Artificial Insemination of Cattle (Animal Health) (England and Wales) Regulations 1985 (S.I. No. 1861 of 1985)

ST A TUTOR Y INSTR UMEWU~ 1985 No. 1861 AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK INDUSTRIES The Artificial Insemination of Cattle (Animal Health) (England and Wales) Regulations 1985 Made Laid before Parliament Coming into Operation 28th November 1985 10th December 1985 1st January 1986 ARRANGEMENT OF REGULATIONS PARTI INTRODUCTORY Regulation 1. Title, extent and commencement 2. Interpretation 3. Revocation 4. Application of regulations PART II APPROVAL OF BULLS 5. Bulls for use in artificial insemination PART III LICENCES 6. General prohibition of collection, etc of semen 7. Licences PART IV COLLECTION, EVALUATION AND PROCESSING OF SEMEN 8, 9 & 10. Collection of semen 11. Delivery of semen for evaluation or processing 12. Evaluation of semen 13. Processing of semen 14. Movement of semen from a processing centre 15. Acceptance of semen to be kept in quarantine 16. Keeping of semen in quarantine 17. Movement of semen from quarantine PARTY STORAGE, SUPPLY AND USE OF SEMEN 18. Acceptance of semen for storage 19. Storage of semen 20. Movement of semen from a storage facility 21. Acceptance of semen for supply 22. Movement of semen from a supply centre 23. Supply of semen from a semen shop 24. General prohibition on use of semen PART VI FARM STORAGE SERVICING 25. Delivery and service of equipment required for storage and use of semen PART VII GENERAL 26. Applications, etc to be in writing 27. Offences 28. Transitional provisions The Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, in relation to En gland, and the Secretary of State, in relation to Wales, in exercise of tfie powers conferred on them by section 10 of the Animal Health and Welfare Act 1984 (a) and of all otlier powers enabling them in that behalf, hereby make the following regulations: PART I INTRODUCTORY Title, extent and commencement 1. These regulations may be cited as the Artificial Insemination of Cattle (Animal Health) (England and Wales) Regulations 1985 and shall apply to England and Wales and shall come into operation on 1st January 1986. Interpretation 2.-(1) In these regulations, unless the context otherwise requires "approved bull" means a bull which is approved for the time being ( a) by the Minister under regulation 5, or (b) by the Secretary of State for Scotland under regulation 5 of the Artificial Insemination of Cattle (Animal Health) (Scotland) Regulations 1985 (b); "artificial insemination" means the artificial insemination of a cow; "collection", in relation to semen, means the obtaining of semen from a bull but does not include such obtaining by a veterinary surgeon or a veterinary practitioner for the purpose of evaluation; (a) 1984 c.40. {b) S.I. 1985/1857. 2 "cow" includes heifer; "embryo transfer unit" means premises used for the purpose of the collection or the transference of embryos of cattle and "exempted embryo transfer unit" means an embryo transfer unit in respect of which a certificate issued by the Minister is in force certifying that the unit is an exempted embryo transfer unit for the purposes of these regulations; "evaluation", in relation to semen, means the examination of semen to assess its suitability for use in artificial insemination but does not include such examination by a veterinary surgeon or a veterinary practitioner; "extended use" means the use of a supplementarily approved bull in artificial insemination outside the herd or herds of the owner and co owners specified in the approval given under these regulations or the Artificial Insemination of Cattle tAnimal Health) (Scotland) Regula tions 1985; "farm" includes an embryo transfer unit and a research or experimental establishment; "farm storage licence" means a licence issued under regulation 7(1 )(f); "farm storage servicing licence" means a licence issued under regulation 7(l)(g); "flask" means a cryogenic flask; "the Minister" means the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and the Secretary of State acting jointly; "owner" includes a joint owner and any person having authorised possessory use, and "ownership" shall be construed accordingly; "partially processed", in relation to semen, means semen which has passed through all or any of the processes listed at (a), (b), (c) and (d) under the definition of "process" below; "process", in relation to semen, means any one or more of the following (a) dilute (except for the purpose of, or in the course of, the collection or the evaluation of semen); (b) add any substance (except for the purpose of, or in the course of, the collection of semen) which is calculated to prolong the natural life of the semen; (c) add any antibiotic for the purpose of promoting and safeguarding animal health; (d) package into straws; (e) freeze (except for the purpose of, or in the course of, the evaluation of semen); (f) quarantine for a period of 28 days following freezing under ( e) above; and "processed" and "processing" shall be construed accordingly, except that semen shall not become processed and processing shall not be completed until all the processes listed above have been carried out; "processing centre" means premises specified in a processing licence and in regulations 13, 14, 15 and 20 also means premises specified in a licence issued under regulation 7(l)(a) of the Artificial Insemination of Cattle (Animal Health) (Scotland) Regulations 1985; "processing licence" means a licence issued under regulation 7(l)(a); "qualified person" means any of the following: ( a) a veterinary surgeon; 3 (b) a veterinary practitioner; (c) a