Maritime Code of the Empire of Ethiopia

NEGARIT GAZETA Gazette Extraordinary 19th Year No. 1 MARITIME CODE OF THE EMPIRE OF ETHIOPIA PROCLAMATION No. 164 OF 1960 Addis Ababa, 5th May 1960 CORRIGENDA Before Art. 58, insert: Section 2. Execution Art. 86 (1), read: (a) where the occurrence has only given rise to property claims, an aggregate amount qJ. Eth. $160 for each ton of the ship's tonnage; tL) where the occurren<·c has only given rise to personal claims, an aggregate· amount oi Etb. S. 516 for eacl1 ton of the ship'& tonnage; (c) where the occurrence has given rise both to personal claims a.nd propel'ty claims, an aggregate amount of Eth. $516 for each ton of the ahip'a tonnage, of which a :first portion amountin.g to Eth. $356 ••••• etc. Art. 97 (2), line 3, read: Art. 15 (5) Art. 118, line 2, read: in the ship's log - book Art. 187 (2), line 1, read: retained by the carrier Art. 198 (1), line 1, read: of the carrier Art. 240, line 2, read: remuneration Art. 250, line 3, read: as a private owner Art. 271 (B), line 13, re3d: machinery; other repairs .... etc. Art. 287 (1), line 2, read: she was due to arrive Art. 313 (1), line 2, read: the things insured •• etc. Art. 316 (1), line 5, read: in proportion to -·· etc.; Art. 360, heading, read: or Preventing ••• etc • .A.rt. 371 (2) (h), read: steering ( 3) , read: Articles BG, 198 and 223. PROCLAMATION No. 16-1 of 1960 THE MARITIME CODE PROCLAl'~ATION OF 1960 CONQUF.RING LION OF TllE TRIBE OF JUDAH IIAILE SELASSIE I ELECT OF GOD, EMPEROR OF ETHIOPIA \v.IIERE.AS, the development of the ports of Our Empire and the ,c:,:pansion of Our merchant navy require that a comprehensive Maritime Code be enacted; and WHE.8.EAS, a Maritime Code has been prepared under Our supervision :ind has received the approval of Our Senate and Chamber of Deputies; NOW, TllEREf( >HE, in accordance with Articles 34 and 88 of Our Revised Constitution, \Ve ::approve the resolutions of Our Senate and Chambei: c>f Deputies and We hereby proclaim as follows: l. This Proclamation mat he cited as the "Maritime Code Proclama• 'lion, 1960". 2. The Maritime Code of 1960, as pablislied in a separate volame appearing as Extraordinary hsue No. I of 1960 of the Negarit Cazeta, shall come into force on the 5th day of lhy 1960. 3. Nothing contained in the Maritime Code shall affect the nation• .ality of ships registered prior to the coming into force of eaid Code. 4. The Maritime Proclamation No. 137 of 1953, as amended by the Maritime (Amendment) Proclamation of 1956, is hereby repealed except for Articles 2 to S incl11Sive, paragraphs (e) to (g) inclusive of Article 6, .Articles 28 to SI inclusive, and Articles 36 to 47 inclusive. Done at Addis Ababa this 5th day of May, 1960. TSAIIAFE TAEZAZ AKLILU HABTE WOLD Deputy Prime Minister and Jlinister of Pen TITLE I. SHIPS Chapter 1. General Provisions Art. 1. Definition of Ships. For the purpoiso of diit Code, a ship s tJJrJl1 romgoa.nig ,·csrol, whaitever itil designiation and toom.mge, iwihich ,m,de:r.tmkes O!t' Ls mtOlllded to uudertak.c m.a.ritime nmi;aiti.on, 'Wlhellh.er o~ ID.Gt such ua.vi~a1.i0111 • f o:r purposes of g:ti.n. Ai,t. 2. Accessories. All aicce:sso.r.ies required !oar the uae of the ship eh.all he deemed to he pm of tl1e ehlp • .. \J:rt. 3. Ship }lovable Property. A sll!Up u moivaihle pr-oipei:,ty u.n.der Civil L~v subj ec.t to it.he provisions of thla Code. Chap tar 2. N atlonality of shipo Art. 4. Qualification for outning Ethiopian Ships. A ah.iip shall 1I110·t he deemed to he m Etbwopim s1iip unless owned wholly by per.som O'of the ifoillorwwnig dcscri.otiioru. namely: (a) Ethiop:iian sub jccts; (b) B·odra, CoiI'por.mtc estaiblished Ullldea.-, md subject to, 11b.e Laws of Ethiopia Olld h::JV.mg ithcir prJ:nclp;:il pbce ()If humnc.!15 t1.1l Ethio!Pia; (c) FoTeiilgners domiciled m Et.hlapia mi;d ha,'ri.ug their pci:ncl.pal pla.-co of business ii:n Ethilopia. ~t. 5. Sl,ip& treated a Ethiopian Ships. The folllowing 1l1mll he Ethlo:pimn ship-s: (a) Ships .ab:mdom.cd at~ md salva•ged l>y mip~ lflydml; the Ethiopian. flag; (b) Ships co-mca-t~d ,md.~ the pTomom ~tf lthis Code. Art. 6. Ethiopian Ships. (1) On:ly Ethiopi.m shiipa ah.all aail under ltlh·c Ethlo:pim flag. (2) Co•anl &li.i.ng, co,~:tl tr.ad-c between iEthiopim pOil'ts a:n.d to·w·agc in Eth.iopim pomta shall .oinly be undcrt:1ikcn by Etmcip,i.m ahi.ps. Chapter 3. Ownership Art. 7. Owncrsl,ip of Ship. (1) Instruments acttdng uip, .llJa3i,:;r.li!nig ~ termini::.'tin.g righb o.f OlWD.crsh!p in •:I Blh:ip -0.r other I1ight.a in irem shaill be 1diiaiwn up Jill ,a recognised legal form, otherwise they shall be of no effect. (2)1 Whore sucli inrstrumao.t, 1111re maido ahrowd~ they ab.ai1l :be dr..l!WlL up he£ocre an Ethiopiain ~ M" where di.er.e aLS ~ COll5u.l, bef0<re the coanpetent authority. A.rt. 8. Third Party Rights. The wastrumenta covered hy A.rt. 7 may omy be set np ag.nn&t third pll!l'!tie., whett1 :they li.vve heeni published 181S treqwir.ed by law. Chapter 4. Ships owned in common Am. 9. Rights of PaTt Owners. In any mat'tler roJ:ree:rning ithe common mtex,est of prur.t o;wne.r.3, it.he opurl.on of the majority owners shall ;prevail. Art. 10. Liability of Part Owners. (1) E.11cl1 part oovn.~ eh.all Oiill.ly he liable in a.-espcct o! the sh.ip in pr01pc:rtion to his share. (2) Aniy pair.t io"\\mor who disaippxovas of iam. act o:f m=iagement, may free ~ fl'!()m. liability under woh met hy ronn-tmCin!g lllo ehrure. Suc!1 ishaire sha[l ;he diatrilm,ted 131lllOltllg :the 01ther paa:1: ownon in proportiol'.l to the;ir respeutive sl1.ax.e,s. Art. 11. Power3 of Operator. {.l)J An opettnlt~ .appointed by the pairt o,wn,ar., may undertake aill act.3 o! mam:~ge:meut. H.u porwem may omy he :ncstr:i.cted by a ircsolution in iwtritiing wop,ted by !the ma.joa:iity O'W'Jler.!. (2) Thlt1d ip~ shall tniO,t he ,affected by tr.estriietio.cs ~ .the powera o! the opexia:tor unless iDotitce thc:reof hais he-c:n gi~en in the ahippiDJg re~tcr. Art. 12. Assignment and Mortgage of a Share. Every paa:tt owne:r may 1a:ss-.iign hls 1sharc a:n itlie ah1p. A part o:wnc:r may mortgage his share with the agreement of the majoTity owners . .A.rt. 13. Pre-emptive Rights of tl,e other Part Owners. (1) Where ,a p1amt owner sells his shrure in, a ah.ip held fo: eommo,n, the pu:rc.h31Ser shall notify such .act to it.he onhor owno't'IS wi-thin {i:ftccn day,, iothc11.1wise tl10 &ale &haul be null amid vo.id. (2) W.ithin filtoon ,d~s f.rorm .5Uoh no.tiific::itioin, the p:mrt -O:'IVJJlOI"s may excrcis:c ,their p-rc-emptive Ti.ght over the ~b.?II'C :sold, provided it.h.a1 within tw, s:ime period of time they settle the cost and expenses in cash. (3) The pairt .ownori.5, ad hetwflOO ,thc:m.sclve.s, shall distmibute tl1e p:re-cmpted ;shaire ,itn pro•po-rtiiOJD. to :their own ..sh!.11ro.;, ·w11erc ,all exorcise theiir pre• emptive right, or otherwise in proportion to the shares o! those wh~ have C.""