Agricultural Policies, Programs and Targets for a Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End Poverty (PASDEP)

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT Agricultural Policies, Programs And Targets for a Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End Poverty (PASDEP) 2005/6 - 2009/10/ July 2006 Addis Ababa 1 Table of Content 1. Foreword 2 1.1 Objective 2 1.2 Basic Principles 2 1.3 Agro ecological zones………………………………………… 4 2. Specific Inputs and Programs 5 2.1 Increasing Crop Production & Productivity 5 2.2 Coffee, Tea & Spices Production 9 2.3 Improved Seeds and planting Materials 11 2.4 Pest Management 13 2.5 Livestock production and health services 14 2.6 Natural Resource Management 26 2.7 Agricultural Extension and Research 33 2.8 Food Security Program 44 2.9 Agricultural Marketing and Institutional Processes 50 2 1. Foreword Growth of agriculture sector in Ethiopia was hampered by a series of policy and structural constraints which resulted in a low input/low output trap, due in part to low levels of investment, low technology application, and low capacity. The solution needs to involve a structural change, for which major capacity development is needed, including a quantum change in human capacity, input supply, technology adoption, and provision of infrastructure. 1.1 Objective The main objective of PASDEP is to accelerate the transformation from subsistence to commercialization of smallholder agriculture through attaining increased productivity and increased share of marketed production and continued support to pro-poor basic agriculture within the framework of the national food security program. Elements of the PASDEP program in the agricultural sector will therefore include Capacity building through training, development and adoption of a high yielding technology through strengthened agricultural research and extension service delivery mechanism, promotion of increased diversification of agriculture through high value added commodities, promotion of commercialization of agriculture and establishment of a marketing system, development of small-scale irrigation and water harvesting technologies and sustainable use and management of natural resources. 1.2 Basic Principles The basic principles underlie the strategy include: (a) Improving farmers’ capacity: including upgrading their technical farming skills through stronger extension and training services; but also through better health status and general education levels in rural areas; better information availability, and strengthening institutions that can support farmers (such as competitive markets, cooperatives and farmers‟ unions). (b) Proper utilization of agricultural land: recognizing that land is the essential resource for all farming activities, with a dual emphasis on making sure land is available to smallholder farmers for intensive 3 farming, as well as for private investors for large scale farming and protecting the productivity of land through environmental management and appropriate use of inputs; (c) Development paths that are compatible with different agro-ecological zones: recognizing that the challenges, and opportunities are very different in different parts of Ethiopia, and that the response has to be tailored accordingly; (d) Adoption of a labor-intensive strategy: recognizing that Ethiopia‟s development needs to build on its most abundant resource, labor, and that modernization should exploit technology without being labor-displacing whenever possible; (e) A coordinated development approach: recognizing reducing poverty is about an integrated approach to rural development that includes improved social services, communications, transport, and governance institutions as much as direct agricultural interventions; 1.3 Agro ecological Zones The strategy divides the country into three main agro-ecological zones in terms of rainfall, land type, altitude, and others and tailors the responses to the conditions in each zone. The main types of zones and main intervention areas are described hereunder: (i) Regions with adequate rainfall. In these areas the focus will be on exerting all possible efforts to efficiently utilize available rain water to being about the maximum possible rate of agricultural development, and promoting in areas where it is feasible. Since these areas currently play decisive role in food crop production, works in these areas will have very important role in accelerating growth and maintaining food security for both objectives the emphasis will be on improving infrastructure and market systems to facilitate increase in agricultural productivity and promote marketing of agricultural products. A major intervention focus in these areas will be on enhancing crop production with a special emphasis on high value crops for export market by maximizing yield through efficient utilization of water. Natural resources conservation, agro 4 forestry and livestock development will also continue to be given due emphasis in these regions. (ii) Moisture stress area, where the emphasis will be on food security, measures to reduce the volatility of production (for example through irrigation where feasible), and increasing off-farm income opportunities, and, where appropriate, voluntary resettlement to more productive areas. The other major interventions in these areas include soil and water conservation, rehabilitation and use of natural resources and livestock resources development with special focus on small ruminants, small-scale irrigation and water harvesting with special focus on the production of high value crops for market. (iii) Pastoral areas special effort will be made to enhance specialization in livestock production and marketing. To this end, the major interventions in these areas are centered in improving the quality, expansion of health services, feed production, and improvement of breeds and development of market infrastructure. In general emphasis will be on providing appropriate infrastructure and social services and tailoring research and extension programs more to the needs of dry land agriculture and livestock development. Commercialization of smallholder agriculture will be the engine for rural growth in the coming decade. In all regions the emphasis will be on ensuring everything possible is in place to facilitate the take-off of commercial opportunities. As indicated above, the transformation of the smallholder farmer is to be achieved through area based specialization as well as diversification of agricultural commodities. The specialization and diversification are to be pursued in the above mentioned production zones. However, the existence of diversified agro-ecological zones in our country makes it possible to produce specialized agricultural products in the areas where the environment is conducive. An initial strategy for area specialization based on resource potential and comparative advantage for high value commodities has been developed. These areas will be further studied and the strategy further refined during the PASDEP period. In order to further enhance commercialization and diversification and bring about accelerated development, efforts will be put in place to open up growth corridors based on the country‟s agro-ecological realities and resource potential where special programs will be prepared for these areas. Accordingly, the Tana-Beles region, Dire Dawa being as a center-covering eastern and western Hararghe, the Rift valley, south 5 and southwestern region and the Settlement areas are among some of the growth corridors identified so far for further study and implementation of agriculture and rural development program. Furthermore, it is envisaged that studies will be undertaken in the food insecure areas to identify growth corridors. With respect to export promotion, a number of commodities have been identified from among cereals, pulses, oil crops, spices, fruits and vegetables based on their potential for a high growth impact. A process has started of studying the international markets, to better understand issues of demand, standards, duties, transport costs and competition in each of these crops; and indicative business plans are being developed for each sub-sector. The extension and research services will provide special support for intensification of these crops and the government will take steps to help areas of high potential. In this respect, more effort will be made to organize out grower's schemes and, ensuring that transport available and credit services are facilitated through micro-credit scheme, promoting savings, supporting cooperatives and linking smaller farmers with larger farmers through contractual agreements. The government will largely restrict itself to playing an intermediating role where there are gaps. Areas where the government would have a comparative advantage include setting the regulatory framework and standards; financing infrastructure – especially roads and the Rural Roads and Transport Program – and small-scale irrigation, primarily focusing on water harvesting at the household level, helping farmers build medium-scale irrigation on a cost-recovery basis, and construction of some multi-purpose dams that would support larger-scale irrigation. Finally, in some cases the government may help with the acquisition of technology (such as specialized seeds or genetic material) from outside the country. 2. Specific Inputs and Programs 2.1 Increasing Crop production and Productivity Within the framework of PASDEP, the crop production program consists of estimates of area to be cultivated, production to be achieved and productivity level that would be attained. Currently a total of 53 technology packages for cereal, oil, pulse, fiber, fruit, vegetable, coffee, tea and spices crops have been prepared. Similarly, 12 different Development and Marketing Master Plan documents have been prepared (cereal crops- 3; pulse crops- 6; oil crops- 2; cotton - 1; fruit and 6 vegetables-7; coffee, tea, spices-4). Within the planned implementation period, 8 Development and Marketing Master Plan documents will be prepared for cereals, pulses, and fiber and oil crops (2 for each field crop). New technology packages will be prepared. And existing package documents revised based on improved technologies and new research findings and feedbacks from the field. The ultimate goal of field crop production and productivity increase is to make the country food self-sufficient and to ensure household food security for the rapidly growing population as well as to improve the provision of quality products for the local agro industry and for the export market. By the end of the PASDEP period the total area under cultivation will reach 12. 