Strategy for the implementation of the National Forest Policy 2018-2028 for Grenada, Carriacou and Petit Martinique

Strategy for the implementation of the National Forest Policy 2018-2028 for Grenada, Carriacou and Petit Martinique 11/11/18 List of Acronyms MoA Ministry responsible for agriculture CBD Convention on Biodiversity CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CSO Civil Society Organisation ED Department responsible for environmental Management FD Department responsible for forestry FID Department responsible for fisheries FS Fire Service HD Department responsible for public health LCRU Local Community Resource User LD Department responsible for land management MoC Ministry with responsibility for Carriacou and Petite Martinique Affairs MoE Ministry responsible for education MoF Ministry responsible for finance MoI Ministry responsible for information management MoL Ministry responsible for legal affairs MoT Ministry responsible for trade and industry MoW Ministry responsible for works and infrastructure NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NTFP Non-timber forest product PD Department responsible for physical planning SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SPAW Protocol Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife TAI Tertiary academic institutions TD Department responsible for tourism Introduction This strategy operationalises the Grenada National Forest Policy. The overarching goal of the policy and thus this strategy is: “To optimise the contribution of forests to Grenada’s environmentally-sound social and economic development and ensure the resilience and sustainability of the resource” The objectives of the policy are to: 1. conserve species, ecosystems, and genetic diversity 2. manage forest resources to build Grenada’s climate change resilience implementing appropriate climate change adaptation and mitigation actions 3. optimise the sustainable contribution of forest resources to social and economic development, supporting forest-based livelihoods and food security 4. maintain, enhance and restore the ability of forests to provide goods and services on a sustainable basis 5. ensure a strong enabling environment for the implementation of the policy The strategic plan presented in the tables below is articulated under each objective and associated strategic directions established in the policy. The implementation of the policy will be through the actions for each strategic direction described below. Key implementing partners are suggested for each strategic action. The terms used in the strategic plan are explained in the glossary at the end of the document. Objective 1: Conserve species, ecosystems, and genetic diversity Strategic direction Sub-strategic directions Actions Key implementing partners Biodiversity conservation a) protect and where necessary restore vulnerable, threatened or degraded ecosystems  identify and protect representative samples of all forest ecosystems  conduct research to inform the management of ecosystems including valuations of ecosystems services  use research outcomes e.g. ecosystem valuation studies to advocate for greater human and financial resource allocation for the management and conservation of forest ecosystems.  develop, update and enforce legislation to protect forest ecosystems  prevent burning and wildfires in forested areas e.g. by managing flammable material and camping activities within forests  build capacity for forest fire management within the: o Department responsible for forestry (FD) o Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) o Local Community Resource Users (LCRUs) o Other relevant stakeholder groups  manage the impacts of invasive species on forest biodiversity  emphasise the use of local species in afforestation and reforestation programmes FD CSOs LCRUs Department responsible for land management (LD) Department responsible for environmental management (ED) Fire Service (FS) Ministry responsible for agriculture (MoA) b) protect species which are important because of their endemicity, rarity or value  develop, update and enforce appropriate legislation to designate and protect important species  conduct inventories, document and share information on the status of important plant and animal species to inform their management utilising, among other things: o established scientific methodologies o traditional knowledge o participatory approaches  build FD and other stakeholder capacity in forest inventory methodologies and other skill sets to enhance their ability to protect forest species FD ED CSOs LCRUs Ministry responsible for legal affairs (MoL) Tertiary academic institutions (TAI) c) promote the sustainable use of biodiversity for social, spiritual and economic benefits  empower and build the capacity of all stakeholders to participate in the conservation and management of the country’s biodiversity  research and document traditional knowledge on biodiversity while protecting the rights of the holders of the traditional knowledge  promote the concept of corporate social responsibility within the private sector to develop support for biodiversity conservation  build awareness of the importance of biodiversity amongst landowners to encourage biodiversity friendly land use on private lands  partner with LCRUs and CSOs to foster their role as stewards of biodiversity as outlined in co-management agreements LCRUs CSOs TAI Private sector Ministry responsible for Education (MoE) d) ensure alignment of forest management activities with