France National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013: Towards a green and fair economy

1 Our Common Future, 1987. climate change at world scale, the "Grenelle capture and sequester carbon, the risk assess-

2 Postdam of Environnement" Roundtable in France and ment measured in the 2007 Stern Report should Institute for the global economic and financial crisis have be reviewed upwards. Climate Impact Research.

3 Graham Institute on Climate Change and the Environment. 3 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY The social dimension must be added to these We must respond rapidly to social distress and two crises. The profound transformation of unemployment by breathing new life into our our organisations and our production and activity, mainly through a greener economy consumption patterns will involve all society without our choices jeopardizing the future. stakeholders. Changes of this nature mean that the conditions of social acceptability and Countries intervened strongly to limit the fair distribution of efforts that this assumes effects of the financial crisis. They must now must be incorporated in the heart of projects make an unprecedented effort to re-balance and decisions. The industrial and economic the public finances sustainably to prevent the transitions must be supported by giving social growing weight of the public debt and deficit and intergenerational solidarities their rightful weighing on future generations. place, through reducing inequalities, comba- ting unemployment and insecurity, training, The French strategy must therefore clearly include risk prevention and governance. the issue of sustainability of public finances. The logic of intergenerational solidarity is a foun- This crisis undoubtly marks the end of a dation stone of sustainable development. The cycle, as analysed by of the Economic, Social French strategy is based on this principle and and Environmental Council (CESE) in 20094: therefore must avoid especially any new expen- "Nothing could be worse than relaxing our diture not relating to profitable investment for efforts to control the consumption of energy future generations. As stated in the budget bill and diversification of sources, thanks to the for 2010, the public debt, which was 67.4% of the recent drop in oil prices, as we saw between GDP in 2008, will reach 84% in 2010 and 90% 1985 and 2003 following the oil price fall, or in 2012 due to the emergency measures taken repeating such transgressions in terms of cohe- to tackle the economic crisis. The slide in public sion when growth returns". In this context, expenditure could be a major handicap for future the CESE calls for collective and political will generations who would have to take it on board through a high-level national strategy applied to the detriment of their own development. This on the long term, to "implement firmly a new concern has naturally underpinned the entire development model5". elaboration of this strategy. The crisis urges us to build a new model which The French strategy therefore sets out to main- takes the requirements of sustainable develop- tain the balance between the environmental, ment into account in the long term. It identifies social and economic aspects of sustainable new tacks, encourages us to commit to the development, to reconcile the rights of pre- path of greatly-renewed growth. In most deve- sent and future generations and to struc- loped countries, within OECD or at European ture the national and local issues coherently. level, recovery plans and more long-term work The cultural aspect is a deciding factor in both open up routes to a decarbonised eco- this respect. It must be taken into account nomy using far fewer resources. and incorporated through heritage, architec- ture, access to knowledge, information and The context governing this revision of our NSDS cultural diversity if the National Sustainable requires special consideration. Development Strategy 2010-2013 is to succeed.

4 Sustainable development and ecological footprint indicators - draft opinion submitted by Philippe Le Clézio, rapporteur to the CESE, May 2009..

5 CESE opinion of

27 January 2010 on the NSDS 2009- 2013 – conclusion of the opinion. National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 4 T he NSDS proposes a common architecture to all players in the Nation - public and private - to help them structure their own sustainable development pro- jects around strategic choices and indicators decided by a wide consensus. Its main purpose is to ensure the coherence and complementarity of France's international and European commitments and national, cross-cutting and sectorial policies. By developing a decarbonised economy using far fewer resources, the national strategy is to make France a major player in the green economy, which is, alone, compatible with the development of emerging countries, whilst pursuing a goal of social justice and equity. It hinges for this purpose on nine strategic challenges, in line with our European commitments, which we must take up to move towards a green and equitable economy:  sustainable consumption and production, thanks to responsible consumers and producers who take the entire life cycle of products and services into account;  the knowledge society by developing information, lifelong training, education and access to culture and by increased support for research and innovation, which conditions our competitiveness and therefore the durability of our economic and social model;  governance, which must make it easier for us to adapt to the change and help our society to evolve by involving all stakeholders;  climate change and energy which demand great rigour and moderation in our consumptions, the development of renewable energies and the adaptation of territories by watching over the situation of vulnerable people and activities;  sustainable transport and mobility by encouraging modal shift, complementarity and the least polluting means of trans- port, by setting out to reduce commuting and develop pioneering systems meeting the needs of economic and ecological efficiency and social cohesion;  conservation and sustainable management of biodiversity and natural resources by relying on improved knowledge - and recognition - of their contribution to our most fundamental needs, on a more moderate and eco-innovative economy, town planning and organisations; 5  public health, risk prevention and management by paying special attention to the quality of environments and to potential social inequalities;  demography, immigration and social inclusion which all have a decisive impact on the economy and equilibrium of our social protection systems, by setting out to combat all exclusions due to age, poverty, insufficient education and training and by focusing on the multi-cultural aspect of the French society;  the international challenges of sustainable develop- ment and the fight against global poverty by supporting the strengthening of international governance to better incorporate the requirements of a sustainable development, by contribu- ting to food and energy safety in the most deprived countries. Article 1 of the 3 August 2009 multi-year planning act on imple- menting the "Grenelle of Environnement", known as the First Grenelle Act, states that the NSDS put together by the State "must be coherent with the European Sustainable Development Strategy and developed in conjunction with national and local elected representatives, employers, employees and the civil society, especially associations and foundations6". In accordance with the principles of sustainable development and in the spirit of the "Grenelle of Environnement", extensive discussions7 took place to work out the 2010-2013 strategy. Founded on the architecture of the European Sustainable Development Strategy, the new NSDS is shorter, more instruc- tive and more strategic than its predecessor. The major indica- tors from the European Sustainable Development Strategy have been inserted to make comparisons with European countries easier and have been supplemented to produce sustainable development indicators8 in line with the NSDS' strategic choices and applicable at sub-national scale, where possible. To ensure its inclusion in national public policies, the State departments will report annually on NSDS implementation to the Interministerial Delegate for Sustainable Development, and in accordance with Article 1 of the First Grenelle Act6, an annual report will be presented to Parliament. The scoreboard for NSDS indicators will be updated annually and circulated widely. Sustainable development is not a pre-determined ideal state to be achieved but a concerted improvement process, different according to each culture and its overall priorities which aims to better integrate the environmental dimension so that all citizens gain from its implementation. A close, efficient asso- ciation of ecology and solidarity is at the heart of sustainable development issues and will be the focus of major work during

6 See appendices: the 2010-2013 period. extract from First Grenelle Act 2009- 957 of 03/08/09, Art. 1.

7 See appendices.

8 See appendices. National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 6 Contents CHALLENGE 2 CHALLENGE 1 Knowledge society 2.1. Education and training Sustainable consumption 2.2. Research and Development and production 12 8 CHALLENGE 4 Climate change and energies CHALLENGE 3 Governance 22 18 CHALLENGE 6 Conservation and sustainable CHALLENGE 5 management of the biodiversity Sustainable transport and natural resources and mobility 30 26 CHALLENGE 7 Public health, risk CHALLENGE 8 prevention and management Demography, immigration and social inclusion 34 38 Appendices � Scoreboard for NSDS 2010-2013 indicators � Preparing the National Sustainable CHALLENGE 9 Development Strategy 2010-2013 International challenges of � Article 1 of Act 2009-967 of 3 August 2009 on planning the implementation sustainable development and of the Grenelle of Environnement the fight against global poverty 42 46 7 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY CHALLENGE 1 Sustainable consumption and production Context and challenges O ur produc tion and mainly those linked to energy, the It thus underlined the impor- consumption patterns environment or information tech- tance of improving information result in excessive and nologies. It covers all activities - on the ecological and social qua- increasing exploitation of natu- more especially those involving lity of products and services and ral resources. They affect the cli- consumer products like the agri- making it available to consumers mate, the biological diversity, the food sector - and is found at every and other buyers. natural balances and even the sta- stage in the products' life cycle, bility of human societies. from design to recycling after use, At the European level, in July via their production, distribution 2008 the European Commission Our society thus features increasin- and use. presented an action plan for gly fierce consumption of goods sustainable consumption and and services, combined with shor- All players therefore have to production and a sustainable ter and shorter product lifetimes; be galvanised into action to industrial policy. the result is increased consump- take up this challenge - citizens, On 4 December 2008, under the tion of natural resources and pro- consumers, production companies, French Presidency, the European duction of waste and nuisances. distributors and public authorities. Union's Environment Council adop- At the same time, global envi- Each individual's behaviour and ted conclusions which reinforce and ronmental pressure is heighte- involvement are decisive factors widen the various European policy ned due to the demographic pro- in the success of the deep-seated instruments and make them cohe- gress of developing countries and changes affecting how our lifes- rent - ecodesign 9, ecolabel and the desire of an ever-increasing tyles are organised. energy label, "greening" of public number of individuals to access procurement contracts, promoting the consumer market. Altering our production and environmental management of consumption methods means businesses. In this context, the challenge simultaneous action on supply These policies correspond fully is to orientate our production and demand, to enable harmo- to the requirements of the new and consumption methods nious growth of the most res- approach which combines regu- towards a more sustainable ponsible products, making them lations and voluntary legislative economy, which limits environ- more competitive than conven- baselines. The European conclu- 9 Ecodesign sets mental impacts whilst improving tional offers, and to stimulate our sions also suggest developing eco- out to minimise the environmental our competitiveness, our quality economy. nomic incentives for good beha- impact of a product of life and the social conditions of viour and eco-functionality, like throughout its life production. The "Grenelle of Environnement" the bonus/malus scheme and eco- cycle, from extrac- ting raw materials Roundtable mainly highlighted the taxation, and taking the rebound to its end-of-life Despite their full inclusion, this need to make the best products effect into account10. These policies recycling or des- challenge is not limited to simply (on environmental and social form a new framework to encou- truction via its packaging, distri- developing green technologies or aspects, both more visible, more rage rolling out and boosting mea- bution and use. the green growth of some sectors, credible and more accessible. sures already initiated nationally. 10 The rebound effect refers to savings (of resources, energy, etc.) cancelled out by additional uses or products. National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 8 •.~. . - . ~ Our strategic choices The objectives in figures Simultaneous action on supply and demand and expanded information on the ecological and social qualities of products to change behaviours. «« By 2012, double The aim is to encourage on-going improve- credible in the eyes of consumers, exten- the sales volumes of ment of the most efficient products and ser- ding environmental (especially the carbon ecolabelled products vices in terms of sustainable development. content) and social information on the pro- (environment NF (norme To achieve this, it is important to develop ducts and services and supporting virtuous française = French standard) or and circulate ecodesign methods and tools consumption behaviours. European ecolabel). upstream, mainly to reduce resource and Altering behaviours is undertaken in all sec- energy consumption and the production tors. It must be supported and amplified to «« By 2013, reduce of waste. place the economy firmly on the path of a the production of household Simultaneously, downstream, it involves greener and more responsible growth. and assimilated waste by 7% making the offer more attractive and more per inhabitant over the next five years, i.e. 25 kg per inhabitant11. Make more sustainable products and services «« By 2012, recycle 35% available to as many people as possible. of household and assimilated waste and 45% in 201512. Expanding markets must reduce the costs This expansion will be encouraged by public and selling prices of the most efficient pro- purchasing, regulations, economic incen- «« By 2012, recycle 75% ducts and services in terms of sustainable tives, partnership with major retailers and all of household packaging13 development, which will improve their forms of innovation - technical, commercial, against 60% in 2006. accessibility (scale effect). Fiscal "kicks" organisational and financial. «« By 2012, recycle can be envisaged (bonus/malus scheme, 75% of business reduced VAT, etc.). waste, excluding construction and agriculture14, against 68% in 2004. Support the green economy and business innovation. «« Cultivate organically 6% Innovation must be encouraged to boost loping new economic models, including the of the usable farmland the competitiveness of increasingly envi- green growth model. An example of this is in 2012 and 20% en 202015. ronmentally-friendly techniques and orga- the emergence of an economy of functio- nisations. The same applies to the design nality, replacing the marketing of goods by «« In 2012, achieve 20 % of organic products in public of products and services which improve the marketing their use, or industrial ecology, community catering16. environment and decarbonise the economy. focusing on environmental optimisation at

11 First Grenelle In all circumstances, innovation in services the scale of groups of businesses, sectors «« Have 50% Act 2009-967 of and organisations is a driving force in deve- and regions. of farms committed to an 03/08/09, Art. 46. environmental certification

12 Ditto. initiative in 201217

13 Ditto. Develop a more sustainable agri-food production. and 30% of farms

14 Grenelle Environnement with low energy dependency commitment, The significance of food impacts on consu- employee - friendly production and distribu- by 201318. waste round mer health merits special attention, to tion, reduced transport-related impact and tables, 20/12/07. introduce a more sustainable perspective better consumer information on the envi- «« By 2018, reduce the use

15 First Grenelle of pesticides containing into our agri-food production and consump- ronmental and social quality of products. Act 2009-967 of worrying substances and 03/08/09, Art. 31. tion methods: more environmentally - and with no substitution option by

16 Grenelle Environnement 50%19. commitment 120. «« Increase State purchases

17 First Grenelle of wood from products from Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 31. sustainably-managed forests

18 Ditto. (eco-certified) to 100%

19 Ditto. with effect from 201020.

20 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 48. 9 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Our ive operat levers Incentives to purchase and consume whilst making it easy for all to access sustainable and sustainably: fair trade products; ««expanding information displayed on the pro- ««adapting constantly thermal regulations and the ducts and in the points of sale : displaying the car- 21 sustainable development tax credit to changes in bon content and other impacts of product, displaying technological changes. health information, displaying social conditions of production and ecolabels; Ensuring the traceability of information ««guiding corporate purchasing policies and indi- throughout the whole life cycle: vidual choices towards more favourable products in ««harmonising assessment methods between firms, terms of environmental impacts and social conditions sectors and countries; of production; ««supporting the creation and roll-out of sectorial ««promoting certifications and best use practices; databases and shared information systems; ««promoting fair trade products; ««standardising reports and audits on green- ««supervising advertising in terms of environmental house gas emissions and different environmental and health claims22. parameters. Support for the green economy Encouraging businesses and green technologies: to commit to an advanced ««defining an industrial policy to support priority social responsibility approach25: sectors like renewable energies, energy storage, ««promoting corporate social responsibility, socially- green chemistry and biomaterials, recycling techno- responsible investment approaches, adhering to the logies and organisation and CO2 storage and recycling; EMAS European regulations26 and, more generally, ««supporting the development of demonstra- the obligation laid down for major companies by tion operations and industrial experimentation of the law on the new economic regulations to account innovations; for their policies and their environmental, social and ««supporting products sparing of natural resources societal performance; to allow an harmonious and joint development of ««opening up staff representation bodies to prepa- supply and demand. ring the firm's sustainable development strategies and the environmental and social report; Standardising ecodesign approaches23: ««involving different service providers (accountants, 21 Grenelle ««capitalising on good practices and broadcasting auditors, social audit firms, etc.) ; Environnement commitment 201. sectorial guides; ««matching tools like the corporate social responsibi- 22 Grenelle ««incorporating the notion of product flows, "carbon" lity for small firms and developing simple baselines/ Environnement and environmental costs; labels suitable for eco-responsible SME27; commitments ««reducing waste production at source, supporting ««developing ecolabels (environment NF and 219 and 220: refor- med Advertising abstemious products and using local products; European ecolabel). Standards Office ««supporting improved energy efficiency throughout (became the the life cycle; Exemplary nature of public purchasing as Professional ««promoting successes due to exemplary ecodesign accelerators for change: Advertising Regulation initiatives. ««standardising the implementation of the exem- Authority in June plary State circular of 3 December 2008 to reduce the 2008), modified Implementing tax and regulatory impacts from common administration consumption Consumer Code. incentives: (paper and office products, vehicle fleets, etc.); 23 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of ««extending the principle of the balanced bonus/ ««producing eco-responsible administration plans: 03/08/09, Art. 46. malus scheme24; encouraging especially sustainable public procure- 24 The discount ««supporting, at European level, the application of ment contracts and thermal renovation of buildings mentioned above a reduced VAT rate on eco-products; (energy audits and resulting work). could be a reduced VAT rate. ««extending the tax on polluting activities to pro- 25 Grenelle ducts generating a great deal of waste and strengthe- Pursuing regulatory and legislative Environnement ning its incentive nature by matching its rates to the harmonisation at European scale: commitments 196 costs of environmental damage caused; ««regularly updating minimum ecodesign require- to 199 and 202. ««updating regularly criteria of eligibility to the tax ments by combining environmental protection and 26 Community Eco-Management credits, subsidised loans and other incentive economic competitiveness whilst involving all stakeholders in and Audit Scheme. instruments to promote the most efficient equipment, these changes;

27 Grenelle products and services and the gradual improvements ««harmonising consumer information. Environnement commitment 202. National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 10 Access to safe and balanced Promoting the use of renewable or food: recycled raw materials: ««supporting ecologically- and socially-responsible ««promoting wood from sustainably-managed production and distribution patterns which help main- forests (ecocertified) and the use of biomaterials tain public health, soil fertility and water quality, as produced under sustainable conditions; local products and fair trade products; ««promoting the use of materials produced by ««supporting sustainable production and fishing recycling. methods and their products; ««expanding consumer information on the charac- Promoting the potential of industrial teristics of a balanced diet produced by sustainable ecology and the economy of functionality: methods. ««developing short circuits at the scale of a region, sector or business park; Reducing waste production and improving ««experimenting with new development and recycling rates: growth patterns, like the functionality economy and ««encouraging savings in raw materials and recy- the circular economy32, which replace the marketing cling through incentive pricing and taxation and local of goods or services by the marketing of their use. prevention plans28; This approach helps improve the service life of goods, ««extending the list of waste covered by the wider reduce the consumption of raw materials and energy, responsibility of producers by boosting prevention lower the production of waste and also develop a through adjusted contributions29; more social lifestyle; ««inciting the development of ecodesign and the ««Developing environmental finance and accounting recycling of packaging and construction waste30; and new wealth indicators.  ««reducing the amount of incinerated and stored waste 31 using various producer and consumer incentives; ««developing recycling and recovery organisations and techniques, especially for rare resources.

28 Grenelle Environnement commitments 243 Supporting waste recovery and waste-to- to 247. energy firms and activities:

29 Grenelle Environnement ««preparing and implementing a national and local commitments 248 policy to support the establishment and development to 252. of solidarity recovery and recycling;

30 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of ««developing vocational training for employees in the recycling and repair-recovery sector; 03/08/09, Art. 46. Grenelle ««encouraging activities combining recycling, re-use Environnement and solidarity objectives. commitments 253 to 258.

31 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 46. Grenelle Environnement commitments 259 to 263.

