National Plan of Action 2016. Seabirds Mitigation Measures in Indonesian Tuna Longline Fisheries

National Plan of Action Seabirds Mitigation Measures in Indonesian Tuna Longline Fisheries MMAF 2016 Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 2. Current Status of Indonesian Fisheries Related to Incidental Catch of Seabirds ........ 2 2.1. Fisheries Related to Incidental Catch of Seabirds ........................................................ 2 2.2. Status of Incidental Catch of Seabirds ......................................................................... 4 3.National Plan of Action Seabirds Mitigation Measures in Indonesian Tuna Longline Fisheries ............................................................................................................................... 4 3.1. Objective and Scope ................................................................................................... 4 3.2. Mitigation Measures for Reducing Incidental Catch of Seabirds.................................. 5 3.3. Data Collection and Analysis ...................................................................................... 5 3.4. Research and Development ......................................................................................... 6 3.5. Assessment ................................................................................................................. 7 3.6. Education, Training and Publicity ............................................................................... 7 3.7. International Cooperation............................................................................................ 7 3.8. Others ......................................................................................................................... 8 1 1. Introduction As a member of the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Indonesia commits to adopt the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF). One of the objectives of this code is to implement a national policy to conserve and manage fisheries responsibly fisheries. Indonesia government had implemented the objective into Indonesian Law No 45 in 2009, concerning Fisheries to ensure that each resource will be utilized sustainably. Unintentionally, longline fisheries operating on the world’s oceans catch seabirds, and there are concerns about the negative impact of seabird bycatch on their conservation status. The seabird bycatch has the possibility adversely impacting fishing productivity and profitability. Thus, there is an increasing need for conservation and management of seabird populations, resulting in more petitions for mitigation measures to reduce the incidental mortality of seabirds in longline fisheries. According to the increasing attention to unintended catch of seabirds in longline fisheries and its potential negative impact on seabird populations, in March 1997, at the Twenty second Session of the Committee on Fisheries (COFI), a proposal was formulated that the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) organize an expert consultation to develop guidelines leading to a plan of action for reducing the incidental catch of seabirds. The International Plan of Action for Reducing Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Longline Fisheries (IPOA-Seabirds) was developed through the meeting of a Technical Working Group in Tokyo in March 1988 and the Consultation on the Management of Fishing Capacity, Shark Fisheries and Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Longline Fisheries held October 1998 and its preparatory meeting held in Rome July 1998. Noting the recommendation of the IPOA-Seabirds, States in the waters of which longline fisheries are being conducted by their own or foreign vessels, and states that conduct longline fisheries on the high seas and in the exclusive economic zones (EEZ) of other States are encouraged to establish and implement National Plans of Action for Reducing Incidental Catch of Seabirds (NPOA-Seabirds) in efforts to scientifically analyse impacts of longline fisheries on seabirds and to develop mitigation measures suited to each specific fishery. Therefore, the Republic of Indonesia is establishing its National Plan of Action for Reducing Incidental Catch of Seabirds. The NPOA-Seabirds will provide guidelines for reducing incidental catch of seabirds to all longline fisheries operating in the exclusive economic zone of Indonesia and to all Indonesian longline fisheries operating in waters outside the State. Before that, Indonesia already had a ministerial decree which regulates the 2 mitigation of seabirds caught seabird, this being in Marine Affairs and Fishery Ministerial Decree No 12/ 2012. Indonesia undertakes to implement its NPOA-Seabirds through efforts to develop effective mitigation measures for reducing incidental catch of seabirds and, to this end, ensure support for implementation of the NPOA-Seabirds as well as stronger activity in education, training and publicity. 2. Current Status of Indonesian Fisheries Related to Incidental Catch of Seabirds 2.1. Fisheries Related to Incidental Catch of Seabirds Indonesian tuna longline fisheries are classified small scale and industrial scale fisheries. The small scale usually operate wooden and fiberglass vessels under 60 GT with less than 20 crew. The industrial tuna longline fisheries operate fishing vessels with size mainly more than 60 GT. The fishing ground of these longline vessel is mixed, from coastal and offshore to high seas (Figure x). Generally fishing vessels 30 GT and above are managed by the central government while below 30 GT are managed by local governments. Depending upon target species and fishing methods, there are several types of industrial Indonesia tuna longline fishery, generally classified into three types: the surface, the middle, and the deep tuna longline. Accordingly, the National Plan of Action for Reducing Incidental Catch of Seabirds applies to all tuna longline fisheries. 2.1.1. Tuna Longline Fishery There are large commercial fisheries for tunas throughout Indonesia, involving fleets from coastal states and distant water fishing nations, operating in coastal state EEZs and on the high seas. Two potential Indonesian tuna fishing grounds are the Pacific Ocean which includes Indonesian FMA 713-717 and the Indian Ocean which includes Indonesian FMA 572-573. The tuna fishing gear used in those fishing grounds commonly are purse seine, pole and-line, troll line/hand line and tuna long line. Among the others fishing gear types targeting tuna only, tuna long liner is considered to have interaction with sea birds. Indonesian tuna long liners are mostly operated in Indian Ocean and the number of Indonesian tuna long line fleets registered in Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) in 2014 was 1,282 vessels (Table 1). 3 Table 1. Registered Indonesian fishing vessels by size (GT) as reported to IOTC in 2014 (Irianto et al., 2015). Distribution of tuna long line fishing activity as a result of RITF-CFRD’s observer programs 2005-2014 which include between latitudes 0° and 34°S and longitudes 75° and 135°E, and also in the Banda Sea. Fishing activity mostly occurred within the area between 10° - 20°S and 105° - 120°E (Fig.1). Figure 1. Spatial distribution of the observed sets from 2005 to 2014 (source: Observer Program data RITF, Benoa). DGCF (2015) reported that the catch estimate of tuna long line fleets in 2014 was 44,163 ton comprised of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) 14,811 ton, bigeye tuna (T.obesus) 16,414 ton, skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) 6,337 ton, albacore tuna (T.alalunga) and southern bluefin tuna (T.maccoyii) 1,063 ton. The RITF scientific observer program also reported that Indonesian tuna long line also caught bycatch including sharks, billfishes, marine turtle and sea birds (Irianto et al., 2015). Studies of the relationships between seabirds and tuna long line fisheries in Indonesia to date are scarce with no quantitative information available. Lack of regulations and observer programs specifically related to seabird mortality are noticeable features of longline Size Number < 50 241 51 - 100 474 101 - 200 546 201 -300 3 301- 500 6 501 - 800 12 T o t a l 1,282 4 fisheries in Indonesia. The following information has been gathered from the RITF scientific observer program. From a total of 638 sets of tuna long lines observed within latitudes 15 35oS between 2005 to 2012 incidentally caught of 8 seabirds, 6 of which were released alive (2 being dead). 