flexi -funds cons tute a source of funding for mi ga on ac vi es within overall objec ves of the par cular CSS(s) under which they are allocated and this would s ll leave a gap in terms of funding purely mi ga on related projects especially those addressing crosscu ng themes that cover mul pl e sectors. The la er would be covered by se ng up of Na onal Disaster Mi ga on Fund and State Disaster Mi ga on Funds. 11.7.3 Externally Aided Projects Besides the funds which are available through public funded schemes, efforts have also been made by the centre to mobilize the resources from external funding agencies for vulnerabili es assessment, capacity development, ins tu onal strengthening of response mechanism and mi ga on measures etc. The Central Government would con nue to support states for reconstruc on and rehabilita on in the a ermath of major disasters through aid from Word Bank and other such external funding agencies. 11.8 Risk Transfer and Insurance As of now Government of India is ac ng as a self-insurer for the purpose of maintaining relief funds (Na onal Disaster Response Fund and State Disaster Response Fund). The funds are monitored by MHA in consulta on with Ministry of Finance. The amount commi ed for State Disaster Response Fund is invested by the Union in government securi es. MHA has issued guidelines in consulta on with Ministry of Finance for the maintenance and encashment of the securi es as and when required. However, need for projects or risk transfer instruments by private agencies, is also acknowledged by the Government. The corresponding policy changes and fund requirement is to be deliberated in detail in consulta on with the IRDA, insurance sector and other stakeholders. 317 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 318 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 12 Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance 12.1 Background Strengthening disaster risk governance is considered a cornerstone of the efforts to understand, reduce and manage risks in global prac ces (UNDP 2015). Governance encompasses the exercise of poli cal, economic and administra ve authority in the management of a country’s affairs at various levels. It comprises mechanisms, process and ins tu ons through which groups ar culate their interest, exercise their legal rights, meet their obliga ons and medi ate their differences. Governance transcends government. It goes beyond governmental systems and powers by encouraging pro -ac ve ci zen engagement. Risk governance encompasses the full range of risks recognized by human socie es, including health and medical, safety and security, and environmental risks, such as hazards and disasters. The concept of governance has its origins partly in the recogni on that many func ons carried out by public en es are now provided by several governmental as well as private-sector or civil society en es. Such systems rely on the development and diffusion of various types of norms such as state regula on, self-regula on and market mechanisms (Tierney 2012). It may also rely on other processes such as nego a on, par cipa on, and engagement, which facilitate collec ve decision making and ac on. Disaster governance is nested within and influenced by overarching societal governance systems and various aspects such as state-civil society rela onships, economic organiza on, and societal transi ons have implica ons for disaster governance. Governance arrangements and stakeholder par cipa on could vary across different disaster phases, adding to the complexity of governance challenges. Risk-spreading mechanisms, including insurance and reinsurance, are integral part of disaster governance. UNDP describes disaster risk governance as: "The way in which public authorities, civil servants, media, private sector, and civil society at community, national and regional levels cooperate in order to manage and reduce disaster and climate related risks. This means ensuring that sufficient levels of capacity and resources are made available to prevent, prepare for, manage and recover from disasters. It also entails mechanisms, institutions and processes for citizens to articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights and obligations, and mediate their differences." (UNDP 2013) UNISDR defines it as: “The system of ins tu ons, mechanisms, policy and legal frameworks and other arrangements to guide, coordinate and oversee disaster risk reduc on and related areas of policy.” (UNISDR 2016) The concept has evolved considerably, and the current thinking acknowledges that one cannot separate governance of disaster risk from the governance of other types of risks, including those associated with global climate change, environmental degrada on, financial crises, and conflict situa ons (UNDP 2015). From the mid-2000’s onwards, governance was commonly accepted as the crux of DRR, with comprehensive efforts underway to increase the DRR capacity of na onal and local ins tu ons; to strengthen policy, legal and planning frameworks; to develop human and financial capaci es; and to promote mul -stakeholder and mul -disciplinary approaches. Effec veness of 319 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY disaster governance can be judged from stakeholder par cipa on, collabora on, accountability and transparency. There is now greater emphasis on accountability, transparency, responsiveness to the needs of those most at risk, and ensuring the rule of law/compliance with adequate legal provisions. These are of crucial importance in fostering development and promo ng risk reduc on. The capacity of relevant individual actors and organisa ons comes into play when DRR poli cies – at various levels from the top to bo om – are implemented. Par cipa on, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, consensus orienta on, equity, effec veness, efficiency, accountability and strategic vision are key factors when implemen ng a governance structure aimed at sustainable development and disaster risk reduc on (UNDP 2004). 