person, not being a veterinary surgeon or a veterinary practitioner, who collects semen under the direction of a veterinary surgeon approved by the Minister in this behalf; "quarantine" means holding in authorised isolation; "quarantine premises" means those premises specified in a processing licence to be used for the quarantine of semen; "raw semen" means semen which has not been diluted or treated in any way so as to prolong its natural life or to promote or to safeguard animal health; "research or experimental establishment" means premises on which research into or experiments with cattle breeding is or are carried out and "exempted research or experimental establishment" means a research or experimental establishment in respect of which a certificate issued by the Mmister is in force certifying that the establishment is an exempted research or experimental establishment for the purposes of these regulations; "semen" means semen from a bull; "semen shop" means premises specified in a semen shop licence; "semen shop licence" means a licence issued under regulation 7(l)(d); "special movement licence" means a licence issued under regulation 7(l)(e); "storage facility" means premises (being a main store, a supply centre store or a semen shop store) specified in a storage licence, and in regulations 14, 15, 17, 18, 20 and 21 also means premises specified in a licence issued under regulation 7(l)(b) of the Artificial Insemination of Cattle (Animal Health) (Scotland) Regulations 1985; "storage licence" means a licence issued under regulation 7(l)(b); "straw" means a container holding one dose of processed semen for use in artificial insemination; "supplementarily approved bull" has the meaning given to it under regulation 2(1) of the Artificial Insemination of Cattle (Livestock Quality) (England and Wales) Regulations 1985 (a); "supply centre" means premises specified in a supply licence; "supply licence" means a licence issued under regulation 7(1)(c); "teaser animal" means a bovine animal which is used as an aid in the collection of semen; "veterinary practitioner" means a person registered in the supplemen tary veterinary register; and "veterinary surgeon" means a person registered in the register of veterinary surgeons. (2) Any reference in these regulations to a numbered regulation shall be construed as a reference to the regulation so numbered in these regulations. Revocation 3. The Artificial Insemination of Cattle (England and Wales) Regulations 1980(b) are hereby revoked. (a) S.l. 1985/1862. (b) S.l. 1980/448. 4 Application of regulations 4.-(1) These regulations shall not apply to anything done by a permitted person in the course of or for the purpose of the artificial insemination of a cow with raw semen which has been collected from a bull by a permitted person where, at the time of such insemination, the cow is ( a) in the same ownership as the bull from which the semen is collected; (b) kept on land occupied by the owner of the bull; and (c) comprised in the same herd as the bull. (2) Nothing in these regulations shall apply to anything done in the course of or for the purpose of the artificial insemination of a cow ( a) on an exempted embryo transfer unit with raw semen which has been collected from a bull by a qualified person, or (b) on an exempted research or experimental establishment with semen which has been collected from a bull by a qualified person. (3) These regulations shall not apply to the collection, evaluation, processing, keeping or moving of semen by any person for the purposes of education or research in an educational or research establishment if that semen is not used at any time in artificial insemination. ( 4) In paragraph (1) of this regulation, "permitted person" means ( a) the owner of the bull from which semen is collected; (b) a person in the regular full or part-time employment of the owner of the bull but excluding such person who undertakes artificial insemina tion elsewhere; (c) a veterinary surgeon; or ( d) a veterinary practitioner. PART II APPROVAL OF BULLS Bulls for use in artificial insemination 5.-(1) For the purposes of these regulations the Minister may on application made to him by or on behalf of the owner of a bull approve the bull for use in artificial insemination subject to paragraph (13) below. (2) The Minister may require an applicant for approval of a bull for use in artificial insemination ( a) to furnish him with such information as the Minister may deem necessary for the proper consideration of the application, and (b) to permit the bull to be subjected to such isolation and to such tests, examinations or inspections as the Minister may deem necessary. (3) In considering whether or not to approve a bull for use in artificial insemination the Minister shall have regard to the health of the bull and may take into account the health of other cattle with which that bull may have been in contact and the physical characteristics of the bull and any abnormalities or defects of any kind of the progeny of the bull. (4) The Minister may approve a bull for use in artificial insemination without condition or subJect to one or more of the following conditions 5 ( a) that the approved bull shall be subjected to such further isolation and shall fulfil such further veterinary conditions as may be specified; (b) that only during a specified period shall semen of the approved bull be collected for use in artificial insemination; (c) that semen for use in artificial insemination shall be collected from the approved bull only on specified premises; (d) that semen from the approved bull shall be supplied for use in