2.2. Status of Incidental Catch of Seabirds Recently, it was reported that the world's seabirds are more threatened than any other group of birds. Of about 350 seabird species, 29% are globally threatened and a further 10% near threatened, while nearly half are known or suspected to be experiencing declines in their populations. The albatross family is especially imperilled, with 17 of 22 species threatened with extinction. Thus urgent measures for protecting and managing these species are required. As a result of observer trips, bycatch of seabirds incidentally caught by Indonesian tuna longliners were mostly found in the waters of 10°~35°S and 75°~105°E, with most being black albatros, white albatroses, white albatroses, and gulls. 3. National Plan of Action Seabirds Mitigation Measures in Indonesian Tuna Longline Fisheries 3.1. Objective and Scope 3.1.1. Objective Taking into account the IPOA-seabirds provided by FAO, the National Plan of Action for Reducing Incidental Catch of Seabirds (NPOA-seabirds) has been developed to enhance conservation and management measures of seabirds by promoting international cooperation to reduce the mortality of seabirds. 3.1.2. Scope The NPOA-Seabirds applies to all Indonesian tuna longliners operating in the waters of Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) i.e. WCPFC, IOTC and CCSBT and the high seas, as well as Indonesian and foreign vessels which undertake longline fishering in the EEZ of Indonesia. 5 3.2. Mitigation Measures for Reducing Incidental Catch of Seabirds 3.2.1. IOTC and CCSBT Area of Competence Implementation of mitigation measures for reducing incidental catch of seabirds in distant water fisheries is regulated by the Distant Water Fisheries Development Act, and fishers can be fined for breeching this regulation. Longliners operating in the waters under jurisdiction of IOTC and CCSBT, should sincerely implement mitigation measures for reducing incidental catch of seabirds in accordance with resolutions of IOTC and CCSBT. For those operating in the waters outside of the jurisdiction of IOTC and CCSBT, they are also encouraged to take appropriate measures to minimize incidental catch of seabirds. The policy to reduce incidental catch of seabirds under Marine Affairs and Fisheries Ministerial Decree No 12 in 2012 regulates: 1. The longliners that fish south of 25°S have to implement effective mitigation to prevent the unintended catch of seabird.The mitigation consists of: 1) Night setting with minimum deck lighting; 2) bird-scaring lines (Tori lines); 3) weighted branchlines; 4) blue-dyed bait of squid; 5) control residual of waste; 6) use of line shooter 2. For a seabird bycaught alive in the process of longline operation, the fishers have to release it alive 3. For a seabird bycaught and dead in the process of longline operation, the fishers have to report it to the head of the port for reporting to DGCF 3.2.2. Other Areas For longliners that operate in the waters outside the jurisdiction of RFMOs, within wasters managed by RFMOs but not yet officially established, or within the EEZ of Indonesia, they are encouraged to voluntarily implement and improve mitigation measures for reducing seabird bycatch. 3.3. Data Collection and Analysis Data on seabirds incidentally bycaught by tuna longline fisheries should be reported in the bycatch logbook in accordance with the Regulations on Reporting of Fishing Operations in the Indonesian EEZ and high seas. This logbook should be submitted monthly to the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fishery (MMAF), along with the tuna and tuna-like species logbook. Data reported by fishers are collected and analyzed by Directorate General of Captured Fisheries (DGCF) and submitted to the competent RFMOs as requested. 6 As for incidental bycatch of seabirds by the coastal and offshore fisheries in the EEZ of Indonesia, there is a lack of information, and a concrete plan for data collection on seabird bycatch has not been developed so far. However, in an effort to enhance conservation of seabirds, Indonesia is planning to monitor incidental catch of seabirds in these waters. To improve data on seabird bycatch, the DGCF has published and distributed the Field Guide to Bycatch Species in Indonesian Tuna Longliners”. However, there remains a limit to the collection of accurate data on seabird bycatch. Because fishers are not experts on seabirds, the data may contain inaccuracies such as of species identification. To overcome such problems this problem, Indonesia is implementing scientific observer programs to improve the quality of data. For assessing the status of incidental mortality of seabirds and the effectiveness of mitigation measures, it is necessary to collect correct and reliable data. Hence, longline vessels are encouraged to make the following efforts for collection of the best data. 1. Fishers are encouraged to record and report the detailed data, including name of species, number of bycatch, fate (dead/alive), whether released alive or not, etc. 2. Longliners fishing in the waters of RFMOs jurisdiction shall record and report relevant data in a logbook in accordance with resolutions of the competent RFMOs. 3. If it is impossible to identify the species of seabirds, fishers should take pictures of the seabirds and send them to the DGCF. 4. Scientific observers onboard should collect as much relevant data on seabirds bycaught incidentally as possible and make efforts to collect data on seabirds observed near the fishing vessel as well. 3.4. Research and Development Indonesia will do research to develop mitigation measures best suited to Indonesian longline vessels for reducing incidental catch of seabirds. Indonesia agrees there is an urgent need for an effective conservation and management plan for seabirds. Although Indonesia is presently in the early stages of developing the research system on seabirds, Indonesia will establish the infrastructure of Research and Development (R&D) and promote its medium-to longterm plan. The R&D plan for reducing incidental catch of seabirds will be developed taking into account the following objectives. 1. To develop the most effective and practical seabird deterrent devices 2. To develop devices that respect extensive experience of fishers 3. To develop devices with the cost minimized but safety maximized 7 3.5. Assessment The purpose of the NPOA-Seabirds assessment is to monitor the status of seabird bycatch by Indonesian longline fisheries and to assess the progress of implementation, effectiveness and development. To assess the NPOA-Seabirds, Indonesia will regularly monitor longline fisheries to determine if a problem exists with respect to incidental catch of seabirds. If a problem exists, Indonesia will adopt a revised edition of the NPOA-Seabirds and continue its effort to reduce incidental catch of seabirds. 3.6. Education, Training and Publicity In an effort to raise awareness regarding conservation and management of seabirds and to disseminate mitigation measures regulated by RFMOs to fishers, the Research Center and Development of Fisheries (RCDF) of Indonesia conducts education/training for operators of fishing vessels prior to departure on trips. In addition, the RCDF carries out a variety of publicity activities including international workshops attended by both Indonesian and international experts on seabirds. To help fishers understanding bycatch better, the RCDF, helped by Research Institute for Tuna Fisheries (RITF) has translated the identification card provided by IOTC to be distributed and used easily and conveniently on board, which is also offered to governmental and educational organizations and the general public. To effectively implement the NPOA-Seabirds, the following activities will be taken: 1. Develop and improve education/training programs for fishers 2. Revise the field guide on bycatch species, for publication and dissemination 3. Strengthen of public relations 3.7. International Cooperation Indonesia will fully implement its NPOA-Seabirds for reducing incidental catch of seabirds in longline fisheries and make efforts to develop and disseminate effective and practical mitigation measures. In addition, Indonesia will actively cooperate with the other states and the international specialist organzations with much technical knowledge and experiences of seabirds. 