65 million hectares, which is an increment of more than 2.86 % over the five years period, and a total of 38.2 million tons of production. This will be achieved through increased crop productivity (intensification) and area expansion. Intensification is to be achieved through integrated use of agricultural inputs including improved seeds, fertilizer, and effective pest control and management practices. Within the coming 5 years efforts will be made to establish a strong linkage with agricultural research system, with regards to information exchange. Faster and effective ways of communication will be established in providing and receiving an up-to-date data on agricultural technologies. Profound assessment on the performances of technological packages and provision of feed back mechanism will be enhanced as an input for further research. In the program, due consideration will also be given to high value /cash crops like fruit and vegetables, coffee, tea and spices which, obviously could play a significant role to enhance income and improve the living standard of smallholder farmers and strengthen the foreign currency capacity of the country, regarding the fruit and vegetable sub-sector, after analyzing the world market situation versus the country‟s comparative advantages a number of fruit species including /Mango, Avocado, Banana, Pineapple, apple and vegetables have been identified as prior entry areas to be focused on in the five years program planed to contribute to end poverty. Specific areas/corridors of specialization for commercialization the production system of the above listed fruits and vegetable are also categorized in clusters of areas that facilitate the promotion of post-harvest technologies, which are the 7 major components to improve the supply chain performance and sustain the product quality in order to be competitive in the world market. Accordingly, the development program gives more focus to the Eastern and Rift valley corridors, where fruits like mango and avocado and green beans will be the dominant crops. Also certain areas from the southern part of the country are selected for the commercialization of mango, avocado, and pineapple and banana production. In addition the introduction and expansion of highland fruits like apple will be encouraged in pocket areas of southern Ethiopia, where relatively better experience is currently prevailing. In this regard, also wide areas of highlands in central part of the country will be included in the program. Taking into account the above mentioned justifications, better quality produce of 841, 100 quintals of fruits/mango, avocado, pineapple and apple/ and 150,000 quintals of green beans targeted to be produced in the scope of the five years program and for this a total of 13,168 hectares of land will be dedicated to improved and marketable varieties of the targeted crop types. The number of smallholders to be involved in the fruits and vegetables production program will reach 379,750 by the end of the program period. Together with the expansion program of new varieties and transfer of technologies, the productivity of matured fruit crops/8 years after plantation/ will increase by 400 % comparing with the prevailing status/50qt/ha/. Regarding the green beans it is expected to be raised by 100 %. Table 1 : Projected area and production estimate for all seasons (2005- 2010) (Area in 000' ha, Production in million ton) Production Meher Belg Irrigation Total Season Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production 2004/2005 10993 14.62 1041 1.04 247 1.00 12281 16.66 2005/2006 11069 20.99 1052 1.18 283 1.32 12404 23.48 2006/2007 11062 23.52 1086 1.23 317 1.51 12465 26.26 2007/2008 11062 27.03 1086 1.40 379 2.08 12527 30.51 2008/2009 11066 30.33 1086 1.55 436 2.65 12588 34.53 2009/2010 11075 33.77 1087 1.54 487 2.90 12649 38.21 8 Table 2 : Projected area, yield and production estimate of major crops for all seasons (2005- 2010) (Area in 000' ha, Yield in quintal /ha and Production in million tons) Production Cereals Pulses Oil crops Horticultural /Irrigated crops Season Area Producti vity Production Area Productivity Produ ction Area Productivity Production Area Productivity Production Area 2004/2005 9053 14.35 12.99 1615 9.66 1.56 1223 4.17 0.51 367 42.23 1.55 23 2005/2006 9022 20.03 18.07 1702 9.96 1.69 1272 6.69 0.85 382 73.30 2.81 27 2006/2007 9035 22.91 20.70 1718 9.78 1.67 1271 6.61 0.84 413 72.40 2.98 28 2007/2008 9039 25.85 23.73 1721 12.92 2.22 1270 7.56 0.96 465 75.70 3.52 32 2008/2009 9153 31.57 28.90 1750 11.65 2.04 1274 7.85 1.00 372 66.94 2.49 39 2009/2010 9256 34.84 32.25 1689 12.61 2.13 1244 7.88 0.98 417 65.07 2.72 43 Production Total Season Area Productivity Production 2004/2005 12281 13.56 16.66 2005/2006 12404 18.92 23.42 2006/2007 12465 21.08 26.26 2007/2008 12527 24.36 30.51 2008/2009 12587 27.43 34.53 2009/2010 12649 30.0 38.21 9 2.2 Coffee, Tea & Spices Production Coffee, tea and Spices are important export products that have a huge potential of transforming the agriculture sector from subsistence to market-oriented mode of production. Cognizant of their importance for economic growth of the country, Development priority has been given to significantly increase both volume and quality of production of these crops during PASDEP. Production capacity of the country at the end of PASDEP on 2009/10 would increase from 301,000 tons to 419,000-ton clean coffee, 6,900 tons of tea and 210,175-ton spices. These represents 37%, 17 % and 254% increase, respectively, over the 2005/06 production volume. Emphasis will be given for post harvest activities such as processing to improve quality of the products, and accordingly 39 wet, 10 dry coffee processing industries and one single line tea processing factory will be established during the five years program. This will make the total number of industries 640 and 414 and 5 respectively. 10 Table 3: Coffee, Tea and Spices Production Estimates Units 2004/05 Production Year 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Coffee Development Planting ha 500,000 60,000 69,000 30,000 35000 40,000 Seedling Production millions 121 120 207 90 105 120 Organic fertilizer Ton 800,000 896,000 10,064,000 10,544,000 1,110,400 1,174,400 Production Production Ton 301,344 305,000 313,344 332,246 386,948 419,610 Arrival to the central markets >> 194,000 213,000 231,200 23,000 270,000 293,000 Washed Coffee >> 36,000 44,000 60,000 63,000 69,000 75,000 Sun dried Coffee >> 156,000 169,000 171,200 176,000 201,000 218,000 Tea Production >> 5598 5900 6000 6220 6450 6900 Tea Processing Plants No 4 4 4 4 5 Spices Development Pepper (Area) ha - 11623 13366 15638 18766 23082 Production Ton - 9298 16038 20329 30026 36931 Ginger Area ha 5600 5696 6266 7081 8285 9859 Production Ton 47600 48416 56390 84972 124275 167603 Ginger Area ha 3420 4300 4945 5687 6540 7521 Production Ton 1710 2150 3461 4265 4905 5641 Washed Coffee Processing Facilities No 600 1 9 10 10 10 Sun dried Coffee Processing Facilities No 391 3 5 5 5 5 Tea Production Area ha 2680 2683 2874 3134 3446 3821 Existing Farms >> 2680 2680 90 2990 3090 3090 New Farms >> - - 50 150 300 500 Small-holder farms >> - 3 44 94 156 231 11 2.3 Improved seeds/planting materials The utilization of improved seeds for cereals, oil, pulse and fiber crops estimated to reach 1.8 million quintals and is assumed that the source of seed by the end of the planning period will be 15-20% from renewal rate, 10- 15% from local high yielding varieties and 65- 75% from provision of new improved seeds. The multiplication and distribution of improved seeds will be carried out by the ESE (85 %), farmers (10 %) and private companies (5 %) as well as importation. However, it is anticipated that the balance will shift to farmers and private companies (60 %) at the end of the 5-year period. In promoting the use of improved seeds, it is recognized that maximum care must be taken not to lose traditional genetic materials that have been developed and husbanded by farmers over a long time. The amount of fruit planting materials or seedlings and vegetable seeds needed for the plan period would be 3.3 million pieces and 1,200qt respectively. Considering the absence of most of the improved varieties and poor capacity of propagation in the country, the main strategy to fill the gap will focus on importation of different forms of propagation materials from outside. In addition arrangements will be undertaken to involve private enterprises and state farms in production of already available varieties planting materials and supply them on contractual basis. Soil fertility Major increases in fertilizer consumption are needed to reach the levels of production foreseen during the PASDEP period both for food crops, and for fruits, vegetables, tea, coffee and spices. In total an estimated 8.2 million tons of chemical fertilizer and 12 million tons of compost will be required to meet the target production. 