sectoral, national, regional and international biodiversity and environmental frameworks  align forest resource management procedures, projects and programmes with national policies, legislation and frameworks including, but not limited to the: o National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) o Land Use Policy o environmental management legislation o climate change policies and plans  align forest resource management procedures, projects and programmes with commitments under international and regional multilateral agreements and frameworks including, but not limited to the: o Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) o United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) o Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) o Ramsar Convention on Wetlands o Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) to the Cartagena Convention o Convention on Migratory species of Wild Animals o Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) FD ED LD Department responsible for fisheries (FID) Protected areas management a) implement integrated, institutional arrangements for the sustainable management  ensure coordination among government agencies involved in protected areas management  conduct carrying capacity studies and other relevant research to inform the development of sustainable management plans for protected areas  develop and implement sustainable management plans for FD FID ED LCRUs of existing protected areas protected areas  collaborate with CSOs and LCRUs for co-management of protected areas  where relevant, include business plans within the sustainable management plans, emphasising the role and rights of LCRUs  designate new parks and  protected areas using international standards as needed using a participatory process  reclassify protected areas or amend boundaries as needed using a participatory process CSOs Ministry responsible for trade and industry (MoT) b) sustainably manage the green spaces and forested areas within national parks and other protected areas  collaborate with relevant governmental and non-governmental organisations to ensure that effective revenue collection systems are in place to optimise the revenue from protected areas, while ensuring the sustainability of the resource base  utilise protected area revenues for the continued implementation of the sustainable management plans for said protected areas  explore the establishment of community ecosystem management trust funds FD ED LCRUs Department responsible for tourism (TD) MoA Wildlife management a) conserve wildlife for socio economic and ecological benefits  conduct research on the population dynamics of important wildlife species  develop a wildlife conservation strategy  build FD and other stakeholder capacity for wildlife management  develop and establish wildlife co-management initiatives e.g. a community ranger programme  update and enforce wildlife management laws and regulations  develop and implement systems to monitor and manage hunting in collaboration with law enforcement agencies for: o biodiversity protection o sustainable livelihoods o ecosystem services o recreation o public education  utilise open and closed hunting seasons or hunting moratoria as needed to sustainably manage wildlife populations  develop and implement systems to monitor and manage the sale of wild meat working in collaboration with agencies including, but not FD Department responsible for public health (HD) Law enforcement agencies CSOs LRCUs ED TAI limited to the: o department responsible for public health o law enforcement agencies  manage the impacts of invasive plant and animal species on wildlife  In collaboration with the MoA and farming community, limit the negative impacts of wildlife on agriculture Objective 2: Manage forest resources to build Grenada’s climate change resilience implementing appropriate climate change adaptation and mitigation actions Strategic direction Sub-strategic directions Actions Key implementing partners Climate Change a) recognise, utilise and facilitate the carbon sequestration function of forests for climate mitigation  monitor and minimise the level of deforestation  develop and implement reforestation and afforestation programmes using appropriate sivicultural measures  manage forest ecosystems to promote carbon sequestration e.g. prevent wildfires  align forestry activities with national climate policies, strategies and plans  build awareness among private land owners on the carbon sequestration functions of forested land FD ED MoA b) adapt to and manage the impacts of climate change on forests including drought, fires, invasive species and extreme weather events  develop and implement watershed management plans for critical watersheds  utilise appropriate forest regeneration strategies after extreme weather events based on: o scientific research o lessons learnt from across the Caribbean o local traditional knowledge FD ED CSOs LCRUs TAI c) promote forest health and utilise best practices for climate change resilience  develop and implement a nation-wide agroforestry programme  monitor forest ecosystems for the effects of climate change  conduct research and exchange best practices with other Caribbean practitioners on managing climate change impacts on forest ecosystems  engender forest health and climate resilience by among other things: a. maintaining forest connectivity b. facilitating complex forest structures c. maintaining high forest biodiversity FD TAI Objective 3: Optimise the sustainable contribution of forest resources to