12.2 Sendai Framework and Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance The Sendai Framework emphasises the importance of governance at different levels for an effec ve and efficient management of disaster risk. Effec ve risk governance requires clear vision, plans, competence, guidance, and coordina on within and across sectors, as well as par cipa on of relevant stakeholders, as discussed earlier. Strengthening disas ter risk governance is necessary to foster collabora on and partnerships for the implementa on of disaster risk reduc on and sustainable development. The Sendai Framework lays emphasis on the following to strengthen disaster risk governance: a) Mainstream and integrate disaster risk reduction within and across all sectors and promote the coherence and development of relevant laws, regulations, and public policies. It must guide both the public and private sectors through the legal framework that clearly spells out the roles and responsibilities. It must address disaster risk in publicly owned, managed, or regulated services and infrastructures. It must encourage actions by persons, households, communities, and businesses. It has to enhance relevant mechanisms and initiatives for disaster risk transparency. It must put in place coordination and organizational structures. b) Adopt and implement disaster risk reduction strategies and plans, across different levels (local to national) and timescales, aimed at preventing the creation of risk, the reduction of existing risk and the strengthening resilience – economic, social, health and environmental. c) Carry out assessment of the technical, financial and administrative disaster risk management capacity to deal with the identified risks at different levels d) Promote necessary mechanisms and incentives to ensure high levels of compliance with the safety-enhancing provisions of sectoral laws and regulations, including those addressing land use, urban planning, building codes⁶⁵, environment, resource management, health and safety standards, and update them, where needed, for better disaster risk management e) Develop and strengthen mechanisms to periodically review and assess the progress on various DM plans as well as encourage institutional debates, including by parliamentarians and relevant officials, on DRR plans f) Assign clear roles and tasks to community representatives within disaster risk management institutions and processes and decision-making through relevant legal frameworks, and undertake comprehensive public and community consultations during the development of such laws and regulations to support their implementation g) Establish and strengthen government coordination forums composed of relevant stakeholders at the national and local levels, such as national and local platforms for disaster risk reduction. 65 Building Codes: This implies the latest/ updated Indian Standards 320 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN h) Empower local authorities, as appropriate, through regulatory and financial mechanism to work and coordinate with civil society, communities and indigenous peoples and migrants in disaster risk management at the local level i) Work with parliamentarians for disaster risk reduction by developing or amending relevant legislation and setting budget allocations j) Promote the development of quality standards, such as certifications and awards for disaster risk management, with the participation of the private sector, civil society, professional associations, scientific organizations and the United Nations k) Formulate relevant public policies and laws aimed at addressing issues of prevention or relocation, where possible, of human settlements in disaster risk-prone zones. 12.3 Responsibility Framework for Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance Based on these considera ons, and the increased emphasis globally on strengthening disaster risk governance to reduce disaster risk and to build resilience, the major tasks, agencies of the central and state government are presented in a responsibility framework. India currently has in place many ins tu ons dedicated to disaster reduction, response, and for disaster risk governance at the centre and within the states at various levels from local to the state. However, there is wide varia on in the func oning, structure, and capabili es. To strengthen disaster governance, a DM Cell will be established in each Central Ministry and a nodal officer, not below the rank of Joint Secretary will be appointed. The NDMP seeks to strengthen the en re system of disaster risk governance in the country using the framework presented here. As discussed in chapter-1, the NDMP envisages the implementa on of various measures across the country over the short (T1), medium (T2), and long-term (T3), ending by 2022, 2027, 2030 respec vely. Many of these are highly ambi ous given the extremely uneven level of ins tu onal arrangements across various states and districts in the country. Based on the current status of implementa on of the DM Plans, each central Ministry, Department, and the State Government will restructure the respec ve DM Plans into these me frames for implementa on while preparing plans or revising exis ng ones. The generalized responsibility framework given in this sec on summarizes the themes for strengthening DR