8 3.8. Others The Republic of Indonesia will continue to develop and implement its National Plan of Action for Reducing Incidental Catch of Seabirds in tuna Longline Fisheries based upon regular assessment. 9 A nnex 1. IO TC Seabird Identification C ard Translation D raft E N G LISH IN D O N ESIA C O U V ER T U R E / C O V ER SEA B IR D ID EN TIFIC A TIO N C A R D S K artu Identifikasi B urung Laut for Fishing V essels operating in the Indian O cean U ntuk kapal perikanan yang beroperasi di Sam udra H india PA G E 1 These seabird identification cards are produced as part of a series of aw areness m aterials developed by the Indian O cean Tuna C om m ission in order to im prove the reporting of interactions betw een vessels targeting species under the m anagem ent m andate of the IO TC and seabirds. K artu identifikasi burung laut ini dibuat oleh Indian O cean Tuna C om m ission (IO TC ) dan Loka Penelitian Perikanan Tuna. K artu identifikasi ini m erupakan bagian dari m ateri kam panye untuk m eningkatkan kualitas pelaporan terkait interaksi burung laut dengan kapal-kapal yang m enargetkan spesies yang pengelolaannya berada di baw ah m andat pengelolaan IO TC . This publication w as m ade possible through financial assistance provided by <partner>. Publikasi ini dapat disusun berkat dukungan dana dari <m itra> For further inform ation contact: U ntuk Inform asi lebih lanjut, kontak: A cknow ledgem ents: W e gratefully acknow ledge contributions from B irdlife International and the Secretariat of A C A P for the developm ent of these seabird identification cards. U capan terim a kasih : K am i ucapkan terim a kasih atas kontribusi dari Birdlife International dan sekretariat A C A P untuk penyusunan kartu identifikasi burung laut ini Illustrations by Peter H aym an, reproduced w ith perm ission of R andom H ouse Struik Publishers from Sasol B irds of Southern A frica. Ilustrasi oleh Peter H aym an, diperbanyak dengan izin yang diberikan oleh R andom H ouse Struik Publishers dari buku Sasol Birds of Southern Africa. Photos courtesy of D r. R oss W anless, Projeto A lbatroz/Fabiano Peppes, A lbatross Task Force/B irdLife South A frica. Foto dari D r. R oss W anless, Projeto A lbatroz/Fabiano Peppes, A lbatross Task Force/B irdLife South A frica. © C opyright: IO TC , 2011. D esign and layout: Julien M illion. © H ak cipta: IO TC , 2011. D esain dan Tata Letak: Julien M illion. PA G E 2 Seabirds are species that derive their sustenance prim arily from the ocean and w hich spend the bulk of their tim e (w hen not on land at breeding sites) at sea. Seabirds are characterised as being late to m ature and slow to reproduce; som e do not start to breed until they are ten years old. To com pensate for this, seabirds are long-lived, w ith natural adult m ortality typically very low . These traits m ake any increase in hum an-induced adult m ortality potentially dam aging for population viability, as even sm all increases in m ortality can result in population declines. B urung laut adalah jenis burung yang m encari m akanan di laut lepas dan m enghabiskan sebagian besar w aktunya (ketika tidak berkem bang biak di darat) di laut. B urung laut m em erlukan w aktu yang relatif lam a untuk m enjadi dew asa dan berkem bang biak; beberapa jenis bahkan belum m ulai berbiak hingga berusia sepuluh tahun. Sebagai kom pensasinya, burung laut berum ur panjang, dengan tingkat kem atian alam i burung dew asa yang rendah. B erdasarkan sifat-sifat ini, kenaikan tingkat kem atian burung tidak terjadi secara alam i, nam un cam pur tangan m anusia, akan berpotensi m erusak kelangsungan hidup populasinya. B ahkan sekecil apapun gangguan m anusia dapat m engakibatkan penurunan populasi. 10 Eight seabird fam ilies occur w ithin the Indian O cean Tuna C om m ission (IO TC ) area of com petence, either regularly or as breeding populations. O f these, the Procellariiform es (albatrosses and petrels) are the species m ost susceptible to being caught as bycatch in longline fisheries, and therefore are m ost susceptible to direct interactions w ith IO TC fisheries. D elapan fam ili burung laut berada dalam w ilayah kerja Indian O cean Tuna C om m ission (IO TC ), baik secara rutin ataupun hanya sebagai populasi sem entara yang berkem bang biak di daerah tersebut. Sebagian diantara nya, yaitu anggota dari O rdo Procellariiform es (albatros dan petrel) adalah spesies yang paling rentan tertangkap secara tidak sengaja pada perikanan pancing raw ai. O leh karena itu, albatros dan petrel adalah spesies yang sangat rentan terhadap dam pak langsung kegiatan perikanan IO TC . These cards w ill help observers and fishers to identify seabirds caught by fishing vessels operating in the IO TC area of com petence. Each card contains the com m on and scientific nam es of the seabird, its conservation status (C R critically endangered, EN endangered, V U vulnerable, N T - near threatened), som e inform ation about its adult size (w ingspan) and habitat as w ell as som e key features for its identification. D istribution m aps show the approxim ate range for each species in the IO TC area of com petence. K artu ini akan m em bantu pem antau (observer) dan nelayan untuk m engidentifikasi burung laut yang tertangkap di kapal-kapal perikanan yang beroperasi di w ilayah kerja IO TC . K artu ini berisi nam a um um dan ilm iah burung laut, status konservasinya (C R kritis, EN terancam punah, V U rentan, N T - ham pir terancam ), beberapa inform asi tentang ukuran dew asa (bentangan sayap), habitat dan beberapa ciri kunci untuk identifikasi. Peta distribusi m enunjukkan perkiraan daerah lintasan setiap spesies di w ilayah kom petensi IO TC . Identify, record, photograph and report every seabird interaction w ith your vessel. Identifikasi, catat, foto dan laporkan setiap interaksi burung laut di kapal A nda PA G E 3 A lbatrosses A lbatros A lbatrosses’ nostrils are N O T fused into a tube and are clearly visible as tw o separate openings either side of the bill. They are large birds w ith very long w ings com pared to body length. Lubang hidung albatros TID A K m enyatu m enjadi satu saluran dan jelas terlihat sebagai dua bukaan yang terpisah pada kedua sisi paruh. A lbatros adalah burung besar dengan sayap yang sangat panjang dibandingkan dengan panjang tubuhnya. G enus D iom edea G enus D iom edea Four species occur in the IO TC area. W orld’s biggest seabirds, w ith very large heavy bills and w ingspan. A ll-w hite backs unique am ongst albatrosses (but note young W andering A lbatrosses have dark backs). Em pat spesies dari genus ini ada di w ilayah IO TC . M erupakan burung laut terbesar di dunia, dengan paruh yang sangat besar dan berat serta bentangan sayap yang lebar. Punggung yang seluruhnya berw arna putih m enjadi pem beda dari albatros lainnya (nam un, albatros kelana (D iom eda exulans), pada saat m uda, punggungnya berw arna gelap). G enus Phoebetria G enus Phoebetria Tw o species of all-dark albatrosses w ith clear w hite eye-ring and colourful, fleshy line on bills. Terdiri atas dua spesies yang keduanya berw arna tubuh gelap, lingkar m ata berw arna putih dan terdapat garis berdaging pada paruhnya. B ew are: relatively sm all, slender bills and sm all, separate nostrils allow this group to be separated from the G iant Petrels, w hich are (m ostly) also all brow n. G iant Petrels have large, bulky bills w ith a large, fused nostril tube on the top of their bill. H ati-hati: jenis ini berukuran relatif kecil, paruh ram ping dan kecil, lubang hidung yang terpisah m enjadi salah satu pem beda burung ini dengan burung petrel raksasa yang (kebanyakan) juga berw arna gelap. B urung petrel raksasa berparuh besar dan tebal dengan lubang hidung berbentuk tabung yang m enyatu di atas paruhnya. G enus Thalassarche G enus Thalassarche 11 M edium and sm all albatrosses w ith w ingspans ranging from 2 – 2.5 m . A ll have dark backs, but Shy A lbatrosses backs fade to grey (never w