social and economic development, supporting food security, forest-based livelihoods and local green enterprises Strategic direction Sub-strategic directions Actions Key implementing partners Extraction and utilisation of forest resources a) Extract, process and utilise timber in a sustainable manner  Build LCRU capacity for sustainable extraction, harvesting and utilisation of timber  develop collaborative arrangements, programmes and concessions with land owners and LCRUs for timber production on private land  publicise, update and enforce the existing Code of Practice for timber harvesting  facilitate sustainable harvesting of timber within plantations in the Grand Etang Forest Reserve and in state forests at Mount St. Catherine’s, Morne Gazo and Annandale FD LCRUs Private land owners Ministry responsible for Finance (MoF) b) Extract process and utilise Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in a sustainable manner  promote the incorporation of sustainable NTFP extraction and management in all suitable forested areas, including establishment of collaborative arrangements between LCRUs and land owners, where appropriate  research, develop and implement programmes for: o the replanting of heavily utilised species o the extraction, development and marketing of products from NTFP species focusing on underutilised species and those which regenerate quickly FD LCRUs Private land owners Sustainable livelihoods and local green enterprises a) promote and support sustainable forest-based livelihoods and local green enterprises for food security, economic and social benefits  conduct research into existing and potential recreational and touristic uses of forests including carrying capacity and site sustainability studies  identify and develop new products, services and markets based on timber, NTFPs, recreation and tourism  support forest-based local green enterprises  establish and promote criteria for forest-based local green enterprises and ensure adherence to criteria  build climate resilience into forest-based livelihoods FD LCRUs TD MoT Objective 4: maintain, enhance and restore the ability of forests to provide goods and services on a sustainable basis, emphasising co-management approaches Strategic direction Sub-Strategic directions Actions Key implementing partners Tree establishment and management a) encourage tree planting to reduce soil erosion, improve soil fertility, beautify the environment, provide timber and NTFPs and maintain biodiversity in urban and rural areas  research, test and document suitable species for planting, considering among other things, their resilience to climate change and role as keystone species  maintain, upgrade and establish forest nurseries to produce a sufficient quantity and variety of suitable planting material to meet local demand  develop and support tree establishment and management initiatives with schools, CSOs, LCRUs, land owners and other stakeholders inclusive of building their capacity on tree species selection, care and maintenance  explore concessions as an option to promote reforestation and afforestation on private lands  develop an urban forestry programme  encourage agro-forestry on farmed lands e.g. through public awareness initiatives  develop and implement a nation-wide agroforestry programme for combined benefits such as food security, ecosystem services, climate resilience and sustainable livelihoods FD Schools CSOs LCRUs Private land owners Wetland management a) promote sustainable management of wetlands  develop and implement a communication and engagement strategy to support the positive perception of wetlands including their economic and cultural importance, as well as, their role in climate change adaptation and mitigation  conduct an inventory of wetland ecosystems using scientific methods and participatory approaches  research, develop, promote and build capacity for green enterprises and sustainable livelihoods based on wetlands e.g. tourism activities  develop and implement co-management agreements among government, LCRUs and other stakeholders for the sustainable use of wetlands  develop and enforce legislation to protect and manage wetlands FD LCRUs FID CSOs Private land owners  advocate and ensure compliance with relevant national legislation and regional and international agreements on wetlands Dry forest management a) promote sustainable management of dry forest ecosystems  develop and implement a communication and engagement strategy to support the positive perception of dry forests  conduct an inventory of dry forests using scientific methods and participatory approaches  explore options to encourage tree planting on private lands within the dry forest belt e.g. use of concessions  research, develop, promote and build capacity for green enterprises and sustainable livelihoods based on dry forests including tourism activities FD LCRUs CSOs Private land owners Recreation and eco tourism a) sustainably manage, enhance and diversify the recreational and touristic uses of forests  improve and maintain existing recreation facilities in forested Crown lands in collaboration with the TD, CSOs, LCRUs and other stakeholders  develop and manage new and existing eco-tourism activities e.g. hiking, camping, tours and photography within forests to optimise revenue but at the same time still protecting the resource base  develop and promote best practice guidelines for hikers, campers and tourists for their safety and protection of forests FD TD Department responsible for physical planning (PD) Watershed