the artificial insemination only of cows comprised in such herd or herds as may be specified; and such other specified condition or conditions as he considers appropriate and where a bull is approved subject to one or more conditions, that condition or those conditions (as read, where appropriate, pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (8) below) shall be binding on the owner for the time being of the approved bull. For the purposes of this paragraph "specified" means specified in writing by the Mimster. (5) Where a bull is approved subject to condition (d) of paragraph (4) above or any other condition or conditions relating to semen, the owner of semen from that bull shall not knowingly supply that semen for use or otherwise deal with that semen in such a way that there is a breach of that condition or those conditions. Such condition or conditions, shall, subject to the provisions of paragraph (8) below, be that or those to which the approval of the bull was subject at the time the semen came into the ownership of such owner. (6) Where the owner of an approved bull or the owner of any semen from an approved bull knows or suspects that any progeny of that bull has shown signs of any abnormality the owner shall as soon as is practicable give notice of that knowledge or suspicion to the Minister and, if subsequently so directed by the Minister, to any person whom that owner reasonably believes to be intending to purchase, or to be in possession of, semen from that bull. (7) In any case where he considers it to be necessary, having regard to the result of any veterinary test or examination, the Minister may, by a notice served on the owner of an approved bull, prohibit the use, in any herd, of semen collected from that bull, being semen collected during such period as is specified in the notice, or being semen collected between a date specified in the notice and a date specified in a subsequent notice to be served by the Minister on the owner. Such notice (being the only notice or, as the case may be, the first notice) may direct the owner to give notice of the prohibition on use to any person whom that owner reasonably believes to be intending to purchase, or to be in possession of, semen from that bull. (8) The Minister may at any time by notice to the owner of the bull and to such other persons as he shall consider appropriate ( a) modify, suspend or revoke any condition subject to which the bull was approved or may subject the approval of the bull to any new condition or conditions as the Minister may consider appropriate; (b) suspend or revoke the approval of the bull. (9) Where the Minister has suspended or revoked the approval of a bull, no person who has been notified of the suspension or revocation by the Minister under paragraph (8) above shall, without the consent in writing of the Minister, use or supply for use in artificial insemination any semen 6 collected from that bull before the approval of that bull was suspended or revoked. (10) On the death of an approved bull the owner shall forthwith give notice to the Minister of the death, the circumstances in which it occurred and the results of any post mortem examination. (11) Any notice given to the Minister by an owner of a bull under paragraph (6) or (10) of this regulation shall be deemed to be notice on behalf of all the owners of that bull. (12) Where the Minister has approved a bull under this regulation, notice of any subsequent change of ownership of that bull shall be given to the Minister by the person relinquishing ownership. (13) A bull approved under this regulation for use in artificial insemination shall not be used for extended use unless it is also a supplementarily approved bull. PART III LICENCES General prohibition of collection, etc of semen 6. The following are prohibited except under the authority of, and in accordance with the conditions of, a licence issued by the Minister and for the time being in force: ( a) the collection, evaluation, processing, keeping in quarantine, storage or movement from a storage facility, supply centre or semen shop of semen, or the causing or permitting of such collection, evaluation, processing, keeping in quarantine, storage or movement; (b) the delivery to farms of equipment or materials required for the storage and the use of semen in artificial insemination, or the servicing whilst on a farm of such equipment. Licences 7.-(1) For the purpose of these regulations the Minister may issue one or more of the following licences: ( a) a processing licence; (b) a storage licence; (c) a supply licence; (d) a semen shop licence; (e) a special movement licence; (f) a farm storage licence; (g) a farm storage servicing licence. (2) Where the Minister issues two or more licences to the same person he may, if he thinks fit, issue the licences in the form of a combined licence. (3) A processing licence shall authorise the licensee to collect semen on premises specified therein and on farms specified in respective bull approvals, and to evaluate or process semen on premises specified therein. (4) A storage licence shall authorise the licensee to store processed semen on specified premises and to move semen therefrom in accordance with regulation 20. 