12 Table 4: Inputs Supply Major Inputs Activities Units Base Year 2004/05 Targets 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Fertilizer 1.1 Chemical Fertilizer Tons 480000 600000 650000 700000 756000 820000 DAP Tons 320000 340000 370000 400000 432000 470000 Urea Tons 160000 260000 280000 300000 324000 350000 1.2 Organic Fertilizer Supply Tons - 10000 10300 10700 11300 12000 Improved Seed 2.1 Improved Seed Supply by ESC From own Farm Qts 727209 488079 359933 243289 144000 Farmers Qts 391575 488079 539899 567675 576000 2.2 Regional Seed Production Qts 131622 34683 494908 664990 900000 2.3 Prívate Sector Production Qts 65810 83671 104980 145974 180000 Total Qts 1316216 1394512 1499720 1621928 1800000 Coffee, Spices & Tea 2.4 Coffee seed Qts 400 400 690 300 350 400 2.5 Spices Seed Qts - 240 277 322 21080 24952 2.6 Tea Seedlings No 500000 1900000 2800000 4900000 5500000 Irrigation With regard to irrigation the Government's strategy primarily focuses on water utilization at household level including traditional irrigation practices and water harvesting helping farmers build small and medium scale irrigation schemes on cost recovery/sharing basis, and construction of some multi purpose dams, that would support large scale irrigation. To increase irrigation efficiency and to enhance productivity of cultivated crops appropriate and affordable technologies such as low cost drip-irrigation, equipments and techniques ideally suited for use by poor, smallholder farmers will be introduced and promoted. Furthermore, training of professionals at all level will be conducted to realize the irrigation program's interventions and to maximize the output. 13 2.4 Pest management One of the main reasons for low agricultural production is the sever damage caused by various types of plant pests such as insects, mites, diseases, weeds and vertebrate pests like rodents and birds. Average crop loss due to these pests during the pre-harvest period is estimated at 30% or even higher, depending upon pest severity and extent & success of plant protection measures applied. Post-harvest crop loss is also estimated to be 15%. During the plan period pre-harvest loss will be reduced to 25% and Post harvest loss to 10%. Interventions during PASDEP include: capacity building through training of farmers on pests and plant protection measures raising the professional strength of crop protection personnel at all levels improving laboratory facilities technical equipment for rendering the required effective services; Development of pest monitoring and early warning system establishing field monitoring stations, strengthening pest trap sites, deploying pest monitoring staff/scouts; Establishment of information networks to track pest development to communicate to appropriate federal and regional authorities for appropriate action; Field surveys and pest control operation to ensure readiness to act against any threatening pest situation through procurement and storage of pesticide and spraying equipment in advance, and ensuring availability of logistic support: promoting integrated pest management, which is both less costly and more environmentally-friendly; Plant quarantine and inspection service: - establishing and/or strengthening quarantine stations to monitor and control pest movement at entry points; Harmonization of Regulations. For plant quarantine, pesticides registration and control of bio-pesticide. Post-harvest loss management: - developing and disseminating extension packages and promoting improved storage structures and practices. 14 2.5 Livestock production and health services By far the largest proportion of the crops produced in the country has livestock input in terms of farm power. Lack of an ox is considered as a very strong indicator of poverty among rural households. Farmers use livestock for copping adverse situations during crises of crop failure; and livestock also provide transport in both rural and urban areas. However, the traditional tendency to ignore the input of livestock in crop production and bias towards crop development still persists. With regard to direct food supply and/or cash income generation, livestock will play an increasingly significant role in the PASDEP program. Small ruminant production will receive special attention in areas characterized by high population, highly fragmented land holding, land degradation and arid climate. Poultry production will be developed in all mixed agriculture as well as in agro-pastoral areas. Owing to their ability to provide economic return in a relatively short time, provide products like milk and egg for a longer period of time, their relatively small space and initial capital requirement, small ruminants and poultry have a comparative advantage to contribute towards poverty alleviation of most small holder farmers. Total meat production is projected to increase by 48 % in the coming 5 years (from 566,000 ton in 2005 to 837,000 ton in 2010) while the production of milk will increase by 85% (from 1,831,200 - 3,391,000 ton). Production of skin & hides, egg, fish, honeys and cocoon (silk), are targeted to increase by 19%, 80%, 170%, 158 % and 4185% respectively. The main inputs that will be employed to attain the above target are increased availability and quality of animal feed, animal health service, improved management, and genetic improvement. Animal Feed Animal Feed is currently one of the four inputs that ranks top in limiting animal production. Various strategies such as expansion of improved pasture, improvement of the quality of crop residue, bush clearing, forage seed production, and water development will be implemented to address the problem of feed availability and quality. 15 The existing area of improved natural pasture and forage development will be increased by 75% (20,000 ha to 35,000 ha.) and 77% (70,000ha. -124,000 ha) respectively. To improve feed quality treatment of crop residue with urea and molasses will be introduced and 7,326 tons of crop residues will be treated over the five years reaching 1,757 tons in 2010. For this purpose, 100 molasses tankers will be constructed all over the country during the five years. Clearing bush land is another strategy that will be implemented to improve feed availability in the pastoral areas 6000 hectare of land currently covered by exotic and invasive bush trees will be cleared. During the plan period 1096 tons of seed, 20 million seedlings and 10 million cuttings will be distributed to the farmers. Farmers in the mixed agriculture areas will be encouraged to grow perennial forage plants in their backyard, around their plots and on soil bands that are built to control erosion as well as on non-farm lands delineated for natural resources conservation. Communal grazing areas will be divided amongst farmers in a way similar to farmland. They will be managed individually to exclusively grow forage. Productivity of these lands will be improved by sowing them with improved seeds. In addition to promoting apiculture and forage production in all mixed agriculture and agro-pastoral areas, special attention will be paid to integrate apiculture and forage development with rehabilitation of degraded areas. Including allowing farming communities to grow forage plants and/or undertake apiculture development. As appropriate, in areas that is otherwise closed for any other agricultural activity. This will boost agricultural production while at the same time ensuring the sustainability of the rehabilitation intervention. Sericulture will be developed to help households generate additional cash income. Varieties of mulberry plant required to feed the silk worm will be multiplied and disseminated from Alage ATVET College. Appropriate variety of silkworm will also be imported and multiplied in the same college from which it will be disseminated to the various regions. Fish production from existing lakes will be improved simply by introducing and effectively implementing lake management plans. Fish farming will be integrated in ponds and reservoirs created primarily for other purposes. 16 Livestock Management The key strategy with regard to management will be the promotion of zero grazing in the mixed agriculture areas. Introduction of zero grazing practice in the mixed agriculture areas combined with increased availability and quality of animal feed, animal health service and water a broad-based impact on household productivity and cash incomes and ultimately on poverty reduction. It will also have a synergistic effect on animal disease control and environmental rehabilitation. Animals will be kept in the back yard and their owners will fetch them the feed and water they require. Water development, is, therefore, a very important component that will receive emphasis. Animal Health A number of infectious, parasitic and zoonotic diseases existing in Ethiopia pose huge economic loss and cause for the repeated trade bans that the country is facing now. In addition to this 180,000-200,000 sq. km of fertile land is unavailable for livestock and crop production due to tsetse fly infestation and trypanosomes. To reduce the impacts resulting from livestock disease, the newly formulated animal health system will be fully implemented over the next five years. Major Intervention areas a) Control of Trans-boundary and Other Important Diseases: Five trans-boundary animal diseases namely Foot and Mouth Disease, Contagious Bovine Pleuro Pneumonia, Pest des Petit Ruminants, Contagious Caprine Pleuro Pneumonia and African Horse Sickness will be prevented and controlled through vaccination. b) Tsetse fly and trypanosome prevention and control Suppression of tsetse flies and trypanosome will be pursued in an area of at least 85,000 km. c) Establishment of livestock disease free zone Eradicating diseases from the whole country is expensive, time consuming and is also difficult if not impossible to achieve. The best available option that a number of countries are making use of is establishing disease free zone. Therefore, in the coming 5 years it is planned to establish a disease free zone. 17 d) Control of external parasites of sheep and goats To reduce the rate of downgraded skins from the current status of 40-50% to 5%, control of external parasites particularly mange mites in sheep and goats will be carried out at least in three regions (Amhara, Tigray and Afar), which are affected more severely. e) Investigation and control of newly emerging camel and poultry diseases Aggressive work will be undertaken to understand the cause and solutions to i) The unknown camel disease that has resulted considerable fatalities in camels of Afar, Somali and other nearby areas since the last 4 to 5 years. ii) The recently reported exotic poultry diseases such as Gumboro and Mareks iii) Measures will be undertaken to be able to the possible introduction of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) and to limit its spread in case of its occurrence. f) Improving supply and quality of vaccines The current production of 16 types of vaccines will be increased to an amount of 950,700,000 doses at the end of the fifth year and 91,800,000 doses of 7 types of vaccines that are not produced in the country at the moment will be produced at the end of the fifth year. g) Strengthening animal health information exchange. By making use of modern technologies the current reporting rate is targeted to be increased from today's 40% to 80% at the end of the fifth year. The number of diseases for which extension materials will be prepared is expected to reach 12 from the current status of zero and The percentage of rural population, which is given basic animal health education, will be increased from less than 5% to 50%. 