governance and specifies agencies at the centre and state with their respec ve roles. The responsibility framework has six thema c areas in which central and state governments must take ac ons to strengthen disaster risk governance: 1. Mainstream and integrate DRR and Ins tu onal Strengthening 2. Capacity Development, Empower Local Authori es and Strengthen Coordina on Mechanism 3. Promote Par cipatory Approaches, Partnerships and Networks 4. Work with Elected Representa ves 5. Grievance Redress Mechanism 6. Promote Quality Standards, Cer fica ons, and Awards 321 322 Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance Major Themes Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State Short Term (T1) • Cons tu ng a DM cell in each Short Term (T1) ministry/ dept. and designa on of a • Empower local authori es nodal officer not below the rank of • Carry out assessment of the technical, Joint Secretary financial and administra ve capacity for • Carry out assessment of the technical, disaster risk management at all levels financial and administra ve capacity within the state for disaster risk management Medium Term (T2) NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY • Strengthen/ establish coordina on • Improve work culture and convergence mechanisms • Promote the coherence and development • Promote the coherence and of relevant laws, regula ons, and public • Mainstream and All central development of relevant laws, State/UT, SDMA, policies integrate ministries, regula ons, and public policies DMD$, RD, DDMA, • Adopt and implement disaster risk disaster risk departments, Medium Term (T2) PRIs, ULBs, all reduc on strategies and plans, across reduc on within 1 and agencies • Adopt and implement disaster risk departments different levels and mescale and across all associated with reduc on strategies and plans, across involved in • Make ins tu ons efficient and responsive sectors disaster different levels and mescale disaster • Develop mechanisms, and processes to • Ins tu onal management • Strengthen social inclusion in all management ensure transparency and accountability Strengthening aspects of DRR • Enhance relevant mechanisms and Long Term (T3) ini a ves for transparency • Promote necessary mechanisms and • Strengthen/ establish coordina on and incen ves to ensure high levels of convergence mechanisms at state, compliance with the safety-enhancing district, and local levels provisions Long Term (T3) • Make ins tu ons efficient and Promote necessary mechanisms and responsive; Improve work culture incen ves to ensure high levels of • Integrate DRR into development compliance with the safety-enhancing policies and planning at all levels of provisions administra on and development Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance Major Themes Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State • Develop mechanisms, and processes to ensure transparency and accountability Recurring Recurring Implementa on in state ministries, • Guidance, technical support, departments, and agencies oversight, and monitoring to Short Term (T1) departments, other agencies, and Develop capabili es at state, district, block, states and local levels to understand disaster risk, • Strengthening of na onal integrated develop DM plans, implement relevant disaster risk reduc on mechanisms policies, laws, and ensure compliance with • Facilitate coordina on for DRR across risk reduc on safety standards sectors Medium Term (T2) NDMA, NIDM • Capacity • Facilita ng par cipa on of civil State/UT, SDMA, • Involve communi es, PRIs, municipali es, Mul ple Development society organiza ons, private sector, DMD$, RD, DDMA, urban local bodies, etc., elected ministries and • Empower local and educa onal ins tu ons PRIs, ULBs, All representa ves, civil society agencies as 2 authori es Short Term (T1) departments organiza ons, private sector, and men oned • Strengthen Prepara on of DMP/DRRP plans by all involved in educa onal ins tu ons hazard-wise in coordina on central ministries, departments, and disaster • Develop necessary capacity to understand Chapters 1, 4, 7, mechanisms agencies management and effec vely enforce regulatory norms 8, 9, 10 Medium Term (T2) and standards for DRR • Develop necessary capacity to • Sensi se all state departments and understand and effec vely enforce agencies about the importance of social regulatory norms and standards for inclusion in DRR DRR • Create awareness of the role of • Give special emphasis in suppor ng ecosystems and appropriate land-use in the state-level efforts DRR • Strengthen the DRR capabili es of all Long Term (T3) central ministries and departments • Assess exis ng DRR capaci es (all types) NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN at various levels and implement capacity 323 324 Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance Major Themes Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State • Sensi se all central ministries, development programmes to address the departments, and agencies about the requirements importance of social inclusion in DRR • Assess current capaci es at the state and • Create awareness of the role of local levels to address the challenges ecosystems and appropriate land-use posed by climate change and implement in DRR programmes to develop the required Long Term (T3) capaci es • Assess exis ng DRR capaci es (all • Integra ng environmental and types) at various levels and implement appropriate land-use management in all NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY capacity development programmes to DRR plans address the requirements • Assess current capaci es to address the challenges posed by climate change and implement