management a) research and implement best practices to improve watershed management  identify and plant viable, climate resilient, local species in target watersheds drawing both on scientific research and local knowledge  identify and implement best practices for soil and vegetation management drawing both on scientific research and local knowledge  exchange information with local, regional and international organisations in watershed management initiatives  build hydrological monitoring and water resources management capacity within the FD FD CSOs LCRUs TAI b) protect, manage and restore critical watersheds as needed  develop a communication and engagement strategy to promote watershed management, emphasising its importance for the protection of the quantity and quality of Grenada’s freshwater supply  review and update the current classification of watersheds  identify and prioritise critical watersheds in need of protection and rehabilitation FD ED Water Utility TD  include critical watersheds within the National Protected Areas Plan  develop and implement legislation for the effective management, protection and rehabilitation of watersheds  develop and implement watershed management plans for crucial watersheds  reduce deforestation and reforest degraded watersheds especially in critical zones like riparian areas and steep hillsides Ministry responsible for works and infrastructure (MoW) CSOs LCRUs c) ensure effective collaboration and partnerships for watershed management  ensure synergy and collaboration between the Water Utility and FD for the protection of water quality and quantity  ensure cohesion between the national water policy and forest policy  establish effective working partnerships with landowners in priority areas in order to improve watershed management  explore options for a nationwide watershed management strategy for private land utilising concessions for land owners as appropriate Water Utility FD ED TD MoW CSOs LCRUs Private land owners Objective 5: Ensure a strong enabling environment for the implementation of the policy Strategic direction Sub-Strategic directions Actions Key Implementing partners Stakeholder engagement, partnerships and coordination a) facilitate the equitable participation of stakeholders in all aspects of implementation of the forest policy and strategy on the basis of a full and informed understanding of the rationale for and contents of the policy  develop public awareness, communication and engagement strategies for implementing partners and build their capacity for the forest management activities listed under all strategic and sub-strategic directions  promote transparency and accountability, with an adequate flow of information among all concerned parties, and with mechanisms for feedback  co-manage forest-based activities among CSOs, LCRUs and government agencies FD Ministry responsible for education (MoE) Ministry responsible for information management (MoI) LCRUs CSOs b) ensure harmonisation, institutional linkages and collaborative arrangements among national implementing partners  foster linkages among government agencies, CSOs, LCRUs, academia and other relevant stakeholders to support the implementation of the policy and strategy  establish or utilise existing national multi-sectoral committees for coordination on forest management activities  establish or utilise existing multi-sectoral committees for coordination on forest management activities within specific watersheds or protected areas as needed  establish or utilise existing national multi-sectoral committees to manage activities that affect forests as it pertains to, among other things: o infrastructure e.g. roads, telecommunications and electrical wires within forested areas o road maintenance, de-bushing and drainage programmes  harmonise taxes and incentives which impact on forest resources management  update and enforce forest-related legislation to ensure its conformity with the terms of the policy FD ED PD MoW MoF c) foster national, regional and international partnerships to support forest resources management and ensure alignment with regional and international commitments  work with regional and international partners to develop and implement projects and programmes to operationalise the strategy  ensure compatibility of forest management activities with internationally accepted norms and practices  ensure alignment of forest management activities with commitments under relevant international agreements FD ED Regional and international intergovernmental agencies Regional and international CSOs Donors and their intermediaries Large private sector companies and associations Regional and international academic and research institutes Information exchange, research and data management a) create greater public awareness of the importance of forests and the requirements for its conservation  in partnership with the MoE, develop forest management content that can feed into syllabuses for primary, secondary and tertiary education  facilitate forest field visits for schools and other groups  facilitate forestry conservation awareness among key decision-makers, so that they appreciate the importance and fragility of forests and their role in conserving them  utilise appropriate Information and Communication Technologies for public awareness programmes.  