18 h) Strengthening diagnostic and surveillance capacity of laboratories The number of diseases surveyed will reach to 6 from the current status of 1. The amount of samples tested per annum is targeted to 2.9 million from the present status of 95,000 samples. i) Strengthening field veterinary services As the implementation of the veterinary service delivery system will be strengthened the animal health coverage is expected to reach 80% from the current status of 30%. This will be achieved by growing the number of veterinary clinics from 1587 to 3600, mobile service delivery units from zero to 100 and trained community animal health workers from 1500 to 3000. j) Strengthening the quarantine and inspection service. The number of quarantine station will be increased from 3 to 11, check posts from 3 to 12 and domestic abattoirs from 140 to 321. h) Quality control of animal products and biological. A vaccine quality control unit will be established, the end of the fifth year all vaccines produced in the country as well as imported will be certified; by the end of the fifth year 5 veterinary laboratories are expected to take part in food quality control compared to the current status of zero. i) Human resource development. The number of animal health assistants will increase to 6000 from 800, senior meat inspectors to 684 from 50, junior meat inspectors to 519 from 160, senior laboratory technicians to 179 from 47, junior laboratory technicians to 194 from 55and post graduate veterinarians to 500 from 60. Since the livelihood of the pastoral population is exclusively dependent on livestock, and their agro-ecology is highly prone to recurrent drought, special attention will be paid to establish livestock early warning system that will include livestock marketing and maintenance of strategic size breeding stock of each livestock species. This will be implemented in addition to the interventions regarding improvement of feed availability and quality, improved animal health 19 service and genetic improvement interventions, which will have a national coverage. Genetic Improvement Genetic improvement of large and small ruminants mainly focus on the improvement of indigenous species in their local breeding track/area using selective breeding for pure breed improvement and cross breeding with known exotic breeds to improve milk and meat productivity. The major implementation procedures are redefining the breeding objectives of the existing ranches into open nucleus breeding centers and, the establishment of new nucleus herds and flocks for the production of male breeding animals for use in AI service and natural mating as appropriate for each species. Major intervention areas a) Redefining the breeding objectives of nucleus breeding unit of the existing Fogera and Boran Cattle breed ranches to turn in to efficient nucleus farms Efficient recording and selection program will be implemented to produce males for breeding. b) Establish Horo & Begait cattle nucleus breeding centers in their local environment to produce breeding males. c) Import Holstein and Jersey exotic breeds for strengthening/breeding the genetic bases of the existing nucleus farms of these breeds. Holstein Frisian for Holeta bull dam genetic improvement farm (300 in calf heifers, 5000 semen doses) Jersey for Wolaita Sodo Genetic improvement center. (200 in calf heifers, 2500 semen doses Jersey semen) d) capacitating NAIC for bull-sires semen production and establishment of regional new semen production stations. NAIC will be capacitated to produce bull-sire semen from the Holstein Friesian & Jersey cattle breeds and the four major indigenous breeds namely Boran, Fogera, Horo & Begait 20 Four semen production stations will be established at Baher dar, Assela, Wolaita Sodo & Mekele to produce semen for field service use from crossbred bulls and indigenous bulls of appropriate breeds in their respective area. e) Establish indigenous sheep & goat improvement centers for production of breeding rams. Four nucleus sheep flock will be established for four breeds in their local area (Black –head, Adal, Dangla and Bonga Breeds) for rams production Five nucleus goat flocks will be established for five breeds (Somali, Keffa, Afar, Highland and Bagait Breeds) in their local environment for breeding bucks production. f) Importation of exotic improved sheep & goat breeds for cross breeding. Two crossbred rams production centers will be established and 360 exotic breed males and females (Dorper and Awasi breeds) will be imported to enhance the crossbred rams production Five Boier goat cross breeding centers will be established to produce crossbred rams for breeding g) Importation of sheep & goat semen 5000 doses of the above mentioned exotic sheep and goat breeds will be imported for use in the cross breeding centers. h) Establishment of community based breeding program in organized co operatives. Minimum of 4 adjacent Kebles in five regions forming a common breeding program with a minimum recording activities for selection of bucks, rams and bulls for common use and castration of unwanted males. 21 Table 5 - Livestock Products Targets Products Years Meat Production in ton (000) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Cattle 327 331 336 340 463 469 Sheep 87 88 88 89 121 123 Goat 80 81 82 82 112 113 Camel 20 20 21 21 29 30 Poultry Local 52 57 61 66 95 102 Poultry improved 6 7 8 8 9 10 Sub Total 566 577 587 598 821 837 Hide and skin (in million) Hide (Cattle) 3 3 3 3 4 4 Sheep 9 9 9 9 10 10 Goat 9 9 9 9 10 10 Camel 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.20 0.20 Sub Total 21 21 21 21 25 25 Egg Production Poultry Local ton(000) 16 18 19 21 28 31 Poultry improved 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.7 5.1 5.5 Sub Total 20 22 23 25 34 36 Milk Production ton (000) Cattle (Local) 1483 1503 1877 2466 2825 2452 Cattle (Improved) 9 418 424 429 435 440 Goat 50 50 51 51 90 91 Camel 289 293 296 299 404 408 Sub Total 1831 2264 2648 3246 3753 3391 Fish production '000 tons 1. Lakes 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.6 16.8 19.3 2. Rivers 0.1 0.1 1.3 2.0 2.6 3.4 3. Existed SWB and reservoirs 0.9 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.4 4. New Water Bodies 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.3 2.0 5. Aquaculture 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Sub Total 10 12 15 19 23 27 Honey and beeswax production Honey in 000 tons Frame hive 8 16 23 31 38 42.8 Transitional hive 9 15 21 26 32 35.5 Traditional 21 21 20 19 19 20 22 Products Years Meat Production in ton (000) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Sub Total 38 51 64 76 89 98.6 Beeswax Frame hive 0.0786 0.1551 0.2314 0.3077 0.3840 0.428 Transitional hive 0.8800 1.4660 2.0520 2.6380 3.2240 3.546 Traditional hive 2.1310 2.0640 1.9970 1.9300 1.8630 2.038 Sub Total 3.0896 3.6851 4.2804 4.8757 5.4710 6.012 Sericulture Production Dry cocoon in ton 0.7 1.5 3 27 28 30 23 Table 6: Targets on Improvement on productivity of animals Type of product 2005 2010 Carcass wt/local animal (kg) National Average In specialized high potential areas Cattle 110 120 160 Sheep 10 12 14 Goat 9 11 13 Camel 140 145 150 Chicken 0.6 0.8 1 Milk/ animal local cattle 1.5 liter/day 4 liter/day 5liter/day Improved cattle 9 liter/day 9 liter/day 12 liter/day Goat 0.5 liter/day 1 liter/day 2 liter/day Camel 1500lt/lactation 2000lt/lactation lactation days of local cattle 180/year 240/year lactation days of improved cattle 300/year 300/year Egg #/bird Local 50/year 70 90 Improved 140 150 210 24 2.6 Natural Resource Management The management of natural resources will be effective when planned and implemented on the basis of watershed principles. This calls for the integrated development and utilization of the resource bases (Land, soil, water and forest) to enable transition to improved livelihoods. Major activities among others include sustainable land use and forests development water management for irrigation development, soil and water conservation, and sustainable land use and forest development. 2.6.1 Sustainable Land use Management To develop and strengthen the natural resource information system database will be established at woreda level. The plan during the five years period encompasses the establishment of the natural resource database in 550 woredas. To utilize the natural resources in sustainable manner proper land-use plan will be prepared by analyzing the suitability of land in 18 watersheds during the PASDEP period. So far land registration has been completed for about 6.2 million households and they have received 1st level certificate. (2,484,693 households in Oromia, 2.4 million HH in Amhara, 632,000 households in Tigria and 700,126 households in SNNPR). In the next 5 years the remaining 6,8million households will receive 1st level certificate; and in four regions(Amhara, Oromia, SNNP and Tigria) 2nd level certificate with cadastral map will be issued for about 1,000,000 HH in pilot project areas of the four regions. Studies and research will be conducted in the next 5 year in pastorals and Agro-pastoralist area of the country which focus on the identification of the property rights and the development of methodological to record these rights. 