<orci~d such 11i;ht. Art. 14. Sale of a Ship under Common Owner3hip. ( 1) Unlaa oth.eim-iae -agrood m w.ni!tmg, tdte sale 0£ a amp und'eJr commo111 own,enli.ip sbs:nll omy he effected wiit:h the colD1SeZlt of th:e majoirity OW'Der!. (2) Such sale 8h.ull he COinlcluete.d m the same m:mm.er as ,a a:rle by Od"d.er o.I it!he com:t. Chapter 5. Maritime liens and mortgage of a ship Section 1. Maritime Lien Art. 15. Designation and Priority of t.laritime Liens. The .£.oJ.lo1win:; cl.JJiim4 shall alone give r.ee to ma,ritime lien., wi1.h prio.rity a., £ollo•w19 : (1) Le-g:il coots ::ntl othc:r e..""t.pom.~ incurred in tho co~a:i in.tc:rcst of tho crc-J.itor.s, riin omcler ;to :p;rc:sc:rve tl1e ship aincl ito prOICUJre he:r erule and the d•istriLutiom. 10.f the p:rocee<b oif s:ile; tom:1:11ge, dll'e6.5, light o,r h31I"bonr dues and other public taxes and charges of the same nature; pilotage dues and the col5t oif wartah.in:g ,md pr.e.serT.a'ti.on from time o.f CD:1:ry of the ahip mto her laist po;r.t; (2) cl~ ar.imng out cl the -a:::rtiicles of a:greemcnlt cf the m31Siter, the cre,v and ofther rp,ell'ISOaJS onga.ged .in the service of tlie ship; (3) rem'U.lllCr:lltiioai due fo:r ~e m11d ~ilv.aige ac:J1d die oon.tribution of the ship in general average; ( 4) indemniiti.es m ir.e:;pttt cl colliai-0111 mnid Oltlhar acc.i.dcm.t3 of navigation, ~ well as i£oir dama.ge caused to ,v-OII'ks forming p,1111'1t of ba.rhour.s, docks and navigable water.ways, .and the cost of removal of objects obstructing navigation, due to the acts of the ship, indemnities for bodily injury to passengers and crew and indemnities for loss of er damage to cargo and baggaige; (5) claims a.r.isiing out of coinw:teta enter~d into or ~ts ~ine by the m~ 0'1l'tmde the ho.me poll'lt wi-t!WID. the scope of bu ia'lllth:omty where aucli eotnlt1'lua « act.a are ne.oeisaa:y for the p:r.escrv.atiocn of the ship ,or tho ccmtmuait.io.n. ,of ;Uhe voy-age, wh-e11hoer o~ DQt: ~ mal!oter il5 a.t the ume time own.er of :th:e shmp llm!d ,v.hdtb.er ar DOlt the c1amm i5 his or th:alt (J;f $}1ip clumdle1'19, n,p.mcm, lcm.d.en, o:r oither CO'IJltrractuail crediton; ( 6) T~ulLiin•g d,am,~1.gcs due to chair:tcinn'S; ( 7) the .::.m.oun'f.1 oI pT.cmiium !or :mL!.'U'I'ainicc ,t.i:kc.n Ollt on the hull o£ tl1e •·hip :.n.J t:!1e fitt.ing.s nmid eqw:pmc:Dlt of the ship du:e fo!f: the la voy:mge ir.imred in. the cmsc rOCf a voya,ge policy or f.cr the bst period insured in the c:ii.'!e of a 11ime poliscy, but ,JllOlt es:cccdiing ane yeair'a pl'emium m hoth evcmts; (8) 1J1D.y cl.:wn ih~c-d upoin .'.l1ll :in:1:::ctm1~tc oa.- m'CO(lll:pfote ata!tcment ui a hill of bJ.ing. Art. 16. Classification by voyaga of claims secured by lien. Cl:w-1s..ific..;ticn oJ cfaims securctl by lien el1:all he hy voy,a,gc. Cl.uim:a s:ccured hy lien in t!ic l:tst voyage of wh;i.tcvcr priority shall be prcfcrrcJ agai::::.st those o.i prc.~ioilu voy:11gro. ,Cl.:ullll.3 arlE,;;nig ori.:.t oif cin:o irun:cl .tlic 6J.me C1"c:rw'a articles ruiall iho deemed dai.Iw m the il~t ,~aiya1;c, cvc.ni ·when. :tlwy ne out ci i:in e:llrlfor ~~oiya:g-c. Art. 17. Classificr:.tfon of Claims arising out of tlie same voyage. (1) .CLi.m.s .:in~ln~ ().l1't oi the :s:un:::.;c :',"'.Oya;e tihdl :rcl h the o:rd.cr set out an .A.rt. 1s. (2) Cl.mn.s ~g out oi tl10 sJ.mc Yoy:11gc ,run:d whlcl1 ,rure of the -san:c priority shall siiare con.currently and ratcably in the event of the fund.s ,a:v::ci.1:iihle ibemg wnb--ufficicnt to :pay ithe claa:m.:s i:i i'ull. ( 3) All rrenru.Il!Clr'a./'f.l,on f.o:r .::sEis t.::,r..cc •till!d claiimi.s .aa.-l:1mg o,U:t '0'1 ehi,ps' ~ iMlld r:ep aJ.r.3 .shall be 1ghran priority lirn the a:c.vetr.z:e oil'lder io.f 1tlhe dates oill which they c::ume a.n.to being. Art. 18. Date of claim:, arising out of the same maritime incident. Cllllizns 1rucil:.i:ng ia/'UJt ol rthe same mrurrutmme iincident shall be deemed to hai,·e eom-e mto being at ithe l!l:llmC ti.me. Art. 19. Proof. Liam $Ct !o.mli in the ipfl':ecedmg .rurtioles sh 3lll come into ibein·g lll3 so,o.n u the cl::uim .iis a·et up; they sh::ill iDlOit \he SUJbjcct Ito .t:ny !o,r:mality 111,0r to a:n:y 6p.acL<l. ,co1r-.ic1i.ti-oru .:1!5 to proof', u.n:le1.--:s It.he law a,equir.es suclt foir:mnlltlc.5 0tr co.xud.iLio;o,g. Art. 20. Priority of Creditors secured by l',fortgage. Creditor! secured hy mortgage on the ehip rank for priority in order of ;ro~ustiru.tiot11 .itrnmic,clfo1tely .arftc;r 1the oroditJoa."..s 6Clcurcd ihy 1ilcm. xefetill"ed to in .Art. 15 (1) to (5) (inlclusivc). Ant. 21. Property to ivhich Liens attach. (l) Licm1 shall atbch to tho sl1ip, to the freiglit ior the voyage durin; which the lic,n eamo rmto homg <:Ittlid to ships' ltl!CCC$.:)C1r.1C! mnd freight ~cqulrc:d ruftc-.r the ooimmc.n.ccmca:l!t of :the voyage. (2) The lien set up by Art. 15 (2) shall attach to the whole of the freight ·due in rc.;~c:et ol ,ill yoymgcs mrudc -dmr.i.nig cine ttnd tthe eiaimo article, ~ a•;rcrcmc.nt. A.11t. 22. Definition of Ship's Accessories and Freight. ~:iit.l1 irespoct :t:o ithe C..""C.C11"ci.51e oi a lien: (11 oo:mpc:nsaltwlll due to OWtil.OI'3 £00- ma1tar.hu cl.:image su:st:.iincd hy the sl.Jp in.1lld .DJC\t rep ruir,ed, ()II." :£or loss ex£ !reight; (2) corut.r:ibutions due to crwn.crs in gei:::c1::.-a.l ·aivara.ge, in J:cspcct o! m::tcrial dan1a;e aust.uincd by tho ISthip ..md n.ot :iiep.mia:e.d, 01r ii.:n res.poet o! luel!J of freight; (JJ ir:emunern:ticm. du:e to O(W'Jl;C!I".S forr ,nissi;,t:mlce oa:- snilvia.gc SClr'T..CCS rc-r.c.!crcd t.'.llt any ti.me bclo!l"e ,the end -oI the voy::.ge, aC:::cr 2.c-..:uct.ion oif ,my smn.s :!llloittcd to t:he mal.Siter ,a.'Il/d <'J th.er per30,l1J3 w:1 t11e 1Sardce o! We c~ .. .:p, .arc clccmccl to be ship's accessories and Irci:;ht. Art. 23. A mounts deemed freight or excluded from Shil s accessories and freight. (I) PatEsage DIDillicy M1d, whC(I"e .appr01priaite, lump e.1.1.ms due unider a ship• O'W'Ille.r's Jimitod liahility shall be corui,dared Ito he freight. (2) Paymanta due to tho io·wncrr un:dc:r m:.surrun.ce p·o1icie..s, o.r hountiel!I, suh .. sidi,cs oir o.thor State gi,ntnt:5 ~hill noit he decm,od c2sccessoirie., o! the .hip w :fr,d.g;ht, -wiul1 irrupect t:o tu.~ e:i:erc:ise ot! a llen • . A.rt. 24. Duration of Lien on freight and Ship's Accessories. A Don OID. fi,e.i,ght mail:l .Sl1liDS1'L!lt fcrr so long ·1!15 the :frei~ht h:113 not bt'e:rt pii.d cir fo1r so l01D1g .ms ithe inttn-01W1t theireo:£ ii!; held hy the ma.ster orr hy the owner'a agent. Tho same shall apply to a lien on a ahip'a accessories. Art. 25. Claims secured by Lien follow the ship. Claims eecured hy lien shall fallow the sl1ip into whatever hands she may p~. Art. 26. Limitation. (I) All licrn!.!1 er•et lorr-tl1 liln .Art. 15 rs1ull be bmrred intftrer one yerur witl1 tho e.."'tce<pti:o,n oif -the lion .s,c,curiin1g clJJlm:s aJtt:11c11cJ to &hip's oto,rcs which ohall ho ll.'.l!IU',od iautar si..'t motD.'tlIJ.S. (2) iin rl1e e:me of 1i-CIIll3 sccuriin:g cbi;m13 b re~-pect: of (I'Cmunm-at-ion for •a!Ssiatan:ce and ealvaigc, tl1c :par1101d o! ltm~taitic-n shall run from the chy whon tl1c .re.rvi.cos tc.rmiim::.tc; 5.n 1.hc c...:sc o! licn,s ec-cu:ring .cfaims in 'l"C'~pcct oif co,11:.:.i:oin :md ,01thcr . .z•cci-1lc:nts ·mnd in raspe:c:t of bodily injur:l's. from the da:y whc,n 'tlhe dn:ma:ge W:115 c:,ni11:scd; in t11e case of liats for tho lo~ of o.r dan:rnge -to c:i:rgo er .h:z:ggaige, irom the day of the delivery of the cairgo or haggaige or from the day when they should have bee.n <lcl~v«~rc,l; for rnp:iin and supplies anJ other case! nicntioned in .