32 The functio- nality economy replaces the marketing of goods or services by marketing their use. This approach helps especially to improve the ser- vice life of goods and thus reduce the consumption of raw materials and energy and lower the produc- tion of waste . 11 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY CHALLENGE 2 Knowledge society "' 2.1 Education and training Context and challenges E qual access for all to old to new activities. Education tion activities. By educating young education, training and and training make a substantial people, it helps rouse the general culture is a major factor contribution to this. public to the challenges of sustai- in social cohesion, at all training Extra training in key economic nable development. levels and in all stages of life. It sectors, effective professional offers human beings the means to guidance and developing new The requirements of sustai- fulfil their personal and professio- learning methods seem essential nable development are also an nal potential, to integrate socially to meet the corporate responsible integral part of the everyday and take part in the knowledge competitiveness objectives and operation of teaching and trai- society promoted by the European citizens' aspirations for different ning establishments. These Sustainable Development Strategy products and services. institutions have, in relation to and Europe 2020. society, a mission of exempla- Managing the transition from rity, impulsion and promotion of Education and training can ins- old to new activities in a context sustainable development pillars truct citizens and future citizens of globalisation of exchanges which protect and enhance the in the fundamental issues of sus- requires far greater adaptabi- environment, economic develop- tainable development and help lity of individual skills and more ment and social progress and the them acquire the know-how and collective creativity to anticipate responsibility towards current and knowledge they must have to be and deal with the changes. future generations. able to adapt to changes in the world and in society. Initial and continuing vocational The content of their teaching These are major changes. At the training allows each individual to and training courses and the economic level, the crisis has acquire, update and expand his way they are managed must shown the dangers and conse- knowledge and skills on a regu- be such that secondary and quences of short-term logics and, lar basis. On-going training more higher education establish- at the technological level, stan- specifically helps the individual ments can instruct their pupils dardising information and com- control his own career path and and students, their staff, their munication techniques, emerging also makes it easier for each firm suppliers, businesses they work nanotechnologies and biotechno- to adapt to the transformations in with and authorities in their logies and necessary changes in its environmental, economic and region of installation. energy production and use indi- social environment. cate considerable changes to As a crosscutting challenge which come. The ethical and social aspects of impacts on all the other eight chal- education for sustainable develop- lenges of the NSDS, education and These changes, which may be per- ment contribute to citizen training. training require that considerable ceived as threats or opportunities, efforts continue to be made at involve anticipating the benefit of It is included inherently in all country scale. Its success is one potential new possibilities as well teaching disciplines and all curri- of the keys to an effective national as managing the transition from cular and extra-curricular educa- sustainable development policy. National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 12 Our strategic choices The objectives in figures Adapt and reinforce training systems in the key areas of sustainable development. Under the "Grenelle of Environnement", More generally, this implies extra efforts by priority skills and qualifications have been those involved in vocational training to make In Europe by 202033, achieve : identified in six key sustainable development the transitions smooth and support all sectors sectors: building, energy, agriculture, marine of activity, especially industrial, in adapting to «« 15% of adults on average sciences, economy and health. the challenges of sustainable development. taking part in lifelong training Training courses capable of implementing This goal requires a sustained training effort activities; the changes sought in these sectors must be of teachers and instructors in all areas affec- adapted and developed very quickly. ted by these transformations. «« less than 10% of young people leaving school early. Improve the lifelong training available and facilitate Nationally, by 2013: its access. «« increase the number of Lifelong training is a chance for individuals to the greatest number of people helps with children and adolescents to progress more successfully in their profes- these changes, as does enhancing profes- benefiting from education and sional life by adapting to the transformations sional career paths and experience. Efforts cultural efforts by 20 to in society and the changes in the economic must focus on renewing training and refe- 25%; context. Making training courses available rence framework contents. «« reduce the percentage of the population which has Encourage social integration and employment through never visited a cultural site by training and education. 25%. Initial and continuing training of citizens where young people and senior citizens find and future citizens is an investment wich it difficult to access the job market. The pro- facilitates integrating and remaining in pro- longed lifetime, and correlatively the wor- fessional life and more generally integra- king life, of senior citizens reinforces the ting individuals in society. It is an essential need to update knowledge. investment in a rapidly-transforming society, Expand general public training for sustainable development. A global understanding and grasp, particu- prepare the future citizen to understand, larly by the general public, of the stakes, assimilate the complexity of social, econo- principles and values of sustainable deve- mic, cultural and environmental relations lopment are fundamental levers in chan- and take action. It means making everyone ging thoughts, attitudes and behaviours. pay more attention to their surroundings Education for sustainable development must and better able to participate. Train public and private decision makers in the challenges of sustainable development. Raising the awareness of and training business leaders and unions - is the ideal decision makers - national and local elec- way of triggering real changes in behaviours ted representatives, State representatives, and individual and collective choices.

33 Council of the Reduce early school-leaving. European Union of 11-12 May The fight against early school leaving and to its transformations and changes in the 2009. European academic failures must allow all young economic context. It is one of the priorities Education and Training Strategy people to enter society rapidly and face up in the action for youth plan. 2020. 13 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Our ive operat levers Developing support systems to combat reference frameworks by targeting in priority the key academic failure: sectors35 and those in need of major and rapid change; ««priority education policy; ««developing professions and sectors for the envi- ««introducing education support and personalised ronment, recycling, ecodesign, life cycle analyses and aid systems; an understanding of ecosystems36; ««improved integration of all disabled students; ««incorporating environmental and sustainable ««forming a localised guidance public service; development issues in vocational training courses ««renovating the vocational education; for leisure and sport supervision. ««combating school drop-outs (setting up platforms in each region to monitor dropping out of school). Applying information and communication technologies: Standardising education for sustainable ««reducing the digital gap and developing the use development from nursery school to of information technologies to improve access to ser- higher education: vices, knowledge and employment, especially for ««including sustainable development in school cur- isolated populations; ricula, teachers and managing staffs training. These ««supporting ICTs as a basis for a new economic training programmes help implement the overall development model, in Metropolitan France and sustainable development approach of schools and Overseas37; establishments; ««promoting information and communication tech- ««reinforcing the inter-disciplinary nature of teacher nologies in secondary education; training; ««developing digital workspaces in schools and ««combining education for sustainable development teaching establishments. with other cross-disciplinary education like education in health, nutrition and risks; Access to training for those ««learning the scientific approach to understand the employees who benefit the least, issues and actions related to sustainable development. especially in very small, small and medium-sized businesses, as well for young people with few quali- Developing professionalisation and fications and for senior citizens through better coordi- on-going training processes in higher nation by those involved in national and local training education: by clarifying each individual's skills38. ««using the options opened up by the law on the rights and responsibility of universities, the degree Developing methods for raising success plan and the European universities charter awareness and training public and for lifelong learning. private decision-makers: ««developing on-going, high-level training in sustai- Strengthening higher education and nable development (Higher Education Institute, etc.); integrating sustainable development in ««enriching and broadcasting forward-looking stu- the strategies of universities and higher dies by combining public and private skills. education institutions: ««investing in campuses of excellence, modernising Mak ing available environmental large campuses; information to the general public held by the ««preparing a green plan for the campuses and public authorities by creating a public environmental labelling universities and higher education esta- information portal: toutsurlenvironnement.fr. blishments on the basis of sustainable development criteria34 . Developing access to culture: 34 First Grenelle ««boosting education and cultural actions, especially Act 2009-967 of Matching the professional training for young people; 03/08/09, Art. 55. available in key sectors to the ««expanding accessibility to cultural establishments, 35 First Grenelle new requirements of sustainable especially for disabled people. Act 2009-967 of ., 03/08/09, Art. 6, development: 48 and 55. ««incorporation of sustainable development in all 36 First Grenelle vocational training courses and in the certification Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 55.

37 See overseas growth strategy.

38 Bill on guidelines and lifelong vocational training. National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 14 ' 2.2 Research and Development Context and challenges Research and innovation are governance. It is also aiming to decisions at the European level major levers in taking up the build a genuine scientific com- will contribute to the dynamics challenges of today, anticipa- munity at the scale of the Union of the European Research Area. ting those of tomorrow and through researcher mobility, allowing France to develop the exchanged knowledge and tech- At the same time, the most of competitiveness required for nology transfers. opportunities offered by this its economic and social equili- new research and innovation brium. Research plays an essen- In this context, France, in com- environment must be made to tial role to allow actors to commit mon with major European boost our competitiveness, rein- to more sustainable methods. countries, has put together force dominant scientific areas a National Research and and acquire new ones, expand Society's expectations must be Innovation Strategy (NRIS) for private research and innova- taken into account when orien- 2009-2012. tion, especially in the fields of tating research and the deci- environment, natural resource sion-making process. Exchanges It determines the challenges to be management, sustainable between elected representa- taken up, establishes the priori- development and health. tives, researchers, technolo- ties, ensures the coherence of eve- gists, experts and users are key ryone’s actions involved and sets International flows of students, to progress. In a society worried out to allocate public financing in PhD students, researchers and lec- about possible spin-offs from the best possible way. The NRIS turers are a major prerequisite for scientific progress, trust in research also makes sure that there is no buoyant research. It is essential to and its institutions implies the ini- opposition between fundamen- keep French research in European tiation of early dialogue. tal research and applied research and international exchange and More widely, to prepare for the by underlining the continuum research programmes. future, education must bring the between fundamental research scientific adventure to life and its and innovation. role must be debated when buil- ding our societies. France allocates 2.2% of its GDP to public and private research French guidelines for research activities, a percentage which and innovation are part of the has stagnated in recent years. 2020 vision for the European The volume of research is ade- Research Area (ERA) approved quate compared with other OECD by the Council of the European countries in the public field but Union in December 2008. low in terms of private research, This vision is intended to ensure thereby restricting innovation coherent national and European potential. policies and encourage the emer- In the years to come, an active gence of a European research participation in discussions and 15 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Our strategic choices The objectives Support research and innovation in businesses. in figures Transferring knowledge from public research approaches, must be consolidated. The «« From 2010 onwards, allocate to the business must be strengthened to policy of competitiveness clusters is a prio- 3% of GDP to research and speed up business development of pro- rity in this respect. development39. ducts and services in line with the issues Training researchers in entrepreneurship, of a green and sustainable economy. in managing innovation and in commercial «« By 2010, finance The interactions between public and pri- issues will be boosted to take better account 2/3 of research and vate research, like the inter-disciplinary of user expectations. development by businesses40. Boost research on sustainable development and major «« By 2012, mobilise societal challenges. one billion additional euros In line with the National Research and tion, food crisis, climate change and new for research on sustainable Innovation Strategy and the societal chal- energies. Combating erosion of the biodiver- development; lenges identified at European level, certain sity is a particularly strong challenge which the expenses for research themes call for an extra research effort: requires research efforts in indicators, value on clean technologies decarbonised economy, understanding and of the biodiversity, understanding ecosys- and preventing environmental preservation of the biodiversity, saving and tems, studying services rendered by the attacks will be increased managing natural resources, understanding biodiversity and the links between global gradually to achieve the same and managing risks, ageing of the popula- warming and biodiversity. expenditure level as for the civil nuclear sector41 by end Support research and development to combat climate 2012. change. Certain areas of research, like energy effi- for both France and Europe in meeting their ciency, reducing greenhouse gas emissions international commitments. The means and and adapting to climate change, are essential European cooperation must be reinforced. Include society better in research policies. The transparency of political choices on transparent rules will allow stronger citizen research applications and their conditions trust. At the same time, exchanges with of acceptability will be strenghtened relying the researchers should be encouraged to on independent quality expert assessments. familiarise the public with the scientific rea- Managing research through evolutive and soning and practices. Improve the international opening up of research activities. Improve France's appeal for French and our participation in European research foreign researchers and strengthen programmes.

39 Europe 2020

40 Europe 2020

41 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 22. National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 16 Our ive operat levers Incentive for businesses to invest in ««helping develop European research networks and the research and development of public/ programmes (e.g. ERA-net, foundations, groupings, private cooperation: etc.); ««encouraging the transfer of knowledge between ««promoting European programmes in key areas of public and private research (e.g. patent policy, resear- sustainable development (FP); cher mobility, competitiveness clusters); ««increased researcher mobility and knowledge ««developing competitiveness clusters combining broadcasting within the European Union, mainly businesses, laboratories, universities and local autho- between public research and businesses; rities around research centres and facilities, thereby ««structuring tools for research, especially in the encouraging regional vitality; energy new technologies and greenhouse gas emis- ««continuing to support centres of rural excellence. sions: research platforms, demonstrators; ««creating an Alliance for marine sciences. Opening research wider to the civil society: Research to improve the efficiency ««more developed information and association of and low-resource consumption of our representatives of the civil society (elected represen- technologies: tatives, associations, NGOs, etc.) on the orientation, ««encouraging research into energy, waste-to- selection and assessment of research strategies and energy and waste processing technologies42 , bio- programmes, especially when they inspire major technologies and their impacts, protecting resources innovations: GMO, nanotechnologies, biotechnologies; and the biodiversity; ««researcher and citizen involvement in responsible, ««improving energy efficiency of vehicles and trans- public dialogue, encouraged by efforts by main players port systems, especially aircraft and flight procedures; in recognition, information and training; encouraging the modernisation of fleets of all means ««strengthening exchanges between elected of motorised transport43. representatives and the scientific world with the support of the Parliamentary Office for Scientific and Strengthening research on the Technological Choices (OPECST) and the National biodiversity: Commission for Public Debate (CNDP); ««supporting the foundation for research on the ««preparing the political decision on such complex biodiversity: topics as the climate, nanotechnologies, biodiversity, ««expanding research into indicators and assess- energy and fishing, support by inventories incorpora- ment systems for the biodiversity, the impacts of

42 Grenelle ting scientific knowledge; climate change on ecosystems and the economic Environnement commitment 265. ««easier access to available data from public assessment of the biodiversity44 . research, under the same principles as those of the

43 Grenelle Aarhus Convention on access to environmental data. Developing and encouraging Environnement commitments 28, the influx of foreign students and 30, 33 and 36. Building a clear framework to exploit researchers:

44 Chevassus- scientific expertise: ««developing intra-European exchanges, especially au-Louis report ««developing scientific expertise: defining stake- under the European Leonardo programme; from the Strategic Analysis Centre. holders and issues to be deal with, independence of ««Expanding the influx of foreign students and Economic experts, understanding of conclusions by everyone researchers. approach to involved so that they can contribute effectively to the biodiversity and ecosystem- society’s debates and political decisions; Improved integration of sustainable related services ««scientists encouraged to be involved in expert development in the research guidelines: published on assessment, especially in collective procedures; ««taking sustainable development issues into

29 April 2009. Pavan Sukdev ««encouraging fora of experts similar to the account in the strategic guidelines of research report on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) establishments; economic of to develop a deliberative culture around major scien- ««incorporating economic, environmental and social ecosystems and tific issues. aspects in assessing applied research programmes the biodiversity submitted to and projects; the European Structuring the researcher community ««incorporation of human and social sciences at Commission on thus encouraged around sustainable the design phase of applied research projects and

13 November 2009. The aim is to development issues: programmes, for innovations and socio-economic assess the global ««decompartmentalising French research between impacts. economic benefit environmental sciences and human and social sciences; of the biodiversity, the costs of losing the biodiversity and of comparing the costs of inaction with the costs of efficient conservation. 17 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY CHALLENGE 3 Governance Context and challenges M ost of those within used to check that policies match In addition, Article 43 of the either the public or the and are relevant to global and Act on scheduling the imple- private sector using the local issues, sustainable deve- mentation of the "Grenelle of term governance understand it lopment principles, population Environnement" states that "buil- first and foremost as a diffe- expectations and the efficiency ding a new economy reconciling rent way of making decisions, of resources used. It helps projects environmental protection, social with many more decision-making and their strategic areas progress; progress and economic growth places and associated players. ««on-going improvement is in requires new forms of governance, agreement with changes in the encouraging the mobilisation of Modernising public action, favou- needs and expectations of society. society through mediation and ring cooperation and mediation, consultation". managing the many different and Good governance implies trans- sometimes contradictory inte- parency in the changes in the In this respect, the governance rests, encouraging mobilisation: file upstream and throughout the shared with the stakehol- governance is based on the process. ders used for the "Grenelle of partnership, the interaction Environnement" and repeated 45 13 July 2006 between the State (the central At the international level, the for "Grenelle of Sea", sometimes circular from the government) local authorities Aarhus Convention, signed on 25 referred to as "five-way gover- Minister for Ecology and civil society. June 199846, pursues three goals: nance" can be considered as and Sustainable ««developing public access exemplary. It has actually asso- Development, refe- rence framework Governance can be found at all to information held by the public ciated the five bodies - the State, for regional sustai- scales of government. Global, local authorities, especially through local authorities, employers, nable development projects and local or themed, it is plural by nature. accessible broadcasting of funda- unions and environmental pro- Agenda 21s. It is therefore important to make mental information; tection associations. The setting 46 International sure that its different scales are ««encouraging the public to up of the National Sustainable Convention signed coherent and linked properly. participate in the decisions which Development and "Grenelle of by 39 States on