hite) over tim e. A lbatros berukuran sedang dan kecil dengan bentangan sayap 2 – 2.5 m . Seluruhnya berpunggung gelap, nam un punggung albatros pem alu m em udar m enjadi abu-abu (tidak pernah putih) dari w aktu ke w aktu. PA G E 4 W andering A lbatross A lbatros K elana/ W andering A lbatross W ingspan: 2.5 - 3.5 m B entangan sayap: 2.5 - 3.5 m Infrequent in shelf w aters Jarang terlihat di perairan dangkal C om m on in southern latitudes year-round Lazim terlihat pada daerah lintang selatan sepanjang tahun N O black cutting edge on bill B agian ujung paruh tidak berw arna hitam B ew are: higly variable, w ith birds getting w hiter w ith age, starting nearly all dark to ending nearly all w hite. Perhatikan: Perubahan m orfologi yang signifikan sepanjang siklus hidupnya, sem akin tua um ur seekor burung, m aka w arna bulunya m enjadi sem akin putih. W arna gelap ditem ukan pada burung berusia m uda, dan w arna putih ham pir-keseluruhan ditem ukan pada burung yang berusia tua. Plum age changes w ith age W arna bulu berubah seiring dengan um ur N o black cutting edge Tidak ada ujung bulu berw arna hitam PA G E 5 A m sterdam A lbatross A lbatros A m sterdam / A m sterdam A lbatross W ingspan: 2.8 - 3.4 m B entangan sayap: 2.8 - 3.4 m Infrequent in shelf w aters Jarang terlihat di perairan dangkal Extrem ely rare, but generally betw een 20-40°S Sangat jarang, nam un biasanya diantara 20-40° Lintang Selatan black-brow n all over, except face, underw ing and belly Seluruh tubuh berw arna hitam coklat kecuali w ajah, sayap baw ah dan perut N o w hite on upper w ings Pada sayap bagian atas tidak terdapat corak putih B lack cutting edge on bill B agian ujung paruh berw arna hitam B ew are: young W andering A lbratross are nearly identical, but do not have black cutting edge on bill. Perhatikan: B urung berusia m uda sangat terlihat m irip satu dengan lainnya, nam un tidak m em iliki ujung berw arna hitam pada paruhnya B lack cutting edge U jung berw arna hitam PA G E 6 N orthern R oyal A lbatross A lbatros R aja-utara/ N orthern R oyal A lbatross W ingspan: 2.9 - 3.4 m B entangan sayap: 2,9 - 3,4 m Infrequent in shelf w aters Jarang terlihat di perairan dangkal 12 C om m on in southern latitudes year-round U m um pada daerah lintang selatan sepanjang tahun W hite back and w hite tail Punggung dan ekor berw arna putih N o w hite on upperw ings Pada sayap bagian atas tidak terdapat corak putih B lack cutting edge on bill U jung paruh berw arna hitam B ew are: young birds have dark outer tail feathers, and m ay have som e dark feathers on head and back. A dults are indistinguishable from juvenile Southern R oyal A lbatrosses. Perhatikan: B urung m uda m em iliki corak w arna gelap pada bagian bulu ekornya, dan bisa m em iliki bulu berw arna gelap pada bagian kepala dan punggungnya. B urung dew asa ham pir tidak dapat dibedakan dengan burung A lbatros R aja-Selatan rem aja. B lack cutting edge U jung berw arna hitam PA G E 7 Southern R oyal A lbatross A lbatros R aja-selatan/ Southern R oyal A lbatross W ingspan: 2.9 - 3.4 m B entangan sayap: 2,9 - 3,4 m Infrequent in shelf w aters Jarang terlihat di perairan dangkal C om m on in southern latitudes year-round U m um terlihat di daerah lintang selatan sepanjang tahun Front of w ings (leading edge) w hite B agian terdepan sayap berw arna putih W hitening on w ings starts from leading edge, not from m iddle of w ing W arna bulu pada sayap m ulai m em utih m ulai dari bagian depan, bukan dari bagian tengah sayap B lack cutting edge on bill B agian ujung paruh berw arna hitam B ew are: Juveniles Southern R oyal A lbatrosses are indistinguishable from adults N orthern R oyal A lbatrosses. Perhatikan: B urung A lbatros R aja-Selatan rem aja ham pir tidak dapat dibedakan dengan burung dew asa A lbatros R aja-U tara. B lack cutting edge U jung berw arna hitam PA G E 8 Sooty A lbatross A lbatros H itam / Sooty A lbatross W ingspan: 2 m B entangan sayap: 2 m R estricted to deep w aters Terbatas di perairan dalam Y ear-round Sepanjang tahun U niform ly brow n from head to tail, except w hite eye-ring Seluruh badan berw arna cokelat, terkecuali w arna putih disekeliling m atanya C ream y-yellow , fleshy line on low er bill (this m ay fade to colourless/brow n w hen dead, so not alw ays a reliable feature) Paruh bagian baw ah m em iliki corak bergaris berw arna kuning lem but (C orak ini dapat berganti m enjadi tidak berw arna/cokelat ketika m ati, oleh karena itu hal ini bukanlah penanda yang utam a) Y ellow line G aris kuning 13 PA G E 9 Light-m antled A lbatross A lbatros A bu-abu/ Light-m antled A lbatross W ingspan: 2 m B entangan sayap: 2 m R estricted to deep w aters Terbatas di perairan dalam Y ear-round Sepanjang tahun D ark all over, but back noticeably paler than rest of body, and, head and w ings noticeably darker than other parts K eseluruhan badan berw arna gelap, nam un w arna pada punggung terlihat lebih pucat dibandingkan dengan w arna bagian tubuh lainnya. Selain itu, kepala dan sayapnya berw arna lebih gelap dibandingkan bagian tubuh lainnya. H as a pale blue, fleshy line on low er bill (this m ay fade to colourless/brow n w hen dead, so not alw ays a reliable feature) Paruh bagian baw ah m em iliki corak bergaris berw arna biru (C orak ini dapat berganti m enjadi tidak berw arna/cokelat ketika m ati, oleh karena itu hal ini bukanlah penanda yang utam a) B lue line G aris biru PA G E 10 G rey-headed A lbatross A lbatros K epala A bu-abu/ G rey-headed A lbatross W ingspan: 2.2 m B entangan sayap: 2,2 m R are on continental shelf Sangat jarang terlihat di perairan dangkal M ainly w inter Terutam a m usim dingin A dult D ew asa D ark-grey head and neck K epala dan leher berw arna abu-abu tua Y ellow line on top of upper A N D underside of low er bills C orak garis berw arna kuning pada bagian atas dari paruh atas dan bagian baw ah dari paruh baw ah U nderw ings have thick black leading edge G aris ujung bulu sayap bagian dalam m em iliki corak hitam tebal B ew are: Y ellow nosed A lbatross has yellow line only on upper bill Perlu diperhatikan: B urung albatros hidung kuning m em iliki garis kuning hanya pada paruh atas Juvenile R em aja A ll-grey head but w hite on face Seluruh kepala berw arna abu-abu kecuali pada w ajah terdapat w arna putih N o yellow on bill Tidak ada garis kuning pada paruh A ll-dark underw ings B agian baw ah sayap seluruhnya berw arna gelap B ew are: Juvenile B lack-brow ned A lbatross has all-dark underw ings and grayish head w ith w hite on face and all-dark bill, but bill tip is very visibly darker Perhatikan: R em aja albatros alis hitam m em iliki bulu berw arna gelap pada keseluruhan bagian dalam sayap dan kepala berw arna abu-abu dengan w arna putih pada bagian w ajah dan paruh berw arna gelap, bagian ujung paruh berw arna lebih gelap dari keseluruhan paruh. Juvenile R em aja 14 A dult D ew asa Y ellow lines G aris kuning PA G E 11 Indian Y ellow nosed A lbatross A lbatros H idung-kuning H india/ Indian Y ellow nosed A lbatross W ingspan: 1.8 - 2 m B entangan sayap: 1,8 - 2 m C om m on in shelf w aters U m um terlihat di perairan dangkal A ll year Sepanjang tahun W hite head and neck, som e w ith light gray on sides of head K epala dan leher berw arna putih. B eberapa m em iliki corak kelabu m uda pada sisi kepalanya. Y ellow line on upper bill only G aris kuning hanya pada paruh atas B ew are: A tlantic Y ellow nosed A lbatross (T. chlororhynchos, not illustrated) is rare in IO TC area, and has dark grey head w ith contrasting w hite cap (top of head) Perhatikan: A lbatros H idung-kuning H india (T. chlororhynchos, tidak diilustrasikan) sangat jarang ada di area IO TC . K epala burung ini berw arna kelabu tua dengan bagian atas kepala berw arna putih yang kontras. Y ellow line only on upper bill G aris kuning hanya pada paruh atas PA G E 12 Shy-type A lbatross A lbatros Pem alu/ Shy-type A lbatross W ingspan: 2.1 - 2.6 m B entangan sayap: 2,1 - 2,6 m C om m on U m um terlihat M ainly w inter Terutam a m usim dingin A dult D ew asa V ery long w ings w ith only thin black m argins on underw ing, otherw ise com pletely w hite U kuran sayap sangat lebar, dengan garis tepi berw arna hitam pada sayap bagian dalam , selebihnya berw arna putih Sm all black notch in arm pit Takik kecil hitam pada bagian ketiak Largest of