lobby for wildlife conservation at the political level  develop public awareness programmes on forest management including but not limited to: o invasive species affecting forests o protected species o protected areas o threatened or endangered species o critical watersheds FD ED MoE MoI o wildlife population dynamics b) monitor and manage research activities in forested areas or on forest resources  monitor all research activities within forested areas and ensure research outcomes are shared with the FD and other relevant national stakeholders  monitor and manage bioprospecting and documentation of traditional knowledge using for example: o permits o access and benefits agreements ED PD Law enforcement agencies CSOs LCRUs c) develop and manage information systems relating forest resources management  ensure availability of forest management information in the public domain in multiple media formats suitable for all stakeholder groupings  create an online database of forest management information, including but not limited to: o protected species o protected areas o critical watersheds o invasive species in forested areas o wildlife population dynamics o monitoring and research executed under the various technical strategic directions  develop an information sharing protocol for information within the database  link the forest database to central governmental databases as appropriate FD ED TD MoI Capacity building a) ensure adequate staffing and training within the FD to support strategic actions  ensure adequate national budgetary allocations for FD staff recruitment, retention and training  identify and implement training opportunities for FD staff to support strategic actions  establish and utilise collaborative arrangements with Grenadian, regional and international academic institutions for forestry capacity building programmes FD MoF TAI b) increase available human resource capacity for forest resources management  collaborate with, train and empower CSOs and LCRUs in sustainable forest management  strengthen the FD’s technical extension services to support CSO and LCRU capacity building  supplement the FD available human resources e.g. using FD CSOs LCRUs retirees or volunteers as appropriate Resource mobilisation a) seek adequate national budgetary allocations for forest resources management  channel regional, national and community biodiversity trust fund allocations to activities under this strategy  facilitate forestry conservation awareness among key decision-makers, so that they appreciate the importance and fragility of forests and their role in conserving them  lobby decision makers for funding for forestry activities FD ED MoF b) pursue financial resources from non-governmental national funding sources as well as regional and international sources of funding  source available funding under multi-lateral environmental agreements and regional and international projects  pursue climate financing for activities under this strategy FD ED MoF c) develop and implement mechanisms for revenue generation  develop and implement a system of user fees and permits for protected areas  explore spin off products from forest resources and activities e.g. merchandise around specific protected areas sites FD TD Forestry management in Carriacou and Petit Martinique a) ensure that the specificity of Carriacou and Petit Martinique is considered in the implementation of all aspects of the Forest Policy and Strategy  designate and enforce protected areas on Carriacou and Petite Martinique  enforce land management legislation  establish a system for the management of forest based eco-tourism in Carriacou and Petit Martinique  develop an effective programme for wetland and dry forest conservation and management especially in protected areas  minimise deforestation and promote reforestation  emphasise watershed management for the protection of groundwater Ministry with responsibility for Carriacou and Petite Martinique Affairs (MoC) Law enforcement agencies FD TD PD b) develop effective systems to control the grazing and movement of livestock within  establish a humane capture and post-capture management system for animals found grazing within forested areas including the establishment of a pound for the captured animals  work with agricultural officers to manage fencing and MoC MoA FD forested areas public pastures to minimise the entry of grazing animals into forested areas. TD PD Law enforcement agencies c) ensure appropriate staffing and build the forest resources management capacity of relevant staff in Carriacou and Petite Martinique  Ensure collaboration among the FD and the MoC for forest management in Carriacou and Petite Martinique . FD MoC Glossary Afforestation Establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land that, until then, was not classified as forest1. Agroforestry Land-use systems and technologies where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are deliberately used on the same land management units as agricultural crops and/or animals, in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence2. Biodiversity the variability among living organisms; this includes diversity within species (genetic diversity), between species and of ecosystems3. Bioprospecting Biodiversity prospecting" or "bioprospecting," is the exploration of biodiversity for commercially valuable genetic and biochemical resources.4 Carrying capacity The maximum number of people, or individuals of a particular species, that a given part of the environment can maintain indefinitely3. Civil society organisations Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) include all non-State, not-for-profit structures, non-partisan and non-violent, through which people organise to pursue shared objectives and ideals, whether political, cultural, social or economic. Operating from the local to the national, regional and international levels, they comprise urban and rural, formal and informal organisations5. Climate Change Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use5. Climate change Adaptation Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Basically, these are Initiatives and measures to reduce the vulnerability of natural and human systems against actual or expected climate change effects5. Climate change mitigation The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by limiting activities or mechanisms that release the gases and/or enhancing activities or mechanisms that remove them6. Climate resilience The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions5. 