25 June 1998. It have an impact on the environ- Environnement" Committee has resulted in When executing the public action ment, mainly at the start of a (CNDDGE), included under Article 1 Director 2003/4/ as in a project, good governance development procedure "when of the First Grenelle Act, and the EC which stipulates in particular that complies with and applies the fol- all options and solutions are still modernising of the Economic, any authority must lowing five principles45: possible and the public can have Social and Environmental Council pass on any envi- ««player participation is a real influence"47; ensure the continued existence of ronmental infor- effective at all stages and as far ««extending the conditions of this type of governance by wide- mation it holds to any person reques- upstream as possible so that eve- access to justice in terms of envi- ning it to the fields of sustainable ting it (without this ryone can build up and take on ronmental legislation and access development. person having to board the project or policy; to information. identify himself or ««coordination means organi- his reason for the request). sing the expression of the various At the national level, article 7 47 Ditto. stakeholder interests and how of the national Charter for the 48 The Charter for they are chosen; Environment 48 indicates that: the Environment ««the cross-cutting approach "All people have the right, in the states the rights of man and society aims to reconcile economic deve- conditions and limits defined by in its environment; lopment, improve well-being, law, to access information on the since the consti- social cohesion, protection of environment held by the public tutional law of 2005, it has been environmental resources and the authorities and to help prepare integrated fully climate protection; public decisions with an environ- into the preamble ««the shared evaluation is mental impact". of 1958. National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 18 Our strategic choices Encourage the appropriation of sustainable development objectives. The objectives A precondition for implementing good governance is making quality information available to players. in accordance with Article 7 of the Charter for the Environment. in figures Sustainable development requires deep-seated More generally, shared governance (five-way gover- change in individual and collective behaviours. nance: State, local authorities, employers, employees «« Implement the Grenelle Creating a culture shared by the miscellaneous and environmental associations) must be developped commitments on the initiation stakeholders in sustainable development and its taking support at the national level, on the imple- to an ecological democracy. challenges tends to encourage these changes. The mentation of the "Grenelle of Environnement" and public will thus be able to help prepare public deci- at the local level on local Agenda 21s and on local «« Make the production of and sions, especially those with environmental impact, sustainable development projects. access to information on sustainable development a priority. Develop local governance as close as possible to sustainable development and regional issues. «« Apply cross-disciplinarity to working methods and involve The local level means that everyone on the same ter- This means developing their involvement in the the stakeholders in the ritory can appropriate sustainable development issues consultation, preparation, implementation and eva- decision-making process. correctly. Participation in local governance must the- luation processes of local projects. refore be generalized on the model of the "Grenelle of To achieve this effectively, the principles of the «« Create 1000 local Environnement" and encourage the dialogue between consultation have to be defined and the decision- Agenda 21s by 2013 all local stakeholders, local authorities, inhabitants, making modalities clarified and the entire process, and achieve at least unions, businesses, associations and institutions along with the decision-making modalities, has to 250 local Agenda 21s on the issues and the strategy to be implemented. be transparent. labelled under the national recognition system. Experiment with new paths. «« By 2013 achieve the criteria of the stability pact (public deficit Practising local governance, stakeholder participation, Improving their governance must lead to renewing less than 3% of GDP) sustainable development initiatives: in these fields, their approach to development and make natural the metropolitan and overseas regions are areas for resources, their understanding, protection and recy- experimentation and innovation. cling a development lever. Apply the duty of exemplarity of public players in the governance and working methods. Reorganising State departments and local authorities socio-responsible public purchasing, combating all new responsibilities must be seen as a chance to types of discrimination (including improving parity) improve governance and working methods in seve- and training staff in this matter, on-going improve- ral fields: preparing decisions, incorporating sustai- ment through identifying and pooling good prac- nable development criteria in public policy evalua- tices, local experimentation and standardising shared tion and monitoring, developing eco-responsible and evaluation systems. Get businesses involved. As major regional players, businesses and professional encourages the preparation of united, ecologically res- organisations must become active, committed partners ponsible and economically viable job creation projects. in local sustainable development initiatives. The dialogue This implies specific approaches adapted to very small, between the economic world (employers and unions) small and medium-sized businesses, mainly through and the public sphere reinforces mutual understanding, collective initiatives. Preserve the interests of future generations in managing public action. The necessary adaptation of our economic and social expenditure as a whole and the fair distribution of efforts model, in a context where public players are under tre- and reinforced assessment of public policies covering the mendous pressure due to the crisis, calls for reduced public long term and involving Parliament in particular. 19 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Our ive operat levers Organising consultation conditions: Involving prefects and devolved ««clearly identifying responsibilities at decision and administrations: implementation stage; ««raising awareness of administrations at different ««standardising and facilitating the participation local levels to good governance and to sustainable of public and private players in the consultation pro- development objectives; cesses (shared governance, public debates, mobilising ««making information on the environment and the CESER, etc.); adapting the composition of consultation risks available to the general public; bodies for this purpose; ««carrying out diagnostics of the territory and regio- ««operating rules and resulting resources devolved nal environmental profiles55 under sustainable deve- to the involvement of the civil society49 in the consul- lopment principles; tation procedures established collectively, mainly ««strengthening the sustainable development in terms of transparency in the representativeness aspect in contracts between the State and local autho- criteria; rities and especially when revising State-region project ««implementing systematically Article 7 of the contracts (CPER); Charter for the Environment, providing for public ««assessing public policies, promoting and sharing participation in preparing public decisions with an best sustainable development practices, developing environmental impact; regional indicators. 49 See Comop ««displaying the results of the consultation and 28 exemplary communities. reporting on decisions taken50; Coherence and good governance

50 See Comop 28 ««developing consultations for complex projects at regional scale: with the proposed covered by several regional scales. ««compliance with and application of good gover- white paper. nance principles in terms of participation, coordina- 51 Grenelle Adapting national governance to take tion, cross-disciplinarity, assessment and on-going Environnement commitment 95. sustainable development into account improvement. According to the principle of shared better: governance, encouraging the creation of regional 52 Grenelle Environnement ««performing impact studies regarding sustainable committees56 organised under the model of Agenda commitment 194. development prior to bill drafts; 21 regional committees or regional committees to 53 Grenelle ««widening the composition and field of expertise monitor the "Grenelle of Environnement" follow up Environnement of the National Sustainable Development Committee regional committees and the seizure of CESER to commitments 188 and 191. and the Grenelle Environnement to sustainable deve- develop original governance methods and incorporate 54 3 Décember lopment players and themes; sustainable development in regional projects; 2008 circular from ««reinforcing the field of action of the Economic, ««promoting the national reference framework and the Prime Minister Social and Environmental Council and adapting its the national baseline for assessing regional sustai- on State exem- plarity in relation composition as a result; nable development projects and local Agenda 21s57 to sustainable ««facilitated seizure of the National Public Debate to incorporate sustainable development in local pro- development in Commission; jects (regional natural park charters, regional climate the operation ««creating a council guaranteeing transparency, plans, charters for the environment, development of its depart- ments and public methodology and ethics of expert assessments51, a and water management schemes, orientation and establishments. mediating authority for disputes over expert assess- regional coherence schemes, etc); 55 23 March ments and early environmental warning52: ««preparing regional climate plans and regional 2009 circular from ««reforming public enquiries and impact studies53 air-energy-climate schemes consistent with the local the Ministry of Ecology, Energy, to improve public participation. Agenda 21s where they exist58; Sustainable ««introducing sustainable development criteria gra- Development Applying the NSDS at all levels: dually in the public aid subsidies criteria. and Spatial ««applying the NSDS in ministerial, themed and Planning on regionalising the regional strategies; incorporating its priorities in deve- Promoting the opening up to European and implementation loping action programmes; international experiences: of the Grenelle ««incorporating eco-responsibility in the operation ««developing cross-border, European and interna- Environnement.

56 Ditto. of administrations and public departments by deve- tional cooperation; loping exemplary State initiatives54 and capitalising ««using European networks and cooperations 57 13 July 2006 circular from on good practices; instigated by sub-national authorities to facilitate the Minister for ««orienting the Public Commissions towards eco- economic and cultural exchanges and pooling of Ecology and Sustainable responsible and socio-responsible projects, products experiences; and services. ««integrating immigrants by developing links with Development.

58 First Grenelle their country of origin and their host authority (e.g. Act 2009-967 of decentralised cooperation). 03/08/09, Art. 51. National Sustainable National Development Sustainable Strategy Development 2010-2013 Strategy 2010-2013 20 Information sharing: Encouraging voluntary business initiatives: ««broadcasting information used to monitor and ««taking corporate social responsibility into account; assess the sustainable development policy and the ««environmental certifications (ISO 14000, EMAS), local sustainable development programmes59; compensating for greenhouse gas emissions, inter- ««reinforcing awareness-raising and information national projects (for example corporate social res- actions on sustainable development targeting the ponsibility guidelines under ISO 26000); general public; ««collective approaches at the scale of business ««setting up an information portal on public envi- parks, regions, professions, interprofessions, asso- ronmental data60; ciations and business clubs; ««supporting coordinated environmental watch ««incorporating sustainable development in dia- initiatives. logue and negotiating bodies within businesses or state-owned companies. Promoting and enhancing long-term initiatives in territories: Improving sustainable development ««developing citizen conferences, panels and other indicators and broadcasting them better forms of participative democracy (folk high schools, ««preparing sustainable development indicators 61 association networks, local consultation bodies and additional to the GDP (e.g. aggregated sustainable entities in relation with the ministry of Education, development indicators, green GDP, natural public local authorities, consultative bodies like the Regional capital, human and social capital)62; Economic and Social Council or the Urban Area ««creating a national scoreboard of sustainable Development Council), to make known and open for development indicators correlated with the NSDS63. debate the long-term initiatives designed to construct and share visions and action programmes at sub- national scale; ««preparing methodological tools to allow State departments to help the towns and territories move towards a more sustainable development mode.

59 Grenelle Environnement commitment 193.

60 Grenelle Environnement commitment 141.

61 Grenelle Environnement commitment 216.

62 Grenelle Environnement commitment 214.

63 Grenelle Environnement commitment 215. Speech of President Sarkozy, international conference to present the conclu- sions of the report of the commission measuring econo- mic performance and social progress. Large amphitheatre of the Sorbonne, Paris, Monday,

14 September 2009. National conference on sus- tainable develop- ment indicators on 20 January 2010. 21 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY CHALLENGE 4 Climate change and energies Context and challenges

64 The main anthro- A ccording to the 2007 on climate change, in force since other signatory countries to the pic greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide assessment report by 1994. It participates in the Kyoto Convention on Climate change (CO2), dinitrogen the Intergovernmental Protocol (entered into force in increased their own efforts, pro- oxide (N2O, methane Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2005) which is targeting 5.2% vided that other non-European (CH4) and the fluoride industrial greenhouse eleven of the twelve years in the reduction in world greenhouse Union countries committed to gases: hydridofluori- period 1995-2006 were among gas emissions between 2008 and comparable objectives67. docarbons (like freon the hottest since 1850, the date 2012 compared with 1990, mainly HCFC-22), chloro- fluorocarbons (CFC), when temperature records began. by acting on the production of Nationally, the Act on planning tetrafluoromethane The sea level has risen due to this energy which is responsible for the implementation of the (CF4  ) and sulphur increase in temperature by 1.8 70% of global emissions. The goal "Grenelle of Environnement" hexafluoride (SF6). Each greenhouse gas mm per year on average since for France is to stabilise emissions. defines ambitious sectorial has a different effect: 1961 and by 3.1 mm per year France in fact produces less carbon objectives, especially in buil- the impact of 1 kg since 1993. than the average of developed ding and transport. It thus of methane (CH4) is 23 times higher than countries due to its nuclear- and confirms the guidelines of the than of 1 kg of CO2 The greenhouse gas emissions64 hydraulic-generated electricity. It law on energy policies (POPE) of and the impact of 1 from human activity have caused accounts for 1.1% of world green- 13 July 2005 which states that kg of SF6 is 22,800 this warming: they have doubled house gas emissions for 0.9% of "combating climate change is a more powerful. For ease of comparison, a worldwide since the early 1970s the population and 5% of the glo- priority of the energy policy targe- common unit is used: and should double again by 2050 bal GDP66 . ting an annual reduction of 3%, on the CO2 equivalent or if nothing is done. According to the average, of French greenhouse gas carbon equivalent. IPCC report mentioned above65 , The UN Climate Change Conference emissions". The national climate 65 Current scientific research suggests continuing greenhouse emissions in Copenhagen in December 2009, plan, updated in 2009, should help that the average tem- at the current rate should accen- despite a lack of global agreement achieve these objectives. perature on Earth will tuate the warming and modify the made progress in some areas, like continue to increase by 1.4 to 5.8°C by climate system in the 21st century North-South solidarity and taking These strategic choices will be the year 2100, which profoundly. the role of forests into account. implemented locally68 by actions would mean impacting both energy produc- a rapid, deep-seated change compared A rise in temperatures of more The energy-climate legis- tion and consumption, mainly with the trends, even than 2°C would boost the extreme lative package, adopted in the development of renewable if the minimum fore- meteorological phenomena, with December 2008 under the energies and the search for energy cast prevailed. disastrous consequences, at far French Presidency, should allow savings in both new and existing 66 United Nations greater cost that the prevention the European Union to achieve buildings. data 2004. measures likely to be taken. the objective of three times 20 67 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of Urgent action is therefore requi- by 2020: reducing greenhouse 03/08/09, Art. 2. red. Restricting warming to 2°C gas emissions by 20% compared 68 Article 68 of law requires stabilising world green- with 1990, increasing energy effi- 2010-788 of 12 July house gas emissions by 2020 at ciency by 20% and increasing the 2010 on national commitment for the the latest, then halving them proportion of renewable energies environment (Second by 2050 compared with 1990. in European energy consumption Grenelle Act) intro- These objectives form part of what to 20%. duces the preparation of regional schemes is known as factor 4 because emis- for climate, air and sions in industrialised countries In addition, the 27 Heads of State energy, mainly have to be divided by four, and and Government of the Union to promote the regional potential of by two for the entire planet. countries stated that Europe renewable energies France has ratified the United would reduce its greenhouse gas and develop energy Nations framework convention emissions to the higher 30% if efficiency. National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 22 Our strategic choices Promote and encourage more moderate behaviours The objectives in figures and production methods Producers, distributors, service providers, The emphasis is on low consumption or consumers and investors - all public and positive energy buildings, on reducing private players must be mobilised and urged consumption in existing buildings by 38%. «« European objective of to choose the most efficient and most low- These measures apply to housing and ser- 20% reduction in consuming energy solutions, minimising vice sector buildings where obligations of greenhouse gas emissions in greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions rehabilitation are planned. 2020 compared with 199069. into the atmosphere. Industry, transport, In the transport sector, the aim is a 20% In France, the sectors covered construction, agriculture and town plan- drop in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 by the European Union's ning are the sectors particularly concerned. to bring them back to 1990 emission levels73. Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS, energy, metallurgy, cement works, paper industry, Provide information to enlighten individual and collective chemistry, etc.)70 will take choices. part in the European effort to reduce emissions by 21% Changes in behaviour must be based on Life cycle analyses of various energies must between 2005 and 2020 and a better understanding of the climate, its be performed and their overall cost assessed emissions from non-EU ETS mechanisms and its evolutions, energy to achieve this. consumptions and their effects. The cost/benefit balance sheets of energy sectors (mainly agriculture, The results of international and national cli- policies must also be expanded nationally building and transport) will be mate studies must be broadcast widely to and locally, by incorporating ecological, eco- reduced by 14%. help everyone to act at his own level and to nomic and social concerns in order to select «« Increase the proportion of reorientate the policies, if necessary. the most efficient and effective options. renewable energies in the final energy bill by 23% in France

69 Could increase in 202071. to 30% in the Support innovation for growth moderate in energy «« In the overseas departments72, event of interna- tional agreement. and greenhouse gas emissions. achieve 50% renewable

70 Objective energies in 2020, with total adopted by Growth in the economic activity must go to achieve this, intensify our research, deve- the European hand-in-hand with energy savings. The lopment and innovation efforts towards energy autonomy following Parliament on very nature of production and consumption energy-saving processes and organisations. in 2030.

17 December 2008 under must change to take up this challenge. The development of renewable energies the revision of We must favour "green growth" and, must be accelerated. Directive 2003/87/ EC whic improves and extends the European Union Adapt activities and territories to climate change. Emissions Trading Scheme for green- house gases. According to the IPCC, both short- and long- by regional approaches combining all socio- term adaptation is necessary to face up to economic players - farmers, SME, communi-

71 European Parliament the inevitable consequences of climate ties, etc. The aim is to reduce the ecological, Directive on pro- warming, even under the stabilisation social and economic vulnerability of each moting the use of scenarios at the lowest levels. At local scale, territory. energy generated from renewable climate change raises numerous challenges For this purpose, long-term development sources. Grenelle (changes in coastline, agriculture, forestry, and investment decisions should be adapted commitment 7. tourism, etc.) which must be covered to the inevitable climate change.

72 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 56.

73 First Grenelle Take into account the social consequences of our energy Act 2009-967 of policies to avoid increasing inequalities. 03/08/09, Art. 9.

74 Article 11 Energy prices will undoubtedly rise in the years implies setting up investment aid in favour of of the Second to come, mainly as a result of incorporating energy-saving solutions or those adapting to cli- Grenelle Act provdies for the external costs in the use of fossil energies and mate change for the most deprived populations. notion of energy through depleting resource. This increase must Lastly, adapting to climate change includes a insecurity for not result in categories of population or certain society dimension linked to local changes in implementing the law on the right to territories, mainly rural, being excluded from activities, mainly agricultural, forestry and tou- housing. basic needs such as heating or electricity74. This rism, which must be considered. 23 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Our ive operat levers Establishing a price signal on greenhouse ««reinforcing experiments in regional development gas emissions and boosting the carbon which use renewable heat networks, wood-fired market : 75 boilers or geothermal systems; ««taking impacts of greenhouse gas emissions into ««incentives for renewable energies through taxes, account in the price of energy, for example by using purchasing prices, specific financing and investment taxation or bonus/malus scheme levers; funds80. ««preparing the third phase 2013-2020 of the European Union Emissions Trading System for green- Reducing energy insecurity situations: house gas (EU ETS) and promoting the Paris financial ««helping social categories and professions wea- market for the carbon market; examining the feasibi- kened by the tremendous volatility in the price of lity of a climate-energy contribution at European level; energy; ««setting up a national accounting of greenhouse ««special attention paid to improving existing hou- gas emissions and other atmospheric pollutants. sing and supporting actions undertaken by private individuals, mainly the more modest households, Developing local adaptation and public and private social housing bodies; in this and attenuation initiatives context, supporting the acquisition of low consump- ««raising awareness and informing all regional tion or positive energy housing by using interest-free players (elected representatives, businesses, admi- or subsidised loans. 75 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of nistrations, associations and citizens), developing the 03/08/09, Art. 2. local energy council (e.g. ADEME energy info spaces); Promoting and improving energy 76 Coordinated ««joint preparation between State and regions of efficiency in the building sector, industry, by ONERC and regional schemes for climate, air and energy, standar- trade and transport: the Directorate dising regional climate-energy plans for all municipa- ««strengthening the information on energy per- General of Energy and Climate, lities and municipality groupings of more than 50,000 formances and the costs of operating buildings, cars this group has inhabitants; incentives to draw up local Agenda 21s and products, especially lighting, domestic appliances already produced a report.proposing incorporating an energy section; and computers; a methodology ««developing tools to help in decision making, coor- ««developing energy efficiency baselines, ecolabels for assessing and dination and monitoring: evaluation methodologies, and balanced bonus/malus scheme; listing the vulne- operational indicators, energy audits and greenhouse ««standardising energy diagnostics and greenhouse rabilities for seven themes: health, gas emission assessments; gas emission assessments in all fields of activity; energy, town ««support for local sustainable development stra- ««incentives for energy savings and thermal quality planning, built environment and tegies through local incentive taxes in terms of town through regulations, mainly in new construction and transport infras- planning, transport or housing choices; the renovation of existing buildings, developing the tructures, tourism, ««encouraging local authorities actions to control implementation and control of energy objectives, in natural risks and energy in all fields, be they acting as investor, operator new and old build81; insurances, agri- culture, forest and or specifier towards economic players and citizens; ««promoting and developing the use of high-per- water resource, ««taking climate change and its effects into account, forming materials throughout their life cycle, pro- regions. especially in managing ecosystems to preserve the duced and manufactured using little energy like the 77 The planning biodiversity through introducing an adaptation biomaterials which can both isolate and store carbon of investments over several years strategy; or even the recycling of materials, even waste like (PPI) into energy ««using the results of the interministerial group of textile waste; production adop- assessing impacts and the cost of climate change and ««standardising energy renovation of service sector ted in 2009 states the objectives of appropriate adaptation measures76 . buildings from 2012 onwards; each sector. ««installing smart meters and associated manage- 78 Solar, wind, Diversifying energy sources and reducing ment systems, mainly to lower consumption peaks hudraulic, marine, recourse to fossil energies : 77 which call for electricity generation to be boosted geothermal, bio- ««preparing in Metropolitan France and overseas, using fossil energy; mass, etc. regional air-energy-climate schemes which include ««training construction professionals to take 79 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of the development of renewable energies78 and their renewable energies into account and to use the tech- 03/08/09, Art. 56. connection to the electricity transmission network or nical solution most suited to the local context; 80 First Grenelle grid79or encourage energy autonomy of isolated sectors; ««developing interest-free loans to buy low Act 2009-967 of ««extending the place of new and renewable ener- consumption, even positive energy housing; 03/08/09, Art. 12 gies in town planning policies and in constructions, ««promoting the adaptation of housing to the ageing and 22.