\r:. J.i {~}, from the day when the claim ori:;inatcd. ( 3) In all other cases, the pcriotl shall run from the date when th'! t 1 ,~·-· bcc-.ame enforceable. (4) The claims as set out in Art. 15 (2) of persons engaged on board •• :~ -~ only he enforceable at the end of the voyage, notwitthstancling the ri/::.: of such per3ons o request advances or paynienta on account dnrin; 6e voyage. (5) The periods so determined above shall not run for as long :u it h.i.~ not been possible to arrest the s11ip in the territorial water5 of tht­ Empire when the creditor has his domicile or principal place <JI bminc::. in the territory of the Empire, provi<lcd that the period 0£ li~itJ.t:o:i shall not in such event exceerl three years from t11e time when the d.:!:::. origina tell. Art. 27. Other IJ[odes of Extinguish.m.cnt of Liens. (1) Apart from general provisions for the extinguuhment of ob1ig:1tion..•. liens shall he extinguished: by judicial sale under the procedure set fort.h in this Code; by a voluntary sale of the ship, under the following conditions: (a) The conveyance shall be made in accordance with the pro .. ·i~io~ 0£ th.is Code; (b) The conveyance shall be ma-de public by an entry in tbe OfficW Commercial Gazette and in a daily newspaper available at the ship's port 0£ registry, as well as by a notice af[bced at the entz-r of the register office, the entry and notice being required to contain an indication as to the domicile 0£ the purchaser; ( c) No objection has been notified by the creditor to the purcha~er du.ring the month following publication. (2) After th.is period lias expired, the creditor's lien shall ubsist on tbe purchase money f o·r as long as such purchase money has not been paid.. provided tl1at before payment the credttor has lodged an objection. (3) The lodging of an <1bjcction as provicled in paragraph (2) ~hall Le notified to the creditor. Art. 28. R,•gistratim, n/ n Lien. CreJitors s-ecurctl by lien may re:gi:itcr their lien. It shall be made on the fillip's entry :in the Register. Such registration shall not ar£cct 1uiority of liens. Art. 29. Case where a ship is not managed by the owner. The preceding articles shall apply to ships under the management 0£ a person who operates them without owning them or to the principal charterer, except in ca,;cs where the owner h.ia been di~posscs~ccl by an illegal act, or where the claimant is not in good faith. Section 2. Mortgage Ar.t. 30. Scopa of l',fortgage. Ships of two tons gross tonn:igc and above m:iy he mortgaged, hut only under an agreement between the parties. Ad. 3.1. Jfortgagor. (1) A ~nge of a ali:i:p m-n,- o-:cily he co1IL't!rt11cted by rt.he o/w1ner ~ by his iagc:c,t a.ot.ing under a epeci:itl power. (2) Where there are several owners, a ship may be mortgaged by tbe mainu•cr~g o.-wn.er !Oil' the pm-po..aes o.f fitting out or na-v,ig:ution, ,v-itb tho i:.pprov.al o:£ tho majocri:ty 101WDer.s, where such. majority also z-cprerents three qtt~ of ith.e mtercsta Off the g6D:er.:d bo.dy o.£ ownora. Where a three quarters majority is not obtained, the part owuers may request the COll1'rt to m.'.J!ke auoh onder c:a (i9 in !the gencr..ul mteirest of the put owners. i)Vhere one part owner wishes to mortgage hls share. he may ooily do eo wiit:h the appr01Vail of the marjor:iity. .\.rt. 3.2. Property on which mortgage is secured. (1) Ullllem Ottb.erwase agreed, a mortga:ge ~a.n.ted on a wp O'r 01ll a abare in a. ahip ab.all ,.1.tta.eh to the hull of the ship, .md the ship's geaa-, app·aratm, :rnachim,ry aind Cltb.er eccessoiries. (2) A mo.rtgaige shall not attach to the freight, nor to Government bountiea mn:d 6WJ'Si.di<.'8. (3) A moiqage &hall alt.t.:i:oh to indemnity !o:r d:unage, tmless sucli indemnity i9 nsed to irepaiiir the ship or for heir pr.ese1Wa.t.ioo. (4) A mortgage shall not attach to insurance compensation. The mortgage deed m.atf by CXiIJ!OOSs ~p(me:nt a1t.tad1 such -00mpensaltion for 'the benefit of ithe secm-~d crediflolr.s. Such a.saignmem may IOIDily be &et up against tho underwriten ~here they have given, their approval in writing or where the ff'rig:nmenit has been na.tHied to them. Arl. 33. Mortgage of a. ship under construction. (1) (2) (3) A maritime m01rtgage ma,y be made on a sh.tp under comistruction. A decUlll":JJUOin sb.aill be made bcfo.re mor.tgaige to the pocrt m:m11ger witb.i.n whose area the &hip u undor oo,nstmo1W<m. Suc'l1 declrur.ation. sltaJl mctic:ite the JCtD:gth m the 'V'CS$el's keel au,d her Oithcr :11p p,ro:-dn1-:11t.c .ilim,ea:nsions .11.i well as :tl1c e,s.tilma.'tcd toilllilage. It e.h-:ill also indic:i.te tl1e &iite where tthe shiip i:s under eo,nstrnctio.n. Art. 34. F ormalitie,. (1) A mortg:11ge imtrumoot ahall be in wmtiing. It ma:y be by simple contr.act. (2) Tho instrument creating the mortgage may he trms!eral>Ie. Negotiation by ooid:misdm,clD.t shaU .tnmnzs!ar tlhe mo:rtg~ge cl.iim. Art. 35. Limitation of interest rate$. The 1unc of wnteretSlt proirided 1UJ1der a moa:rt~aige lo::1111 ()111 a .ship shill net exceed ll%. Art. 36. Formalities of Registration. (l) Rc:g&s1t:r.a:tmon &hill be effected by '8111 enl.ry iin ~ho Rcgisttcr e.t the poir.t office where tl1e shiip it regiistrCll"ed. When:ie :the moll'!tlgmge eh.mrges a ship under 00lllstru.oti001, a:,ogilstir.:i.'ti.oln shall he mt:CU"cid in 'llhe Regi::ltCT of th.e regiistc:r office u.ntd!ar whOfSe ju:nisillcu1oai :tlhe $hipyrurd comes. (2) Bcl01re rcgistr31tion7 a ceirtiJied true coipy o£ the mortgage msrtrumc:nt sh.:ill be 1handcd to tl!b:e iregi.s.ter office. The .iu.9trume:m: tab.ill have aame::ted :to wt tw:o schedules signed iby tthe claammt, com:~g !bhe follow.mg det~: (a) Su·rname a1nd otthor IDlalmt!t!, doim:iicile md p1r,0fea6!0Q of the moa:tgaigee mm,d m00itga1goo-; (h) ·date a!Illd form o.f ithe ti:nlstrmmenlt; (c) mniolLlllt o:f the dcibt a given lllil die btmme!lllt; ( d) co111,d:itwo.ns of in:tor.ast and rep·arymem; (e) :mame iaind descripuikm of :t1he ehiip under morrtgaige, a:'egistra!tL<m ce:r.tificmte o«r declair:Jltilo:n ireilattim,g to her comtn.cuo111; (f) the address Ior service ol the mortgagor within the place of registra­ ltiion tmdm- the jurisdi'CtiOtD. of ithe 1r.egjster o.ffice. (3) The a:-egi:stcir office Elhall eotteir &mi the Regti,ate:r a staltememit Otf lllhe deblils c01nt:11i:nied iu the t,ro ecliedules. Dile amd office Ehall tr-et.urn to the claimant one ol the two schedules bearing a note as to registration. The office shall make a 1110/to (4 the IE'e~altlloln of the m,omtpge in !the .hip'.s ir.egistir.mt.io111 entry. Ar.t. 37. Elect of Registration. (1) Regiins.,a.t.11001 eh.all preserve tihe mo111tga-ge for ia pemod ol five ye:n,a from the da.te til1oreof'; i1t shall cc~ to lt.rve effect whore n.ot renewed be!o«"e tlte expiiry of five yoaa:s. (2) Registira-t.iion of a mkllrt.ga,ge shall guc.tr.:tnlt:ee ,at the ltmle of sale two yean' mtcrcst wi-t.h the aamc prio.rity ~ the empdtid, m addi.i:ti001 to interest for tl1c CUJrrcrnt year • .A..