2.6.2 Water Management for Irrigation During PASDEP a major effort will be made to promote and strengthen small-scale irrigation schemes (river diversion, micro-dam construction, ground water abstraction, etc,) for supplementary and double cropping, through provision of technical and material support for expansion and 25 improved water use efficiency. The program will also include strengthening water harvesting and utilization practices through provision of appropriate technologies. In this regard, 470,000 water harvesting structures will be constructed during 2005/06 – 2009/10 periods, which develop nearly 58,750 hectares as micro irrigation. Small-scale irrigation is one of the means of achieving food security. Hence, emphasis is given to this sector to cover up to 397,000 ha during this planning period. This will bring the total area under small-scale irrigation from the present 98,600ha. To 487,000ha. Both water harvesting and small-scale irrigations will be implemented mainly in moisture deficit areas. The extension and training programs will pay particular attention to enhance farmer's capacity to use water resources efficiently, and help to build the community-level institutional structures necessary for effective irrigation management through provision of credit service where appropriate. In addition, where there is a comparative advantage the Government will promote and strengthen medium-and large-scale irrigation. Plans during the PASDEP period include, construction of 24 identified projects covering an area of 322,630 ha., the feasibility study and design of 19 projects covering an area of 229,149 ha. And pre-feasibility of seven others covering 117,116ha. 2.6.3 Soil and Water Conservation Interventions in area enclosures aim at restoring the productivity of degraded lands through activities encompassing closing the degraded land from human and livestock interferences and exercise measures that enhance rehabilitation processes. It is planned to implement 693,000 hectare of area closures during the planning period. Soil conservation activities are the basis for conservation based resource management for agricultural development. Focus will be given on controlling soil erosion losses from cultivated lands with varying slopes ranging from gentle to steep slopes through the use of proven structural and biological measures. Soil fertility enhancing measures, which include 26 among others, compost making, and green manuring will be given emphasis. The various practices of SWC will be implemented on mid and high lands, which have no moisture stress. The total plan is to achieve 2.1 million ha of land with SWC measures. The practice of moisture retention structures with improved land husbandry will take place on 6.2 million ha. Major activities include run off farming, floodwater farming and in-situ moisture retention techniques. The soil moisture retention measures will be implemented on 2.5 million hectares in areas receiving very low rainfall (Semi-arid and arid lands) 2.6.4 Forest Resource Management At present, about 4.1 million hectares of relatively dense forest (3.56%) of the country is available. During the coming 5 years about 4.7 million hectares of degraded areas will be covered, which is about 5% of the total area. At the end of the planning period the total forest area of the country will increase from 3.56% to 9%. The program will include surveying and mapping of 1.44 million ha to show the extent and spatial distribution of the dense forests as well as to determine its capacity and implement a sustainable management plan. In order to promote and strengthen tree-planting activities, 2600 quintals of multipurpose tree seeds will be collected in the country and purchased from abroad and distributed to the households/communities during the planning period. To support this program five tree seed centers will be established in the planning period. 2.6.5 Wildlife Protection, Development and Utilization Among others the economic value of wildlife is a significant one. Thus, much emphasis will be paid to develop wildlife-based tourism and promoting other wildlife utilization aspects. This is achieved by properly protecting and developing the country‟s wildlife resources. Efforts will be made to strengthen 20 existing wildlife protected areas and two wildlife ranches/farms. In five years time two community conservation sites will be established. Management plans will be prepared for 16 protected sites. In order to enhance wildlife based tourism, 27 infrastructures will be developed for 12 sites. Better wildlife protection, development and utilization will be achieved through promotion of conservation education and awareness creation for 100,000 people. 2.6.6 Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Utilization Biodiversity is a source of essential inputs for agricultural development and provides a multitude of choices and means for dealing with natural and man-made environmental disturbances. It is a security for improved livelihood and a foundation for our Agriculture led Industrialization Strategy. Biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization amplified by technologies generated through research, and put into practice to accelerate socio-economic development, should form the bases for perpetual food security and improved livelihoods. IBC has been conserving biodiversity for two principal reasons: to ensure their continued existence and to prepare them for research and development. These efforts will be strengthened, reinforced and expanded to effectively support food security and livelihood programs during the PASDEP in synchrony with the development plans of the various pertinent stakeholders in the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. 7700 species of high economic value will be characterized, popularized for researchers and other users. 6500 species: high economic value, endemic and endangered will be conserved. One duplicate gene bank, 10 field gene banks, 15 community gene banks and 14 in-situ conservation areas will be established during the plan period. 28 Table 7 : Natural Resources Link to MDGs Out come/out put Formulation of Indicators 2004/05 Base year Planned targets Total 2005/6 2006/7 2007/ 8 2008/9 2009/10 Out come MDG1 1. Increased rural incomes and agricultural production out put MDG1 1.1. Sustainable land use management put in place Establishing natural resources database at woreda level (No.) Issuance of first level land certificate (Million No.) Issuance of second level land certificate (million No.) Proper land use management practices developed at watershed levels (No.) 6.217 55 1.121 0.150 2 110 1.357 0.185 3 220 1.214 0.175 3 165 1.656 0.263 5 1.435 0.227 5 550 MDG1 & 2 1.2.Water resource management for irrigation Enhanced Area to be developed by small scale irrigation in (000‟ ha) Area to be developed by medium & large scale irrigation in (000‟ ha) 98.63 98.63 283 55 317 57 379 60 436 75 487 76 487 6.783 18 323 1.000 29 Area to be developed by water harvesting structures (000ha.) 700 6.97 9.25 11.64 11.64 19.25 58.75 MDG1 1.3. Soil and water conservation activities enhanced Highly degraded area under area closure annually (000 ha) Area to be under soil conservation measures annually (000 ha) Area to be under moisture conservation measures annually (000 ha) Area to be benefited from soil fertility activities in (000‟ hectares) 1500 825 1675 83 249 290 748 111 332 390 997 138 415 530 1246 139 415 540 1246 222 665 790 1994 693 2076 2500 6231 30 Link to MDGs Out come/out put Formulation of indicators Base year Planned target Total 2005/6 2006/7 2007/8 2008/9 2009/10 MDG 1 & 7 1.4. Forest resources management developed. Forest areas that will be surveyed and mapped (000‟ ha) Land to be covered by multipurpose trees (000‟ ha) Tree seed that will be collected and distributed (quintals) Tree seed centers that will be established (No.) 185 567 500 247 756 515 2 308 945 520 3 308 945 520 493 1512 525 1541 4725 2580 5 31 Links to MDGs Outcome/ output Formulation of Indicators 2004/5 Base Year 2005/6 2006/7 2007/8 2008/9 2009/10 Total 1.5Wildlife conservation and utilization will be enhanced Strengthening the existing wildlife protected areas and establishing new ones. Number of new parks to be established. 3 - 1 1 - - 2 Number of protected areas in which infrastructures will be developed 2 2 4 4 4 16 Number of reserves to be upgraded - 1 1 1 1 4 Number of management plan to be developed 3 3 3 3 4 16 Number of trans- boundary park to be established - - - 1 1 2 Assist and promote establishment of wildlife ranches Number of wildlife farms to be strengthened 1 - - 1 2 Number of weredas where wildlife ranches will be established 1 2 2 2 2 9 Number of wildlife based tourism sites that will be promoted and strengthened 2 2 2 3 3 12 Promoting wildlife public conservation and awareness creation in (000‟ people) 12 16 20 20 32 100 Establishment of community conservation sites(No.) 1 - 1 - 2 32 Link to MDG Sector/ Sub sector Outcome/ Output Indicator 2005/6 (Base year) 06/07 07/08 08/ 09 09/ 10 Total MDG 1,7& 8 1.6 Biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization Accelerated biodiversity conservation and utilization in sync with agricultural development and improvement frameworks Number of species characterize, popularized and made available for research and other uses 70000 200 2000 2500 3000 7700 Number of species conserved: economical, endemic endangered 62000 1000 1000 2000 2500 6500 Number of duplicate gene bank established 1 1 1 Number of field gene banks established 4 2 2 3 3 10 Number of community gene banks established 12 5 5 5 15 Number of in situ conservation areas established 7 1 3 5 5 14 33 2.7 Agricultural Extension and Research 2.7.1 Agricultural Extension The transformation of Ethiopian agriculture from its current subsistence orientation into market oriented/commercial production system forms the basis of the agricultural development strategy of the Government. To help achieve this extension service is being strengthened through various means. The number and education level of Development Agents is being increased significantly through the operation of Agricultural Technical, Vocational and Educational Training program and to transfer improved agricultural technologies and give adequate services at a closer reach thousands of Farmers Training Centers (FTCs) have been established and are being established. 