81 First Grenelle creating eco-districts, eco-campus and eco-business of the population. Act 2009-967 of parks; incorporating means to produce these energies 03/08/09, Art. 5 in buildings, for example roof solar panels; and 6. National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 24 Exemplarity of public players: Setting up shared monitoring indicators ««standardising exemplary administration plans and instruments: (PAE)82, energy audits and greenhouse gas emission ««tools at all levels of integrated evaluation of assessments83, voluntary compensation of greenhouse projects, programmes and policies. These tools must gas emissions; make it easier to implement national goals for redu- ««carrying out the energy audit of all State buildings cing greenhouse gas emissions systematically at by 201084; local levels; ««support from the Public Commissions for innovative ««monitoring methodologies and monitoring of sectors and products helping combat climate change; regional climate plans; ««introducing teleworking and on-line services, ««indicators from the National Observatory on the especially in corporate centres, to reduce travelling85. Effects of Global Warming (ONERC), like flowering dates for fruit trees, glacier density assessments, etc. Intensifying research efforts : 86 ««modelling changes in the climate and extreme Informing citizens about meteorological phenomena, particularly at local scale; energy consumption: ««natural carbon capture and storage by forests ««the various innovative measures, such as energy and, at the same time, waste-to-energy conversion and carbon labelling or energy audits, are tools which of wood and biomaterials; inform or guide consumers in their choices; ««CO2 capture and geological storage87 by ensuring ««raising awareness to global warming, energy its acceptability, especially by developing independent savings and information on action means are requi- expertise on this topic; red more than ever, mainly through extensive infor- 82 3 December 2008 circular from ««energy efficiency and production processes with mation campaigns. low greenhouse gas emissions; the Prime Minister on State exem- ««renewable energies, solar, wind, geothermal, 'i\J_ plarity in relation to sustainable marine or from the biomass88; development in ««improved output of second generation biofuels the operation and taking associated issues into account in public of its depart- ments and public policies, especially in terms of the competition with establishments. food uses and environmental issues;

83 First Grenelle ««energy storage technologies; Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 48. ««efficiency and safety of nuclear electricity gene- ration and nuclear waste management processes; 84 03/12/2008 circular from the ««grid optimisation and management (smart grids); Prime Minister on ««assessing the overall cost of buildings over State exempla- several years. rity in relation to sustainable development in the operation of its departments and public esta- blishments, sheet no.17.

85 The daily com- mute is the leading factor for green- house gas emis- sions in the service sector (40%) See digital economy development plan (Besson plan).

86 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 22.

87 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 19.

88 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 22. 25 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY CHALLENGE 5 Sustainable transport and mobility Context and challenges F reedom and ease of travel Expectations for rapid and inex- advances in engines, modifying for people and goods are pensive transport will need to behaviours as well as encoura- at the heart of our modern be adapted to a more restric- ging the massive move towards societies. tive framework, conditioned by rail, river and maritime transport increasing energy prices and gra- methods. Source of wealth and job opportu- dually taking the external effects Infrastructures divide up natural nities, they are inseparable from in transport pricing structures into spaces and disturb ecosystems an open, efficient and competitive account. in addition to their direct and economy. Any transport system indirect impact in terms of space influences how the production of Road haulage accounts for the consumption. The priority for exis- goods and services is organised. greatest proportion of land trans- ting infrastructures is therefore, From raw materials choices to the port, representing about 80% of in addition to improving service journeys of goods and services tonnes transported and kilometres quality (fluidity, regulation, etc.), consumer, it structures the flow covered by travellers. France the gradual restoration of the of goods and professional and pri- enjoys a higher proportion of quality of our environment and vate journeys, even urbanisation. passengers travelling by rail due compliance with ecological conti- to its high-speed train network, nuities (Green and Blue Network). Transport services contribute to but needs to breathe new life into New infrastructure projects will be the socio-economic activity, to rail freight as a matter of urgency. assessed in particular for environ- relationships and social cohesion, mental impacts. to the integration of disabled, For international journeys, pas- old or isolated people in decen- sengers travelling by air have Environmental and even social tralised districts or remote rural increased twice as fast as those impacts from transport will be areas. Improving transport is thus using the roads ; maritime freight reduced by acting on the travel- a major component in urban reno- has made the most progress in ling needs of people and goods vation projects. goods trade, hence the strategic and decoupling economic deve- importance of port infrastructures. lopment and increased journeys. Transport also fashions our town planning and our lifestyles. The Transport systems have a signi- reduced transport costs and ficant direct environmental increased speeds in recent decades impact. partly explain, therefore, the cor- relative dispersion of housing and In France, energy consumption 89 It has recently activities, causing increases in from transport is at 97% in hydro- become clear traffic and covered distances 89. carbons. Transport is responsible that cars are Developing individual housing, for 26% of greenhouse gas emis- being used less in town centres, especially in the suburban sector, sions. Air and road transport but the kilometres has been preferred to densification, generate the most greenhouse annually covered which has contributed to transport gas emissions for each kilometre per inhabitant are still higher network congestion and longer tra- covered. in France than in velling times (e.g. commuting). Germany or the The safety and the reliability in Transport systems, particularly United Kingdom, given that transport still remain demanded road and air, also produce other journeys shorter by our society. Road safety made pollutants - nitrogen oxides and than than 100 tremendous strides as soon as fine particles - and noise. These km represent two thirds of travelled society realised how important nuisances have an impact on the kilometers. it was. It can still improve, for health of resident populations. The example by fairer sharing of the need to reduce greenhouse gas 90 The soft modes are thus qualified public space by soft modes90 like emissions means several frontline for their low envi- walking and cycling. actions: accelerating technological ronmental impact. National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 26 Our strategic choices The objectives in figures Promote more sustainable mobility practices for people and goods by encouraging neighbourhood development. Regional planning can help reduce the More generally, taking environmental, need to travel whilst satisfying the needs economic, social and health impacts into «« By 2012, increase the of populations and economic activities. This account in moving goods and people must proportion of non-road is particularly true in urban areas. Controlling become standard when we are organising haulage and non-air freight by the urban sprawl and establishing commer- our goods and services production system. 25%91. cial and trading areas, ensuring a diversity The possibilities of decoupling economic of activities in the districts, maintaining development and increasing transport flows «« By 2015, double the proportion of non-road neighbourhood services and facilitating soft, must be identified and implemented. haulage going to or coming active traffic modes are potential actions96. from ports92. «« By 2020, use 10% Strengthen intermodal transport and develop alternatives biofuels93 in petrol and diesel to road and air transport. consumption. «« By 2020, lower the average The priorities are to improve existing The economic appeal of alternatives to road emissions of new vehicles to transport systems by strengthening the com- haulage for goods, like rail or sea motorways 95 g CO2/km94. plementarity between rail, road, river and or specific goods railway lines, combined maritime transport, cycling, walking and to transport and neighbourhood services, «« By 2020, achieve 10% ease the passage from one mode to another. must be assessed, taking into account the renewable energy in Transport prices must reflect their actual benefits of fuel savings, environmental pro- transport95. cost better by incorporating the cost of their tection and safety and, more generally, a environmental and social impacts and the reduction in indirect costs supported by the cost of building and maintaining their essen- community. tial infrastructures. Improve the energy efficiency of vehicles, reduce their emissions and promote alternative energies.

91 First Grenelle Engine research and development must 120 g of CO2/km by 2015. Regulatory or Act 2009-967 of be encouraged with the aim of a genuine incentive measures likely to boost the com- 03/08/09, Art. 11 technological breakthrough regardless of petitive advantage of the most economic (on 2006 basis). the type of vehicle (private vehicles, heavy vehicles with the fewest emissions will

92 First Grenelle goods vehicles, public transport, railway contribute to this (bonus/malus scheme). Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 10. equipment, boats and ships and aircraft). Biofuels complying with sustainability We must also achieve the European objec- criteria set by the European Directive on

93 European Council, 8-9 tive of emissions adopted for new cars - Renewable Energies should be expanded. March 2007.

94 European regulations on Ensure access to services and mobility for all throughout reducing CO2 emissions in new the territory. cars adopted on

17 December The transport services available must people, people with modest incomes, 2008 and the meet very different localised needs (rural, professional constraints, etc.). This will climate-energy near-urban and urban areas, town centres, be helped by organising adapted, safe, package. disadvantaged or hemmed in districts) energy-saving and environmentally-

95 European and the particular expectations of speci- friendly services and using new digital Council, 8-9 March 2007. fic populations (old, young and disabled technologies.

96 New apart- ment complexes should be given secure bicycle parking facilities (Article 57 of the Second Grenelle Act). 27 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Our ive operat levers Actions on the demand, the choice Better integration of environmental, social of means and the use of transport: and economic impacts in town planning ««incentive to mix functions within urban areas; choices101; ««taking into account journeys induced by activi- ««better linking town planning and transport ties, depending on their localisation and organisa- together in urban policies incorporating these two tion, to find how to optimise them. Associating in dimensions at local scale; these discussions all stakeholders involved upstream ««expanding the evaluation of town planning docu- and downstream in the transport chain: producers, ments in terms of sustainable development: terri- suppliers, logistical engineers, hauliers and local torial coherence scheme (SCOT), local plan for town authorities; planning (PLU), urban travelling plan (PDU) which ««supporting innovation, proposing new distribution must in particular include controlling urban sprawl, methods intended to optimise the carriage of goods improve town-transport interfaces and limit the need in towns; for individual car journeys; 97 Digital economy deve- ««developing practices and digital technologies ««promoting more dense urban areas, especially lopment plan which meet certain needs by avoiding or limiting around public transport stations102. (Besson plan). travelling97: teleworking, video conferences, shared 98 First Grenelle service centres, shared logistics, business travelling Coordinating transport networks Act 2009-967 of plans, carpooling, car-sharing; and organising authorities103: 03/08/09, Art. 12. ««developing soft and active transport98. Developing ««improving the ease of successive use of various 99 The Gerri safe cycle itineraries, cycle parks, green routes, "roads means of transport and developing intermodality. programme deals with controlling for all" projects which allow for fairer and safer sharing This is essential to speed up changes in behaviour; energy (exclu- of urban roads by making space for non-motorised ««reinforcing the coordination of investments and ding journeys), traffic; operations between transport organising authorities the question of transport, ««developing systematic information on access (to (State, regional authorities) and transport companies of renewable a site, an event, etc.) by public transport to avoid (public transport in reserved lanes, rail transport); energies, of using the car; setting up the French Agency for multimodal and energy security, of construction ««implementing clean vehicle travelling pro- ticketing information104; standards to be grammes like the Gerri project in the Reunion Island99; ««increased role of transport organising authorities respected (HQE which model could inspire other island territories; in designing sustainable mobility policies at urban and BBC), sustai- ««innovation in services associated with mobility, area scale in consultation with the State and the nable town plan- ning, tourism, such as information, ticketing, vehicle hiring, pluri- regional authorities. with a section modal changing, etc. on evaluation, Major investment in public transport and employment and training, culture, Improved assessment of mobility needs alternative transport to individual cars: education, par- of people and goods: ««improving and developing public transport in ticipation and ««improving the understanding of neighbourhood major cities; communication. journeys; ««attention paid to the comfort of passengers; 100 First ««supporting the transport observation system asso- ««defining fair and lasting financing principles. Grenelle Act 2009-967 of ciating the stakeholders in the sector. Its main task 03/08/09, Art. 11. will be to assess greenhouse gas emissions using a common methodology, so that greenhouse gas 101 First Grenelle Act emissions can be displayed truthfully and honestly 2009-967 of when ordering services100; 03/08/09, Art. 7. ««carrying out inter-regional and multimodal studies 102 Articles to forecast flows and reasons for travelling; 19, 20 d) of the ««developing relevant indicators to assess the envi- SecondGrenelle Act of 12 July ronmental impact of alternative solutions to road and 2010. air transport.

103 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 17.

104 Finance Act 2009. National Sustainable National Development Sustainable Strategy Development 2010-2013 Strategy 2010-2013 28 General coherence of transport networks: Supporting the adaptation of the car ««improving the transparency of assessments manufacturing sector to the new and decision-making processes relating to transport environmental challenges: infrastructures; ««incentives for innovation, diversification, trai- ««developing and consolidating methods for analy- ning and development of "clean" vehicle skills from sing and evaluating impacts of transport infrastructure upstream to downstream: design, manufacture, ser- projects throughout their entire life cycle; vices, maintenance and recycling; ««developing and publishing the national transport ««preparing and implementing a decarbonised vehi- infrastructure scheme which determines State guide- cle plan to get ready for hybrid and electric vehicles by lines for networks for which it is responsible; rolling out charging solutions throughout the country: ««strengthening the association of stakeholders battery terminals or exchange stations. involved in constructing transport infrastructures at different regional levels. Exemplarity of public actors108 as regards mobility: Reinforcing the economic appeal of ««restricting professional travelling by public officials the means of transporting goods with by road and air; the fewest greenhouse gas emissions: ««faster replacement of the oldest vehicles with ««developing rail and sea motorways and improving vehicles complying at least with the standard of 120 the multimodal service to maritime ports; g of CO2/km; ««modernising the existing rail network and how ««developing the use of electric or hybrid vehicles. it is managed (journey time, timetables, frequency) to provide a reliable, quality goods transport system; Continuing with road safety efforts: ««creating a priority freight network, expanding ««defining a national education and training pro- high-speed rail freight by using high-speed lines out- gramme for eco-driving which involves driving 109 side peak hours; schools, businesses and drivers to change behaviours; ««developing neighbourhood rail operators; ««continuing actions to prevent alcoholism and ««changes in combined transport, which assumes taking drugs or medicines incompatible with driving; developing goods geolocalisation and standardising ««continuing to install technical equipment which multimodal exchange platforms; contributes to safety. ««setting up the Regulating Board for rail activities; ««taking into account, in the cost calculation, nui- sances generated by transport and using pricing and taxes to make the cleanest means the most econo- mically competitive.

105 First For passengers, modernising the existing Grenelle rail network105 and developing high-speed Act 2009-967 lines106: of 03/08/09, Art. 12. ««modernising the existing network (excluding high- speed lines). This network could provide a relevant

106 Ditto. alternative to road transport provided it links effec-

107 Ditto. tively with other means of transport at regional and

108 Prime local scale and that urban restructuration takes place Minister's Circular around stations; of 3 December 2008. First ««programming investments to launch the building Grenelle of two thousand kilometres of high-speed lines by Act 2009-967 2020 and defining a programme of 2,500 additional of 03/08/09, kilometres107. The aim is to offer economically viable Art. 48. alternatives to planes and cars;

109 First Grenelle ««improving network and equipment maintenance for both freight and passenger transport. Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 13. 29 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY CHALLENGE 6 Conservation and sustainable management of the biodiversity ,', and natural resources Context and challenges N atural resources include ned a page in international law. It endemic species in three oceans; fossil and mineral natu- set three objectives: conservation 10% of coral reefs worldwide are ral resources, materials of the biodiversity, sustainable use in French waters. from the natural environment and of species and natural environ- Our country is found in five of 34 arable lands. The biological diver- ments, access and fair and equi- biodiversity hotspots110 . It also sity, or biodiversity, represents table sharing of benefits arising houses 778 endangered species all living species found on Earth from genetic resources. at world level. (plants, animals, micro-organisms, At European scale, the themed Artificialised spaces show a glo- etc.), the communities formed by strategy (2006-2010) on the sus- bal increase of more than 820 km2 these species and the habitats in tainable use of natural resources, (+3.0%) between 2000 and 2006, which they live. the July 2008 action plan for sus- mainly at the expense of farmland tainable consumption, produc- but also natural spaces111. The services rendered by the bio- tion and industrial policy, the raw The fragmentation of the territory diversity for the last four billion materials initiative launched in hampers the migration, feeding years are essential. November 2008 and the conclu- and reproduction of numerous The living systems provide food, sions of the Council of the Union species. fibres, main active substances for under French Presidency of medicines and meets our most December 2008 laid down seve- The National Strategy for essential needs. Despite the survi- ral guidelines: Biodiversity (NSB), with action val of human societies depending ««widen and pool knowledge plans renewed in 2009, is the entirely on services rendered by and research; biodiversity section of the NSDS the ecosystems, they have not ««develop indicators; and incorporates the Grenelle been assessed monetarily and are ««improve the productivity of Environnement commitments. It therefore rarely or insufficiently resources by 2% per year through is designed to set up local pro- taken into account by our econo- more efficient use and more tection plans for the biodiversity. mic models. extensive recycling to reduce Human activities, through their the Union's dependency on raw impacts on the water cycle and materials; soil biology, their excessing ««decouple economic growth drawing and modification of bio- and environmental degradation. topes, impoverish the biodiversity at an unprecedented rate, which As the guardian of an excep- goes contrary to a sustainable tional heritage, France has development and compromises special responsibility towards the well-being, even the survival, biodiversity. of humanity. Climate change exa- Metropolitan France is home to cerbates the problem. The poorest over half the habitats deemed 110 Areas including a populations are also the most fra- of community interest and more large number of gile, the most dependent and the than 35,200 animal and plant highly-endange- most threatened. species. red species and environments. Faced with this emergency Overseas, the tropical rainforest of situation, the Convention on Guyana conceals ecological riches 111 www.stat. environnement. Biological Diversity (CBD) adop- still widely unknown; the French developpement- ted at the 1992 Rio Summit, tur- islands are home to numerous durable.gouv.fr National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 30 Our strategic choices The objectives in figures Know and understand biodiversity better; share our knowledge better. Understanding the biodiversity is an essen- development projects on the ecosystems. tial prerequisite to assessing and taking it At the same time, public information and «« Halting the loss into account in sectorial policies and deve- awareness-raising shall be strenghtened of wild and domestic lopment choices. To shed light on these and people taught how to understand biodiversity112. decisions, particularly at local level, top- and protect biodiversity, to appreciate level specialists must be trained, capable the true worth of services rendered by «« By 2012, protecting the five hundred of analysing very clearly from all aspects nature and to enjoy natural spaces without catchments the most the impact of construction and economic degrading them. threatened by diffuse pollution, mainly nitrates Assess the benefits and costs of preserving services and pesticides113. rendered by nature. «« By 2012, establishing a coherent network of Disappearing species and degraded ecosys- into account the true value of ecosystems protected marine areas114 tems threaten the well-being and future of and preserves them. All human activi- for 10% of French Humanity. This also applies to the durability ties must make sure that they integrate territorial waters, then of economic activities reliant on exploiting seamlessly with the fabric of the living 20% by 2020, in natural resources. It is therefore crucial that systems. accordance with the our development pattern really does take international objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity115. Reduce the pressures on the ecosystems and natural resources. «« By 2015, achieve a good

112 First Grenelle ecological state for 66% of Act 2009-967 of Urbanisation, intensive agriculture and gress, the protection of spaces and species bodies of water116. 03/08/09, Art. 23.