-t. 38. Arrest and sale of a mortgaged sl&ip. ( 1) Claiim.s secu.re"l by ircigiis.tored moll'Ttga,ge ol a mip or a .hare th-ere.of m:iy :follow the ebip into whatever hainid.s she mazy pas in order to be claMed ar.d paid in the o;rder of rogi&trmoar. (2) "\Vhere a mo!l"tga;e cJi31r.gas a ehmr.e in a ship only, ithe eiieditOlr may <mly aw-e.;t airud sell the &h~c Ito which the mOll'ltga.go .atttiacliea. Where mior.e it!h.m a half ahi.ia.,e iim. di.e shiip ais mottgwgcd, the creditor may, ctc:r rurres~ sell ,t!hc •w1hooe ship, lit beumrg ibaa r.-csp:OlD1SUliility to cmmmol'IJ. the pamt on.vncrs to ,the srule. (3) WhCll"e the ship is soild rto a paint own:ar oir I.ills to him after d.ivil1fo(Jl, even whCIJ."le sn.ch owner is a pcrraolD. o,tJh.cr t!hm a pm owner h a-rin.ig ccmtrll!ctod ,d:mm.g ithe iper.iioid of co,mm01I1 CIWlllcrmip ,a morrtgage oI hi, ah~c, suoh moTtg~ge slii.iill suiblSOISlt '11.9 SU1ah :a-fter di.v~imi oir eD!le. (4) In the event of sale by order of the court fo.r the benefit of a person ,DOit bdng am. mv;mor, m «he !oo:mu dotar.miniod J:>y 1.JIW, the rights c:l arc•tiltors accUll."o<l thy mort:;ruge of a shaire in itl11e &lll.irp ehalll h·e llmitccl Ito dia.t p-WI'Tt of the purc!hi:uso mo11110f r.eiliait1mg :to the iln.teres.t mortgirged. (5) Tl1e etltille ~1,all apply ltJo cl1~gcs IOl!l eooh shame otf 10,wnership, 61lloh cb.~ges being itran$!orred ims 10lf right to .tha!t ~-.l:l'tt of it:he ipm:eha.se mo:ney :rep:re&e11ti:n:g 1ihe v:aiLue of atroh shatt'e!. A.rt. 39. Discharge of mortgage. (1) The pur.chase.r of a ~p 'Oil" ,a shmre m .a ship who wfahea ta cCC'l.'WC him..~ a.g,ali:mst the piI!o1ceedwnigs 'll'Dlder .Al!t. 38 shaill tr.:msmi.t a copy o:f the -ce:rtti.fioa.te o,f mghts m o:-em OIVer ltih:e ship Ito all cr.editoir.s entered theiroom, ait the address rfjor 8ell'WlOe. Such t.l"!arosm,h'ta!l shall take pfo.eo befoire pl'locoodinga iand wi'Jm filteen ~, ~ eoom: l8IS itb.e pmd1ase !u:s hee:n r.egiste:red. (2) The pw:cliai.,eir sJ11aill doolam 1ihat he ais pr.e,p:air.cd. to paiy fOl?'thmtlb. tho mortgage debts, whether or not they are due, up to the amount of the price ,pud by tlwn • .A.rt. 40. Overbid by one tent!,. (1)' jA. ir.epuer:ed credi~ ima,y ~quiilre lthe aaile thy wcm1001 10£ a ship or olf ·a shMe theveof chlairgcid by moll'ltga,ge by oifer.imtg 1lo mm,reaiSle the p~e.haso pI1i.ce by one temmh ,md lby eft.v.itnig eectlll'Wtry forr ttb:e p·ayment of the price and expen,s,es. (2) l'be reque.!t sign-eJ<l hy the credirto:r di.an} l:,,e lflr.amiitted to tih:e purcliuer writlm ,ten daiya 10! th,e IDJOlflmOaltiio.ms. It ahaill cornttain a 6lllllm.OD.S to appealt' bruor.e the court b3VUllllg jmswicfli:orn mt the pl:ree wheire the ship is, with a view to obtaining an order for sale by puhlic auction. Am. 41. Deposit of purchase money where there u no °"erbid • .)Wim,e no c.rediol'm' &ecuired by mortgi:iigo treque!Slts •a eaile by auction, the purchaser may discharge the mortgages on the ship hy paying the 11m·ount o.r his pu.r:d1:J&3C moiney -into oourl. He ma,y then irequ.iire di.at the registration be cancelled. Art. 42. Sale by auction. Sale by a'llci:ixm .shill bke place at the :request cither of the creditor 01r <1I the pu:rohmsar, in OloOOr.dJimice wtiltli the procedure l:itid dowu by law .Aa.-t. 43. Summary Sclicdule of lUortgagc Registration. Ship'a papers sh.all mclude a aum.m.11ry schedule of mmrtgage re;istrati.o.ml cntorcd up to the d:llllc o! d:c:pmur.e, &l1owritmg the .dmte oi mgjstl":11ti.oo, the na.mes o£ c:rew.toll".3 tAlllU 1t1he 'Y'alu.c of the moa:-tga,;es. Art. 44. Prohibition of sale abroad of a sb.ip mortgaged in the Empire. (I) No shtip mo1rtg:21ged m it.Jic Emp.iirc ahaill he sold out.siide the Empiirc ·w·.iit.11out the pc:r.mi'S!Sion of ithe moa-tg:zrg01r ~1aving first been obtari:necl. Amy 6UCUl sale shmll l1IO(t be C!Jltorod :i:n 1lhe Rcgi:st.ar. (2) An owner l'V-ho idc::::iticmally sclli a moll'ltga.ged shlp aibroiad witlwut tho permission oI the mortgagor shall be guil~y oI an ofie.nce and shall be ili.:Jible 0111 co1n:vtl.ctwocn to the '{>CJI11::Ultie3 -specified in ATt. 641 of 'the Penal Oode. Chapter 6. Registration of Ships and of Rights in Rem . relating to the Ship A.r.t. 4-5. Registers. (1) ln e-.--er. 1 yOllt designia.ted by the Gove.rnmen.t of Ethiopia there &hall be kept registers io!l" the purpose ol recoirdmg ct.he registration of Ethiopian ships am:d of ~ights in rem rela,ting to such shipe. (2) Every en:try in &uch l"egisteir.; sha.ll he given a serial mmn.bc:r and miti:illed by the Registriair. The serial numher of 'the en.try &hall he the aame aa the ship 'a :reptl'latmn number. (3) Every ship shall be ~ed cit tib.e p~mt ,wicre hc:r oiWlJICr ia domicllecf oir has ms .adcm:tss lur e:ervi,ce. ( 4) The manner oI keeping registers shall he prescribed. Art. 46. Sliip•, 1'rlarl,ings. (1) Every Ethiopian ship sl1all carry the prescribed dear distinguisl1ing malT'ki.ngs Mid the nia.me oif the ehi·p ~n1d the porrt oi registry in Aml1.1rlc on.d La:ti:n ch:J1ra.ctam. (2) Tl1e o,wnc.r and mn:stor c,£ mn Ethiop.im $hip ah~ be rosp·acnsi.blc i01r mai.n:taiioin:; m tp'l'\OIPetr coind.iiLi01J1 the puscniibccl diistm.p.shh1g maTki:ngs :JJ1·d shall be ,guilty of .all ofToncc il they mre oblistea:-nted, concealed or covered, or if false marks are canied. Art. 47. Registration of Ethiopian Ships. E,~ery Etluorpil:lll'll shi'P shall he registered at the itime am.cl in the manna­ pr~.c-rihed. A.r,t. 43. Cancellation of Registration. '\1,.hcrre a ehip :is sole.I to a foo:,cig:mer, or h;:u •been last to the enemy or Ly fo..·e o,r in ,:my orther m:imbClr., :the QI\Wlleir Din 'Wihose 111:mne she i.s registered shall witl1011t d:cl.ay rcitu:m11 11h•e ship'a cc:rti1ica'le ,o;f n.mtiom.a.lity to the po.rt r.obiistcr -0f!ice i.oir ;W.1:e crutry o{ -the registeired Eil11i'P m it.he Reg~ter to be o:m-cellcd • .A.rt. 49. Arrest of unregistered Ship. (l) Any Etluopil:m. ship whidli 13 subjec.t ,to irieg.istr:irt.:iion anld bas nott been :reg~te:rcd c1h:ill he :11rrost'ed in :uhe first E11hbpii:m por:t wthere she t-ouches i whore the shiiip iis .met -~t e=ea. l\utih.m. Etih.iopil.un. territorial water.s, ab.e .s.hall ·be hirou~ht to the ne:m,mt E thi:o,pii.