2 .7.1.1 The TVET Program In a situation where many of the farmers are illiterate, acquiring and sustaining competence in production, adding value and marketing will be difficult. Cognizant of this fact, the Government's response to the challenges of agricultural transformation and rural development for poverty reduction among others rests on providing extensive Technical, Vocational Education and Training in agriculture. For which 25 TVET colleges have been established. During the first phase of the program it was planned to train 55,000 Development Agents of which, 45,000 will be placed at 15,000 FTC's to provide direct support to farmers; 5,000 will provide veterinary service, and 5,000 will support cooperatives. To date a total of 23,378 students have been graduated and assigned at FTC in all regions. Since the total number of peasant Associations have increased from 15,000 to 18,000 the total number of FTC will increase from 15,000 to 18,000. Accordingly additional 9,000 DAs, 1000 animal health workers, 1000 cooperative workers are required. This will bring the total number of trainees to 42,622. The 1 st phase programme will be in the year 2008/2009. 34 2.7.1.2 FTC Program The core functions of FTCs will be provision of extension services through training and demonstrations and also serve as information and exhibition centers. The training given by the centers includes entrepreneurship skill development to produce business-oriented farmers. 5,493 farmers training centers have been completed and are ready to begin service. During the planning period it is envisaged to construct 12,507 FTCs, bringing the total number of FTCs to 18,000 by 2010. In the coming five years these FTCs will be equipped with all the necessary facilities such as teaching materials, workshop implements, computers connected with woreda net program etc. The training at the FTC will focus on two major categories: modular training, and farmers training on agricultural extension packages a) Extension package training: Training on Agricultural Extension Package is short-term training provided to all farmers for mass mobilization in the area of agricultural extension package programs, which includes minimum and household packages. For the implementation of the minimum package training each FTC will give training to 190 farmers' annually in four rounds and 10,393,380 farmers will have access to such training at the end of the planning period. Similarly each FTC will give training and intensive extension services to 50 farmers in the household extension package program annually. At the end of the 5 th year the total number of farmers participating in the program will be 4.5 million farmers. b) Modular training : Modular training is specialized training for farmers above 4 th grade education working in agriculture with their families and farmers currently involved in agriculture owing land. Each FTC will train 60 trainees in one round per year for a period of three months (two days in a week) and the total number of farmers trained over the planning period will be 2,952,540. With regard to the extension service it is envisaged that all farmers will have access to agricultural extension services during the PASDEP period. The approach will be through organizing farmers into groups and the group leader will serve as a contact farmer. The pastoral mobile extension service will follow the seasonal movement 35 of the pastoral communities based on wet season, dry season grazing areas and base camps. All agricultural extension activities will give due emphasis to gender integration. Agricultural training and agricultural extension service will identify activities that will benefit both women and men. Throughout the planning period all of the female headed households estimated at 2.69 million will access extension services and an estimated 30 % of the women in male headed households will also get access to training and extension services in the type of extension Packages that will benefit them. 2.7.2 Strengthening Research-Extension-Farmer Linkage Council Research, extension, farmers and all concerned stakeholders will work jointly for effective technology generation and promotion. This will be achieved by employing more efficient linkage strategies, which will bring together all stakeholders in the integrated process of technology generation, development, transfer, utilization and feed back. The council will meet two times a year to review the performance of executed research and extension programs; it ensures the effective communication, efficient utilization of resources and proper implementation of research-extension farmer linkage, recommend policies, and other functions related to the research-extension-farmers linkages and the operation of research system and agricultural extension services. 2.7.3 Agricultural Research Based on the agricultural sector development direction stated on the Agriculture and Rural Development Policies, Strategies and Techniques document; the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research is working to increase the income of farmers and pastoralists and to improve their livelihood and also to produce agricultural technologies that can contribute to the protection of natural resources for sustainable development by focusing on crops that can make the country competitive on the international market. Accordingly, in the effort to eradicate poverty and 36 ensure rapid and sustainable development from 2006 to 2010, it is designed to produce and distribute different technologies to end-users of the three development potential areas (adequate rainfall areas, moisture stress areas, and pastoralist areas) through local research works and adopted technologies. Based on this, the following outcomes are expected from researches conducted under different disciplines by the Institute. In the crop research sector, 25 crop varieties for adequate rainfall areas, 17 crop varieties for moisture stress areas, and 13 crop varieties for irrigated areas will be adopted in the five-year plan. These adopted varieties are cereals, pulses, oil crops, fiber crops, vegetables and flowers, spices, root and tubers, and tea. Moreover, 16 crop varieties for irrigated areas, 57 for adequate rainfall areas, 28 for moisture stress areas, and 6 for spring farming are to be released. In addition to this, 106 crop protection and 54 crop management technologies are included in the plan. Besides, technical manuals will be prepared on cereals, pulses, oil crops, vegetables and fruits, tea and aromatic and medicinal plants (Annex 2). In animal research sector, four chicken varieties will be produced for adequate rainfall areas and moisture stress areas. Moreover, two incubators, which are operational without electricity, will be developed. Using a floating hive technology, tilapia fish species development technologies will be adopted. Through local research, 23 technologies on animal nutrition and 11 information packages on honey and honey products will be released for adequate rainfall areas. Regarding animal health, two technologies for adequate rainfall areas, three technologies for adequate and moisture stress areas and eleven technologies for the three development potential areas (16 technologies in total) are intended to be developed. In addition, 5600 sample tests will be conducted on exportable animal and animal products and on contagious diseases. One sheep variety will be released for adequate rainfall areas. Four technology information packages that help to keep the quality of hides and skin and meat yields of sheep, goats and cattle will be released for the three development potential areas. In fish farming, two fish feeding and farming system technologies will be developed locally. In fish limnology, 12 information packages will be produced for adequate and moisture stress areas; 7 information packages will be produced on fish limnology for three development 37 potential areas. Eight information packages on milk and milk products and dairy cattle rearing and management will be produced for adequate rainfall areas. In addition, 7 information packages on draught power of animals and efficiency of farming will be produced with local research for adequate rainfall areas (Annex 3). In pastoral and semi-pastoral areas, three crop varieties, which are drought-tolerant and high yielding, will be adopted and 24 varieties be produced locally. Moreover, 10 management and plowing methods, 5 rainfall forecasting models and different maps will be produced. Seven varieties of feed and two feed management technologies will be produced. Besides, six different technologies will be produced on animal management and rearing (Annex 4). In soil research sector, five different technologies will be from abroad for adequate rainfall areas. Forty-four different information packages introduced for adequate rainfall areas and eight information packages for moisture stress areas will be produced. Moreover, 27 information packages will be produced locally for irrigation areas. In general, the information for this research sector include generating fertilizer (focusing on the main crop types), collecting data to know the area coverage of acidic soils and providing alternative solutions to amend acidic soil problems, finding better mechanisms to ameliorating soil salinity problems, determining amount of irrigation water and frequency of irrigation, soil and water conservation methods, drainage management, water harvesting techniques, and analyzing chemical contents. Moreover, soil maps will be prepared for three moisture stress and nine adequate rainfall areas research centers (Annex 5) In forestry research sector, eight