113 First Grenelle fishing, industry and transport infras- and the recourse to quota systems, even «« By 2015, create regional Act 2009-967 of tructures exert major pressure on eco- the ban on drawing when species survival coherence schemes in 03/08/09, Art. 27. systems, natural resources, whether or or resource availability are under threat, coastal regions incorporating

114 Definition of not renewable, and natural spaces. Any are essential. a coastal section117. IUCN protected exploitation of resources must be in line Besides, a more efficient use of materials is marine areas: "Any with availability levels and renewal rates. also important, as well as recovering them «« Before 2020, ensure high area of intertidal The spaces and species essential to ecosys- and reusing them more. protection of at least 2% or subtidal terrain, together with its tems must therefore be preserved to curb Lastly, encouraging more diversified agri- of the land territory of overlying water the loss of biodiversity. Special attention culture, using fewer pesticides, more pro- Metropolitan France118. and associated flora, fauna, histo- will be paid to the biodiversity of overseas tective of ecosystems and natural resources «« Acquire and protect rical and cultural France. The emergence of a less greedy and especially water will help achieve this 20,000 hectares of features, which has been reserved economy, founded on technological pro- objective. wetlands119. by law or other effective means «« By 2020–2030, protect one to protect part or Control the artificialisation of spaces and the homogenisation third of our shores (wild all of the enclosed third)120. environment." of landscapes.

115 Grenelle Sea commitment 14a. Excessive urbanisation taking over farmland mainly through creating the Green and Blue

116 First Grenelle and rural spaces is a threat to ecosystems, Belts and encouraging harmonious interpe- Act 2009-967 of natural spaces and the potential production netration between urban, rural, agricultural 03/08/09, Art. 27. Water Framework of food crops. The land use policy must deal and natural environments. It must also help Directive of 23 with the conflicting uses of territories. It must protect the nature of spaces and landscapes, October 2000. make sure that the major equilibriums are like an additional cultural, aesthetic and tou-

117 Grenelle Sea maintained, ensure ecosystem continuities, rist value of the human activity. commitment 72a.

118 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 23.

119 Ditto.

120 Grenelle Sea commitment 70c. 31 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Our ive operat levers Reinforcing expertise and training ««studying and setting up a marine blue belt on the on biodiversity, coastline, in the estuaries and at sea127; by acquiring essential tools to understand, manage and ««observing and supporting the movement of spe- 121 Intergovernmental monitor the preservation of the biodiversity and for that: cies linked to climate change as a factor in adapting Science-Policy Platform ««creating an international scientific expertise ecosystems and the territory; on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. mechanism on the biodiversity (IPBES121) and a bio- ««studying and creating a specific ecological network 122 Grenelle diversity observatory122; for overseas departments and territories; Environnement ««reinforcing naturalist disciplines such as botany, ««completing the land inventory of natural areas of commitment 79. zoology, ecology, taxonomy and marine sciences. ecological, faunistic and floristic interest (ZNIEFF) and 123 Natural heritage, produce the marine ZNIEFF inventory128. agriculture, forest, sea, Reinforcing the implementation and town planning, land transport infrastructures, monitoring of the National Biodiversity Promoting sustainable agriculture tourism, overseas, inter- Strategy: and forestry: national, research. ««preparing regional biodiversity strategies which ««introducing a strict, transparent framework for 124 Grenelle Environnement take account of the effects of climate change by using GMO and biotechnologies129; commitment 74. feedback from pioneering or experimenting regions ««accelerating the development of productive, diver-

125 First Grenelle and departments including overseas; sified agriculture130 which consumes few pesticides; Act 2009-967 of ««implementing sectorial action plans123 for use ««developing sufficient organic agricultural produc- 03/08/09, Art. 23 by all ministries and their partners to incorporate tion to satisfy demand and facilitate access to these and Grenelle Sea. biodiversity priorities; products for the greatest possible number of people; 126 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of ««opening up NBS steering committees to all par- ««recognising and promoting environmental ser- 03/08/09, Art. 24. tners involved. vices rendered by the forest131 and the cultural aspect 127 Grenelle Sea of access to the forest; commitment 69. Strengthening the conservation ««adapting natural, agricultural and forest spaces 128 Grenelle of ultra-marine biodiversity: to climate change; Environnement ««implementing in each overseas department and ««increasing the production of wood whilst preser- commitment 79.

129 Grenelle authority local biodiversity plans, plans for conserving ving the biodiversity better under concerted regional Environnement and restoring by 2012 species in critical danger of initiatives. commitments 135 extinction and establishing a plan to control invading and 136. land and marine species which threaten the equili- Promoting hunting good practices, 130 Grenelle brium of ecosystems; which help manage the wild fauna. Environnement commitments 125 ««identifying sustainable financing mechanisms to 130. to preserve and manage the overseas biodiversity; Developing integrated sea and coast 131 First Grenelle ««reinforcing policing of nature and means of pro- management: Act 2009-967 of tecting species and habitats; ««stating the strategy framework directive for the 03/08/09, Art. 34. ««developing research and the acquisition of ope- marine environment132; 132 Directive 2008/56/ rational knowledge. ««defining coherent perimeters for coastal areas EC of the European Parliament and the and governance integrating the land-sea interfaces: Council of 1 June 2008 Preparing the National Protected Areas protecting ecosystems, sustainable development of establishing a commu- Strategy and a system for overseas124: activities (tourism, fishing, etc.), sustainable develop- nity action framework for the marine environment ««creating three national parks and ten natural ment of the coastline and the maritime public domain; policy (strategy fra- marine parks by 2012; ««associating the development of sports and leisure mework directive for the ««setting up eight new natural reserves per year; activities in a natural environment with environmen- marine environment). The member States ««completing the Natura 2000 network at sea and tal protection; should do whatever is accelerating the creation of protected marine areas in ««concerted management of each ecosystem; necessary to create or Metropolitan and overseas French waters125. ««reducing and preventing pollution from port acti- maintain the marine environment in a good vities or coming from the continent; ecological state by 2020 Preserving ecological continuities: ««suppressing actions destroying the marine biodi- at the latest. Article ««by 2012, developing the Green and Blue Belts 126 versity like degassing and ballast water discharges; 166, sub-section 2 of which ensure territorial continuity for species and ««reinforcing controls in all sea-related activities and the Second Grenelle Act 2010-788 of 12/07/2010. allow them to circulate, feed, reproduce and survive sanctioning polluters;

133 Grenelle at local, regional, national and European scale, to ««managing fishery stocks133mainly by developing Environnement combat fragmentation; a network of protected marine areas; combating commitment 87. National Sustainable National Development Sustainable Strategy Development 2010-2013 Strategy 2010-2013 32 illegal fishing; experimenting with administered and ««inventory of environmental inequalities to be non-transferable fishing quotas; ecolabelling fishing reduced at the local level. Including the notion of products134; environmental equity in development projects; ««reforming and simplifying sea extraction condi- ««developing logics of common assets, rivers, tions135 and consolidating impact studies; sea, public spaces, by involving inhabitants in their ««developing environmentally-friendly marine management; aquacultures. ««promoting tourist developments and activities which protect and promote the environment; Promoting an integrated regional ««maintaining and encouraging near-urban agricul- development policy, focusing especially ture and supply short-circuits. on the heritage aspect, town planning and architecture: ««taking into account environmental, energy and social impacts and interpenetrations between Reduced drawing from non-renewable urban, natural and rural regions by ensuring good resources: links between the national transport infrastructure ««developing recycling and re-use to limit the scheme and the Green and Blue Belts framework extraction of materials; document and national guidelines for the preservation ««research and development of innovative processes and restoration of ecological continuities; and alternative materials, developing ecomaterials ««expanding town planning documents (SCOT, PLU) with sustainable and renewable production. to environmental concerns: controlling urban sprawl, limiting the consumption of agricultural and natural Adjusting taxation in favour of the spaces, preserving ecological continuities, controlling preservation of biodiversity and natural energy136; resources: ««priority to urban structures combining density ««setting up tax systems in favour of preserving objectives with open spaces and taking into account resources; the landscape aspect in the construction approach ««economic use of resources, recycling, reducing and the architecture; waste, reusing materials. ««changing town planning rules for calculating the net floor area to counterbalance the housing densifi- Developing education for environment cation by creating natural urban spaces; through associative movements: ««preferring urban renewal policies over extending ««targeting young people (inside and outside new urbanisation areas; school); ««implementing the sustainable city plan and ««targeting the general public. the plan to restore nature in cities and its multiple functions; creating at least one eco-district by 2012 in all municipalities which run significant housing

134 First Grenelle Act development programmes to incorporate the bio- 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 35 and Article diversity better in urban planning, construction and 170 of the Second management137; Grenelle Act 2010-788 of 23/07/10, law of 12 July 2010.

135 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 35.

136 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 7. Grenelle Environnement commit- ment 50.

137 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 7. Grenelle Environnement commit- ments 49 and 76. 33 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY CHALLENGE 7 Public health, risk prevention and + management .......,__ Context and challenges -~- F rance has one of the accumulate in the organisms are sonalities, health system profes- highest life expectan- qualified as "substances of very sionals, health insurance bodies cies without incapacity high concern" and require autho- and consumer, patient and victim in the world138 . The country is risation. The European Chemicals representatives. The plan is then also the European Union mem- Agency (ECHA) is responsible for intended to be applied through ber which spends the most on the managing and supervising these regional health and environment health of its inhabitants, close to obligations. plans. 9% of its GDP. The guarantee of access to care for all by the uni- At the national scale, the first In terms of health at work, the versal medical cover constitutes National Health and Environment efforts cover the prevention of a factor of social equity and las- Plan 2004-2008 (PNSE 1) provided professional risks which include ting health. Article 1 of the Charter for actions to prevent and control exposure to chemical substances. for the Environment, attached to health risks linked to air quality The aim is to encourage the dif- the Constitution, stipulates that and chemical substances. The fusion of a genuine prevention "Everyone has the right to live in a National Health and Environment culture in businesses and more balanced and health-friendly envi- Plan 2009-2013 (PNSE 2) continues generally in workplaces. The ronment". Environmental degra- on from its predecessor and is actions planned under PNSE 2 sup- dation, especially water and air governed by many of the Grenelle plement the actions of the health pollution, can have serious health Environnement commitments. at work plan (PST). consequences. Certain natural or It focuses on two major areas: 138 Source: Eurostat 2008 technological risks are proven. ««reducing exposures res- Lastly, the natural and techno- women/men Others, uncertain, required sus- ponsible for pathologies with logical risks are subject to major 139 Registration, tained vigilance. Not everyone is tremendous impact on health prevention efforts which must be Evaluation, exposed to these risks in identical (cancers, cardio-vascular illnesses, pursued. This is one way of redu- Authorisation and Restriction of fashion: living conditions generate respiratory, neurological patholo- cing the vulnerability of territories, Chemicals. health inequalities. gies, etc.); humans and animal and plant spe-

140 "As soon ««reducing the inequalities in cies. Risk awareness is conveyed as realisation of At European scale, the REACH terms of access to a quality envi- by informing the general public damage could regulations 139 have reinforced ronment (living conditions, profes- and all local actors better. affect the environ- ment in a serious the Union's regulatory framework sional or geographical exposures). The poorest populations are also and irreversible for chemicals since 1 June 2007. It the most exposed and are subject manner, even aims to protect health and envi- It underlines the inequalities and to accumulated exposure in terms though [its reco- gnition] might ronment better, improve infor- the differences in vulnerability of risks and nuisances. be uncertain in mation to users on product safety of people faced with situations the current state and urge manufacturers to replace of over-exposure, multi-expo- of the scientific knowledge, public hazardous substances with safer sure and early exposure. For risks authorities should alternatives. which are poorly understood, monitor, by the Under REACH, businesses must the PNSE 2 is based on the pre- application of the precautionary prin- provide health and environmental cautionary principle formulated ciple in their rele- safety data on all the substances in Article 5 of the Charter of the vant domains, the where they produce or import Environment140. implementation of risk assessment more than one tonne per year. The To monitor and adjust the imple- procedures and the substances which can cause can- mentation of PNSE actions better, adoption of propor- cer or mutagenic effects, interfere a national steering committee will tionate, provisional with reproduction or the hormonal group the categories of actors measures in order to prevent the system and those which cannot associated with the Grenelle realisation of the be broken down by nature and Environnement and qualified per- damage". National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 34 + 1- -------------41..---,...-_~ Our strategic choices The objectives in figures Keep the population in good health through prevention The disparities in access to care can be linked sional environment of their employees: air to social and geographical isolation, financial and water quality, exposure to noise, dust, insecurity or lack of information. These factors chemicals, etc. «« From 2010 onwards, aim for are likely to degrade public health and result Close links between health and behaviour, 15 micrograms in extra expense in the event of delayed care. especially in terms of diet and addictions the m3 (15 µg/m3) of fine Special attention must therefore be paid to (alcohol, tobacco, drugs, medicines and psy- particles in the air and achieve deprived and vulnerable populations and to chotropic drugs) and use of toxic products this without fail in 2015141. improving their living conditions. (including household ones) require reinfor- The role of occupational medicine must also ced information and prevention. «« By 2012, reduce the noise be reinforced. This is a valuable auxiliary Exposure to a poor quality environment (e.g. black spots most dangerous for service in detecting and preventing expo- air or soil pollution, noise, etc.) accentuates health142. sure to risks mainly from chemicals, pollu- the risks. It is therefore important to set out tion, pesticides or work stress. Occupational to resolve over-exposure and multi-expo- «« By 2012, put together medicine also ensures the traceability of sure situations in priority, especially of chil- 2,500 new natural risk professional exposures. dren, and situations which cause exposure prevention plans. It is essential to encourage businesses and of vulnerable people given their state of especially SME to watch out for the profes- health of their social situation. «« By 2013, reduce by 30% the emissions of fine particles in the air and reduce Maintain access to quality care for all the emissions in the air and water of six toxic substances: It will be important to associate healthcare and individual behaviours. mercury, arsenic, polycyclic professionals with the governance of the In addition, solutions must be found to the aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), social protection system, especially at the disparity of geographical installation of heal- benzene, tetrachloroethylene local level, and to control the progression of thcare professionals which in some places and PCB/dioxins143. health expenditure. results in major delays in access to care to Training in environnemental issues and risk specialists, in conjunction with the regional factors must also be extended for doctors, authorities. healthcare professionals and those in the Help in acquiring additional cover for young medico-social sector: health at work, diet people with low incomes will be increased. Increase the ability to anticipate and watch over health risks The precautionary principle implies the by the chikungunya virus and pandemics introduction of watch operations: like the flu; ««on new risks like those induced by nano- ««on the geographical extensions, linked to technologies or electromagnetic waves, climate change, of certain endemic diseases for example; like malaria.

141 First Grenelle ««on emerging diseases like that caused Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 40. This is particulate matter less than Reduce the vulnerability to natural and technological risks 2.5 micrometres in diameter (PM 2.5). Local risk prevention policies will be conti- This is essential, especially in the event The European Air Directive imposes nued. Land use is a decisive factor in this, of of a major accident in trading areas on the member especially in overseas authorities and housing installations classified for envi- States a target departments. ronmental protection (ICPE) and "Seveso" value of 25 µg/m3 to be achieved by Businesses and local authorities must create establishments. It is also essential during 2010. operational crisis cells to deal with risks, exceptional climate events like droughts,

142 First Grenelle problems and accidents. floods or gales. Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 41. Grenelle Environnement commitment 153.

143 PNSE 2. 35 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Our ive operat levers 144 PNSE 2.

145 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 37. PNSE 2.

146 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 37. Grenelle Understanding environmental Improving the quality of environments: Environnement impacts on health: ««applying the particle reduction plan and NOx commitment 138. ««establishing a national biomonitoring plan to bring emissions and ozone concentration objectives in the 147 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of together the population health144 and the state of territory150; 03/08/09, Art. 27. its environment and assess the efficiency of public ««mandatory labelling, for indoors air, of construc- 148 Grenelle policies for environmental health145; tion products, paints, coatings, furnishings and deco- Environnement ««experimentation with interestablishments care rative products on their emissions and volatile pol- commitments 117 to 119: match centres, clinical research and environmental health lutant content; banning the use in these products of drawings to the education by taking example of consulting centres substances classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic or resources, develop for professional pathologies; toxic for reproduction in categories 1 and 2 (CMR 1 new systems of ««creating or strengthening health, environment and and CMR 2) as stated in European regulations151; recovering and reusing rain or work inter-regional research and treatment networks ««reinforcing actions to reduce insanitary housing waste water and centres; developing finalised research centres in and lead poisoning; (Article 164 of the toxicology and ecotoxicology; ««setting up a rehabilitation plan for abandoned Second Grenelle Act 2010-788 of ««setting up data compilation on cancers throughout polluted sites and closed gas stations152; 12/07/10), rein- the territory; ««implementing the strategic inspection programme force the bans and ««extending occupational medicine competence to for classified installations 2008-2012; controls of their application in ille- dealing with cancer at work and urging the creation ««combating noise sources and reducing gal products. of innovative support systems; blackspots153; 149 First Grenelle ««monitoring the application of the REACH European ««developing nature spaces in cities. Act 2009-967 of regulations on chemical substances. 03/08/09, Art. 12. Preventing natural and industrial risks: 150 Directive Organising the implementation of the ««reducing the vulnerability of territories by pre- of the European Parliament and second national environment health plan paring different systems in close cooperation with Council of 21 May 2009-2013146 and its regional application, the civil society; 2008 on ambient which implies: ««elaboration of 420 technological risk prevention air quality and pure air for Europe. ««greater transparency in the information for the plans (PPRT) for the entire territory; The States will be general public; ««strengthening control and monitoring methods required to reduce ««boosting actions relating to the understanding, for environment-classified installations; expanding exposure to PM 2.5 particles in anticipation, prevention and reduction of health risks information and awareness-raising of local residents; urban areas by linked to the environment; ««elaboration and adoption of 2500 new natural risk 20% on average ««supporting environmental health observation at prevention plans by 2012 and reinforcing preventive by 2020 compared with the 2010 the local and urban areas scale; information; figures. Grenelle ««the commitment of local authorities in health ««reducing the flood risk by protection and pre- Environnement policies; vention civil engineering under an initiative for each commitment 149. ««strengthening the link between observation and catchment area and flood expansion area154; 151 First Grenelle operational implementation of policies at local scale. ««preventing risks linked to climate change, coastal Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 40. submersion and erosion in coastal and island regions

152 First Grenelle Restoring water quality and preserving by putting together and adopting dedicated plans; Act 2009-967 of water renewal: ««developing sustainable forestry management and 03/08/09, Art. 43. ««reconquering the ecological quality of aquatic envi- urging the replanting of mountain forests to prevent 153 First Grenelle ronments147: preserving wetlands to combat soil artifi- risks of erosion and flooding; Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, cialisation, standardising on grassy strips and planted ««reducing the risks of fire by clearing undergrowth, Art. 41. Grenelle buffer zones along water courses and masses included especially in Mediterranean forests, awareness-raising Environnement in town planning documents, restoring continuities for campaigns and reinforcing monitoring devices and commitment 153. fresh water ecosystems, removing the most difficult fire-fighting equipment; 154 First Grenelle obstacles to migrating fish after a study to identify them; ««by 2015, putting together and implementing Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. ««promoting strict protections for water recharging for all overseas territories a prevention policy for 44. Grenelle areas of drinking water resources; natural risks155 (seismic, volcanic tornadoes, hur- Environnement ««optimising the quantitative management of water ricanes), technological risks and pollution from commitments 115 and 116. resources148: water courses, lakes, water tables, sea; pesticides (like kepone used to treat bananas);

155 First Grenelle ««preventing pollution and bringing all purification accelerating the implementation of the seismic Act 2009-967 of stations up to standard by 2011149. plan in the Caribbean. 03/08/09, Art. 39. National Sustainable National Development Sustainable Strategy Development 2010-2013 Strategy 2010-2013 36 Reducing releases of substances of very Improving the documentation of links high concern: between socio-economic and health ««improving knowledge and reducing risks linked inequalities, regional inequalities and to medical residues in the environment, by preparing exposure to risks, environmental and a national action plan156. health inequalities. Encouraging good individual behaviours Taking differences in cultural behaviours for good health: into account ««Inciting the development of active transport and in education and prevention, the intergenerational soft mobilities to encourage regular sports practicing, effects of inequalities and the perception of risks. walking and cycling; ««boosting campaigns in favour of a healthy diet and setting up good nutritional practices in commu- nity catering; ««setting up in each region, under the auspices of regional health boards, a regional prevention scheme listing the recommendations for health education and promotion of the national health nutrition plan and the national plan to combat cancer.