& port ~d ahmlil he -81l"restetl by the Poir.t l1aiD1agor who shall dir~v np ,a irepo1I.t. The ireport shall be cc:mmunti.caited Ito the coiu:rtt ha.vin•g juri.sdictio,n md a c.opy of the report seiclt :to the J\-limster. (2) \W1:m:c the O.lvnor li:s WD/ten:tooaailly Glc'VlOlWDg (dpflr.aitJiOIII. he aball he guiltz of an ofien:ce ,and lfahle 0t11 ~oin l1k> 111he pUJJD:Shme:ats pro.v.ided in Art. 428 o! the Pe.mud Cod~. ( 3) Wb.m-e the OIWlil'Cr acted 11J1e:glige:atly .he shall be lid>Ie oo; eormctiou to the ptmii.slunmut -prov.ilded m ~- 758 of the Penal Code. Art. 50. Effect of Registration. (1) A."":.y .agreemcin:t mt.er v.ivo:!, mcl all voilum:airy a.cts, whether grmt.uitous or subject to consideration, all judgments which have become final and., in gencrail, .alll .a-cts l1:airinlg as th& -Oibject to set up, trm.sfer, declare, modiiy oil' e~irmsh :a right m irem m a regi.star.ed ship, ahall take cffoct from ithe dait.e of e:ni11ry m .the Re~er. (2) The right to regiist:ria.tion of righ11, run ftlm .iin sMps mses out of the agreements, acts, judgments or facts set forth in sub-art. (1). Failing ,·olllllt:.m-y pcd'.o.rmam£e iby a pmrty, II'~a.tilom: m die Register may be c:rdc:red by ,the court, ,\'liitlio,ut prejudilce :1lo itihe right of ct.he party a-gg:meved to compor.13:iti:on f orr daimages. Art. 51. Conclusfoe proof of Registration. '\\··hosoevClr a.cq1.urc~ in good :f.:i.ith ia right i:n a registered ehi.p 01I1 the b:?!:li:1 orf 1.he et11trics in the Ilogi.s.tor e,h:rll h:we a valid ti:'tle. A.rt. 52. Cancellation and ltfodifi.ccrtion of Entries. (1) A p.errson oirgi,ieved by Teats<m af mn entTy. altm-:i,ttoin or ca.ncella'tia,n made w~t.hout go.o,d cause may o.b:t:mn the can-ccll~tron or alteration thereof: ciuher Ly a.gre.cmont hotweon 'tlhe p,lllrtic.s or by order of the court. (2) C.:uncella.tion or ai1teratiooi may mt he set up aiga.mst a third party in good ifwittih whose rights were tr.egilstered rpttio(r. to .mJitcmation ~r ~m~tio:n. Az1t. 53. Conditions. Cliapfe-r 7. Arrest of a Ship Section 1. Detention (1) DctcntLon 0£ a ship ma,y be <J(I"dcircd by the co.u.rt 001 gi,ou.nd:s o.£ dchu clue hy tili.e ship. (2) Dete.n!tfon maiy he Oll"deired '.DIOftwu.tihst3111Jdrnn:g that tlw master has received rp~on :to .su•il orr is in a p-crt oif caJl <XI' tra.:nt:ti.t. A.rt. 54. Security and Release. {1) f!'he C-0rurt m::iiy rrequ:iire the claimant to give sccooty or su!fi.citmt bail i.n ~der rto meet the P'ois&iible coe1ta oir <Laa:n:ages ,airhing out of the detention. (2) Tihe <ld'ern:cl::mt may lodge a claim wiith the eorua::t icxr release from the ideten:t.iooi. Relea.se ~all he oirdered ~w·here ,pri0tper ainid sufficient security is given. krt. 55. Service of Warrant of ..drrest. (1) A copy 0£ the warrant shall he served forthwith on the master or in hi~ absence on his substitute. (2) 1TJ.te per.son se:rvwnig the wtanr.mt &hall .at the &aane time &el"Ve a copy thereof on the port manager together with an order to hold the ship lltilider 0Ir.I1e,st. (3) In the case of a!I1 Etthmo,pim shrup, ith.e Regilstmir 6111:iJJ. en:tetr the ureat m. the R egilstetr. Art. Sb. Summons to appear. (l) The waan:,mnt of all.Test shall co111ta.in ,a summ01l3 ito the master to a.ppeair heforr:e rthe -court hi~iinig jurisdirebiiom.. The ihoamim.g &hall he fixed upon a day I1'0rt erurli-or thrun the fifteenth day tiroon the a.rrest noir la.tc:r than the th.i:.rtiath d;:vy aJ'.tor the .airrest. (2) These pc:mocl, of tti!Ille sihmll oort be extoo<led Oil" yaried. Art. 57. Judgment confirming arrest. (1) T,he judgment ~oorfi.T.m.i.ng 11h.e airrest .sh-all include the order fa~ aale, th~ ur,sctt price, the coa:J1dli.tti.on.s of eiale cmd the da.te when the auctfon and sale shill rt.ike pl.:1ce baf'Oll"e the count. The jwclgmc:n.t :is D.'Ot su.hject to objection. (2) An wppca.I may be lo.dged whatever the m.no'll.Ilt of rthe clrui.m within Iiftoe:n days following ,dolivcry o,£ ju.dgmc-.nt; exe-c:u.tion cihall he stayed for fi!te.c:n day-, .rund until the mp1ponJ. ~ doc.ilded • . A.rt. 58. Minimum Period before Proceeding to Execution. A party may only proceed to execution after twenty-four hours £ollowin~ the demam.d for paymenrt. Ar.t. 59. No execution in certain cases. Unlrus cxccutiio,n rcJ.:I1tas 'to <l.o1tu ccintr:~otc,d iin irCiSpcct otf tl1e voy:21ge to be undcrt:ikcn, execution mary DJ01t he levied olll a ship whiich h.i.s had pen::u.i.,sion to saiil air u.ftcr tl1e maister ~ in a poirrt: oi caill • .Axt. 60. Demand for Payment. (1) Demands for payment shall he served on the owner in person or at hfa address for service. (2) Where the owner ris iDJOlt p.res.emt, such ,dean:md m:.::y he &erved on the maister where itthe cl.:uim rclate2 to the shiip -0er the mmtime aidvc:n!t.ure. A.I't. 61. M a.ximum Period for proceeding to Execution. Where the claimant allows more than ten days to ehpse after demand, he shall renew such demand before proceeding to execution. Art. 62. Information in the report on execution. The parson dxa.--wing up the repo•rrt i!uill st:Jite thetrein: {a) the n:11II1~, p:l'lofossion aind d01maciJ.e o.! the cl.uim:mt for whom he ii:!! acting; (b) the hmsiis ,and :z:mo,unt of the cl.:cim; (c) thrut the claiimam1t huB am .rudclrc:s:1 !oil' sClr.Vllce ,v-.ilthl.n. the juriscli.ction. of the coUJrt ,before whid1 p,r.c,coodmg.3 :for sale m:e otpemJed, rund at the place where the ship u.rudeir rurrruit l..i a.r.chcir:ed; {d) the names oif the ownc:r ,and the master; (e) the niame-.s, type, tonn.,a.ge and na.1ulotn1rul1ty oif' tl1e vessel; (f) the pal1licuJ.a.:r3 ,m1d doscd:ption ca ithe laruoc:heis, bo.m--..s, t.:te.kle, cqu.:ipr.ient, supplies and stores, and shall appoint a caretaker. Art. 63. Notification and scrt:ing of proccs!l. (1) The person seeking arrest shall, within three days, send to the owner a copy of the report on execution and summon him to appear before th~ court wliich may order the sale of the things arrested. (.2) Where the owner iis rJolt doonioiled wriithiin die eOIUlrt9i, juri&dict.Lo,n, so-rvi,ce mid aummo.ns ahdl he dlectod ~ the per.son oi tl1e m35ter ol it.he .ship cmcssted, or oai 11he person :ropr03Cllltmg the owner or m~ter, wiihiu fifteen d~ (3) Where the 01w.nor aa a !ca-ci;ruar ..:m;d ms n:aitli.cir domiciled nor rcsidc1 in the Empiir.e~ .:md ws molt ~op1I"Cl3el:lllied ,there, 1&orvice am.d summons shall J,e ma.de as provided in the Judicial Code. A.rt. 64. Entry of the Rep-0rt in the Register. (1) 'l'he Tetp'Olnt ah.all be eatarerd in the Registor oI •the shi.p'a port of rcgi:;try, oa:- ,ait itlie •p lruce '\\-11oore d.1.e ship is uncfor const..'"tl.CtioQiil. (2) F.roan the day of auch on.try, the dcht:oir wh.oee p t"operty is all."il"C\3.ted may Dad: :ai..cm,gn or martg:11ge the slup. ~t. 65. Notification. to Registered Creditors. (1) Within three days irom the entry in the Register, the Registrar shall deliver to the registered creditors a schedule of entries, and within eight days there:i!tcr the person seeking arrest sh:all transmit to such creditors, at the registered address for service, the summons referred to in Art. 63. The c:reditM"S may enter appearance with.in fifteen days o.f such service. (2) Where the ship is a foreign ship, n:otlce ab.all he given, wit.bin eigdi.t day, from transmission of the schedule oI mortgage by the consulate, to the registered creditors shown in such schedule, as provided in the Judicial Code. Sucl1 creditors may enter appearance ,vi.thin fifteen daya, whic:b :period m:iy be extended. Art. 66. Sale by Auction. (1) (2) The Court at the pl::ice of arrest shall fix the date .and the upset price, ,and the conditions of sa~e at the request of the party aeelm:aig arrest. Whc:rc no offer i, m:i:dc at the sale, the com-t shall fix a fresh upset price, lower than :the fir.st, cn.d ::inother da.te for the eale. h.rt. 67. Applications to ivhithdrazu c.t:cczition or allegin15 defects. (1) Applidation.s to ,vith.draw execution or alleging defecia shall he lodged hef ore sale. (2) Where 6uali application is lodged ,after &ale, sucJi application sh-all be treated ,as an objection against the rofoa.sc of the sums arising out of the sale. (3) Such applica.t.ions eili.all not he cntertJ.inca unless they hnve been entered in the Register. Art. 68. Procedure on applications un,ler A rt. 61. ( 1) The claimant or rarty object in~ 6hnll file ~us rcason.s for objection within three days. The dc!cn.