the Thalassarche group M erupakan yang terbesar di kelom pok Thalassarche Large grey bill w ith yellow tip only Paruh abu-abu besar dengan ujung berw arna kuning Juvenile R em aja U nderw ing pattern unique and sam e as for adult Pola sayap bagian dalam terbilang unik, dem ikian pula halnya pada burung dew asa B ew are: juveniles have variable am ounts of grey on head and could be confused w ith juvenile G rey-headed or B lack-brow ed A lbatrosses, but these tw o have dark underw ings. Perhatikan: R em aja m em iliki corak abu-abu pada kepalanya, serupa dengan R em aja albatros kepala abu-abu atau albatros alis hitam nam un tidak m em iliki corak gelap pada sayap bagian dalam nya. B lack thum b print Terdapat bercak hitam pada bagian dalam sayap yang dekat dengan bagian dada atas 15 PA G E 13 B lack-brow ed A lbatross A lbatros A lis-hitam / B lack-brow ed A lbatross W ingspan: 2.1 - 2.5 m B entangan sayap: 2,1 - 2,5 m C om m on U m um A dult m ostly w inter D ew asa um um nya pada m usim dingin A dult D ew asa A ll-orange bill w ith pinkish tip diagnostic Paruh berw arna jingga dengan ujung berw arna m erah m uda D ark around eye creating the ‘black-brow ' Sekeliling m ata berw arna gelap, m em berikan kesan 'alis hitam ' Juvenile R em aja D ark feathers around eye reduced but alw ays present B ulu bercorak gelap di sekeliling m ata berkurang, nam un tetap ada B ill lightens tow ard orange w ith age, all interm ediate stages have dark tip to bill Paruh sem akin berw arna jingga seiring dengan um ur, sem entara pada fase antara paruh m em iliki ujung berw arna hitam B ew are: juvenile G rey-headed A lbatross w hich has m ore grey on head and lacks dark eye. Shy and W hite-capped A lbatross have m uch larger, deeper bill and w hite underw ing. Perhatikan: R em aja A lbatros K epala A bu-abu m em iliki w arna abu-abu yang lebih banyak pada kepalanya dan tidak m em iliki m ata yang gelap. A lbatros pem alu dan A lbatros topi putih m em iliki paruh yang lebih besar serta sayap bagian dalam yang berw arna putih. Im m ature B elum /Pra dew asa D ark tip U jung berw arna hitam B road leading edge U jung depan yang lebar A dult D ew asa Juvenile R em aja PA G E 14 A LB A TR O SSES A lbatros nostrils not fused into tube and clearly visible as tw o separate openings either side of the bill. Lubang hidung albatros tidak bersatu m enjadi satu saluran dan jelas terlihat sebagai dua bukaan yang terpisah pada kedua sisi paruh. largest species length (20cm ) Panjang hidung jenis terbesar (20cm ) sm allest species length (10cm ) Panjang hidung jenis terkecil (10cm ) PETR E LS Petrel nostrils are fused in one tube on top of the bill. Lubang hidung bersatu dalam satu saluran di atas paruh PA G E 15 16 Petrels Petrel Petrels can be confused w ith shearw aters, how ever petrels all have short, stout, ‘chunky’ bills, w hereas shearw ater alw ays have long, slender bills. B urung petrel seringkali diduga sebagai burung penggunting laut. Perbedaannya adalah sem ua burung petrel m em iliki paruh yang pendek dan gem uk, sem entara burung penggunting laut m em iliki paruh yang panjang dan ram ping G enus M acronectes G enus M acronectes Tw o species of large petrels, sam e size as m edium albatrosses. Large, heavy bills w ith pronounced hook and long, fused nostril tubes. U sually dark-brow n, but increasingly pale from head dow n w ith age. Southern G iant Petrel has spectacular w hite m orph w ith black flecks on pure w hite feathers. O nly bill tip colour can be used to separate these tw o species. D ua spesies burung petrel m em iliki kesam aan ukuran dengan burung albatros berukuran sedang, seperti paruh yang besar dengan ujung paruh yang jelas, serta lubang hidung yang m enyatu dengan paruh. U m um nya berw arna cokelat gelap, nam un seiring dengan um ur w arna dapat berubah m enjadi lebih pucat. Petrel raksasa selatan m em iliki gabungan bintik yang indah antara putih dengan hitam pada bulu putihnya. H anya ujung paruh yang bisa digunakan sebagai pem beda pada kedua jenis burung ini. G enus Procellaria G enus Procellaria The largest m em bers of the petrel fam ily aside from the tw o G iant Petrel species. Tw o species, com m only occur in subtropical and Southern O cean w aters of the IO TC area. B oth actively forage at night and can dive very deep. They are usually responsible for returning baited longline hooks to the surface, w hich albatrosses w ill then ‘steal’ from them and get hooked. B ecause of their excellent night vision and strong diving abilities, these species are am ongst the m ost difficult to prevent from being caught on longline hooks. A nggota terbesar dari fam ili Petrel disam ping kedua jenis petrel raksasa. K edua jenis ini um um ditem ukan pada perairan subtropis dan perairan bagian selatan dari daerah IO TC . K eduanya m erupakan jenis nokturnal dan m am pu m enyelam sangat dalam . M ereka adalah burung-burung yang m enyebabkan um pan pada kail raw ai kem bali ke perm ukaan air, yang kem udian burung albatros akan m em akan um pan dan pada akhirnya terkena kait tersebut. K arena kem am puan penglihatan m ereka pada m alam hari serta kem am puan m enyelam nya, kedua jenis ini term asuk yang paling sulit dicegah dari kem atian yang disebabkan oleh tersangkut pada kail raw ai. PA G E 16 Southern G iant Petrel Petrel R aksasa Selatan/ Southern G iant Petrel W ingspan: 1.5 - 2.1 m B entangan sayap: 1,5 - 2,1 m C om m on U m um ditem ukan Y ear-round Sepanjang tahun A lbatross-sized Seukuran dengan burung A lbatros H uge bill w ith greenish tip Paruh yang besar dengan ujung berw arna kehijauan B ill tip does not contrast strongly w ith the rest of the bill W arna pada ujung paruh tidak terlihat kontras N asal tubes are fused into one long tube on top of bill Saluran hidung m enyatu m enjadi sebuah tabung panjang di atas paruh Plum age pales w ith age W arna bulu m em udar seiring usia G reen tip U jung berw arna hijau 17 W hite phase Fase putih PA G E 17 N orthern G iant Petrel Petrel R aksasa U tara/ N orthern G iant Petrel W ingspan: 1.5-2.1 m B entangan sayap: 1,5-2,1 m C om m on U m um ditem ukan Y ear-round Sepanjang tahun A lbatross-sized Seukuran dengan burung A lbatros H uge bill w ith red-brow n tip Paruh besar dengan ujung berw arna m erah-kecoklatan B ill tip contrasts w ith the rest of the bill W arna pada ujung paruh terlihat kontras N asal tubes are fused into one long tube on top of bill Saluran hidung m enyatu m enjadi sebuah tabung panjang di atas paruh Plum age pales w ith age W arna bulu m em udar seiring usia A dult D ew asa Juvenile R em aja R ed-brow n tip U jung berw arna m erah-coklat PA G E 18 W hite-chinned Petrel Petrel D agu-putih/ W hite-chinned Petrel W ingspan: 1.4 m B entangan sayap: 1,4 m M ost com m on petrel B urung petrel yang paling sering ditem ukan A ll year Sepanjang tahun A ll dark w ith w hite chin K eseluruhan badan berw arna gelap dengan dagu berw arna putih Ivory bill w ith black ‘saddle’ Paruh berw arna gading dengan 'pelana' berw arna hitam O ccasionally m ore extensive w hite chin w ith patch on head or on belly. Terkadang dagu putih yang luas dengan corak di bagian kepala atau perut B ew are: closely related Spectacled Petrel (P. conspicillata) is extrem ely rare in IO TC area, and easily recognizable w ith w hite, large circles around eyes and dark bill tip. Perhatikan: B urung petrel berkacam ata (P. C onspicillata) yang sangat m irip dengan petrel dagu putih sangatlah langka di daerah IO TC , dan sangat m udah dikenali dengan lingkaran putih di sekeliling m atanya serta ujung paruh yang berw arna gelap. Spectacled petrel Petrel berkacam ata W hite chin D agu putih PA G E 19 18 G rey Petrel Petrel A bu-abu W ingspan: 1.4 m B entangan sayap: 1,4 m R are Langka Y ear-round Sepanjang tahun C om bination of uniform grey above and clean w hite body below K om binasi dari w arna abu-abu pada tubuh bagian atas dan putih pada tubuh bagian baw ah G rey underw ings B agian baw ah sayap berw arna abu-abu Pale bill w ith dark tip Paruh pucat dengan ujung hitam D ark tip U jung berw arna gelap PA G E 20 G reat-w inged Petrel Petrel Sayap-besar/ G reat-w inged Petrel W ingspan: 1 m B entangan sayap: 1 m C om m on U m um ditem ukan A ustral Sum m er M usim panas pada belahan bum i selatan M ottled, grey-w hite blaze around all-dark bill diagnostic