156 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 37. 37 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY CHALLENGE 8 Demography, immigration and social inclusion Context and challenges D emographic changes represent a major Poverty is concentrated in urban environments, affec- challenges for Europe. Ageing populations, ting nearly one third of inhabitants of sensitive urban accentuated by the extended lifespan, are areas (ZUS). inevitable. The forecast for France is six million people over 75 in 2015. The growth in world population157 Combating exclusions must allow each citizen plays a major role in immigration. The Europe of the to access the fundamental rights in employment, Fifteen has an annual net migration of more than housing, social protection, health, justice, education, 1.5 million people, which raises the question of inte- training and culture, protection of family and child- gration, especially linguistic and economic, of these hood and the quality of his environment. Under the populations. guidance law of 29 July 1998, the effectiveness of The financial and economic crisis, of a magnitude these rights is a condition for respecting the equal never seen before, is going to make poverty worse, dignity of all. deepen inequalities and hit the most deprived The President of the Republic and the Government extremely hard. are committed to an objective of reducing poverty by one third over the five-year term. A fourth national France stands out for its high fertility rate (in the action plan for inclusion (PNAI) was prepared for the order of two children per woman) and the youngest period 2008-2010. population in the Europe of Fifteen after Ireland, which in the current context, is an asset which should be The systemic crisis facing us calls however for a real promoted. Despite this, one third of its inhabitants will transformation combined with social and societal be more than 60 in 2030 and there will be one retired support matching changes in progress. Redefining person for one active person in 2050. This will affect social justice and dealing with inequalities in a more tax and social receipts whereas pensions and health moderate society is a condition of lasting change in expenditure will increase, threatening the durability our lifestyles and our growth models. of social systems. All territories, mainly overseas, and all fields of activity In the current context of crisis, public expenditure on are concerned (education, town planning, transport, education, health and social security has a softening consumption, etc.). role; social protections are a safety net for the most fragile. 157 United 7.9 million people live below the national poverty Nations Economic threshold158 . Young people, isolated old people, Because the Republic is also a project of society, the and Social Council, Population and single mothers and their children, unemployed no equality of chances is a priority and access to employ- Development longer entitled to benefit are particularly vulnerable. ment must be at the heart of strategies for social Commission, Large categories of the population remain outside or inclusion and combating poverty, where developing January 2009: world population, on the outskirts of the working world. The number green growth must be an opportunity. estimated at 6.8 of poor workers is increasing constantly. The crisis billion people, increases the fragility of the most deprived. should reach nine to ten billion in 2045.

158 Source: INSEE 2008 on standards of living in 2006. National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 38 Our strategic choices Facilitate access, maintaining and return to employment of The objectives in figures people who are and who risk being the most removed from it. Social inclusion is vital for economic growth Particular encouragement should be given and social cohesion. Casualisation and to accessibility to trades linked to green unemployment too often lead to an accu- growth. «« Include 6% disabled workers mulation of exclusion factors. It is there- Apart from the social suffering it causes, in businesses with more than fore essential to make the integration of poverty weighs our economy down and twenty employees159. people on the margins of employability compromises social cohesion, both now and easier through targeted policies. in the future: fighting poverty is henceforth «« By 2012, reduce poverty in The minimum wage guarantee and incen- a human imperative with a social as well France by one third160. tives to work are preferred instruments as economic dimensions, and is part of a of the return to work. The active solida- sustainable development strategy. Changes «« By 2020, renovate the rity revenue (RSA) will continue to gain in in poverty will still be monitored carefully, 800,000 council houses strength, by supplementing the incomes through the annual publication of a report consuming the most of poor workers, encouraging and helping to Parliament on monitoring the objective of energy161. people who are not working and without reducing poverty by one third in five years. resources to find a job. The RSA will also be Readjusting basic welfare benefits (old age extended to young working people, on the pension, disabled adult allowance) will be condition of professional integration. continued. Reduce territorial inequalities whilst respecting diversity. Reduce the inequalities of access to the will be continued at the most suitable levels: fundamental rights of knowledge, culture, the region and the department for program- housing, transport, a healthy environment, ming resources, employment pools for their care and social protection to make them implementation. levers for active inclusion. The social section of local Agenda 21s will Make sure the balance is maintained be expanded. between regions in terms of public service Urban projects must encourage a social and and access to services. generational mix. The regionalisation of integration policies Anticipate the effects of demographic changes and develop intergenerational solidarity. The extended lifespan, demographic ageing, Supporting offers of quality employment for difficulties of access to jobs for young people women reduces the number of poor chil- call for global discussions on intergenera- dren. The durability of the pensions sys- tional solidarity. In the current context of tems is a major problem which must be economic crisis, young people must be resolved. Social protection systems will be helped to find their place in society: youth modernised. Businesses will be encouraged employment plan, assisted contracts, civic to increase jobs for senior citizens and to service, social innovation projects, extra adapt their working conditions as a result. support in unemployment combined with Home care services will be expanded to training paths matching employer demands. take better care of dependency.

159 Disabled Act 2005-102 of Encourage the integration, including cultural, of migrant 11/02/2005 workers and their families.

160 Grenelle Integration: natio- Following the unanimous adoption of the ««understanding and practising the nal action plan for European Pact on Immigration and Asylum country's values; inclusion - PNAI 2008. in October 2008, the 27 member States set ««access to employment. common objectives and timetable, based All these priorities must be taken up by ope-

161 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of on three priorities: ning up to innovation and solidarity. 03/08/09, Art. 5. ««mastery of the host country's language; 39 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Our ive operat levers Combating illiteracy and integration Reducing the risk of social exclusion: through training: ««priority to access to rights in health, social pro- ««encouraging the fight against illiteracy, especially tection, preventing and taking charge of dependency, in professional circles; education and training, transport, social tourism, bank ««developing sandwich training courses, including credit, culture and justice; apprenticeships, one method to bring schools and ««carrying on with family support systems; adapting businesses closer together and an integration factor these systems to socio-economic changes; single- in the job market. parent families, divorce, decohabitation, involuntary part time working; Supporting people the most remote ««introducing the right to housing as an effective from the job market towards lasting right providing access to decent housing for all. employment: ««rolling out, monitoring and assessing the active Reducing intergenerational fractures solidarity revenue (RSA); continuing to readjust basic between active workers, retired people welfare benefits162; and young people: ««reforming assisted contracts through the entry ««supporting retired people both financially and in into force, in 2010, of the integration unique contract; their social integration; ««mobilising public and private employers: assisted ««supporting the employment of senior citizens contracts, access paths to civil service jobs - regional, which can help maintain the pension system; hospital and State (PACTE) - employer groupings for ««reflecting on suitable working methods for senior integration and qualification (GEIQ); citizens: part time, voluntary, shorter working hours; ««creating or carrying on reintegration sites, espe- ««improving young people's access to jobs, housing, cially in construction (minor heritage renovation), culture and leisure activities to encourage their social green and natural space management and energy integration; production from biomass. ««supporting social innovation projects intended for youth, mainly to find lasting solutions for the problems Generalizing social clauses in public confronting youth. procurement contracts: ««monitoring and using local experiments for wide Creating a civic service for young people deployment of clauses promoting jobs for people seeking to serve the community, especially in sus- encountering particular integration problems: long- tainable development areas (environment, fight time unemployed, disabled workers, young people against exclusion, etc.). From 2010, ten thousand without qualifications, people receiving basic welfare young people will perform a civic service. benefits; ««training government buyers in these areas; Improved integration of migrants and ««introducing supports for facilitators to implement, their families: monitor and assess the social clauses in public pro- ««implementation of the European Pact on curement contracts. Immigration and Asylum163 which is targeting impro- ved organisation of legal immigration, combating Reinforcing the fight against clandestine immigration, reinforcing the effectiveness discrimination and promoting diversity: of inspections at borders outside the Union and coo- ««monitoring anti-discrimination programmes: peration with countries which immigrants come from; European Pact for Gender Equality, urban social ««helping migrants master French and improve their cohesion contracts (CUCS), suburbs plan, commit- knowledge of our institutions and culture; ments by the National Centre for Regional Civil Service ««helping with access to employment, mainly (CNFPT), National Agency for Social Cohesion and through reception and integration contracts, profes- Equality (ACSE) and the Equal Opportunities and sional skill assessments for the new arrivals; Anti-Discrimination Commission (HALDE). Similarly, ««encouraging local cooperation initiatives, special attention will be paid to parity between men factors of cultural rapprochement, integration and and women; co-development; ««developing exemplary initiatives of the State ««forecasting climatic and economic migrations. 162 Old age pen- sion and disabled employer and voluntary initiatives of businesses and adult allowance. support by labelling.

163 European Council of 16 October 2008. National Sustainable National Development Sustainable Strategy Development 2010-2013 Strategy 2010-2013 40 Reducing insecurity and dependency Anticipating economic transformations in relation to energy consumption and attenuating geographical and social especially for heating and everyday disparities: travelling: ««supporting the transition of sectors and businesses ««negotiating conventions with council housing ope- towards green technologies and economy, mainly rators to upgrade all such housing, starting with the through training and integration support; 800,000 most degraded units164; ««analysing the consequences of demographic ««supporting thermal renovation, with a 2015 changes in land allocation, energy consumption, water energy performance objective165 matching the type resources and mobility; of building and the size of communities; ««global discussions on the future of regions weake- ««supporting accessibility work for disabled people; ned by the economic crisis and by the transformation ««applying future thermal standards early to the of certain sectors of the economy. programmes of the National Agency for Urban Renovation (ANRU); ««developing micro-credit for energy renovation; ««introducing a fair distribution of gains from energy savings between owner-lessor and lessee; ««using the carbon tax in a concern for cohesion and social equity. Improved reconciliation between family and professional life: ««urging businesses to develop family services (e.g. creches, child-minding units, etc.) ; ««promoting voluntary service, a factor in interge- nerational and individual accountability social links.

164 First Grenelle Act 2009-967 of 03/08/09, Art. 5.

165 Grenelle Environnement commitment 5. 41 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY CHALLENGE 9 International challenges of sustainable development and world poverty Context and challenges T he challenges of a sus- nine million in 2007 against International governance of sus- tainable development 12.6 million deaths in 1990. tainable development relies on transcend our borders: Globally, although HIV has conti- a variety of bodies - the United poverty, hunger and imbalances nued to advance, the number of Nations Environment Programme in an increasingly interdependent new infections - 2.7 million in (UNEP), the UN Commission world threaten peace and stability. 2007 - has been dropping since on Sustainable Development 1996, mainly thanks to increased (CSD), the Food and Agriculture During the 55th session of the access to antiretrovirals in the poo- Organisation (FAO) and the World United Nations General Assembly rest countries. AIDS-related mor- Environment Fund (WEF) - which in 2000, the international com- tality peaked in 2005 (2.2 million only have limited powers. munity undertook to achieve the deaths) and then dropped to two eight Millennium Development million in 2007. Reforming these structures or Goals by 2015: end extreme creating new ones - like a World poverty and hunger, universal But progress is tenuous and Environment Organisation - primary education, gender equa- could even be reversed; the should include globalisation of lity, combat HIV/AIDS, malaria food crisis which struck many exchanges and the emergence of and other diseases, reduce infant developing countries in 2008 new major players on the interna- mortality and improve maternal and the economic crisis which tional scene (Brazil, Russia, India health, protect the environment spread across the planet was and China). and set up a global development a timely reminder of this. The partnership. drop in international food prices In this context, France is imple- after they rocketed in the first menting pluri-annual strate- In some respects the situation half of 2008 did not lead to gies in seven priority areas: has improved over the last more af fordable prices for education, water and sanitation, fifty years: whilst the world most inhabitants on the planet. health and fight against AIDS, population has increased from The UN estimate that in 2009, environmental protection, trans- three to seven billion inhabi- 55 to 90 million individuals living port, infrastructures and develop- tants, the number of people suf- in extreme poverty should be ment of the private sector. Two fering from hunger has halved added to the number forecast strategies on governance and (two to one billion) and the num- before the economic crisis. gender equality supplement its ber of people living on less than commitment. 1.25 dollars a day has dropped Climate change and its conse- from 1.8 to 1.4 billion166 . quences, the degradation of soils and water tables, deforestation, In the developing world, primary erosion of the biodiversity, ulti- school attendance has increased mately exhaustion of fossil ener- respectively from 83% in 2000 gies and natural resources jeo- to 87% in 2007. In Sub-Saharan pardize the ability to achieve the Africa and Southern Asia, school millennium goals and, more than attendance has increased res- that, to meet the basic needs of 166 The data are pectively by 15% and 11% over a global population which could taken from the UN 2009 report the same period. culminate in nine billion people in on the Millennium The mortality of children under 2050, applying yet more pressure Development five has dropped worldwide: on natural resources. Goals. National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 42 Our strategic choices The objectives in figures Promote the strengthening of global governance of sustainable development in its three dimensions - social, economic and environmental. Globalisation of exchanges calls for the Environment Programme (UNEP) lacks force- «« Increase public development strengthening of international governance, ful tools to make sure commitments made aid to 0,7% of gross particularly in terms of the challenges of are respected and suffers from a lack of visi- domestic income by 2015 sustainable development: climate, preser- bility. France and the EU are promoting a against 0.39% in 2008. vation of natural and fossil resources, bio- significant improvement in the international diversity and oceans. The United Nations governance of the environment. «« Reduce greenhouse gas emissions (factor 4, see Challenge 4). Contribute to food and energy safety. «« Devote one billion Reducing the extreme poverty and food Caribbean and Pacific Group of States) will euros to agriculture and crises is the first Millennium Development be enhanced167. food safety Goal. France will continue its commitment France also supports energy supply policies in Africa over five years. to a world partnership for agriculture and compatible with the fight against climate food. The Economic Partnership Agreements change and the development needs of «« Set aside, over five ans, to develop free trade between the European Southern countries, particularly the recourse 2.5 billion euros to Union and the ACP countries (Africa, to decentralised and renewable energies. finance the African private sector. Reinforce solidarity efforts in a logic of sustainable «« Reinforce support development. for commercial aid (production and transport The French Development Agency (AFD) has Overseas territories, spread through the infrastructures, technical become the hinge pin of French develop- Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans, are the assistance) by setting aside ment aid. By adhering to the United Nations ideal setting for increasing and strengthe- 250 million euros Global Compact in favour of sustainable ning regional cooperation. a year from 2010. development, AFD is committed to asses- Whereas the role of local authorities is fre- sing and incorporating the environmental quently decisive, this effort towards solida- and social risks of operations it supports. rity must respect the sovereignty of States. Combat climate change and its effects on populations. Climate change accentuates the extreme to introduce financial solidarity mechanisms phenomena (droughts, floods, etc.) likely under the Climate Convention and encou- to cause famine, deteriorating health and rage transfers of technologies in energy population migrations. To reduce the vulne- efficiency, renewable energies and decen- rability of exposed populations, it is essential tralised energy production. Promote the respect of human rights. Human rights are the premier condition of the European Union's Charter of Fundamental

167 These agree- sustainable development. Proclaimed by the Rights, they must guide the international ments provide Universal Declaration of Human Rights and by solidarity actions taken by France. mainly for abo- lishing customs' duties on products coming from signatory countries entering the European Union and financing development aid in infrastructures, food processing and industry. 43 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Our ive operat levers Reinforcing the global governance policies or international exchanges (International of sustainable development, mainly Monetary Fund, World Bank, World Trade Organisation, through the European Union: International Labour Organisation); ««objective of setting up a World Environment ««in close consultation with the European Union, Organisation; implementing the G20 guidelines on financial ««reinforcing the United Nations Environment regulation and the objective of ensuring a fair and Programme (UNEP), pursuing efforts to bring mul- sustainable recovery for all. tilateral environment agreements closer together, clarifying the notion of climate refugee; Placing the climate issue at the top of the ««strengthening civil society participation in nego- agenda for our bilateral and European tiating multilateral environment agreements; relations: ««supporting the implementation of internatio- ««contributing actively to climate negotiations to nal tools for managing chemical risks, REACH at the obtain global agreement on reducing greenhouse gas European level, Strategical Approach for International emissions in developed countries and, in developing Chemicals Management168 (SAICM) at international countries, introducing low-carbon strategies reducing level, and promoting new tools; deforestation and financing adaptation measures; ««reinforcing the prevention of catastrophes by ««introducing energy policies compatible with regulating the trade of hazardous substances and the fight against climate change and the needs of waste and instigating management policies under Southern countries, mainly by developing renewable the guidelines of the Hyogo Protocol; creating an and decentralised energies for the most isolated international binding tool on mercury. populations; ««incorporating the adaptation to climate change Supporting the establishment of a global of our aid strategy for the least advanced countries, partnership for agriculture, food safety mainly in Africa; and nutrition: ««developing an integrated approach to desertifi- ««supporting the relaunch of subsistence farming cation, climate change and the loss of biodiversity. in developing countries, food self-sufficiency and aid to the country for this purpose; Combating deforestation, ««opening up the development of this partnership impoverishment of the biodiversity and to stakeholders, mainly farmer organisations; the overexploitation of natural resources: ««developing storage methods and transport ««supporting international agreements like the networks to relieve the isolation of rural areas and convention on international trade in endangered make it easier to market agricultural productions; species of wild fauna and flora (CITES); ««improving the standard of living for rural populations ««supporting the creation of an international scien- to avoid urban over-concentration; standardising the tific platform on biodiversity (IPBES169); support for small producers (mainly through fair trade); ««studying the remuneration for services provided ««developing agronomic research and cooperation; by the forest and ecosystems; ««creating an international network of expertise in ««promoting a fair conservation and enhancement food safety; watching out for the coherence of inter- policy for genetic resources; national policies with an impact on global food safety; ««complying with the ban on illegally-produced wood ««improving the support to the most vulnerable and forest product importations (Forest Law Enforcement, 168 Adopted in Dubai on 6 populations; Governance and Trade (FLEGT) agreements), supporting February 2006, ««modernising the governance to ensure policy the standardisation of wood certification, pursuing the under the auspices coherence, especially under the reform of the FAO Congo Basin Forest Partnership (PFBC170). of the United Nations, during Food Safety Committee. the International Helping developing national policies on Conference Incorporating sustainable development health, education, vocational training, on Chemicals Management. criteria in the financing methods of research and risk prevention: 169 international financing institutions: ««developing French and European investments in Intergovernmental ««search for innovative financing methods, incorpo- public health actions in the South; platform on bio- rating sustainable development criteria in different ««supporting the development of national health diversity and ser- vices rendered by development aids; policies meeting the needs of populations: access to the ecosystems. ««adopting criteria of conditionality, covering social, medicines, sickness risk cover;

170 Grenelle environmental and anti-corruption aspects in the ««combating discriminations and the exclusion of Environnement regulations of bodies on which depend development marginalised populations; commitment 222. National Sustainable National Development Sustainable Strategy Development 2010-2013 Strategy 2010-2013 44 ««supporting the Gender initiative 171 which pro- Make the Union for the Mediterranean motes equal rights between men and women and a an example of concerted and shared faire sharing of resources and responsibilities; sustainable development: ««developing civil protection cooperation ««supporting the Mediterranean environmental programmes. programmes, especially in terms of depolluting the Mediterranean; commitment by France for no more Improving access to essential services for untreated urban releases from its coasts by 2030174; the most deprived populations: ««implementing the Mediterranean sustainable ««increasing our contribution to developing rural development strategy; areas and widening the access to essential service, ««reinforcing synergies between the Mediterranean mainly water, sanitation and energy, by the poorest Action Plan (Barcelona Convention) and the General populations; Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM); ««developing public-private partnerships and ««development aid for solar electricity in the seeking innovative financing; Southern countries. ««supporting integrated water resource manage- ment (GIRE) and sustainable urban development; ««promoting internationally our strategy for corpo- rate social responsibility: respecting human rights, the fundamental rights of people at work and high levels of environmental quality, in compliance with ratified conventions and principles adopted by France and

171 See France the European Union (ILO, multilateral environmen- Cooperation, tal agreements, OECD, United Nations principles on Gender strategic socially-responsible investment). guideline docu- ment, 17/12/07.