-dant 1,ha 11 m~ his reply within tl1ree days. (2) Tho c~o ah.:ill ho hca.rd on summons. Execution shall not be st.:iyecl unile-5! tthc Court e.o orders, Art. 69. Sale of Ship under arrest. Fi!tccn days niter the affixing of the billa reierred to in A.rt. 70 nnd tho publication of a notice in two local newspapers and such other publications cu the court mny order, tho sale shall take place in court. Art. 70. Particulars in Notices and Bills. Notices and bills shall contain the following particulars: ( a) the name, profession and domicile of the party bringing the suit; (h) the ba.s-is of tho claim: { c) the value of the amount due; ( d) that t11c daimant has an address for service in the place where the court prcside3 and where the nrrcsted ship is anchored; ( e) the name, profession and domicile o! the owner of the arrested ship; :f) the particulars of the ship entered in the Register; (g) the name of the m::i.stc.r; (h) the place where the ship is; (i) the upset price and conditions of sale; (j) the date-, time and place of sale. Art. 71. Prohibition against overbids. Overbids arc not permitted on 1::i:10 by tl1e Court. Art. 72. Payment of Purchase Price. The purchaser shall p.ny the purchase price, without any deduction for cost~, to a government designated bank within twenty-four hours after sale, subject to resale by auction. Art. 73. Resale by auction. Where the purcih:iso price is not paid, the ship ah:a.ll again be put up !01: salo hy ,auction, three days a!tcr £.resh. Ill.)tices -an.cl bilils have he.en published as provided in Art. 69. The original purchaser ab.all be liable £or the payment of ,any deficit, dama~c-s and cost~. Art. 74. Recourse. No application under Art. 67 (2) may be ma.do in respect of ia judgment under Art. 73: Provided that an appeal hy way 0£ summons may be mado to the Court of Appeal within :five day3 from 11he e.ale solely on the gronnd that tl1ero is proccdu-ral irregularity on the face of :the judme:nt. The date of hearing sh:ill be mentioned in the summons to be three days after the issue of tl1c summon.s. An,. 75. Registration. of Sale by the Court in t/1,e Register. Sllle hy ,the court shall be entered in the Register .tt t!ho request of t!l.1 Court Registrar, as soon as it h:ts become final. A.rt. 76. Effect oJ Sale. The sale .frees the ship from all liens, mortgages or actions for rescission held by persons having rcccivcd the notification referred to iin A.rt. 63. Entries rog:irding mcl1 liens, mortgages and actions aha.ll he struck o!f upon the lodging of the judgment by tlhc purchaser with tho re.giste:r office, togcthe: with a certificate issued hy 1lho registry of the court having pa.seed judgment, certifying that the jud,gm.cnt i, finia.J. Art. 77. Dutribution. of tlie Residue. Any residue arising out of the sale shall be distributed in accordance ·with the prov.i~ons of the Code of Civil Proccu.urc. TITLE II SHIPOWNERS, MANAGERS AND THE MASTEB Chapter 1. Liability of Shipovlners and !Aanc:gers Art. 78. Definition of Manager. A manager is a person who operates the ship. The shipowner ehall be deemed to ho manager unless otherw:iae evidenced. Art. 79. Acts resulting in. the liability of the Shipowner .. A ah.ipowner shall be liable for the default of the master, the members ol the crew, the pilot or any other person in the service of the ship, in the dis. charge of their dutiet. The shipowner shall also he liable in respect of obli­ gations undertaken by the master m matters relating to the ship and the maritime adventure. Art. 80. Limitation. of liability. (1) The owner of a aeago.ing ahip may limit his liability in accordance with Art. 86 in respect of claims arising irom any of the following occurrences: (a) Loss of li!e of, or personal injury to, any person being carried in the ship, and loss of, or damage to, any property on hoard the ship; (b) Loss of life of, or personal injury to, any other person wh.:thcr on land or on water, loss of or damage to any other property or in­ fringement of any right.e caused by the act, neglect or default of any person on board the ship for whose net~ neglect or dciault the owner ia responsible or any person not on board the ship for whose .act, neglect or defaalt the owner ia reapon.sible: Provided, however, that in regard to the act, neglect or default 0£ this class of pcrso~ the owner shall only he entitled to limit his liability when the act, ;neglect or default is one which occurs in the navigation on the ~anagcment of the ship or in the loading, carriage or discharge of its cargo O!' in. the embarkation, carriage or disembarkation of its p1ssengers; (c) Any obligation or liability imposed by any bw relating to the rcmoYal of wreck and arising from or in connection with the raising, removal or destruction of nny ship which fa sunk, stranded or abandoned (including nnything which may he on hoard 8Uc11 ship) and any oblig::.tion or liahility nrising out of dnmage crn:..'!e& to harbour works, has.ins and navigable waterways. (2) [n this Chapter the expression "personal claim" means a chini resulting from loss of life and personal injury; the expre3sion "property claim'! means all other claims set out in sub-art. (1) of this Article. Art. 81. Liability by reason of ownership, possession, custody or control of the ship. An owner .shall be entitled to limit his liability m the cases set out in Art. 80. even where his liability arises, without proof of negligence on the part of the owner or of persons :for whose conduct he is :respon.s.ible, by reruson of his o·wuersWp, possession, custody or control of the ship. Art. 82. Cases where liability is not limited. Nothing in Articles 80 and 81 shall apply: (a) to claims !or salvage or to claims ior contrihutfon in general average; (b) Ito dauims by the m:nstc.r, hy membe,r.a iof it.he crew, by any eeirv.a.nts c..f the o:wn:e:r on ho,ard the ahi:p oir by servacr:i::ta of the o:'ml!er w-ho:3e duties are connected with the ship, including the claims of their heirs, personal representatives or dependents; (-c) if the claimant proves that the occurrence giving rise to the claim result­ ed from the actual :fault or privity c.f the o,vner. Art. 83. Balattcc. If the o,wner of a ship is entitled to make a claim agairist a claimant aris­ ing out of the same occurrence, their respective cbims shall he set off against each other .and the provisions o.