7 (5) A supply licence shall authorise the licensee to move processed semen from a supply centre in accordance with regulation 22. (6) A semen shop licence shall authorise the licensee to supply semen in accordance with regulation 23. (7) A special movement licence shall authorise the licensee to move semen or cause or permit semen tQ be moved from a processing centre, or from premises in respect of which a supply licence is issued in accordance with regulation 7(1)(c), to farms situated within a specified area. (8) A farm storage licence shall authorise the licensee to store processed semen on a specified farm and to use or cause such semen to be used in the artificial insemination of cows which are kept on a specified farm and which are owned by the licensee, except where the farm is an exempted embryo transfer unit or an exempted research or experimental establishment or (subject to the consent of the Minister) veterinary premises used for the treatment of subfertile or infertile cows. (9) A farm storage servicing licence shall authorise the licensee to deliver to farms equipment or materials (including liquid nitrogen for farm storage flasks) required for the storage and use of semen or to service such equipment in accordance with regulation 25. (10) In this regulation "specified" means specified by the Minister in the relevant licence. (11) The Minister may at any time by notice to the licenceholder modify, suspend or revoke any licence issued under this regulation including any conditions subject to which such licence was issued. PART IV COLLECTION, EVALUATION AND PROCESSING OF SEMEN Collection of semen 8. No person shall collect semen from a bull for evaluation or processing unless he 1s a qualified person. 9. No person shall collect semen from a bull for processing unless that bull is an approved bull and such collection for processing is done under the authority of, and in accordance with the conditions of, a processing licence for the time being in force. 10. A teaser animal may be used only if authorised by a qualified person. Delivery of semen for evaluation or processing 11. No person shall (a) submit for processing at a processing centre semen collected from a bull kept on that centre, or (b) deliver or consign semen to a processing centre for evaluation or processing, unless he is a qualified person. 8 Evaluation of semen 12.-(1) No person shall accept semen for evaluation unless it is submitted to him by a qualified person on the processing centre where the semen was collected, or 1s delivered to him at a processing centre by a qualified person. (2) No person shall evaluate semen, or cause or permit semen to be evaluated, except under the authority of, and in accordance with the conditions of, a processing licence for the time being in force. Processing of semen 13.-(1) No person shall accept semen for processing unless either it is submitted to him by a qualified person on the processing centre where the semen was collected or it is delivered or consigned to him at a processing centre by a qualified person. (2) No person shall process semen, or cause or permit semen to be processed, unless he knows or reasonably believes it to be semen collected in accordance with the provisions of regulation 9. (3) No person shall process semen, or cause or permit semen to be processed, except under the authority of, and in accordance with the conditions of, a processing licence for the time being in force. Movement of semen from a processing centre 14.-(1) No person shall move partially processed semen, or cause or permit partially processed semen to be moved, from a processing centre except (a) direct to another processing centre, (b) direct to an exempted research or experimental establishment, (c) to a farm situated within an area specified in a special movement licence issued to him, (d) direct to a place outside Great Britain. (2) The person to whom a processing licence is issued shall, as soon as it is reasonably practicable after processing of the semen has been completed, move the semen, or cause it to be moved, direct ( a) to a storage facility, or (b) to a place outside Great Britain. Acceptance of semen to be kept in quarantine 15. No person shall accept semen to be kept in quarantine unless it is delivered to him at quarantine premises and ( a) it comes from a processing centre or a storage facility, or (b) it is imported into Great Britain subject to the condition under a licence issued under regulation 3(1) of the Importation of Bovine Semen Regulations 1984(a) that it be placed in quarantine. Keeping of semen in quarantine 16. No person shall keep semen in quarantine, or cause or permit semen to be kept m quarantine, except under the authority of, and in accordance with the conditions of, a processing licence for the time being in force. (a) S.I. 1984/1325. 9 Movement of semen from quarantine 17.-(1) Subject to the provisions of paragraph (4) of this regulation no person shall move semen, or cause or permit semen to be moved, from quarantine until the semen has been kept there for a period of twenty-eight days. (2) No person shall move semen, or cause or permit semen to be moved, from quarantine except direct ( a) to a storage facility, or (b) to a place outside Great Britain. (3) Subject to the provisions of paragraph (4) of this regulation, the person to whom a processing licence is issued shall, as soon as practicable after semen has been kept in quarantine for 28 days, move the semen or cause it to be moved direct ( a) to a storage facility, or (b) to a place outside Great Britain. (4) Nothing in this regulation shall prevent the movement of semen from quarantine direct to a place outside Great Britain before it has been kept in quarantine for 28 days. PARTY STORAGE, SUPPLY AND USE OF SEMEN Acceptance of semen for storage 18. No person shall accept semen for storage unless either (a) the semen (i) is delivered to him at a storage facility, and (ii) comes from another stora~e facility under the provisions of regulation 20(a)(i), 20(b)(i), 