programmes to develop the required capaci es • Integra ng environmental and appropriate land-use management in all DRR plans Short Term (T1) Recurring State/UT, SDMA , • Facilitate the sound assignment of Promote for par cipa on of communi es, All central DMD$, RD, DDMA, roles and tasks individuals, households, and businesses in Promote ministries, PRIs, ULBs, All • Provide guidelines and support to all aspects of disaster management Par cipatory departments, departments facilitate par cipatory approaches Short Term (T1) 3 Approaches, and agencies involved in with accountability Implement par cipatory approaches in Partnerships and associated with disaster Medium Term (T2) disaster management based on a mul - Networks disaster management, • Promote interna onal coopera on hazard approach, with emphasis on hazards management especially DRD and partnerships (global, regional, more frequent in the region/ loca on and UDD SAARC) Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance Major Themes Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State • Promote dialogue and coopera on Long Term (T3) among experts, communi es and Establish and strengthen government prac oners of DRR coordina on forums composed of relevant Long Term (T3) stakeholders • Strengthen na onal, sectoral and regional networks of experts, managers and planners for DRR • Encourage partnerships among stakeholders across all aspects of DRR State/UT, SDMA, DMD$, RD, DDMA, PRIs, ULBs, All Recurring Recurring departments • Sensi ze the poli cal leadership Work with elected NIDM, NDMA, • Sensi ze the poli cal leadership 4 involved in • Involve the poli cal leadership at state, representa ves MHA, MOPA • Involve the poli cal leadership in disaster district, block, and local levels in na onal levels in discussions on DRR management, discussions on DRR especially DRD and UDD Recurring Recurring Ensuring the func oning of a sound Ensuring the func oning of a sound grievance redress mechanism in all the Nodal Ministries/ grievance redress mechanism in all the ministries/ agencies involved in disaster State/UT, SDMA, departments ministries/ agencies involved in disaster response DMD$, RD, DDMA, no fied by the response Grievance Redress Short Term (T1) PRIs, ULBs, all 5 GOI hazard-wise Short Term (T1) Mechanism (GRM) • Review exis ng GRM applicable for departments for overall • Review exis ng GRM applicable for state state and centre, within state and involved in coordina on and and centre and within state inter-state needs disaster response response • Develop plans to strengthen GRM NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN • Develop plans to strengthen GRM Medium Term (T2) Medium Term (T2) 325 Implement plans for strengthening GRM Implement plans for strengthening GRM 326 Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance Major Themes Central/ State Agencies and their Responsibili es Centre Responsibility – Centre State Responsibility – State Recurring Short Term (T1) • Ensure implementa on of standards MRTH, MOR, • Formulate laws, regula ons along • Monitor compliance AERB, DAE, BIS, with wide public consulta ons Short Term (T1) MORD, MHUA, • Ini ate consulta ons on na onal Formulate state-level regula ons along MoHRD, standards in the domain of DRR with wide public consulta ons Promote quality Professional Medium Term (T2) Medium Term (T2) standards, such as bodies, Various • Ins tute systems of cer fica ons and State/UT, SDMA, • Develop suitable by-laws specifically for 6 cer fica ons and organiza ons awards for DRR DMD$, RD, DDMA, urban and rural areas NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY awards for disaster involved in • Develop enforcement mechanisms PRIs, ULBs • Ins tute systems of cer fica ons and risk management developing Long Term (T3) awards for DRR standards • Develop techno-legal regimes • Develop enforcement mechanisms (Hazard-wise • Establish ins tu onal arrangements Long Term (T3) details in for monitoring compliance • Implement techno-Legal regimes Chapter-7) • Establish standards/ norms/ codes for • Establish ins tu onal arrangements for disaster risk reduc on monitoring compliance ($) DMD-Disaster Management Department: The state government department ac ng as the nodal department for disaster management, which is not the same in every state/UT. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 13 Interna onal Coopera on 13.1 Par cipa on in Interna onal Efforts India plays an ac ve role in global ini a ves on disaster management. India is a signatory to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduc on and is commi ed to achieve the priori es and the objec ves through systema c and ins tu onal efforts. Wi th mul -dimensional ini a ves and exper se, India remains commi ed to playing a leading role in strengthening regional and interna onal coopera on efforts in mi ga ng and reducing the effects from disasters. India is one of the par cipa ng countries and works closely with the UNISDR. The United Na on Disaster Management Team in India comprises of UN agencies such as Food and Agriculture Organiza on, Interna onal Labour Organiza on, United Na ons Development Programme, United Na ons Educa onal, Scien fic and Cultural Organiza on, United Na ons Popula on Fund, United Na ons High Commission for Refugees, United Na ons Children’s Fund, World Food Programme, and World Health Organiza on. India is par cipa ng in the Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduc on programme. India is one of the founder members of Asian Disaster Reduc on Centre. India has agreements with the several countries for coopera on in the field of disaster management. India has been working closely with many countries for the exchange of ideas and exper se in disaster management. 