B erbintik dengan corak abu-abu putih pada paruh yang hitam B ew are: Sooty Shearw ater, w hich has a silvery underw ings. M any all-dark petrels could cause confusion, but ranges do not overlap m uch, w ith this species seldom occuring north of 20°S. Perhatikan: B urung penggunting-laut Sooty m em iliki w arna keabuan pada sayap bagian dalam nya. B anyak dari petrel hitam m enyebabkan kesalahan pada identifikasi, nam un tidak banyak tum pang tindih dikarenakan jenis ini jarang ditem ukan pada bagian utara dari 20° lintang selatan D ark bill Paruh hitam PA G E 21 C ape (Pintado) Petrel Petrel Tanjung/ C ape (Pintado) Petrel W ingspan: 0.9 m B entangan sayap: 0,9 m C om m on U m um ditem ukan A ustral W inter M usim dingin pada belahan bum i selatan M ottled black-and-w hite patterns on w ings and back B erbintik dengan corak hitam dan putih pada sayap dan punggung Seldom recorded as bycatch in longline fisheries Jarang dilaporkan sebagai tangkapan sam pingan pada perikanan raw ai PA G E 22 Shearw aters B urung Penggunting-laut 19 Shearw aters can be confused w ith petrels, how ever shearw aters alw ays have long, slender bills w hereas petrels all have short, stout, ‘chunky’ bills. B urung Penggunting-laut sering diduga sebagai burung petrel, nam un burung penggunting-laut m em iliki m em iliki paruh yang lebih panjang dan ram ping, sem entara burung petrel m em iliki paruh yang pendek dan gem uk G enus Puffinus G enus Puffinus Four species com m on in the region. Sm all to m edium sized seabirds, w ith long w ings. U pperw ings dark brow n to black, and underw ings w hite to dark brow n. Sebanyak em pat jenis um um ditem ukan di daerah IO TC . B urung laut berukuran kecil hingga sedang, dengan sayap yang lebar. Sayap bagian atas berw arna cokelat tua hingga hitam , dan sayap bagian baw ah berw arna putih hingga cokelat tua. PA G E 23 Sooty Shearw ater Penggunting-laut H itam / Sooty Shearw ater W ingspan: 1 m B entangan sayap: 1 m C om m on U m um ditem ukan A ll year Sepanjang tahun Silvery underw ing Sayap bagian baw ah berw arna keabuan B ew are: Short-tailed Shearw ater, w hich is confined to the south east of the Indian O cean and sm all proportion have obvious silvery underw ings Perhatikan: B urung penggunting-laut ekor pendek persebarannya terbatas hingga tenggara dari Sam udera H india, sebagian kecil dari populasi m em iliki w arna keabuan pada sayap bagian dalam U nderw ing silvery Sayap bagian baw ah berw arna keabuan PA G E 24 G reat Shearw ater Penggunting-laut B esar/ G reat Shearw ater W ingspan: 1 - 1.2 m B entangan sayap: 1 - 1,2 m C om m on in w estern Indian O cean, absent in eastern Indian O cean U m um ditem ukan di bagian barat Sam udera H india, tidak ditem ukan di bagian tim ur Sam udera H india Scarce m id-w inter Jarang ditem ukan di pertengahan m usim dingin D ark, sm udgy patch on w hite belly B ercak keabuan gelap pada perut yang berw arna putih N arrow pale neck-band W arna putih pucat di sekeliling lehernya W hite “C ” on rum p Terdapat "C " berw arna putih pada pantat W hite “C ” "C " putih B row n patch on belly B ercak kecoklatan pada bagian perut C lear black cap kepala bagian atas berw arna hitam , m enyerupai 'topi' PA G E 25 20 Flesh-footed Shearw ater Penggunting-laut K aki Lebar/ Flesh-footed Shearw ater W ingspan: 1 m B entangan sayap: 1 m N orthern Indian O cean during austral w inter B agian utara Sam udera H india ketika m usim dingin pada bagian belahan bum i selatan South east Indian O cean in austral sum m er B agian tenggara Sam udera H india ketika m usim panas pada bagian belahan bum i selatan Pale pinkish feet K aki bew arna m erah m uda pucat U niform ly dark-brow n plum age B ulu berw arna C okelat tua Pale bill w ith dark tip. Paruh pucat dengan ujung berw arna hitam Pale feet K aki pucat D ark-tipped pale bill U jung paruh berw arna hitam PA G E 26 W edge-tailed Shearw ater Penggunting-laut Ekor R uncing/ W edge-tailed Shearw ater W ingspan: 1 m B entangan sayap: 1 m C om m on in tropical w aters U m um ditem ukan di perairan tropis Y ear around Sepanjang tahun W hen spread open, tail form s ‘V ’, or w edge - thus its com m on nam e W edge-tailed Shearw ater K etika dikem bangkan, ekor dari burung m em bentuk huruf 'V ' sehingga terlihat runcing , oleh karena itu jenis ini dinam akan burung penggunting-laut ekor-runcing B ew are: G reat-w inged Petrel (see bill shape) and Sooty Sheaterw ater (see underw ing pattern) Perhatikan: Penggunting-laut besar (lihat bentuk paruh) dan Penggunting-laut hitam (lihat pola sayap bagian dalam ) Pale-bellied m orph rare in the Indian O cean B urung dengan perut berw arna pucat langka ditem ukan di Sam udera H india PA G E 27 B oobies & G annets A ngsa-batu dan B urung G annet B oobies and gannets (Sulids) are large and com m on tropical and subtropical birds that tend to occur w ithin 200km of land. C onfusion w ith albatrosses unlikely: all Sulids have sim ple, very pointed bills w hich lack obvious hooked end and prom inent nostrils of albatrosses. A ngsa-batu dan B urung G annet m erupakan burung tropis dan subtropis berukuran besar yang um um ditem ukan dalam batasan 200 km dari daratan. Jarang adanya kesalahan identifikasi dengan burung albatros dikarenakan sem ua burung gannet m em iliki paruh yang sangat runcing dan tidak m em iliki ujung yang m eruncing ke baw ah PA G E 28 R ed-footed B ooby A ngsa-batu K aki M erah W ingspan: 1 m B entangan sayap: 1 m C om m on U m um ditem ukan 21 A ll year Sepanjang tahun A dult D ew asa B right red feet K aki berw arna m erah terang B ew are: dark and light m orphs. C ape and A ustralian gannets lack red feet and have black tail feathers Perhatikan: Jenis dengan w arna gelap dan terang. G annet C ape dan G annet A ustralia tidak m em iliki kaki berw arna m erah terang dan m em iliki bulu ekor berw arna hitam Juvenile R em aja N o clear underw ing pattern, feet yellow , brow n or reddish Tidak m em iliki pola yang jelas pada sayap bagian dalam , kaki berw arna kuning, cokelat atau kem erahan B ew are: all other juvenile boobies have clearly defined underw ings Perhatikan: Seluruh rem aja A ngsa-batu m em iliki pola sayap pada bagian dalam yang jelas PA G E 29 B row n B ooby A ngsa-batu C oklat W ingspan: 1 m B entangan sayap: 1 m C om m on U m um ditem ukan A ll year Sepanjang tahun B row n head, upper parts and throat, extending onto upper breast K epala berw arna cokelat, begitu pula dengan tubuh bagian atas dan kerongkongan, m em bentang hingga dada atas B ew are: juvenile M asked B ooby, w hich have dark throat only and lacks dark on upper breast. Perhatikan: R em aja A ngsa-batu topeng yang hanya m em iliki w arna gelap pada kerongkongannya dan tidak m em iliki w arna gelap pada dada bagian atas PA G E 30 M asked B ooby A ngsa-batu Topeng W ingspan: 1.5 m B entangan sayap: 1,5 m C om m on U m um ditem ukan A ll year in near shore tropical w aters Sepanjang tahun di daerah pesisir perairan tropis A dult D ew asa W hite body B adan putih Sm all, black face m ask diagnostic Pola w arna hitam yang m enyelim uti bagian depan kepala seperti topeng Juvenile R em aja B row n does not extend onto upper breast W arna cokelat tidak m em bentang hingga bagian dada atas W hite ring around neck Lingkaran putih diseputar leher 22 A dult D ew asa Juvenile R em aja PA G E 31 C ape G annet G annet Tanjung W ingspan: 1.8 m B entangan sayap: 1,8 m C om m on inshore, endem ic to South A frica U m um ditem ukan di dekat pantai, jenis endem is A frika Selatan A ll year Sepanjang tahun B lack tail Ekor hitam G olden head w ith black stripe on throat K epala berw arna em as dengan garis hitam di tenggorokan B lack feet K aki hitam B ew are: A ustralian G annet (not illustrated) has w hite outer tail feathers Perhatikan: G annet A ustralia (tidak diilustrasikan) m em iliki pinggiran bulu ekor yang berw arna putih Juvenile R em aja Im m ature B elum dew asa A dult H am pir dew asa Sub-adult D ew asa G olden w ash to head A ksen em as di sekeliling kepala PA G E 32 Frigatebirds B urung C ikalang/ B intayung Frigatebirds are unm istakeable, large, dark tropical seabirds know n for attacking other seabirds. D eeply forked, scissor-tails. B urung cikalang/ bintayung m erupakan jenis burung tropis yang m em iliki tubuh besar dan berw arna gelap, dikenal kerap m enyerang