tree species will be identified for adequate rainfall areas using adopted technologies. Suitable tree types, technologies, and information will be produced for 63 adequate rainfall areas, 16 moisture stress areas, and, 6 pastoral areas (Annex 6) In agricultural biotechnology sector, 16 rapid multiplication protocols will be produced for coffee, pineapple, hale, hot pepper, cassava, vanilla, potato, enset, geranium, pyrethrum, citrus, banana, and garlic. In embryo transfer, two technologies helpful for the rapid multiplication of hybrid cattle will be produced with research. In addition, two soil improvement 38 technologies to improve production with rhizobium bacteria will be produced through research. In connection with this, 7.3 million pineapple seedlings, 3.1 million coffee seedlings, and 0.6 million potato seedlings will be multiplied, and 4.1 kg inoculants (for bio-ertilizer) will be prepared (Annex 7) In agricultural mechanization, one technology for adequate rainfall area, one for moisture stress areas, and six for both areas will be produced locally. One technology will be produced for pastoral areas. Moreover, two technology catalogues (containing specification, user manual, and price) will be prepared and distributed to the end-users in the three development potential areas (Annex 8). In food science and post-harvest technologies, 13 technologies for all users in child food processing techniques, preservation techniques for vegetables and fruits, and food quality indicators will be expected to be produced (Annex 9) In socioeconomics research sector, 6 information packages on agricultural technology extension, 4 on natural resources and agricultural production method, 11 on agricultural market, and 6 on the agricultural system will be produced. From the information, policy or other alternative solutions mainly on the basis of constraints for the agricultural system, issues that have impact on technological extension, the impact of technologies, and the indicators of the agricultural market will be generated (Annex 10) By multiplying crop technologies, 2500 q basic seeds, 4850 q pre-basic seeds, and 902.5 q breeder seeds will be produced for irrigated areas. Similarly, 39262 q basic seeds, 19286 q pre-basic seeds, and 1375 q breeder seeds will be produced. Moreover, 100,000 cuttings, 100,000 planting materials and 100,000 seedling fruit varieties, 50,000 coffee seedlings and 45 seedlings (cuttings of pre-basic seeds) and 6500 seedlings (cuttings of basic seeds) will be multiplied from aromatic and medicinal crop varieties. In relation to this, by multiplying improved animal technologies, crossbred heifer, bull, fish, and chicken pullet will be distributed for adequate rainfall areas; and 112,700 fertilized eggs will be multiplied. Further more, 46 t forest tree seed, 40,000 kg seed (collected from 40 indigenous and foreign tree varieties) and 57,500 tree seedlings will be distributed to users. Forty hectares of forest seed source is 39 established to collect improved and quality seeds. Besides, from technologies produced in agricultural mechanization research, three to five samples will be prepared for five technologies (Annex 11). Before extensive dissemination of research outputs, the efficiency of 150 technologies will be evaluated and transferred in adequate and moisture stress areas. Training will be given to about 10,956 professionals, development workers and farmers on improved agricultural technologies. Moreover, 139 agricultural extension materials, guides, and brochures will be prepared and distributed. Experience and information exchanges and consultations will be held among stakeholders. In addition to this, six training and demonstration activities will be given on different food processing technologies (Annex 12). To make effective and profitable agricultural technologies bring meaningful change on the livelihood of users, popularization and scaling up activities will be performed. Accordingly, 3,522 participants on pulses, 2,936 participants on cereals, 1,220 participants on oil crops, 791 participants on vegetables, 1,589 participants on roots and tubers, 757 participants on fruits, 1,831 participants on herb species and medicinal plants, 2,060 participants on dairy cattle and animal feeds, 85 participants on poultry, 1,463 participants on soil and water (especially soil-based fertilizer usage and management of acidic soil) 95 participants on fish farming technologies will be performed. Similarly, 1,822 participants on pulses, 4,965 participants on cereals, 492 participants on oil crops, and 304 participants on forestry technology packages will be popularized and scaled up in arid and semi-arid areas. Moreover, technology scaling up activities on animal health technologies will be undertaken for 300 residents of Addis Ababa and its environs (Annex 13) 40 Table 8: Target for Agricultural extension activities No Activities 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/010 Total 1 2 3 4 Modular training Agricultural extension package training Minimum HH package FTC construction Cumulative number of completed FTCs 1,043,670 137,325 2100* 5,493 335,580 1,062,670 328,560 2114 5,593 582,420 1,844,330 786,106 6202 9,707 954,540 3,022,710 1,808,818 2091 15,909 1,080,000 3,420,000 1,522,516 18,000 2,952,540 10,393,380 4,500,000 12507 18,000 * From the 2100 FTCs to be constructed in year 2005/06 only 100 FTCs will be completed and ready for the year 2006/07 41 Table 9: ATVET training Plan 2005/2006-2009/2010 Department Number of students graduated Remaining 2005/2006 2003/2004 2004/2005 Total Balance 1 st Yr 2 nd Yr App Total 2005/2006 2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 Plant Science 3390 4153 7543 10457 2178 4331 3229 35281 1 st Year 2178 2895 N.P N.P N.P 2 nd Year 4331 1851 2461 N.P N.P App 3229 3898 1666 2215 N.P Animal Science Graduates 3068 3703 1583 2104 3222 4020 7242 10758 2087 4762 3507 35598 1 st Year 2087 2529 N.P N.P N.P 2 nd Year 4762 1774 2150 N.P N.P App 3507 4286 1597 1935 N.P Natural Resources Graduates 3332 4072 1517 1838 2257 4701 6958 11042 1798 4733 3463 34952 1 st Year 1798 3301 N.P N.P N.P 2 nd Year 4733 1528 2806 N.P N.P App 3463 4260 1375 2525 N.P Graduates 3290 4047 1307 2399 Animal Health 363 667 1030 4970 1552 1764 361 10707 1 st Year 1552 2740 N.P N.P N.P 2 nd Year 1764 1319 2329 N.P N.P App 361 1588 1187 2096 N.P Graduates 343 1508 1128 1991 Cooperatives 219 386 605 5395 2333 430 277 9645 1 st Year 2333 2752 1471 N.P N.P 2 nd Year 430 1983 2339 1250 N.P App 277 387 1785 2105 1125 Graduates 263 368 1696 2000 1069 Total 9451 13927 23378 42622 Total Enrollment 36805 37091 21165 12126 1125 Assumption : 23378 * There are 18,000 PAs throughout the country * 1 FTC will be established in each PA. * 1 from each department ( Plant Science, Animal Science and Natural Resource) will be assigned in each FTC * 1 Animal Health assistances and 1 Cooperative graduate to 3 PAs. * 15% for 1 st Year, 10 % for 2 nd Year and 5 % for 3 rd Year attrition rate is used to calculate the projection 42 Table 10: Graduates of 2003/04 and 2004/05 and trainers of 2005/06 by Region & Profession Region Year Animal Science Plant Science Natural Science Animal Health Cooperate Development Total Oromia 2003/04 1033 1309 683 120 47 3192 2004/05 1715 1741 1908 240 153 5757 1 st Year 575 620 449 667 896 3207 2005/06 2 nd Year 1870 1631 2047 715 163 6426 3 rd Year 1118 1086 1227 167 163 3761 Amhara 2003/04 43 53 9 8 2 115 2004/05 946 997 1253 201 98 3495 1 st Year 219 222 111 284 634 1470 2005/06 2 nd Year 1319 1154 1263 471 103 4310 3 rd Year 796 701 809 89 98 2493 SNNP 2003/04 695 701 679 95 70 2240 2004/05 711 1235 475 140 120 2681 1 st Year 849 927 907 378 496 3557 2005/06 2 nd Year 999 1023 848 358 96 3324 3 rd Year 649 659 692 74 43 2117 Somali 2003/04 133 77 47 13 4 274 2004/05 34 181 101 20 12 348 1 st Year 94 91 64 81 95 425 2005/06 2 nd Year 132 111 102 39 19 403 3 rd Year 68 93 61 6 6 234 Tigray 2003/04 270 262 92 7 0 631 2004/05 228 269 398 36 18 949 1 st Year 110 107 88 30 145 480 2005/06 2 nd Year 299 261 303 111 32 1006 3 rd Year 699 650 687 12 10 2058 Benshangul 2003/04 31 34 31 0 0 96 2004/05 40 43 50 8 1 142 1 st Year 48 39 75 27 28 217 2005/06 2 nd Year 44 39 32 17 3 135 3 rd Year 40 25 39 2 3 109 Afar 2003/04 789 1013 675 106 80 2663 2004/05 68 60 73 10 5 216 1 st Year 81 72 62 24 24 263 2005/06 2 nd Year 56 65 67 20 10 218 3 rd Year 63 36 44 6 4 153 Gambella 2003/04 17 16 27 0 0 60 2004/05 8 2 4 0 0 14 1 st Year 99 88 67 8 9 271 2005/06 2 nd Year 25 19 18 4 1 67 3 rd Year 10 8 11 0 0 29 Hareri 2003/04 9 8 4 0 0 21 2004/05 41 39 45 6 3 134 1 st Year 1 2 0 4 7 14 2005/06 2 nd Year 16 6 15 4 2 43 3 rd Year 6 6 13 1 2 28 43 Region Year Animal Science Plant Science Natural Science Animal Health Cooperate Development Total Addis Ababa 2003/04 27 27 4 5 5 68 2004/05 57 55 112 1 st Year 0 0 0 39 0 39 2005/06 2 nd Year 0 1 0 16 0 17 3 rd Year 12 7 1 4 0 24 Dire Dawa 2003/04 24 23 24 2 1 74 2004/05 19 18 33 6 1 77 1 st Year 0 0 2 3 0 5 2005/06 2 nd Year 12 39 18 11 2 82 3 rd Year 15 14 15 0 0 44 2003/04 3071 3523 2275 356 209 9434 2004/05 3867 4640 4340 667 411 13925 Total 1 st Year 2076 2168 1825 1545 2334 9948 2005/06 2 nd Year 4772 4349 4713 1766 431 16031 3 rd Year 3476 3285 3599 361 329 11050 44 2.8 The Food Security Program The Food Security Program is a special arrangement, which focuses on addressing vulnerability, which exists in different parts of the country. Records show that in a worst year up to fifteen million people in the drought prone areas of the country could face food shortages, which are either chronic or transitory in nature. The cause for the former is structural, while the later is usually triggered by short-term emergency situations. Cognizant of the level of vulnerably in the country, the Government, in close collaboration with its development partners, has developed the Program within the framework of the wider PASDEP. The core objectives of the Program are two. One is to enable the 8.29 million chronically food insecure attain food security within a five year period, and the other to improve significantly the food security situation of the remaining 6.71 million facing transitory problems within the same period. At the design stage of the Program, five million people were considered as chronically food insecure, while the remaining ten million were considered as vulnerable to transitory problems. The estimate of the chronic caseload then was a simple average of the previous ten years relief beneficiaries. In the last one year, however, a proper estimate of the chronic caseload has been undertaken, and recent estimates have put this number at 8.29 million with the balance of 6.71 now considered as facing transitory problems. Chronic food insecurity reflects loss of capacity to produce or buy enough to meet annual food needs even under normal weather and market conditions. Transitory food insecurity, on the other hand, reflects a weak resilience to withstand shocks in times of sever droughts. There are two underlying principles which guide the Program implementation: reliance to the extent possible on helping farmers uses their own resources to overcome food insecurity, and a shift away from reliance on food aid. Since 2003, the Program has been under implementation in most of the chronically food insecure woredas. Lots of progress has been made during this period in addressing the root causes of the problem, but much more remains to be done. The latter has required a revision of the implementation period, which is now set at five years starting from 2005/06 and ending in 2009/10. 