13.2 Accep ng Foreign Assistance As a ma er of policy, the Government of India does not issue any appeal for foreign assistance in the wake of a disaster. However , if the na onal government of another country voluntarily offers assistance as a goodwill gesture in solidarity with the disaster vic ms, the decision on acceptance of all such offers vests solely with the Central Government. The primary responsibility for reviewing such foreign offers of assistance rests with the Ministry of External Affairs which will consult and coordinate with the Ministry of Home Affairs. All offers of assistance from foreign governments will be routed through the Ministry of External Affairs. Offers of assistance in-kind, including technical assistance, emergency rescue teams, reconstruc on assistance, etc. will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, in consulta on with the Ministry of Home Affairs, which will assess the requirements based on inputs from th e concerned State governments. In the case of contribu ons from NRIs, PIOs and foreign non-governmental bodies such as Founda ons, etc. such dona ons may be accepted through the Prime Minister’s and Chief Minister’s relief funds. All other dona ons from foreign non-governmental en es to Indian non-governmental en es must be compliant with extant regula ons, including the Foreign Contribu on (Regula on) Act 2010. 13.3 Accep ng Mul lateral Assistance In the case of an offer of assistance from UN Agencies, the Government of India will evaluate and consider all such offers on its merits. If accepted, GOI will issue direc ons to the respec ve Ministry 327 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY or State Government to coordinate with the concerned UN agency. India will permit UN agencies and interna onal NGOs already opera ng in the country at the me of the disaster event to con nue render their humanitarian assistance to people in the affected area in coordina on with the relevant Central Ministries/Departments and the State Government in accordance with applicable norms and protocols. 13.4 Fostering Partnerships India is keen to share exper se and work with other countries in the areas of disaster management. India can play a major role for capacity building in the Asia Pacific region and looking forward to building sustained regional and interna onal partnerships under the Sendai Framework. India is committed to work with countries in the region and beyond in building resilient na ons and communi es, against disasters. India is looking forward to engaging with the interna onal community in providing humanitarian assistance to other countries in need. 328 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 14 Maintaining, Monitoring and Upda ng the Plan 14.1 Background Regular maintenance is cri cal to ensure the relevance and effec veness of the DM plans. Plan maintenance is the dynamic process. The plan must be periodically updated to make it consistent with the changes in Government policies, ini a ves, and priori es as well as to incorporate technological changes and global experiences. Evalua ng the effec veness of plans involves a combina on of training events, exercises, and real-world incidents to determine whether the goals, objec ves, decisions, ac ons, and ming outlined in the plan led to a successful response. In this way, the emergency preparedness exercises become an integral part of the planning process. The DM planners must be aware of lessons and prac ces from various parts of India as well as lessons from across the world. The trainings, mock drills and exercises are crucial to evalua ng the opera onal aspects of the plan, rec fy gaps, and improving the efficiency of the plan. The likelihoods of emergencies and actual occurrences are also occasions for evalua ng the plan, making innova ons, and for upda ng the plan, SOPs and guidelines. At mes, opera ons experience setbacks due to outdated informa on, ineffec ve procedures, incorrect role assignments, and outdated norms. Further, the priori es for a jurisdic on may change over me as the makeup of the included communi es change, as resources expand or contract, and as capabili es evolve. 14.2 Training and Drills At different levels, the nodal agency tasked with developing res pec ve DM plan must disseminate it to all other agencies associated with the plan execu on having specific responsibili es (Central Ministries/ Departments, State Governments/ UTs, etc. ). These key stakeholder agencies are required to train their personnel, so that they have the knowledge, skills and abili es needed to perform the tasks iden fied in the plan. Each agency shall assign nodal officers for DM and prepare adequate training schedule. Each nodal agency for DM must hold, in accordance with a mandatory metable, training workshops with regular mock drills, at least twice a year. Such programs are crucial to ensure full preparedness and to maintain opera onal readiness of the disaster response opera on teams, ins tu onal mechanisms, and the equipment. Mock drills and trainings must be organized to test their readiness to deploy within the shortest possible me following the ac va on of a disaster response. They shall be conducted in a manner like that of the drills carried out by fire-figh ng department or army units. These workshops and drills must be held at the pre-designated loca ons or base camps under the guidance of the designated incident commanders and associated departmental heads. The objective of all these trainings and drills would be to both familiarize the teams with the DMP and to increase their opera onal efficiencies. The