burung laut lainnya. M em iliki ekor yang sangat bercabang m enyerupai bentuk gunting. M ales occasionally seen w ith bright red throat sacs inflated spectacularly. Pada w aktu berbiak, burung jantan m em iliki kantung m erah terang pada lehernya yang dapat m engem bang Sexes differ. K elam in berbeda M ale C hristm as Figratebird (F. andrew si, not illustrated) are all black w ith w hite belly patch diagnostic. Fem ales have black head and throat w ith extensive w hite breast and belly, and clear finger of w hite extending onto underw ing. Juveniles are sim ilar to fem ales but have brow nish head B urung cikalang/ bintayung christm as jantan (F. A ndrew si, tidak diilustrasikan) m em iliki w arna hitam di seluruh tubuhnya dengan sedikit corak putih pada perutnya. B urung betina m em iliki kepala dan kerongkongan berw arna hitam dengan w arna putih yang m elebar dari dada hingga perut, serta garis putih yang m em bentang hingga sayap bagian dalam . R em aja m em iliki kem iripan dengan betina nam un berw arna kecoklatan pada kepala PA G E 33 23 G reater Frigatebird C ikalang B esar/ G reater Frigatebird W ingspan: 2-2.3 m B entangan sayap: 2-2,3 m C om m on inshore, but ranges w idely in tropical w aters U m um ditem ukan di sekitar pantai, nam un tersebar luas di perairan tropis A ll year Sepanjang tahun M ale Jantan A ll-black plum age K eseluruhan berw arna hitam Fem ale B etina W hite on breast/belly never extends onto w ings W arna putih pada dada/perut nam un tidak m em bentang hingga sayap Juvenile R em aja R eddish head and throat w ith w hite breast, but no w hite extending to underw ing K epala dan kerongkongan berw arna kem erahan dan dada berw arna putih, nam un w arna putih tidak m em bentang hingga sayap bagian dalam B ew are: Lesser Frigatebird has w hite extending onto underw ing Perhatikan: C ikalang kecil m em iliki corak w arna yang m em bentang hingga sayap bagian dalam A dults D ew asa M ale Jantan Fem ale B etina Juvenile R em aja PA G E 34 Lesser Frigatebird C ikalang K ecil/ Lesser Frigatebird W ingspan: 2 m B entangan sayap: 2 m C om m on inshore, but ranges w idely in tropical w aters U m um ditem ukan di sekitar pantai, nam un biasanya tersebar luas di perairan tropis A ll year Sepanjang tahun M ale Jantan O therw ise all dark bird has sm all w hite patch joining under w ing to body Sebaliknya, sem ua burung berw arna gelap m em iliki bercak putih yang m em bentang dari sayap bagian dalam hingga ke tubuhnya Fem ale B etina D ark belly w ith w hite on upper breast extending onto under w ing Perut berw arna gelap dengan w arna putih pada dada bagian atas yang m em bentang hingga sayap bagian dalam Juvenile R em aja 24 R eddish head and throat w ith w hite breast, w ith w hite extending to underw ing K epala dan kerongkongan berw arna kem erahan dan dada berw arna putih yang m em bentang hingga sayap bagian dalam B ew are: fem ale C hristm as Frigatebird w hich has w hite belly Perhatikan: B urung C ikalang christm as yang m em iliki perut berw arna putih M ale Jantan Fem ale B etina PA G E 35 O ther Seabirds B urung laut lain Subantarctic Skua Skua subantartik W ingspan: 1.3 - 1.6 m B entangan sayap: 1,3 - 1,6 m Frequent R utin A dult m ostly austral w inter D ew asa um um nya pada m usim dingin bagian belahan bum i selatan Subantarctic distinguished from brow n m orph of South Polar (S. m accorm icki, not illustrated) w ith great difficulty, but latter has sm all, circular, w hite blaze of feathers at base of bill. B urung Skua subantartik sangat sulit dibedakan dengan Skua kutub selatan (S. M accorm icki, tidak diilustrasikan), nam un Skua kutub selatan m em iliki bulu putih kecil yang m elingkar di pangkal paruhnya Pale and interm ediate m orph South Polar’s are rarer, but have paler bodies contrasting strongly w ith darker w ings Individu Skua kutub selatan dari jenis pucat (pale) dan m enengah (interm ediate) lebih jarang ditem ukan, nam un m em iliki w arna tubuh yang lebih pucat, sangat kontras dengan w arna bulu sayapnya yang lebih gelap W hite w indow on w ing C orak putih pada sayap PA G E 36 IF Y O U R EC O V ER A B A N D ED SEA B IR D JIK A M EN EM U K A N B U R U N G LA U T Y A N G M EM ILIK I PEN A N D A Petrels and albatrosses of all species caught in the IO TC zone are likely to w ear bands, since large num bers have been banded on the breeding grounds. G enerally, birds carry a m etal leg band w ith a num ber and the address/nam e of the banding schem e to w hich recovery m ust be reported. Som e birds m ay also carry a second plastic/coloured band on the other leg. The entire inform ation on the m etal band should be recorded. Since this inform ation is unique, the reporter does not need to provide the band itself, the exact inform ation on the band is sufficient to validate the recovery. Seluruh jenis burung petrel dan albatros yang terdapat di zona IO TC kem ungkinan besar m em iliki penanda di kaki m ereka, disebabkan banyak dari m ereka yang telah ditanda ketika berada di lokasi berkem bang biak. U m um nya, burung-burung tersebut m em iliki penanda m etal di kakinya yang berisikan inform asi nom or dan alam at/nam a skem a yang dim ana jika ditem ukan harus segera dicatat. B eberapa lainnya juga m ungkin m em iliki penanda kedua dari plastik/berw arna pada kaki yang lainnya. keseluruhan inform asi yang terdapat di penanda m etal/plastik harus dicatat. D ikarenakan inform asi tersebut bersifat unik, m aka sang pencatat tidak perlu untuk m enyediakan penanda karena inform asinya cukup valid untuk m em validasi penem uan. Exam ples of m etal bands: C ontoh untuk penanda m etal: In case of catch of a banded bird: D alam kasus tertangkapnya burung yang m em iliki penanda: 1. C heck both legs, especially if a plastic band is detected, a m etal band is likely to be found on the other leg: 1. Periksa kedua kaki; terutam a jika penanda plastik terlihat, m aka kem ungkinan besar terdapat penanda m etal di kaki lainnya 25 if dead (m ost of the cases), then band(s) can be rem oved, record the num bers, letters and banding schem e or address, as appearing above Jika burung telah dalam kondisi m ati (dalam hal ini sering terjadi), m aka penanda dapat dilepas dari kakinya, catat nom or, huruf dan skem a penanda/alam at yang terdapat di penanda tersebut sesuai dengan urutannya. if alive (in rare cases the bird is caught during hauling of line), the bird m ust be held at the back of head A N D by the bill (not by the throat), the hook rem oved, and you m ust record the entire band inform ation before releasing the bird overboard. N ever rem ove the band. Jika burung m asih dalam kondisi hidup (dalam hal ini jarang terjadi, burung ikut tertangkap ketika jaring ditarik kem bali), m aka pegang burung tersebut pada bagian belakang kepalanya D A N paruhnya (jangan pada bagian leher), lepaskan kaitnya, dan catat seluruh inform asi sebelum burung tersebut dilepaskan kem bali. Jangan pernah m encoba untuk m elepaskan penanda pada burung yang m asih hidup. 2. R ecord: 2. Pencatatan: Position of recovery (latitude and longitude) Posisi penem uan (G aris Lintang dan B ujur) D ate Tanggal Fishing vessel (type and flag) N am a K apal Perikanan (tipe dan bendera) 3. Send the inform ation to the IO TC Secretariat (secretariat@ iotc.org) w ho w ill forw ard it to the national banding authorities. 