20(b)(ii) or 20(c)(i), or from quarantine, or is imported into Great Britain under a licence issued under regulation 3 (1) of the Importation of Bovine Semen Regulations 1984; or (b) he is the holder of a farm storage licence and the semen (i) is delivered from the supply centre specified in that licence to him at a building specified in that licence, or (ii) is transferred to him or his agent at a semen shop. Storage of semen 19. No person shall store semen, or cause or permit semen to be stored, except (a) under the authority of, and in accordance with the conditions of, a storage licence for the time being in force, or (b) under the authority of, and in accordance with the conditions of, a farm storage licence for the time being in force, or (c) under the authority of, and in accordance with the conditions of, a supply licence for the time being in force. Movement of semen from a storage facility 20. No person shall move semen, or cause or permit semen to be moved, from a storage facility except under the authority of, and in accordance with the conditions of, a storage licence for the time being in force and (a) in the case of a storage facility licensed as a main store, direct (i) to another storage facility, or (ii) to a place outside Great Britain; (b) in the case of a storage facility licensed as a supply centre store, direct (i) to another supply centre store specified in the licence for the supply centre store from which the semen is transferred, (ii) to a semen shop store, (iii) to a supply centre licensed to supply semen in the area within which the supply centre store from which the semen is transferred is situated, (iv) to quarantine premises, or (v) to a place outside Great Britain; (c) in the case of a storage facility licensed as a semen shop store, direct (i) to another semen shop store, (ii) to a semen shop, (iii) to quarantine premises, or (iv) to a place outside Great Britain. Acceptance of semen for supply 21. No person shall accept semen for supply unless either (a) the semen or (i) is delivered to him at premises specified in a supply licence issued to him, and (ii) is transferred directly from a storage facility under the provisions of regulation 20(b)(iii); (b) the semen is transferred directly from a storage facility under the provisions of regulation 20(c)(ii). Movement of semen from a supply centre 22. No person shall move semen, or cause or permit semen to be moved, from a supply centre except under the authority of, and in accordance with the conditions of, a supply licence for the time being in force and (a) by means of an artificial insemination service, to farms situated within the area specified in the supply licence, (b) to the specified premises of the holder of a farm storage licence who is entitled thereby to obtain semen from that supply centre, (c) to farms within an area specified in a special movement licence, or (d) direct to a place outside Great Britain. 11 Supply of semen from a semen shop 23. No person shall supply semen, or cause or permit semen to be supplied, from a semen shop except under the authority of, and in accordance with the conditions of, a semen shop licence for the time being in force and (a) to the holder of a farm storage licence or his agent at a semen shop, or (b) direct to a place outside Great Britain. General prohibition on use of semen 24. No person shall use semen in the artificial insemination of a cow unless (a) that semen has been obtained from a supply centre or a semen shop from which the semen was moved in accordance with the provisions of these regulations, or from a processing centre from which the semen was moved in accordance with the conditions of a special movement licence, and (b) heis (i) a veterinary surgeon, (ii) a veterinary practitioner, (iii) a full-time employee of the holder of a supply licence or special movement licence who, to the reasonable satisfaction of the licence holder, is competent in artificial insemination and associated hygiene precautions and who is under the general direction of a veterinary surgeon specified in the licence, (iv) a person, being the holder of a farm storage licence or a full or part-time employee (excluding such employee who undertakes artificial insemination elsewhere) of such holder, who has completed a course of training in artificial insemination under the direction of a veterinary surgeon and recognised by the Agricul tural Training Board or who regularly carried out artificial insemination during the period of 12 months immediately preceding the coming into force of the Artificial Insemination of Cattle (England and Wales) Regulations 1977 (a), and who has continued regularly to carry out artificial insemination since the coming into force of those regulations, or (v) the owner, tenant or manager of a farm to which semen has been moved by virtue of, and in accordance with, regulation 14(1)(c), or an employee of the owner or tenant. PART VI FARM STORAGE SERVICING Delivery and service of equipment required for storage and use of semen 25. No person shall deliver to a farm any equipment or materials (including liquid nitrogen for farm storage flasks) required for the storage and use of semen in artificial insemination, or service such equipment whilst on the farm, except under the authority of, and in accordance with the conditions of, a farm storage servicing licence for the time being in force. Nothing in this re$ulation shall prevent the holder of a farm storage licence from servicing equipment which belongs to him or from collecting any equipment or materials for use on his own farm. (a) S.I. 1977/1260. 