trainings are crucial because they go beyond concepts and guidelines into inculca ng in the individuals the cri cal importance of working as a coherent team for emergency response with a clear chain of command. The workshops and drills will also provide an opportunity to prac ce SOPs. These workshops would also give the teams an opportunity to develop all the stakeholders into a cohesive response unit. 329 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 14.3 Tes ng the Plan and Learning to Improve Evalua ng the effec veness of a plan involves a combina on of training events, exercises and real- me incidents to determine whether the goals, objec ves, decisions, ac ons and mings outlined in the plan led to a successful response. The purpose of exercises and drills is to promote preparedness by tes ng the plan with equal par cipa on of all relevant stakeholders. The process of evalua on and remedial ac ons will iden fy, illuminate, and correct problems with the DMP. This process must capture informa on from exercises, post -disaster cri ques, self-assessments, audits, administra ve reviews, or lessons-learned processes that may indicate that deficiencies exist. Members of the planning team should reconvene to discuss the problem and to consider and assign responsibility for genera ng remedies across all mission areas. Remedial ac ons may involve revising planning assump ons and opera onal concepts, changing organiza onal tasks, or modifying organiza onal implemen ng instruc ons (i.e., the SOPs/SOGs). Remedial ac ons may also involve reassessment of capabili es, revisi ng assump ons made in the DMP, and finding solu ons to overcome the deficiencies. The final component of a remedial ac on process is a mechanism for tracking and following up on the assigned ac ons. As appropriate, significant issues and problems iden fied through a remedial ac on process and/or the annual review should provide the informa on needed to allow the planning team to make the necessary revision(s) to the plan. 14.4 Monitoring by Central Ministries/Depts. and States/UTs All central ministries, departments and States/UTs should prepare a checklist with verifiable indicators to regularly monitor the progress of the implementa on of respec ve DM plans. The monitoring system must be aligned with the Sendai framework monitoring checklist (Annexure-III). Keeping the Sendai framework as a reference, they must develop specific checklists relevant to various hazards. The monitoring must include periodic reviews synchronised with the quasi-cyclic or recurring nature of hazards such as cyclone, or flood. They must also regularly review preparedness for disasters that tend to occur without warnings or are extremely rare such as earthquake or tsunami. For recurring or frequent hazards, they should employ check lists to assess preparedness before the onset of the season. For other hazards, this can be undertaken as an annual exercise. Ministries / Departments of Government of India should also conduct periodic review on the extent of financial provisions required for implemen ng their Plan. 14.5 Revise/ Update This step closes the loop in the planning process. It focuses on adding the informa on gained by exercising the plan to the lessons learnt while execu ng and start the planning cycle all over again. All the relevant stakeholders should establish a process for reviewing and revising the plan. Each DM plan must be reviewed periodically and updated. It should also be reviewed and updated as indicated below: • Major review and revisions a er each major incident • A er significant change in opera onal resources (e.g., policy, personnel, organiza onal structures, management processes, facili es, equipment) • Subsequent to any no fica on or formal update of planning guidance or standards 330 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN • A er every case of plan ac va on in an cipa on of an emergency • A er the comple on of major exercises • A change in the district’s demographics or hazard or threat profile • Enactment of new or amended laws or ordinances In excep onal circumstances where the magnitude of the incidence or the situa on demand s/ needs extra measures to be taken, appropriate authority will make necessary amendments. Various Ministries, States, and Union Territories will cooperate with the exercise of revising the plan as needed. 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UNDP (2015) Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance: UNDP Support during the HFA Implementa on Period 2005-2015, New York. 334 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN UNFCC (2015) Paris Agreement, FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1 h ps://unfccc.int/process-and-mee ngs/conferences/past-conferences/paris-climate-change- conference-november-2015/cop-21/cop-21-decisions UNISDR (2014) Charter 14 for Older People in Disaster Risk Reduc on. h ps://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publica ons/4 0218 (accessed Sep 20, 2019) UNISDR (2015a), Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduc on 2015-2030. h p://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publica ons/43291 (accessed Sep 20, 2019) UNISDR (2015b) Global Assessment Report 2015. h ps://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publica ons/42809 (accessed Sep 20, 2019) UNISDR (2016) Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology rela ng to disaster risk reduc on. h ps://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publica ons/51748 (accessed Sep. 20, 2019) UNISDR (2017) Build Back Be er in Recovery, Rehabilita on and Reconstruc on: Consulta ve Version WCDRR (2015) Mobilizing Women's Leadership in Disaster Risk Reduc on, Third United Na ons World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduc on (3WCDRR), Sendai, Japan, 14 -18 March 2015 World Bank Group (2012), Turn Down the Heat: Why a 4oC warmer world must be avoided. 