£ this Title shall only apply to the bah::ice. if s:n:y. Art. 8-i. Non-admission of Liability. The imct '(),£ ,in-..~.o.kin,g lim.itt.tion or£ Iilab.ili·ty sli:all not coll'Sti:tutc m ad.ml,. slo:a. oif Utllhility. Art. 85. Limitation Fund. (1), The limit of llahility prescribed by Art. 86 s1iall apply to the aggregate of ,personal claims ar.d property claims which arise on any distinct occ.:Ision without regard to any claims which have arisen or may arise on. tu1y c.tlu~:r d.k.tln,ct o~c:::sic~ .. {2) ,v11cn 1.l1e ,n:g;r:cg::1itc of the cL:d,rn:s whi,d1 n.Ti"'c on any cll.;t.inct occ::::sion iexcc.cd.:3 the limi.ts -0-£ lbLil.ity provitle<l by A.rt. 86, the total sum retire• scnting such limits of liability may be constituted as one distinct limi• b'tio,n f un.d. {3J The iun<l drns <:c:m:ti.tutcd $hall Le ava.i!a.blc only for: tl1.e payment o! ch.ims .in rcs,p.::-.ct oi which liwitxticin o.f liwL.ility c:u:i be m:rokc-d. (4) After tho fund has been constituted, no claimant against the fund sliall J:>-e e.n.titfod to ex.c:rc~e :my ri,;ht a;:pu.r.<st any other a.s..sets c! t!1c !!l:ip• c;wnc.r in rro~pcc.! of hi.3 ch:.rn a;:::im,t the i1.1!!c.L ii t.J1e l..i.mit.1tlcn fond i:, a.ctuilly a,·:::ila.ble fur the be:nofrt of tl1.e cfoim.m1t. A.rt. 86. Amount! of Limited Liability. (1) T11c amoun~ to whic:11 tl1e crwne:r <J.r a ship may llm:!t h1l3 ll:tbility -cnc!er Articles 80 ~d 81 cJrnll he: (b) w!1erc the occurrence has only given rise to personal claims, an aggrc:;ate amour.t of Eth. S 516 for each ton of the ship's tonnage; (h) where the occurrence has only given :rise to personal claims, an aggregate amount oi Eth. $ 516 !or each ton 0£ the ship's tonnage; property claims, an aggregate amount of Eth. $ 516 for each ton oE the ship's tonnage, of which a first portion amounting to Eth. $ 336 :for each ton of the ship's tonnage shall he exclusively appropriated ,to the p,ayme.nit otl' persro;nirul claimg a'Illd of which a -seccmid portion ,amounting to Eth. S 160 for each ton cf the ship's tonnage shall l>e .app,r:o,pri.rute,d to it.he payment v! pr.c,?erty cla.ims: Provi<led, however, that ia. eases wl1ere the fixed portion is insufficient to pay tl1e personaJ dai1ru in !u:ll, the un.pai,l baJ.ancc oi such claiilll.! el1all ir:m,!, l?':tter:11>1y 'Witl1 tl1e property ebims io,r pttymcm.t a.g:ii;::i.,t tho aw,cc.nd poirt.:,o,n oif tl1e !und. (!?) In eaich r,oll"ti.on o! tl10 lim.ha,tfon fund the die'"'lf.ributiiotn -among tlrn claimants shall he made in proportion to the amounts o! their estahli::1hed claJ~. (3) U 1--cf l'l•T'C 11,e i'nn,,1 Is ,lht:.Hmtt~tl t1,c o·w-n:~,r hn1J paid ii.n wl10lc or a.n: p3rt any o! the cbims set out in Art. 80, he ehall pro tanto Le pbccd in the ume position in relation to the fu:id as the claimant whose claim he h:is pai,I, L~t only to the extent tlrnt tl1c daim:int ·whose claim 110 has paiJ wo•t:lJ h::xe !::IAtl ,a irr~;;;h.t o.£ a:iccoi\·cry -aig:ur.::it 1uim. ( i) \V.hcuie it.he fJ1.:11•ow:r.,c:r c1s:td,lkl1cd tha·t J1c m;iy .ait a fatc:r daite he com• pol.lc:tl to pay in w1lc,!e Oil" in p::irt the rla-im:3 &Cit ou:t in A.r.t. 80, the court m:iy order that a sufficient sux:.1 shall be provisionally set aside to enable it11e is1hi:p-c,w::-::ar ot snch l:.·tc.:- i!.::!te to ,m-.Jcc-ce hm cl~nu ~~:tlnc.t the !ur..J .ii:t the ·m:::nm.c1r eidt -out in th~ r,,::c:cc;cl.:.n,g p:::r:::gr:ipl1. Art. 87. Procedure. The :r:ulca rcL:,ti.ng .to tl1c cc:r.r;:.:.,..:.ctilllcn -cnid c'!~lz,tri·but.icn ,o.f the llmitatltn !Wtd, ii£ m::iy, •::.ncl .:ill ml.C13 ci! :p:rc;ccc!::.:.:-c iEhdl be i::a I>rC.SC'r.ilie:d • .Art. fl3. Ca!cu!r:t ir.n. of tonnage lmr~c::. For the J>Ull1f!C~c c.f <tl11c prc;ccc!.:r.;g ..:u:tlclc-3, :tc[I'.=1::.g~ shill he e:tlcuhtcd. .:'-3 !oJlow3: In the case of stcams11ip or otl1cr mechanically propelled ships thc=c i1aul he t~en ,the .n:ot .-tcin:ru.:ige -w:11!!1 t!ie a.d:ct.i:t.i::Jin ciI the ,=:io"..mt ,c!cdu.ctc-cl !roo the gross tonnage on account cf engine room sp:tcc for the purpose cf .ascc:• t:11:1r.i.:i13 tl1e n,c-t tcil'l,r.1::,~c. In the case of all cthci- ships t11crc shall he t:.kcn the i=.ct tonnage • .A.rit. 89. Arrese of tlie sliip, bail or other security. (1) Whenever •a shipowner is entitled to limit liis liability unµcr this Chap• tcr, .ain.d ,the ship (l(l" i.lln!Oither sll.!ip err c!t.hcr pTcipc.rty in the same ownc:r• shi.p h:113 ibec.n ~rested tCll' ln:d.l er o:.hor E:c~,t.y h::s been given tc, a.void .m:r.cs~ itl1e cc1Urt m:i.y order the irclo:::z.c of it.he eihi!:? c::- ct!ic:r propc.r.ty or cl the sc:cm.rty givCID. if lit ifs tt,t::il>H:;-,n•od th.ut the sh&po·wncr h~!! ::lre:11dy given satisfactory hail or security in a sum equ:il to the full limit of his liability under tl1is Cl1aptcr and t!iat hzil er other eccurity s~ given is actually available Ior tl1c bc:ie!it oi the claimant in. accordance ,vit!i his right3. (2) The provisions of sub-art (1) shall apply likewise if tl1e hail or ether secmr.ir.y •d.rea.dy gi-nD ii:s wn -a sum lCl33 lflh.31n the full limit c,f liahilLty llmcror t.h.ts Ch.:i,pitor prcirlctod it:!1::.t s::;twsf::i~cmy b.:uil Oil" ct.lier eccurity ia pvc:n l.c,r tho b:::lan.cc. (3) •"l~.nre the sl1ipo,wnic,r li.Z3 g!vm b::.ll -0cr 'OILlldr eC!cm:ity in a sum equal to the full limit of 1tis liallility under this Chapter such hail or otl1cr sect:• rity sJ1.ull llc nY::!i.b1blc !o.T .the p:tymcmt of all efo1lm:.1 ukii.n.g on a di~tiilllC't oc.=si·cm aid .i.n ~os:p,c:c.t o.I wl1.i.c.h ith.e shlpowncr m:ry limit his liability. Art. 90. Liability of tho Ship. In th.us C1rnptor liah:i!l.iity o.f the sh.iipCi',\'"Ile.r ii.n.oludru the lia:hH~:y o[ cll.e a.hip h e.r.solf. A.rt. 91. Application to otlier persons than the Shipowner. Subject to Art. 92, the provisions o! this Chapter shall apply to the char• terer, manager or operator o! the ship, and to the m:istcr, members of the crew and oth<:T .!en,a.n1t1s of -the orw:nor, oh:..rtc-rc1r, ntan:!.gc:r c,r o,pcr::itc,r .:cti~g in the course of their employment, in the s:imc way as they apply to an owner him­ self: Provided that the total limits of liability of the owner and all such other persons in respect of personal claims and property claims arising on a distinct o•cca·sfoin sh.iJ.l not e."tceed the amou.nits dcte.."'"Jll.bc,d i.n ..!Cco.rd:m-ce with Art. 86. Art. 92. Action$ against the 1'rl aster. '\Vhc:n actfons a•re brought agru1r..:.St the maistor o:r :i,gd.nst members of the crew, .such persons may limit their lia.hi1.ity even if tl1e occu.rrence wh.i.ch gives nae to the claii.:ms res,uJted from the aictu.:il fa-u.1.t 01r prhity oif on•e or more o:f such peraora. 11, however,, the maister orr member o:f the crew ~ wt the same time the owner, oo-orwner, eh:!lrterer, manager oir operr:atto,T of the &hip, the provi.siiions of tMs Artide !Shau.I o,nJ.y apply whe-.re the act, I:Jeglect or default in question is an act, neglect or default committed by the person in question in his capacity as master of or member of the crew of the i:,hip. A...