12 PART VII GENERAL Applications, etc to be in writing 26. Any application, approval, authorisation, certificate, consent, direc tion, licence, notice or requirement made, given, granted or issued for the purposes of these regulations shall be in writing. Offences 27. No person shall (a) furnish any information under regulation 5(2)(a), (b) make any statement or furnish any information for the purpose of obtaining a licence under these regulations, which he knows to be false or does not believe to be true. Transitional provisions 28. A bull deemed to be an approved bull under the prov1Sions of regulation.28(1) and, so as to permit the continued use of semen specified therein, a bull deemed to be an approved bull under the provisions of regulation 28(2) of the Artificial Insemmation of Cattle (England and Wales) Regulations 1980 shall continue to be so deemed provided that any such bull shall, if the Minister by notice so directs, cease to be so deemed. In Witness whereof the Official Seal of the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food is hereunto affixed on 28th November 1985. 26th November 1985. 13 Michael Jopling, Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Nicholas Edwards, Secretary of State for Wales. EXPLANATORY NOTE ( This Note is not part of the Regulations.) These regulations which, together with the Artificial Insemination of Cattle (Livestock Quality) (England and Wales) Regulations 1985 ("the Livestock Quality regulations"), supersede the Artificial Insemination of Cattle (England and Wales) Regulations 1980, continue, with certain changes, the system for the control of the practice of artificial insemination in England and Wales. These regulations are concerned with the animal health aspects of artificial insemination. The regulations provide for the issuing and withdrawal of approvals by Ministers of bulls for use in artificial insemination. Approvals may be unconditional or subject to one or more conditions, those most commonly applied being mentioned in the regulations. Approvals, and the conditions subject to which they may be issued, may be modified, suspended or revoked (regulation 5). The regulations prohibit the collection of semen for processing except by licence from an approved bull and prohibit the evaluation, processing, storage and supply of semen for use in artificial insemination except under the authority of licences granted by the Ministers and subject to such conditions as may be specified in the licences (regulation 6). The regulations provide that artificial insemination may be carried out only by veterinary surgeons and by certain other specified persons and also provide for the control of the delivery of equipment and materials required for the storage and use of semen, and for the servicing of such equipment (regulations 24 and 25). Transitional provisions are also included providing for bulls, the use of whose semen was authorised under regulation 28(1) of the Artificial Insemination of Cattle (England and Wales) Regulations 1980, to continue to be regarded as approved bulls and for any semen the use of which was permitted under regulation 28(2) of the 1980 Regulations to continue to be so used, the bulls from which such semen was taken being deemed to be approved bulls for that purpose only (regulation 28). The regulations do not apply to the use of raw semen in cows belonging to the owner of the bull from which the semen came, or on an embryo transfer unit in respect of which Ministers have granted an exemption; nor do they apply to the use of any semen on a research or experimental establishment similarly exempted (regulation 4). Failure to comply with the regulations is an offence under section 10(6) of the Animal Health and Welfare Act 1984 punishable on summary conviction by imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months or by a fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale (currently £400), or both. The changes of substance are (1) All bulls require approval under these regulations before they may be used in artificial insemination. However, bulls having this approval only may be used in artificial insemination only within the herd or herds of their owner or co-owners as are specified in the approval; before such bulls may be used for artificial insemination without this restriction they must first be supplementarily approved under the Livestock Quality regulations (regulation 5(1) and (13)). 14 (2) The processing of semen includes all the operations from its collection up to and including its quarantine. These operations are covered by a processing licence (regulations 2 and 7). (3) A storage licence covers the three types of storage facility permitted by the regulations (main store, supply centre store and semen shop store, the latter two being associated directly with, respectively, supply centres and semen shops), and prescribes the circumstances under which semen may be moved from such facilities (regulations 2, 7 and (4) (5) (6) 20). Once semen has left the network of processing and storage it may not be readmitted to it. Accordingly, supply centres (from which semen may be distributed to farms) and semen shops (see (5) below) (from which semen is distributed directly to certain farmers) are licensed separately from their associated storage facilities (regulation 20). Semen shop licences regulate those premises where over-the-counter sales of semen may be made to holders of farm storage licences or their agents (regulation 23). Farm storage licences authorise the storage and use of semen for artificial insemination by specified persons on the licensee's farm (regulations 18 and 19). 15