335 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 336 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Annexure-I: List of NDMA’s Disaster Management Guidelines Source: h p://ndma.gov.in/en/ndma-guidelines.html (as on Sep. 30, 2019) 1. Biological Disasters (Guidelines on Management of) 2. Boat Safety (Guidelines on) 3. Chemical Disasters (Guidelines on) 4. Chemical (Terrorism) Disasters (Guidelines on Management of) 5. Cultural Heritage Sites and Precincts (Guidelines on) 6. Cyclones (Guidelines on Management of) 7. Dead in the A ermath of Disaster (Guidelines on Management of) 8. Disability Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduc on (Na onal Disaster Management Guidelines on) 9. Drought (Guidelines on Management of) 10. Earthquakes (Guidelines on Management of) 11. Fire Services (Guidelines on Scaling, Type of Equipment and Training of) 12. Floods (Guidelines on Management of) 13. Heatwave (Guidelines for Prepara on of Ac on Plan – Preven on and Management of) 14. Hospital Safety (Guidelines on) 15. Incident Response System (Guidelines on) 16. Landslides and Snow Avalanches (Guidelines on Management of) 17. Medical Preparedness and Mass Casualty Management (Guidelines on) 18. Museums (Guidelines on) 19. Na onal Disaster Management Informa on and Communica on System (Guidelines on) 20. Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies (Guidelines on Management of) 21. Psycho-Social Support and Mental Health Services in Disasters (Guidelines on) 22. Relief (Guidelines on Minimum Standards of) 23. School Safety Policy (Guidelines on) 24. Seismic Retrofi ng of Deficient Buildings and Structures (Guidelines on) 25. State Disaster Management Plans (Guidelines on Prepara on of) 26. Temporary Shelters for Disaster -Affected Families (Na onal Guidelines on) 27. Thunderstorm & Lightning/Squall/Dust/Hailstorm & Strong Winds (Guidelines on Preven on & Management of) 28. Tsunamis (Guidelines on Management of) 29. Urban Flooding (Guidelines on Management of) 337 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 338 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Annexure-II: Hazard Risk Maps for India Vulnerability Atlas of India, Third Edi on 2019 , Building Materials and Technology Promo on Council (BMTPC) h p://www.bmtpc.org/DataFiles/CMS/file/VAI2019/Index.html (accessed Oct 15, 2019) 339 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Earthquake Hazard Map (h p://www.bmtpc.org/DataFiles/CMS/file/VAI2019/eq.html , accessed Oct 15, 2019) 340 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Wind Hazard Map (h p://www.bmtpc.org/DataFiles/CMS/file/VAI2019/wind.html , accessed Oct 15, 2019) 341 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Flood Hazard Map (h p://www.bmtpc.org/DataFiles/CMS/file/VAI2019/flood.html , accessed Oct 15, 2019) 342 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Landslide Incidence Map (h p://www.bmtpc.org/DataFiles/CMS/file/VAI2019/landslide.html , accessed Oct 15, 2019) 343 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Thunderstorm Incidence Map (h p://www.bmtpc.org/DataFiles/CMS/file/VAI2019/th.html , accessed Oct 15, 2019) 344 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Annexure-III: Sendai Framework Indicators A set of 38 indicators was iden fied to measure global progress in the implementa on of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduc on. The indicators will measure progress in achieving the global targets of the Sendai Framework, and determine global trends in the reduc on of risk and losses. Global target A: Substan ally reduce global disaster mortality by 2030, aiming to lower average per 100,000 global mortality between 2020-2030 compared with 2005-2015. A-1 Number of deaths and missing persons a ributed to disasters, per (compound) 100,000 popula on. A-2 Number of deaths a ributed to disasters, per 100,000 popula on. A-3 Number of missing persons a ributed to disasters, per 100,000 popula on. The scope of disaster in this and subsequent targets is defined in paragraph 15 of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduc on 2015 - 2030 and applies to small-scale and large-scale, frequent and infrequent, sudden and slow-onset disasters caused by natural or man-made hazards, as well as related environmental, technological and biological hazards and risk. Global target B: Substan ally reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030, aiming to lower the average global figure per 100,000 between 2020-2030 compared with 2005-2015. B-1 Number of directly affected people a ributed to disasters, per 100,000 (compound) popula on. B-2 Number of injured or ill people a ributed to disasters, per 100,000 popula on. B-3 Number of people whose damaged dwellings were a ributed to disasters. B-4 Number of people whose destroyed dwellings were a ributed to disasters. B-5 Number of people whose livelihoods were disrupted or destroyed, a ributed to disasters. Global target C: Reduce direct disaster economic loss in rela on to global gross domes c product (GDP) by 2030. C-1 Direct economic loss a ributed to disasters in rela on to global gross (compound) domes c product. C-2 Direct agricultural loss a ributed to disasters. Agriculture is understood to include the crops, livestock, fisheries, apiculture, aquaculture and forest sectors as well as associated facili es and infrastructure. C-3 Direct economic loss to all other damaged or destroyed produc ve assets a ributed to disasters. 