3. K irim kan inform asi yang telah dicatat ke Sekretariat IO TC (secretariat@ iotc.org) dim ana m ereka akan m eneruskan inform asi tersebut ke Indonesian B ird B anding Schem e (IB B S). PA G E 37 IO TC R EQ U IR EM EN TS R EG A R D IN G SEA B IR D S PER SY A R A TA N IO TC TER K A IT B U R U N G LA U T (N ote: requirem ents as per IO TC R esolutions 12/03 and 12/06. It is recom m ended that you check annually for m odifications by IO TC ) (C atatan: Persyaratan ini sesuai R esolusi IO TC 12/03 dan 12/06. D irekom endasikan untuk m elakukan pem eriksaan setiap tahun untuk m engetahui m odifikasinya oleh IO TC ) Longline and gillnet fishing vessels shall record in their logbook any incidental catch of seabirds. K apal perikanan yang m enggunakan raw ai dan jaring insang harus m encatat dalam logbook-nya apabila ada burung laut yang tidak sengaja tertangkap Fishing vessels shall report any interaction w ith seabirds, including details of species K apal perikanan harus m elaporkan apabila terjadi interaksi dengan burung laut, term asuk detail spesiesnya Fishing vessels operating south of 25° South shall use at least tw o of the follow ing three m itigation m easures: K apal perikanan yang beroperasi di bagian selatan 25° dari selatan harus m elakukan sekurang kurangnya dua dari tiga tindakan m itigasi berikut: night setting w ith m inim um deck lighting (no setting after nautical daw n and before nautical dusk) Pengaturan m alam dengan penerangan dek m inim al (tidak ada pengaturan penerangan setelah fajar nautika dan sebelum senja nautika) bird-scaring lines or ‘tori lines’ (tori lines shall be deployed during longline setting) Tali pengusir burung atau 'tali tori' (tali tori harus digunakan ketika setting raw ai) w eighted branch lines (w eights m ust be attached to all branch lines) Tali cabang pem berat (Pem berat harus terikat ke seluruh tali cabang) LIN E W EIG H TIN G SPEC IFIC A TIO N S Spesifikasi B obot Tali Pem berat W eights m ust be attached to all branch lines as follow : B obot harus terikat ke sem ua tali cabang sesuai berikut: at least 45 gram s attached w ithin 1 m of the hook, or Sekurang-kurangnya 45 gram terikat dalam batas 1 m dari kail, atau 26 at least 60 gram s attached w ithin 3.5 m of the hook, or Sekurang-kurangnya 60 gram terikat dalam batas 3,5 m dari kail, atau at least 98 gram s attached w ithin 4 m of the hook Sekurang-kurangnya 98 gram terikat dalam batas 4 m dari kail PA G E 37 D ESIG N O F B IR D SC A R IN G LIN ES (TO R I LIN ES) D ESA IN TA LI PEN G U SIR B U R U N G (TA LI TO R I) 1. A n appropriate tow ed device on the section of the tori line in the w ater can im prove the aerial extension. 1. A lat tarik yang layak pada bagian tali tori di air dapat m eningkatkan ekstensi aerial 2. The above w ater section of the line shall be sufficiently light that its m ovem ent is unpredictable to avoid habituation by birds and sufficiently heavy to avoid deflection of the line by w ind. 2. Tali di bagian atas air harus cukup ringan untuk m enghindari habituasi dari burung nam un harus cukup berat untuk m enghindari defleksi yang um um nya disebabkan oleh angin. 3. The line is best attached to the vessel w ith a robust barrel sw ivel to reduce tangling of the line. 3. Tali yang terikat ke kapal sebaiknya terikat dengan baik m enggunakan barrel swivel yang kuat untuk m engurangi kem ungkinan tali kusut 4. The stream ers should be m ade of m aterial that is conspicuous and produces an unpredictable lively action(e.g. strong fine line sheathed in red polyurethane tubing) suspended from a robust three-w ay sw ivel (that again reduces tangles) attached to the line. 4. Stream er sebaiknya terbuat dari m aterial yang m encolok dan m enghasilkan pergerakan yang lincah (contohnya adalah tali halus kuat bersarungkan tabung polyurethane m erah) yang digantungkan dari swivel bercabang tiga yang kuat (untuk m enghindari kusut) yang terikat ke tali. 5. Each stream er should consist of tw o or m ore strands. 5. Setiap stream er sebaiknya terdiri dari dua helai atau lebih 6. Each stream er pair should be detachable by m eans of a clip so that line stow age is m ore efficient. 6. Setiap pasang stream er sebaiknya m udah untuk diputus oleh clip agar penyim panan jaring m enjadi lebih efisien. Tow ing Point Titik tarik A erial extent Aerial extent Stream ers Stream er H ookline K ait Tow ed O bject at the end of the stream er line creating tension O byek yang ditarik pada tali stream er yang m enyebabkan tegangan PA G E 38 D EPLO Y M EN T O F B IR D SC A R IN G LIN ES (TO R I LIN ES) PEM A SA N G A N TA LI PEN G U SIR B U R U N G (TA LI TO R I) 1. The line should be suspended from a pole affixed to the vessel. The tori pole should be set as high as possible so that the line protects bait a good distance astern of the vessel and w ill not tangle w ith fishing gear. G reater pole height provides greater bait protection. For exam ple, a height of around 7m above the w ater line can give about 100m of bait protection. 1. Tali sebaiknya digantungkan pada tiang yang terdapat pada bagian kapal. Tiang tori sebaiknya dipasang setinggi m ungkin agar dapat m elindungi um pan pada raw ai dan tidak terlilit pada alat tangkap. Tiang yang lebih tinggi cenderung lebih baik dalam hal proteksi um pan. C ontohnya, tiang setinggi 7 m dari perm ukaan air dapat m em berikan radius proteksi um pan sekitar 100 m . 27 2. If vessels use only one tori line it should be set to w indw ard of sinking baits. If baited hooks are set outboard of the w ake, the stream er line attachm ent point to the vessel should be positioned several m eters outboard of the side of the vessel that baits are deployed. If vessels use tw o tori lines, baited hooks should be deployed w ithin the area bounded by the tw o tori lines. 2. Jika kapal hanya m enggunakan satu tali tori, m aka sebaiknya dipasang sesuai dengan arah angin dari um pan yang dipasang. Jika um pan pada kait dipasang di luar wake, m aka titik pengikat tali stream er harus diposisikan beberapa m eter diluar sisi kapal dim ana um pan telah dipasang. Jika kapal m enggunakan dua tali tori, m aka um pan pada kait sebaiknya dipasang di dalam radius area diantara dua tali tori tersebut. 3. D eploym ent of m ultiple tori lines is encouraged to provide even greater protection of baits from birds. 3. Pem asangan beberapa tali tori sangat dianjurkan untuk proteksi um pan yang lebih baik 4. B ecause there is the potential for line breakage and tangling, spare tori lines should be carried onboard to replace dam aged lines and to ensure fishing operations can continue uninterrupted. B reakaw ays can be incorporated into the tori line to m inim ize safety and operational problem s should a longline float foul or tangle w ith the in-w ater extent of a stream er line. 4. K arena ada kem ungkinan bagi tali untuk putus ataupun terlilit, tali tori cadangan sebaiknya disediakan sebelum nya untuk m engganti tali yang rusak dan untuk m em astikan kegiatan penangkapan ikan dapat berjalan sedem ikian rupa. Pem utusan paksa dapat dilakukan untuk m em inim alisasi keam anan dan m asalah operasional jika pelam pung raw ai m em bentur atau terlilit dengan tali stream er 5. W hen fishers use a bait casting m achine (B C M ), they m ust ensure coordination of tori line and m achine by i) ensuring the B C M throw s directly under the tori line protection, and ii) w hen using a B C M (or m ultiple BC M s) that allow s throw ing to both port and starboard, tw o tori lines should be used. 5. K etika nelayan m enggunakan m esin pelem par um pan otom atis (B C M ), m ereka harus m em astikan letak koordinasi dari tali tori dan m esin dengan cara i) m em astikan B C M m elem par um pan di area yang terlindung oleh tali tori, dan ii) ketika m enggunakan B C M (atau beberapa B C M ) yang m elem par um pan ke dua arah, dua tali tori harus digunakan 6. W hen casting branchline by hand, fishers should ensure that baited hooks and coiled branchline sections are cast under the tori line protection, avoiding the propeller turbulence w hich m ay slow the sink rate. 6. K etika m elem par tali cabang m enggunakan tangan, para nelayan harus m em astikan bahw a kait yang berum pan dan bagian tali cabang yang tergulung terdapat di area yang dibatasi proteksi tali tori untuk m enghindari turbulen dari baling-baling yang dapat m em perlam bat tenggelam nya um pan. 7. Fishers are encouraged to install m anual, electric or hydraulic w inches to im prove ease of deploym ent and retrieval of tori lines. 7. Para nelayan dihim bau untuk m em asang kerekan m anual, elektrik ataupun hidrolik guna m eningkatkan efisiensi pem asangan dan penarikan tali tori. 28 Annex 2. Design and contruction of tori line that commonly adapted and used by tuna longliner fishers. Streamers are 6.4 mm Kraton orange tubing and extend to the water with streamers spaced at 5 m intervals starting at the stern. Funnels are 17 cm kitchen funnels designed to create drag and create water disturbance to deter birds. A road cone minus its base is attached to the end to create drag and aerial extent. Aerial extent is 150 m. The distance astern that baited hooks sink to 10 m – out of the range of most diving seabirds – was assumed to be 150 m. 29 Annex 3. Scientific observer form 30 Annex 4. DGCF observer form