-.t. ?3, S!tip, of .U,Mo ;/1.an. 300 tons Bu.r<!cT" The owner of a ship of less th::i.:::1 300 tons burden may limit his liability t'liithc.r to Mt amount not exceed•.ru~ the amo,u.nt provided in Art. 86 or to a:a, amo.unt correspon<lin:g to the vrulue c.f tl1e sh!I I) an: the time oJ the o.ccurr.e.nice gi-ving rise to tl: e claim. Chapter 2. The Master A rt. 94. Appcintment and Duties of ll..f aster. (1) The master shall be appointed by the manager or by the charterer to 'V'hom the ship is dcmisod. He sh.aill bo so~ely r,eepoa:uill>le !oir the mari­ timo aidvemtu.re. 1 Z) In the eY<mt o,£ ,hi..i <lcxtl1, e:hscnec err .i.ncap:::icit:y ·due to iUz::oss or a:a.y othor c:iu.s,e the co-rnm:mcl of tl1c shii;, .sh:1111 p~ to the n·cxt senii.or officer after the master. The person who appointed the master shall be given no,t..ice thereof fcirthwith ao th:it a new mmsitca: ma.y be appoillltcd. ;\;rt. 95. Termination of llla:1tcr'.1 Appointment. The person who appointed t.'ic master may at any time terminate the ap• pOUIIl!tmCIIllt ror£ the mmstor. Ar.t. 96. Powcn of tb.t1 .1lastcr. (1) The master is the agent o! the manager, subject to the provisions ol .A.iit. 97. (2) Ile may represent him in legal proceedings. (3) He ell!:illl e~c=chc the po:WCll".3 com:!'c:red upion hlm by la."" in respect of TJll pair.mes li:aw.ing '1tn dinitar.cst finJ the s.hip ,mi:d e~go. A!rt. 91. Scope of the A~fc.stcr's Agency. ( 1) The master may only represent the manager where the manager is not pr~'t -O·r is !D;O.t trop.rosein:ted hy 1attomey. Such reprc:saitation eh:ill e;:t• tend to all acts necessary in respect of the ship and the adventure. (2) ContrT::cts eni!lc:rcd in.to, nud <lea.liing3 maic!e h-y the master shall give r.ino to a lien on the ship and on the freight on the conditions spccilicd by Art. 5 ( 5) • Such conl!l1'!a:cts .:t!l!d de:wng,s, il maide with <a view to preserv• ing the cargo, shall in addition give rise to a lien on the cargo, whicli ehall :ra:nk •atiter ,the l:cm "!)·ooii.ued by A.iltid.es 249 (2) a:Dd %83. (3) In :JJTJY plr-co wbe:re ttih:e m:lr.ll:i:ge.r w., pr.men.t Oil" ~ r.ep~ented by a.tto:r• 11Je.7, the mias,tc:r m:ity oinily c:.urry ou:t day Ito day acts ,o.f mana.gcmcait of the sbJ:p, ias "IY'ell ~ :ci.mor ircpmim. He m::ry dismin mem1>e.ra of the crew. (4) The presence of the m:in:iger or his attomey may only he set up against 11:h.ird p:trt.i!o, who knl<nY' ol so.al ! p:resC!Il.ee. Art. 98. Liability of t.Tr.e Master. (1) The mas-ta shall be l::.ilble forr hie de:frut. Ho .ahall aka bo li:able in respect of gooda m. his clharge. (2) The liability of ~e mmr-- shall he as pr.erorllied. A.rt. 99. Duties of t.1,e If aster. The m:tStc:r ishall irem=u. o.n bo·axd his tah!i,p lroD"A tho hegi.nininrg 61 the "Voyage until ,a:r.riv:tl m pOtrt and shall per!orm e;a,oh o.th.ec- c!utkia a ,hall bo p-:escrimcd. Art. 100. Duty of tlie ft[as:er in. casa of Pi.lotage. Evem ,v-hcrc p;ilo:ta,ge ~ compulsmty, tho master llhaJl he responsible {o'° ithe Illfflga.tllOlll. 10:f the dJiip. Art. 101. Liability in case cf Pi.Lotagc. The €hip shall be lhililc tow:ur<l., ,th.h-<l paint~CJ in. r.c.sped oi ill dmia~c or lo,~, cvc.n tl10:igh ,<l.t:c Ito 1ho D;e,;llgcx.;cc ol tli.0 pilot. A.rt. 102. Ship's Papers. During the , .. oy:igc tl1c m:1$".:c= s1r:ill keep c:::i. ho:i:r,d th~ ahip•3 papen r~• g::u:"din\g tl10 s.1:i.ip, ithc ,crow, rp~onzc:r:; c,;n:d c:::rgo, mn.cl such o.thcT pap~ and documents as may be prcscrihcJ . .A:rt. 103. S!tip1s Los-boo!.: and engine-room Log-boo!.:. Xh.c m:l!S!:cr' .s.1.ru..l keep cuch log-hc10L ..::a .n-a pr.cs-ocribc,d .t:id they ah:ill lle kept b ,tJic m:mn,c:r pTczcribc:J. A-nt. 10-L Stamping of Log-boo!.; ir., Pert. Upon arrival at the port of destination or at a :port of call the :t:1aster shall have tho ship's bg-hook stamped ·within. twenty-four hams iby tho 1)00'it ma1D::tgc:r, -otr, if d.,ir,01::uu, by !the E1tihi.Orp!ll:!lll cunscl Ctr m lb.is nib~eo.,~e hy the compctc-nt )ocal ::utbnit-r. Art J.o ,.. "~ . • D , . • .>, ,r~ antzmc cc .. aration. The master shall :mako the prescribed maritime declaration. where prcs­ ~ribcd exceptional circumst:inccs occur. Ar.t. 106. V crificc.tion of the lJiaritimc Dcclaratic-:1.. The ,plI'cscribOO inutlrority 0/IlJ (l"CCeiiv.iin\g tiho rrn:mtJme decla:r.:!tion shall C:U-• ry out it, 1prc.:erihcd duti:C!!. &tit. 107. Borrowing and Sala of gcods by tl:c !>laster in Casa of Urgency. (1) In CU;.Se o.f vire:;.aimg incecl di.:r~ it.he VO/YXge thr. m,m?Jtcx may harrow upon the ship, .md if :the .&mount 1rdhied @3 inmfilcicnt, upon the crurgo. He &h::w.l oibtain tl1e auth:or.isatico oJ' the p.rooidont oi the court o.f the phce where 6"'.ich lo~ it m::i:de, oir o:J1onv-me of the aidm i•nik!tr~ve authorcitiea ao:d where ,ahr01:i1d IOI£ the ELhl'Oipirun ccm!.:,-ul oir otherwise o.f the ,com­ petC'llt loc:il ,a.•ntl10:rilty. (2) 'Whro-o ii~ u ,u:ruruhle Ito 1oir.row· he maiy, wiitl1 the o:lme .::uth.ori.sation, 1Sc:ll ~o.ocb U'P ithe amount rcco1;-nisod :.!13 boing required. (3) Tho m:mm:ge:r or the mmor sh:ill a-cco.-.m!t to the o:wnar i:i respcc.t of goo.di dd, on :the ibrusu o! tbie prt~cc !oticl1ed !air goons o.f the same kind &md qu.illty a.t the tpb:e o.f u:nlc=dmg 0£ the eltlp at cthe time of airriv:i.I. (4) Ship,pers or persons claiming under them may object to the pledging or sale of their goods and require their unloading provided they pay the ·whole freight. Art. 108. Sale of ship by t.hc JJiaster in tlzc event of Un.3eaworthiness. (1) Unlcs., e sli:ip be p1ovod to be 111D1Se::i."\v-oiI'thy, ith.e mas.ter may n:ot sell her cxccp.t u:ndar Drc:ci:al p,O'War.s given by rthe OWI::c.r, subject to the ialc be­ mg dcclarod void. (2) Unseaworthiness sl1:ill be shown. in a report drawn up by sworn ex• J'ert..3 ·a:ppoi:n.tcd by the p·r.r.a.idon:t cI the cOIIJ.rt o-r by tl1e admin:istra.tlve cutho!IT~Li~ m::d, where a:h!I'o.i.c.!, by rt.he £tll:.i!opi=i consul or hy tl:ie coc.• petc::::.t lc,cd :r.uthDa-ity. (3) .A. sale consequent on -c.nseaworthincss shall be Ly public auction • .AJr,t. 109. i1lastcr sailing for Joint Profit., W".a.em. a m:tStc: e~ fair joint profit on 1!Iie ladill!g he may not u:tidert:iko t:Il'Y trade en hi, o·wn l1ohaM, mtl~a atl1CITlWbiC agrc.ad. In the c~cnt of a. br.c:icl1 of 'Lhi.s pr.o,'1di:o:n, J1c sl.1-:ill lose ~U!S &li:::rc a.n tho .comm.on profi.t, ,virtJh. out prcjuaico to resulting ,d3:m.:zgca iv-here appn>J:>IU::ilte. A.ct. 110. Ditcharge of a lJiaster who i, a part owner rf the Slz.ip. Whore 1a. master ,vho tis disdll!lll"ged is a p·aa:it O'\\"ncr of ,the ,hl.p, he may give up his share and require repayment of the capital amount there• of, -which shall be determined hy c:xperts appointed hy .agreement or by the court. Such rig.l:.t c:£ ~anunci:11t:io.n may IliOit be c.~m:c:i.sed ,:t£tar a period oi thirty da.)"3 £rom iho d::itc oI the iinitcq,cll:i..tion m:i.da 1by the other p:rrt cwn-cTS. Whc.:e tl1c right of rcnl!Illcfa•tliioai 11~ l>een ~xcrmsed ·within tlua pcrio<l of time, the p·:.rt owncra .ghalJ. repay 1t11e m::stcr'a ehmr.c ,ritb..i:n thirty day3 follo·wing the af C!l't dctc:rmma:tlon otf ti11e :?mO'tlllt.