172 The Promoting all sustainable development Marrakesh process strategies internationally, nationally and is run by the in the regions: United Nations Department of ««supporting the Marrakesh process 172 for sustai- Economic and nable consumption and production and, in particular, Social Affairs coordinating an international initiative on sustainable (UNDESA) and the United Nations tourism; Environment ««supporting the New Partnership for Africa's Programme Development (NEPAD); (UNEP). It is largely based on ««promoting the link between development aid and themed working the need for governance which respects human rights; groups, each one coordinated by a ««supporting the preparation and implementation of national sustainable development strategies. country. France coordinates the sustainable Fighting poverty through a development tourism working group. aid and decentralised cooperation policy:

173 The Paris ««preparing a framework document for the coo- Declaration, peration policy in order to respect especially the ratified on 2 Millennium Development Goals and to implement March 2005, the Paris Declaration on aid efficiency173; defines an action plan to improve ««implementing the initiative supporting growth the quality of in Africa, targeting the development of local private development aid. businesses; It is based on five major principles: ««improving the involvement of citizens in policies ownership, align- favouring developing countries; ment, harmonisa- tion, managing for ««doubling the proportion of public development aid given through the NGOs; results and mutual accountability. ««mobilising the civil society through increased

174 Grenelle Sea volunteering service and through a more extensive commitment 66b. consultation to put together these policies. 45 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Appendices Scoreboard for NSDS 2010-2013 indicators This NSDS scoreboard is the result of work in the Chairman of the National Statistical Information Board Consultation Commission meetings on 6 October and (INIS), this commission brought the five Grenelle

10 November 2009, chaired by Philippe Le Clézio, bodies together (State, local authorities, NGOs, member of the Economic, Social and Environmental employer and employee representatives) supported Council (CESE). It was presented during the first natio- by the organisations represented on the "Grenelle nal conference on sustainable development indicators of Environnement" Monitoring Committee, the CESE held at the Palais d'Iéna on 20 January 2010. and the CNIS. Set up at the joint request of Michèle Pappalardo, Some of these indicators are included in the headline Interministerial Delegate for Sustainable Development, sustainable development indicators adopted at Jacques Dermagne, Chairman of the Economic, Social European level. These indicators are identified by and Environmental Council and Jean-Pierre Duport, the abbreviation EU. CONTEXT INDICATORS Economic and 0.1 Net domestic income and GDP per inhabitant (EU) 0.3 Income distribution social contex 0.2 Unemployment rate and under-employment rate 0.4 Demography: fertility rate HEADLINE INDICATORS (LEVEL 1) ) ADDITIONAL INDICATORS (LEVEL 2) Challenge 1 1.1.1 Resource productivity and domestic consumption of 1.2.1 Changes in waste production per emitter, house- Sustainable materials per inhabitant holds, agriculture, industry, construction, service consump- sector (available every two years) 1.2.2 Waste recycling rate tion and 1.2.3 Proportion of usable farmland in organic agricul- production ture (goal 20% in 2020) 1.2.4 Use in eco-activities (share in total use or evolution index) Challenge 2 2.1.1 Early school-leavers of 18-24 age group 2.2.1 Reading difficulties for young people: PISA survey Knowledge 2.1.2 Proportion of R&D expenses in the GDP, including those available every three years (or indicator from the society of businesses ministry based on tests during National Service days) 2.2.2 Proportion of higher diplomas among the 25-34 age group and comparison with the 25.64 age group 2.2.3 Continuing training per socio-professional category and/or age group 2.2.4 Barometer of knowledge by households of the notion of sustainable development Challenge 3 3.1.1 Participation of women in governing bodies 3.2.1 Election turnout compared with previous elections Governance of the same type 3.2.2 Participation in associative life (every two then three years from 2006 3.2.3 Number of regional climate plans and local Agenda 21s including those recognised under the national recognition system National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 46 Challenge 4 4.1.1 Approved emissions of six greenhouse gases (EU) 4.2.1 Energy consumption per inhabitant and energy inten- Climate 4.1.2 Carbon footprint of the final national demand1 sity (ratio of energy consumption to GDP) change and 4.1.3 Proportion of renewable energies in the primary energy 4.2.2 Greenhouse gas emissions by sector (agriculture, consumption industry, transport, public building, etc.) energies 4.2.3 Energy consumption in the residential-service sector Challenge 5 5.1.1 Transport energy consumption and GDP in France 5.2.1 Modal split of passenger transport (private vehicles, Sustainable buses, coaches, rail, air) transport and 5.2.2 Use of public transport: proportion of public transport in total land passenger transport (in passengers-km)) mobility 5.2.3 Modal split of goods transports 5.2.4 Pollutant emissions from transport (NOx and particles) 5.2.5 Contributions by France to international sea and air transport emissions Challenge 6 6.1.1 Abundance index of common bird populations (EU) 6.2.1 Proportion of catches at EU level only2 based on the Conservation 6.1.2 Changes in soil artificialisation state of fishery stocks (EU) and sustai- 6.2.2 Synthetic indicator of surface water quality 6.2.3 Consumption of pesticides nable mana- gement of the biodiversity and natural resources Challenge 7 7.1.1 Life expectancy and life expectancy in good health, at 7.2.1 Accidents at work Public health, birth in France 7.2.2 Occupational diseases (with the necessary precautions) risk preven- 7.2.3 U nmet healthcare needs biennial indicator of renunciation of care for financial reasons depending tion and on the type of additional cover management 7.2.4 Suicide rate 7.2.5 Nuclear waste (every three years) Challenge 8 8.1.1 Monetary poverty rate after social transfers (EU) 8.2.1 Number of households heavily in deb Social inclu- 8.1.2 Senior citizens’ employment rate 8.2.2 Poverty in living conditions (budgetary constraint, sion, demo- 8.1.3 Proportion of young people between the ages of 16 and late payments, consumption restrictions, housing 25 unemployed and without training difficulties as a whole) graphy and 8.2.3 Housing difficulties3: overcrowding and privations immigration of comfort 8.2.4 G ender pay gap: median wage incomes for employees aged 25 to 55 according to gender (see social inequality indicators4) 8.2.5 Long-term unemployment rate 8.2.6 Public debt (as % of GDP) and indebtedness of busi- nesses and households 8.2.7 Structure by large age groups in the population Challenge 9 9.1.1 Official Development Assistance (EU) 9.2.1 Proportion of imports in domestic consumption of International materials and indirect flows mobilised per tonne of challenges of imported materials sustainable development and world poverty The sustainable development indicator scoreboard will be updated 1 Also taking 2 There is no 4 Available annually and accessible online. into account national level since 2002 only, emissions from available. it includes the outside trade and 3 Excluding different working Reference: NSDS 2010-2013 indicators, col. "Markers", July 2010 edition therefore imports no housing or hours. This indi- in particular. makeshift housing. cator replaces the comparison of average full-time wages. 47 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Preparing the National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 "The National Sustainable Development Strategy and ««Public consultation via the Internet the National Biodiversity Strategy are prepared by This consultation, based on a questionnaire, was open the State in coherence with the European Sustainable for one month. The results of the consultation were Development Strategy and in consultation with natio- presented to the Grenelle Environnement Monitoring nal and local elected representatives, employers, Committee on 14 May 2009. employees and the civil society, especially asso- ciations and foundations". Under these conditions, ««Consultation of Ministry of Sustainable Article 1, sub-paragraph 3 of the Act on scheduling the Development devolved services implementation of the "Grenelle of Environnement" To give this consultation a territorial dimension, the Roundtable, known as the First Grenelle Act, deter- regional prefects and regional services of the Ministry mines the framework for preparing the NSDS. of Sustainable Development (DIREN, DREAL and prefi- gurers) were asked to submit their opinion. The first step was to create the detailed plan Despite very short response times, seven of them for the future strategy. Three days of interministerial - Alsace, Aquitaine, Auvergne, Centre, Guadeloupe, exchanges and discussions on 18, 21 and 26 November Languedoc and Midi-Pyrénées - provided compre- 2008 resulted in a successful conclusion thanks to hensive replies and some even mobilised regional the participation of the senior sustainable develop- partners like the regional economic and social councils ment officials and of all central administration direc- and the regional Agenda 21 committees. torates of the Ministry of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and the Sea. ««Three days of discussions and exchanges between stakeholders Michèle Pappalardo, Interministerial Delegate for These first three consultation steps meant that works- Sustainable Development, submitted this first draft hop-debates could be organised on 3, 5 and 10 June. to the ministerial cabinets for their opinion on Using a highly-participative method, these works-