1 Food and Agricultural Organisation. 2012. Global Forest Resources Assessment Terms and Definitions. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organisation 2 Food and Agricultural Organisation.2018. Agroforestry. Available at http://www.fao.org/forestry/agroforestry/80338/en/ Downloaded 22/9/18 3 Secretariat to the Convention on Biodiversity 2018. Glossary of Terms. Available at https://www.cbd.int/cepa/toolkit/2008/doc/CBD-Toolkit Glossaries.pdf Downloaded 22/09/18 4 Convention on Biodiversity. 2000. Progress report on the implementation of programmes of work on the biological diversity of inland water ecosystems, marine and coastal biological diversity and forest biological diversity (Decisions IV/4, IV/5, IV/7). Montreal: Convention on Biodiversity 5 European Commission.2018. International Cooperation and Development. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sectors/human-rights and-governance/civil-society en Downloaded 22/9/18 6 IPCC, 2014: Annex II: Glossary [Mach, K.J., S. Planton and C. von Stechow (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 117-130. http://www.fao.org/forestry/agroforestry/80338/en/ https://www.cbd.int/cepa/toolkit/2008/doc/CBD-Toolkit-Glossaries.pdf https://www.cbd.int/cepa/toolkit/2008/doc/CBD-Toolkit-Glossaries.pdf https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sectors/human-rights-and-governance/civil-society en https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sectors/human-rights-and-governance/civil-society en Co management Process of management by which government shares power with stakeholders, with each given specific rights and responsibilities4. The degree to which power and responsibilities are shared may vary widely. Communication Communication is a two-way process of dialogue to share information with and get information from key target audiences. Concessions Something that is granted in response to demands, or a preferential allowance given by an organisation. It can include tax concessions for forest conservation activities or agreements for small community enterprises within protected areas. Conservation The management of human use of nature so that it may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to current generations while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations De-bushing Management of vegetation along roadways and public spaces usually carried out by Ministry responsible for works and infrastructure Deforestation The conversion of forest to other land use1 Dry forests Forested areas adapted to a pronounced dry period e.g. between January to June in the Caribbean. The forest is relatively short in stature with a relatively open canopy and high light levels. Given the location near the coastline, where many development activities occur, this forest type is often severely degraded 7,8 Forest Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. As it pertains to the Grenada National Forest Policy and Strategy, the geographic range spans coastal scrub and mangroves upland through to cloud forests1. Ecosystem Ecosystems are self-regulating communities of plants and animals interacting with each other and with their non-living environment—forests, wetlands, mountains, lakes, rivers, deserts and agricultural landscapes. Endangered species A species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Enterprise An enterprise is an organisational unit producing goods or services which has a certain degree of autonomy in decision-making9 Governance Governance is a social process of decision-making and the process by which these decisions are implemented (or not implemented) via various institutions.10 Invasive species Invasive species are those that are introduced—intentionally or unintentionally—to an ecosystem in which they do not naturally appear and which threaten habitats, ecosystems, or native species. These species become invasive due to their high reproduction rates and by competing with and displacing native species, that naturally appear in that ecosystem. Unintentional introduction can be the result of accidents (e.g. when species escape from a zoo), transport (e.g. in the ballast water of a ship); intentional introduction can be the result of e.g. importing animals or plants or the genetic modification of organisms. Keystone species Species whose influence on ecosystem function and diversity are disproportionate to their numerical abundance11. 7 Beard, J.S. 1944. The natural vegetation of the island of Tobago, British West Indies. Ecological Monographs 14: 138-161. 8 Beard, J.S. 1949. The Natural Vegetation of the Windward and Leeward Islands. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 9 European Union. Eurostat-Statistics explained. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Enterprise Downloaded 22/9/18 10 Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies. “Good governance under the Common Fisheries Policy and Regime (CFP&R).” CERMES Policy Perspectives. 5 May 2008. http://cermes.cavehill.uwi.edu/PolicyPerspectives/CERMES Policy Perspective 05May08.pdf (accessed March 23, 2012). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Enterprise http://cermes.cavehill.uwi.edu/PolicyPerspectives/CERMES Policy Perspective 05May08.pdf Livelihoods Livelihoods comprise the capabilities, assets and activities required for having a means of living. It is a person’s means of securing basic necessities. Livelihoods includes the concept of well-being and quality of life.12 Local community resource users Community-based organisations (CBOs) or individuals engaged in deriving a livelihood from the use of natural resources (e.g. fisherfolk, farmers, beekeepers). Local green enterprises Local green enterprises (LGEs) is a smaller niche within the wider grouping of micro and small enterprises. LGEs seek to deliver economic, social and environmental benefits to the communities in which they are found. They are community-owned businesses that are socially conscious and strive to be socially inclusive and deliver benefits to the wider community13. Monitoring Monitoring is a continuing function that uses systematic collection of data on specified indicators to provide management and the main stakeholders with information on the extent of progress and achievement of objectives. Participation Participation in the context of natural resource management can be described as a process that:  facilitates dialogue among all actors;  mobilises and validates popular knowledge and skills;  encourages communities and their institutions to manage and control resources;  seeks to achieve sustainability, economic equity and social justice; and  maintains cultural integrity14. Various types of participation are distinguished, for example by considering the level of stakeholder involvement in decision-making as a measure of the depth of the participatory process15 or by classifying types in relation to power issues16. Policy Policy includes formal policy, laws and regulations and also includes informal policy which may be unwritten rules, guidelines or common practice. Reforestation Re-establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land classified as forest.1 Small and micro enterprises Micro enterprises in the small island Caribbean context have five or less employees while small enterprises have six to twenty-five employees6. Species A group of organisms capable of interbreeding freely with each other but not with members of other species3. Stakeholders Stakeholders in natural resource management are the individuals, groups and organisations that are involved in or may be affected by a change in the conditions governing the management and use of a resource, space or sector17. Sustainable Livelihoods are sustainable when they: 11 Soulé M, Noss R.1998. Rewilding and Biodiversity as Complementary Goals for Continental Conservation. Wild Earth 19–28 12 Caribbean Natural Resources Institute. 2011.. Facilitating Participatory Natural Resources Management: A Toolkit for Caribbean Natural Resource Managers. Laventille: CANARI 13 Sandy, K. & A. Dardaine-Edwards. 2017. Building resilience and adding value to local green enterprises: Developing a ‘climate-proofing’ methodology. Technical Report No. 403. Laventille: CANARI. 14 Renard, Y. & M. Valdés-Pizzini. 1994. Hacia la participación communitarian: lecciones y principios guías en el Caribe. Paper presented at the Workshop on Community Participation in Environmental Management and Co-management in the Dominican Republic. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic 27 – 29 October, 1994. CANARI Communication no. 55:8 pp. 15 Borrini-Feyerabend, G. 1996. Collaborative management of protected areas: tailoring the approaches to the context, Issues in Social Policy. Gland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature. 16 Bass, S., B. Dalal-Clayton and J. Pretty. 1995. Participation in strategies for sustainable development. London: International Institute for Environment and Development. 17 Geoghegan, T.Y. Renard and N.A. Brown. 2004. Guidelines for Participatory Planning: A Manual for Caribbean Natural Resource Managers and Planners. Caribbean Natural Resources Institute Guidelines Series 4. Laventille: CANARI. livelihoods  Can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks  Do not depend on external support  Do not compromise the productivity of the natural resource base and  Do not undermine the livelihoods of others18 Threatened species A species that is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future, throughout all or a significant portion of its range3. Watershed The land area that drains into a particular watercourse or body of water19. Wetland Areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water, the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres20. Wildlife Living, non-domesticated animals3 18 CANARI 2011. Facilitating Participatory Natural Resources Management: A toolkit for Caribbean Natural Resource Managers. Laventille: CANARI 19 Hassan R, Scholes R, Ash N. 2005.) Millenium Ecosystem Assessment: Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing, Volume 1, Current State and Trends. Washington: Island Press 20 Ramsar Convention. 2018 Available at https://www.ramsar.org/. Downloaded 22/09/18 https://www.ramsar.org/