345 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY Produc ve assets would be disaggregated by economic sector, including services, according to standard interna onal classifica ons. Countries would report against those economic sectors relevant to their economies. This would be described in the associated metadata. C-4 Direct economic loss in the housing sector a ributed to disasters. Data would be disaggregated according to damaged and destroyed dwellings. C-5 Direct economic loss resul ng from damaged or destroyed cri cal infrastructure a ributed to disasters. The decision regarding those elements of cri cal infrastructure to be included in the calcula on will be le to the Member States and described in the accompanying metadata. Protec ve infrastructure and green infrastructure should be included where relevant. C-6 Direct economic loss to cultural heritage damaged or destroyed a ributed to disasters. Global target D: Substan ally reduce disaster damage to cri cal infrastructure and disrup on of basic services, among them health and educa onal facili es, including through developing their resilience by 2030 D-1 Damage to cri cal infrastructure a ributed to disasters. (compound) D-2 Number of destroyed or damaged health facili es a ributed to disasters. D-3 Number of destroyed or damaged educa onal facili es a ributed to disasters. D-4 Number of other destroyed or damaged cri cal infrastructure units and facili es a ributed to disasters. The decision regarding those elements of cri cal infrastructure to be included in the calcula on will be le to the Member States and described in the accompanying metadata. Protec ve infrastructure and green infrastructure should be included where relevant. D-5 Number of disrup ons to basic services a ributed to disasters. (compound) D-6 Number of disrup ons to educa onal services a ributed to disasters. D-7 Number of disrup ons to health services a ributed to disasters. D-8 Number of disrup ons to other basic services a ributed to disasters. The decision regarding those elements of basic services to be included in the calcula on will be le to the Member States and described in the accompanying metadata. Global target E: Substan ally increase the number of countries with na onal and local disaster risk reduc on strategies by 2020. E-1 Number of countries that adopt and implement na onal disaster risk reduc on strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduc on 2015-2030. E-2 Percentage of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduc on strategies in line with na onal strategies. Informa on should be provided on the appropriate levels of government below the na onal level with responsibility for disaster risk reduc on. 346 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Global target F: Substan ally enhance interna onal coopera on to developing countries through adequate and sustainable support to complement their na onal ac ons for implementa on of this framework by 2030. F-1 Total official interna onal support, (official development assistance (ODA) plus other official flows), for na onal disaster risk reduc on ac ons. Repor ng of the provision or receipt of interna onal coopera on for disaster risk reduc on shall be done in accordance with the modali es applied in respec ve countries. Recipient countries are encouraged to provide informa on on the es mated amount of na onal disaster risk reduc on expenditure. F-2 Total official interna onal support (ODA plus other official fl ows) for na onal disaster risk reduc on ac ons provided by mul lateral agencies. F-3 Total official interna onal support (ODA plus other official flows) for na onal disaster risk reduc on ac ons provided bilaterally. F-4 Total official interna onal support (ODA plus other official flows) for the transfer and exchange of disaster risk reduc on -related technology. F-5 Number of interna onal, regional and bilateral programmes and ini a ves for the transfer and exchange of science, tec hnology and innova on in disaster risk reduc on for developing countries. F-6 Total official interna onal support (ODA plus other official flows) for disaster risk reduc on capacity-building. F-7 Number of interna onal, regional and bilateral programmes and ini a ves for disaster risk reduc on-related capacity-building in developing countries. F-8 Number of developing countries supported by interna onal, regional and bilateral ini a ves to strengthen their disaster risk reduc on- related sta s cal capacity. Global target G: Substan ally increase the availability of and access to mul -hazard early warning systems and disaster risk informa on and assessments to the people by 2030. G-1 Number of countries that have mul -hazard early warning systems. (compound G2-G5) G-2 Number of countries that have mul -hazard monitoring and forecas ng systems. G-3 Number of people per 100,000 that are covered by early warning informa on through local governments or through na onal dissemina on mechanisms. G-4 Percentage of local governments having a plan to act on early warnings. G-5 Number of countries that have accessible, understandable, usable and relevant disaster risk informa on and assessment available to the people at the na onal and local levels. G-6 Percentage of popula on exposed to or at risk from disasters protected through pre-emp ve evacua on following early warning. Member States in a posi on to do so are encouraged to provide informa on on the number of evacuated people. Source: h ps://www.preven onweb.net/sendai -framework/sendai-framework-monitor/indicators 347 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 348 Designed & Printed by: MITTAL ENTERPRISES, Delhi # 9811340726