16 January 2009. The draft version of the NSDS, together hops, open to all contributors to the draft NSDS, were with a proposal on organising the consultation, were a chance for participants to familiarise themselves then presented to the "Grenelle of Environnement" with the results of written and Internet consultations, Monitoring Committee on 11 February. debate the draft version of the NSDS by giving free rein to anyone wishing to contribute and potential The second step was to organise a consultation based improvements proposed by each individual. on the principle of five-way governance, instigated during the "Grenelle of Environnement". The consul- ««The draft national strategy went through four tation was broken down into four phases. major validation stages Our initial intention was to produce a short, educa- ••Validation by the "Grenelle of Environnement" tional and strategic text based on the architecture of Monitoring Committee on 10 September 2009. the European Sustainable Development Strategy to ••Interministerial validation by the various cabinets allow comparisons with the other European countries. during the interministerial meeting on 17 November 2009. In anticipation of the First Grenelle Act, we wished ••Opinion of the Economic, Social and Environmental from the start of the process to cohere with the prin- Council (CESE) on 27 January 2010. ciples of sustainable development and organise the ••Adoption of the NSDS 2010-2013 and its indicators widest possible consultation as we prepared the NSDS. by the Interministerial Committee for Sustainable Development (CIDD) on 27 July 2010. ««Written consultation with institutional partners The draft version of the NSDS was sent to the main institutional partners: NGOs, unions, associa- tions, members of the former National Sustainable Development Council (CNDD), members of the Monitoring Committee of the National Agenda 21 Committee, etc. National Sustainable National Development Sustainable Strategy Development 2010-2013 Strategy 2010-2013 48 Article 1 of Act 2009-967 of 3 August 2009 on scheduling the implementation of the Grenelle Environnement "This Act, with the desire and ambition to respond the State in coherence with the European Sustainable to the shared and concerning observation of an eco- Development Strategy and in consultation with natio- logical emergency, sets the objectives and, as such, nal and local elected representatives, employers, defines the action framework, organises the long- employees and the civil society, especially associa- term governance and states the instruments of the tions and foundations listed under sub-paragraph 2 policy implemented to combat and adapt to climate of Article 49 of the current Act. change, preserve biodiversity and its related services, contribute to a health-friendly environment and pre- The State monitors their implementation within a serve and enhance the landscapes. It provides a new committee perpetuating the conference of "Grenelle sustainable development model which protects the of Environnement" stakeholders and reports each year environment and goes hand in hand with reducing to Parliament, with proposals for specific measures to consumptions of energy, water and other natural improve their effectiveness. The Government sends resources. It provides sustainable growth without the Committee an annual report before the 10 October compromising the needs of future generations. on implementing the commitments under the current law, its impact on the finances and local taxation and For public decisions likely to have a significant impact on the mandatory drawings in relation to the principle on the environment, the decision-making procedures of stability of the tax pressure weighing on private will be revised in preference for environmentally- individuals and businesses. friendly solutions, by proving that an alternative more For the overseas regions, departments and local environmentally-friendly decision is impossible at authorities, given their environmental characteristics reasonable cost. and their rich biodiversity, the State will base its policy on clear strategic choices in the context of measures Public policies must promote a sustainable develop- specific to these bodies. ment. For this purpose, they reconcile the protection and enhancement of the environment, economic These choices will include especially an experimen- development and social advances. tal framework for sustainable development, under suitable local governance, based on the provisions The National Sustainable Development Strategy and of Article 73, sub-paragraph 3 of the Constitution." the National Biodiversity Strategy are prepared by 49 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY List of abbreviations and acronyms ACSE National Agency for Social Cohesion and Equality ACP African Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ACV Life cycle analysis AFD French Development Agency APD Public development aid AME Multilateral Environment Agreements ANRU National Agency for Urban Renovation APE Economic Partnership Agreement CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CSD United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development CESE Economic, Social and Environmental Council CESER Regional Economic, Social and Environmental Council CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CNDDGE National Committee for Sustainable Development and the "Grenelle of Environnement" CNDP National Public Debate Commission; CNFPT National Centre for Regional Civil Service CPER State-region project contract CUCS Urban social cohesion contract UNDESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs ECHA European Chemicals Agency ERA European Research Area ENT Digital Workspace FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation GEF Global Environment Fund FLEGT Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade - action plan to improve the governance and application of laws on exploitation of forests and trade in wood products GHG Greenhouse gas IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change GEIQ Employer groupings for integration and qualification GIRE Integrated water resources management HALDE Equal Opportunities and Anti-Discrimination High authority PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ICPE Installation classified for environmental protection IPBES Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services POPE LAW Law 2005-781 of 13 July 2005 of programme fixing energy policy guidelines National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 50 NEPAD New Partnership for Africa's Development OECD Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development GMO Genetically modified organism MDG Millennium Development Goals ONERC National Observatory on the Effects of Global Warming NGO Non-Governmental Organisation OPECS Parliamentary Office of Scientific and Technological Choices PACTE Access paths to regional, hospital and State civil service jobs PAE Exemplary administration plan ICP Inferior Calorific Power PCRD Research and Development Framework Programme PFBC Congo Basin Forest Partnership GDP Gross Domestic Product PLU Local town planning plan SME Small and medium-sized businesses PNAI National Action Plan for Inclusion PNSE National Environmental Health Plan UNEP United Nations Environment Programme PPRT Technological Risks Prevention Plan PST Health at Work Plan REACH Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (European Directive) RSA Active solidarity revenue SAICM Strategical approach for international chemicals management EU ETS European Union Emissions Trading Scheme SCOT Regional coherence scheme SHON Net floor area SNB National Biodiversity Strategy SNDD National Sustainable Development Strategy SNRI National Research and Innovation Strategy TICE Information and communication technologies for education TPE Very small businesses ZUS Sensitive urban area 51 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Glossary Action 21: global action programme or plan relating Sustainable consumption: the notion of sustainable to sustainable development, adopted by governments at consumption was developed under the United Nations pro- the United Nations Conference on the Environment and gramme adopted in Johannesburg in 2002. It starts from Development (UNCED) during the Second Earth Summit in the observation that public policies can no longer simply Rio in June 1992. be content to act on production. Softening ecologically and socially unsustainable consumption modes is also essen- Agenda 21: tool invented at the Rio Earth Summit in tial in achieving sustainable development. It targets both 1992 to locally implement sustainable development concre- fair trade practices and "alternative" production methods tely. It is a programme of actions put together by inhabi- (organic agriculture, use of ecolabels, etc.) and reducing tants and stakeholders together. France has a reference packaging, sorting, re-using and recycling. framework for regional sustainable development projects and Agenda 21s. Primary energy consumption: final energy consumption, plus the losses and all intermediate consump- Lifecycle analysis (ACV) or ecobalance: balance tions, be they in the energy sector itself or other industries. of material flows in a system. Its use aims to quantify the material flows in the ecosystems. By extension, any activity Final energy consumption: energy consumed in its can undergo a lifecycle analysis. Several methods can be converted form by the end user, contrary to primary energy used to calculate these flows, mainly to understand the full which includes the energy required to produce energy (e.g. repercussions of using a product, an activity or a technology coal burned to generate electricity). on the environment. Global cost: global cost is a notion that appeared in the Ecosystem approach: methodology to address the 1990s in the cost price of a building. It proves awareness complexity of interrelations, interactions and interdepen- of the significance of deferred costs in a construction. It dencies. The ecosystemic approach analyses a phenomenon encourages choosing investments in terms of savings they studied as a fabric of interactions. may generate subsequently during the life of the building (operation: heating, choice of efficient materials, etc.). Positive energy building: buildings with potential energy self-sufficiency thanks to their design (insulation, Total cost: by expanding the notion of global cost, the ventilation, etc.) and the use in particular of solar, photo- notion of total cost aims to incorporate all outsourced costs, voltaic or geothermal sensors. especially environmental throughout the life cycle of a product when calculating a cost. Biocapacity: ability of a territory to continously generate renewable resources and to absorb the waste generated Decoupling: this involves reducing the externalities for by their consumption. The planet's biocapacity is dropping a same unit of production of goods or services continuously, due to deforestation, advancing deserts and unsustainable especially in terms of consumption of natural resources. farming methods (soil contamination by pesticides and organic matter impoverishment). Ecological debt: where the ecological footprint of an area is higher than its biocapacity, this area is therefore not Biofuels or agrofuels: first generation biofuels are used in sustainable fashion and contracts an ecological debt. obtained from crops, mainly from two sectors: oil (rape, palm and sunflower) and alcohol (fermentation of sugar Sustainable development: the conventional defi- beet, wheat, corn or sugar cane). Other sectors are under nition adopted for sustainable development was formula- development. ted in 1987 by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development: "A sustainable develop- Biomass: organic matter (straw, wood, green waste, etc.) ment is a development that meets the needs of the present which can provide energy when burnt to produce heat or without compromising the ability of future generations power. It can also generate biogas (methane) or biofuels to meet their own needs". Two concepts are inherent to for vehicles. this notion: •• the concept of needs and more especially of essential Fair trade: this is an alternative to conventional trade needs of the most deprived; they must be granted the which marginalises and excludes small producers, especially highest priority; in the South. EFTA, the European Fair Trade Association, defines it officially as "a trade partnership which targets ••the idea of limitations imposed by the state of our tech- sustainable development for excluded or disadvantaged niques and our social organisation on the ability of the producers. It seeks to achieve this by proposing better trade environment to respond to current and future needs. conditions to producers, by educating consumers to raise It conveys the idea of limited ability of the environment awareness and through campaigns". to react to our production and consumption methods National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 52 and invites the renewal of the notion of need. It is Factor 4: designates the objective France set itself in 2005 normally associated with methods: cross-disciplinarity, (guideline energy law) which aims to reduce the country’s governance, long-term approach and global cost. greenhouse gase emissions by four by 2050 (compared with 1990 emission level). Durability: see strong, weak or moderate sustainability. Greenhouse gas: this involves chemical compounds Circular economy: it defines the re-use of matter from contained in the atmosphere, which retain some solar heat waste and used products through recycling and waste-to- under the so-called greenhouse effect mechanism. These energy conversion, to put the matter to good use. gases include carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, dinitrogen oxide and the fluorocarbons, each one with very different Functionality economy: it is intended to limit the global warming development ratings. impact of production on the environment and involves replacing the purchase of goods (e.g. television, car, printer) Governance: designates a method of regulating social by a service (hiring a car, self-service bicycle, networked and economic relationships, based on mutual recognition, printer, etc.) to optimise the use of the goods. dialogue and consultation at various regional scales and between different types of stakeholder, with a view to Ecosystem: fundamental notion of ecology, it describes making a decision. the whole formed by a community of living beings amongst themselves and, by extension, between this community and Five-way governance: this is the approach and work its environment. The ecosystem is characterised by relations process initiated by the "Grenelle of Environnement" round- of interdependency which maintain and develop life at its table, uniting five categories of actors around the table: heart (notion of food chains, cycles, ecological niches, etc.). State, regional authorities, economic actors, social actors and non-governmental organisations (NGO). Greenhouse effect: this phenomenon, necessary for life on Earth (maintaining an average clement temperature High Environmental Quality: promoted by the on Earth) is triggered by the presence of greenhouse gases HQE association since 1996, this is a voluntary approach in the atmosphere which prevent infrared radiation being aiming to limit the impact of a building on the environ- reflected totally from Earth towards Space. Deregulated, it ment. Buildings can thus take fourteen targets laid down by causes a rise in the Earth's temperature. Ademe and the HQE association into account in construction and rehabilitation work. The use of this notion is too often Energy efficiency: this is the ability to produce or reduced to its energy aspects (insulation, energy savings, consume the same quantity of goods and services by using renewable energies). less energy than before. Environmental impact: this covers all alterations to Ecological footprint: it corresponds to the surface of the environment, be they negative or positive, caused by an the planet in hectares on which a population depends, given organism, a development or a product. The environmental its lifestyle, to satisfy its needs for products from the land impact study is used by the developer to limit the potential (agriculture and forestry), for fishing areas and for goods environmental damage by his project. and equipment consumption (natural and mined resources, urbanised spaces, infrastructures and waste). Energy intensity: this is the amount of energy required to produce a goods item and more widely for the economy Environmental assessment: study of the state of to function (e.g. energy intensity of the GDP). It is frequently the environment and issues present to assess the impacts measured in ton oil equivalent (toe). and ways of avoiding, reducing or compensating for them. Irreversibility: impossibility for a system to return Integrated assessment: study of all the conse- spontaneously to its exact state before being altered; applies quences, mainly economic, environmental and social and mainly to the natural "critical" capital (exceptional) and to their interrelations, covering human activities directly and minor, but cumulative phenomena. the indirect consequences of these actions. Polluter-payer principle: this is principle stemming Externalities: by externality can be understood the from the ethics of responsibility, which consists of ensuring variation in satisfaction of an agent generated by the actions that each economic actor takes the negative externalities of of another agent (interdependency), without giving rise his activity into account. Briefly, it is the principle whereby to compensation movements in the market (deficiency). the costs resulting form prevention, pollution reduction and Negative exernalities represent the environmental costs anti-pollution measures must be supported by their author. which are not included in the price system (e.g. air, soil and OECD adopted the polluter-payer principle in 1972 as an water pollution, transport greenhouse gases, etc.). economic principle to impute costs relating to anti-pollution 53 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY measures. It is one of the basic principles underpinning Subsidiarity (principle of subsidiarity): this is environmental policies in developed countries. a political and social principle, whereby the responsibility for a public action, when necessary, must be allocated to Precautionary principle: now a major and new the smallest entity capable of resolving the problem itself. component in European and French legislation, established It is therefore the concern not to carry out at a high level as a fundamental principle, this principle recommends pre- something that can be dealt with more efficiently at a lower ventive action faced with hypothetical, even unknown dan- scale, i.e. seeking the relevant level for the public action. gers. "As soon as realisation of damage could affect the This does not mean it cannot be reversed if a defect is noted. environment in a serious and irreversible manner, even though [its recognition] might be uncertain in the current Substitutability: converting a natural capital into an state of the scientific knowledge, public authorities should artificial capital which can be passed on from one genera- monitor, by the application of the precautionary principle in tion to the next. their relevant domains, the implementation of risk assess- ment procedures and the adoption of proportionate, pro- Discount rate: the discount rate, similar to an inflation visional measures in order to prevent the realisation of the rate and which is added to it, represents the annual depre- damage" (Charter of the Environment). ciation rate to be applied to the value of future goods to obtain its updated value, i.e. the value to be compared with Weak sustainability: the natural capital can be that of goods available immediately, taking account of the replaced by new resources, goods or services to come, fact that we attach more price to a present consumption mainly thanks to the contribution by innovation or subs- that a future consumption. Example: taking a discount rate titution banks. of 4%, the updated value of an income of 100 euros to be collected in ten years is 100/1.0410 = 67.5 euros. In other Moderate sustainability: it establishes that mone- words - assuming zero inflation - it is rational to invest 67.5 tary analysis is useful but insufficient to assess the value euros today to obtain 100 euros in ten years. of the natural capital ensuring vital functions. Substitution between the vulnerable capital and the manufactured or Waste-to-energy conversion: recovery of energy human capital no longer exists. released by incinerating waste or biogas mainly produced in disposal sites. Strong sustainability: today's natural capital and the ecosystemic services must be maintained entirely for Material recycling: the intention with this process future generations. This has been adopted by the Strategic is to give a second life to waste to provide materials once Analysis Centre for the outstanding biodiversity. more after sorting and recycling. National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 54 Index A Aarhus (Aarhus Convention), 17, 18 Consultation, 18, 19, 20, 21, 28, 40, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 53 Construction, 23, 24, 25, 28, 33, 36, 52, 54 Adaptation, 5, 10, 12, 13, 16, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 29, Consumer, 5, 8, 9, 11, 23, 25, 34, 39, 52 32, 40, 44 Coordination, 18, 20, 24, 45 Administration, 3, 10, 11, 20, 24 Copenhagen, 22 Agenda, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 39, 46, 48, 52 Corporate social responsibility, 10, 21, 32, 45 Agriculture, 9, 13, 23, 24, 31, 32, 33, 42, 43, 44, 46, Cost/benefit balance sheet, 23 47, 50, 52, 53 Cycling, 26, 27, 37 Agrofuel, 52 D Air, 20, 23, 24, 34, 35, 36, 53 Alcoholism, 29 Aquaculture, 33 Arsenic, 35 Degassing, 33 Degradation, 30, 34, 42 B Democracy, 19, 21 Department, 23, 32, 35, 49 Development, 18, 20, 23, 24, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 35, 54 Ballast water discharge, 33 Digital, 14, 25, 27, 28, 50 Battery, 29 Dioxin, 35 Benzene, 35 Disabled, 14, 27, 39, 40, 41 Biodiversity, 5, 7, 16, 17, 24, 30, 31, 32, 33, 42, 43, 44, Distribution, 8, 9, 11, 28, 46 47, 48, 49, 51, 54 Distributor, 8, 23 Biofuel, 25, 27, 52 District, 26, 27 Biomass, 24, 25, 40, 52 Domestic appliances, 24 Biomaterials, 10, 11, 24, 25 Drought, 35, 43 Biomonitoring, 36 E Biotechnology, 12, 17, 32 Bonus-malus scheme, 8, 9, 10, 24, 27 Botany, 32 Building, 11, 13, 22, 23, 24, 25, 41, 46, 52, 54 Earth, 27, 30, 52 Business, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 21, 24, 28, 29, Ecobalance, 52 34, 35, 39, 40, 41, 45, 46, 47, 49 Eco-business parks, 24 Business park, 11, 35 Eco-campus, 24 Business travelling plan, 28 Eco-districts, 22, 33 Eco-driving, 29 C Ecolabels, 10, 24, 52 Ecology, 6, 9, 11, 18, 20, 32, 48, 53 Economic, Social and Environmental Council, 4, 18, Cancer, 34, 36, 37 20, 46, 48, 50 Capture, 25, 31 Economy, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 25, 26, 28, Car, 26, 29 31, 39, 41, 52, 53, 54 Carbon, 3, 9, 10, 22, 24, 25, 41, 44, 47, 53 Ecosystems, 14, 16, 17, 24, 26, 30, 31, 32, 36, 44, 52 Cardio-vascular, 34 Education, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 21, 28, 29, 33, 36, Car pooling, 28 37, 38, 40, 42, 44, 51 Certification, 9, 14, 21, 45 Electromagnetic wave, 35 Charter for the Environment, 18, 19, 20, 34, 35 EMAS, 10, 21 Chemicals, 34, 35, 36, 44, 53 Endemic, 30, 35 Citizen, 6, 8, 12, 13, 16, 17, 21, 24, 25, 45 Energies, 5, 7, 10, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 42, 43, City, 28 44, 47, 54 Clearing undergrowth, 37 Energy diagnostic, 24 Climate, 3, 8, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 43, 46, 50 Energy efficiency, 10, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 43, 53 Climate change, 3, 5, 7, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 32, Engine, 26, 27 35, 36, 42, 43, 44, 47, 49 European Union, 8, 13, 15, 17, 22, 34, 43, 44, 45 Climate-energy contribution, 24 Experimentation, 10, 19, 36 CO2, 10, 22, 27, 29 F Coastal, 32 Coastline, 23, 32 Commercial area, 27 Community, 20, 23, 27 Fair trade, 10, 11, 44, 52 Commuting, 5, 26 Farmer, 23 Competitiveness, 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17 Fine particle, 26, 35 Computers, 24 Fishing, 11, 17, 31, 32, 33, 45, 53 55 NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Fishery, 33, 47 Insanitary, 36 Floods, 35, 43 Insecurity, 4, 23, 24, 35, 41 Forest, 9, 11, 22, 24, 25, 30, 32, 36, 37, 44, 45, 50, 51 Integrated management, 32, 45, 50 Forestry, 23, 32, 53 Integration, 13, 26, 39, 40, 41, 47, 50 Forward-looking, 14 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Fragmentation, 30, 32 3, 17, 22, 50 Freight, 26, 27, 29 ISO, 21 Fuel, 27 G J Justice, 5, 18, 38, 40 Gales, 35 K GDP, 4, 15, 16, 19, 21, 22, 34, 46, 47, 51, 54 Genetic, 30, 44 Geolocalisation (of goods), 29 Geothermal, 24, 25, 52 Kepone, 37 GERRI (programme), 28 Knowledge, 5, 7, 12, 14, 16, 30, 31, 32 Glacier, 25 Kyoto Protocol, 22 Global cost, 52, 53 L Global warming, 16, 22, 23, 25, 51 GMO, 17, 32, 51 Goods, 26, 27, 28, 29, 47 Governance, 4, 5, 6, 7, 15, 18, 19, 20, 32, 35, 42, 43, 44, Labelling, 25, 36 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 53 Land, 30, 31 Green and Blue Belts, 26, 31, 32, 33 Landscape, 31, 49 Green growth, 8, 9, 23, 38, 39 Lead poisoning, 36 Greenhouse gas, 3, 10,16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, Leisure, 14, 32, 40 29, 43, 44, 47, 50, 53 Life cycle, 5, 8, 10, 14, 23, 24, 29, 50, 52 Greenhouse gas emissions, 3, 10, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, Life cycle analysis, 14, 23, 50, 52 26, 27, 28, 35, 36, 43, 44, 47, 53 Life expectancy, 34, 47 Greenhouse gas emissions audit, 10 Lighting, 24 Green route, 28 Local authority, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 28, 36, 43, 46 Grenelle, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, Local plan for town planning (PLU), 28 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, Logistical engineer, 28 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 53 M Guyana, 30 H Malaria, 35, 42 Marine, 24, 25, 32, 33 Habitat, 30, 32 Marine area, 31, 32, 33 Haulier, 28 Mediation, 18 Health, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 24, 26, 27, 34, 35, Medicines, 29, 30, 35, 44 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 Mercury, 35, 44 High-speed line, 29 Metropolitain 14, 19, 24, 30 Housing, 23, 24, 25, 26, 33, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 47 Migration, 30, 40, 43 Humanity, 3, 30, 31 Ministry, 20, 32, 46, 48 Hurricane, 36 Mix, 28, 39 Hydraulic, 22, 24 Mobility, 5, 7, 15, 26, 27, 28, 29, 37, 41, 47 I N Immigrant, 21 Nanotechnology, 12, 17, 35 Impacts, 3, 6, 8, 9, 9, 10, 17, 20, 22, 24, 24, 26, 27, 28, National parks, 32 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 44, 49, 53, 54 National Public Debate Commission, 17, 20, 50 Incapacity, 34 Natura 2000, 32 Indicator, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 16, 17, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, Natural marine park, 32 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 44, 49, 53, 54 Natural reserve, 32 Industry, 23, 24, 31, 43, 46, 47, 52 Natural risk, 24, 34, 35, 36, 37 Information, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, Net floor area, 33, 51 21, 24, 25, 28, 31, 34, 35, 36, 46, 51 Network, 17, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 36, Infrastructure, 24, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 42, 43, 53 44, 48, 53 Innovation, 5, 9, 15, 16, 19, 23, 28, 29, 39, 40, 51, 54 New economic regulations, 10 National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 56 Noise, 26, 35, 36 River, 27 NOx, (nitrogen oxide) 26, 47 Road, 27, 29 Nuclear, 16, 22, 25, 47 Road safety, 26, 29 Rural area, 26, 27, 45 O S Occupational medicine, 35, 36 Ocean, 30, 43 Savings, 17, 22, 23, 24, 27 Old people, 27, 38 Sea, 13,14, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, Overseas, 14, 19, 23, 24, 30, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 43, 49 36, 37, 38, 43, 49 Seismic, 37 P Seveso, 35 Shore, 31 SME, 10, 14, 19, 23, 35, 51 Partnership, 9, 18, 42, 43, 44, 45, 50, 51, 52 Social, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 35, Participation, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 28, 44, 46 38, 39, 40, 41, 46, 48, 49, 50, 54 PCB/dioxins, 35 Social cohesion, 12, 18, 26, 39, 40, 50 Pesticide, 9, 31, 32, 35, 37, 47, 52 Soft and active transport, 28 Photovoltaic, 52 Soil, 11, 30, 35, 36, 42, 47, 52 Planet, 3, 22, 42, 52, 53 Solar, 24, 25, 45, 53 Planning, 33 Space, 14, 24, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 40, 53 Pollution, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 53, 54 Species, 30, 31, 32, 34, 44, 50 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 35, 50 Sport, 14, 32, 37 Population, 13, 14, 16, 18, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 30, 34, State, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 35, 36, 38, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 53 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 43, 46, 47, 48, Ports, 27, 28 49, 50, 51, 53 Prevention, 4, 7, 11, 22, 34, 35, 36, 37, 44, 45, 47, 51, 54 Station, 28, 29 Producer, 5, 11, 23, 28, 44, 52 Steering committee, 32, 34 Psychotropic, 35 Stress, 35 Public domain, 32 Suburban, 26 Public policies, 3, 6, 19, 20, 25, 36, 49, 52 Supplier, 28, 2 Sustainable development, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, Q 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 Quotas, 23, 24, 33, 51 R T Taxation, 8, 11, 33, 49 Rail, 26, 27, 28, 29, 47 Taxes, 24, 29 Rail motorway, 27, 29 Taxonomy, 32 Railway, 27 Teleworking, 25, 28 Raw materials, 8, 11, 26, 30 Territorial continuity, 32 REACH, 34, 36, 44, 51 Territory, 5, 19, 20, 23, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 38, 52, 53 Recovery, 11, 54 Tetrachloroethylene, 35 Recycling, 8, 10, 11, 14, 24, 29, 30, 33, 46, 52, 53, 54 Tobacco, 35 Reefs, 30 Tornado, 36 Region, 9, 14, 24, 31, 32, 36, 37, 39, 41, 48, 49 Tourism, 23, 24, 28, 32, 40, 45 Regional, 17, 21 Town, 21, 26, 27, 28, 33, 36 Regional authority, 28, 35, 40, 41, 53 Town centre, 27 Regional air- energy-climate schemes, 20, 24 Town planning, 23, 24, 26, 28, 32, 33, 36, 38, 51 Regional schemes for climate, 24 Toxicology/ecotoxicology, 36 Regional climate plans, 20, 25 Traceability, 10, 35 Regional coherence scheme, (SCOT) 28, 31, 33, 51 Trade, 24,24, 43, 44, 50 Renewable energies, 5, 10, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 43, Train, 26 44, 47, 54 Training, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 24, 28, 29, Research, 3, 5, 7, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 25, 27, 30, 32, 33, 32, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46, 47 36, 44, 45, 50, 51, 54 Transparency, 16, 18, 20, 29, 36 Resource, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, Transport, 5, 9, 17, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 37, 38, 30, 31, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 53 33, 36, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 52, Transport organising authority , 28 53, 54 Travel, 26,29 Rio, 3, 50, 52 Travelling, 25, 29 57 U Union, 13, 18, 19, 48 Universities, 14, 17, 21 Urban, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 36, 38, 41, 44, 50, 51 Urban area, 21, 28, 36 Urbanisation area, 33 Urban management, 33 Urban renewal, 33 Urban sprawl, 27, 28, 33 Urban travelling plan, (PDU), 28 V Vehicle, 10, 17, 27, 28. 29 47, 52 Video conference, 28 Volcanic, 37 W Walking, 26, 27, 37 Waste, 8, 9, 10, 11, 17, 24, 25, 33, 44, 46, 52, 53, 54 Wind, 24, 25 Wood, 9, 11, 24, 25, 32, 45, 50, 52 Y Young people, 12, 13, 14, 27, 33, 35, 38, 39, 40, 46, 47 Z Zoology, 32 National Sustainable Development Strategy 2010-2013 58 58 DECEMBER 2010 edition Contact: Delegation for Sustainable Development 3 place de Fontenoy 75007 Paris Tel.: 01 40 81 34 65 The National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2010-2013 was adopted by the Interministerial Committee for Sustainable Development on 27 July 2010. For further information: É Prime Minister's site: www.gouvernement.fr/premier-ministre/ This document was first printed in July 2010. É Site of the Ministry of Sustainable Development: www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/ NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE  DEVELOPMENT Strategy 2010  2013  Towards a green and fair economy December 2010 – 09004-1 – Printing: MEEDDTL/SG/SPSSI/ATL2/Atelier de reprographie – Printed on European certified ecolabel paper – www.eco-label.com - .Ill Liberté • Égalité • Fraternité RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE Ministère tl r de l'Écologie, du Développement durable, desTransports et du Logement Interministerial Delegate for Sustainable Development