45 2.8.1 Key Intervention: The key interventions designed to attain household food security over the five-year period are four. These are: Building household assets through on-farm activities. Undertaking a resettlement program. A Safety Net Program, which helps bridge food gaps while building community assets. Introducing non-farm activates. The details of these interventions are as follows: a) Household Asset Building: The major cause of food insecurity in the country is the depletion of household assets. Multiple causes can be sited in this regard. Drought has been a major factor causing loss of crops and livestock. Repeated food shortages have also forced many to sell their assets to address immediate needs. The land has for various reasons also lost its productivity, depriving much the ability to produce enough with existing resources and technologies. Building sustainable household assets is therefore the major solution to the problem of food insecurity for which appropriate technologies have to be identified and needed resources availed. There have been focuses in this direction over the last two years during which technologies, which helped improve production and productivity, have been introduced depending on the socio-economic conditions of the chronically food-insecure households. Different menus of technological packages have been prepared and disseminated to these households through the extension services. The packages include provision of improved inputs to increase livestock and crop production and productivity, moisture conservation and utilization, natural resource development, trainings, support for additional income generating activities, and provision of market information. This effort 46 will over the coming years be expanded and refined supported by a credit facility to the targeted households. Needless to say, the technology introduced has to help address the moisture problem. Water is one of the most critical resources for crop production in moisture-deficit areas, and the focus in this regard will be on the productive use of rainwater and surface runoff/ run on systems, such as pond construction, roof water harvesting, simple diversion schemes, and construction of hand-dug wells combined with catchments treatment. Small-scale irrigation is also very important to improve cropping intensity and thereby reduce the effect of erratic rainfall. The irrigation technologies will include construction of earth dams, river diversions, treadle pumps, and hand pumps that are managed by individual or group of farmers. On the livestock side, the technology focus will be on introducing improved animal breeds and availability of improved animal feed, water, and health. To this effect, due attention will be given to the establishment of water points, production of forage and fodder crops at household level, and improvement of community grazing. b) Voluntary Resettlement Program: Over the last many years, a large portion of the country's population has lost the capacity to be productive mainly due to land degradation and high population pressure, while the country has a considerable amount of land currently under- utilized but still suitable for farm activities. To rationalize the resource use, and thereby help the food insecure households, the government has embarked on resettlement as part of its food security program. Accordingly, it has targeted to help resettle 440,000 households or 2.2 million people. Resettlement is purely on voluntary basis, and each settler household is guaranteed assistance of packages that include provision of up to 2 hectares of fertile land, seed, oxen, hand tools, utensils, and food ration for the first eight months. The settlers are also provided access to essential social infrastructures (clean water, health post, feeder road), and logistics support. To ensure the efficient and effective 47 implementation of the program, an implementation manual has been prepared, and extensive training and awareness creation works have been carried out at federal, regional, woreda and kebele levels. To date, over 149,000 households have been resettled. Despite some problems encountered in early implementation, especially during the first year, the resettlement program has proved itself as a crucial and reliable alternative to ensure food security in a very short period of time. Recent assessments have showed that the majority of the settlers have attained self-sufficiency in food and their livelihood has improved considerably. This program will therefore be expanded to accommodate as many settlers as possible. c) The Productive Safety Net Program The Safety Net Program is intended to serve a dual purpose of helping bridge the income gap of the chronically food insecure households, and engaging such households in community asset-building efforts to earn their income. The program is designed to address the income gap faced by the 8.29 million chronically food insecure people in 287 woredas. It has two components - labor-intensive public works and direct support for labor poor household. The able bodied will be engaged in public works for which they are paid a minimum amount, while the labor poor are paid the same amount free. A program implementation manual has been prepared, and training and awareness creation activities have been undertaken at different levels. The communities supported have identified target groups for public works and direct support, and capacity-building measures have been taken. The training and capacity building effects will continue where required. The Government and donors have shown strong commitment to the success of the program, which started in February 2005. It has now completed its first year and the second year's activity has started in January 2006. Implementation of this program will continue. A key feature of the Safety Net Program is its household focus. It is linked to the household asset building effort of the Food Security Program in that the priority of the household asset building effort will 48 be on those covered by the Safety Net Program as they are the chronically food insecure. The Safety Net Program through its predictable resources will help prevent asset depletion, which is an important factor for the attainment of food security. This is in addition to the community assets it helps build. d) Non Agricultural Income: As the food insecure households are resource poor, living in drought prone and degraded areas, focusing on crop and livestock production alone may not entirely solve the problem of food insecurity in some areas. For such areas, income diversification through non-agricultural activities is important. To this effect, the Food Security Program considers alternative or supplementary income sources in non-farm activities. This intervention requires market effectiveness, credit services through micro-finance institutions, establishment of marketing cooperatives, and provision of training, all of which are important for both agricultural and non-agricultural activities. e) Other Interventions: In addition to the key interventions discussed above, due attention will also be given to nutritional issues, and the maintenance of emergency capabilities. Nutritional issues encompass three components - food, health, and caring practices. The Ministry's responsibility in this regarded is on food production and distribution, which will be addressed through the aforementioned interventions. The production of adequate food both in quantity and quality will be given due attention. The rest of the nutritional interventions will be by the Ministry of Health and other pertinent bodies. In light of the presence of transitory food insecurity in the country, maintaining emergency capabilities will be important. In this regard, the functions of the Food Security Co-ordination Bureau and the Disaster Prevention and Preparedness' Agency will be merged to ensure effective 49 and unified response to both chronic and transitory food problems. With the improvements in food security, the threats of emergencies are expected to diminish. Table 11: Five Years Target of the Food Security Program No. Region/Activities Unit Targets 1 Amphora Region 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Total 1.1 Resettlement Household Number 10,000 15,000 15,000 - 40,000 1.2 HH graduates $ 100,000 104,875 110,578 76,696 57,273 449,422 2 SNNP Region 2.1 Resettlement $ 17,600 7,600 20,000 20,000 52,400 117,600 2.2 HH graduates $ 10,000 36,000 70,000 140,000 - 256,000 3 Tigris Region 3.1 Resettlement 3.2 HH graduates Household Number 49,427 127,130 167,751 149,021 149,021 642,350 4 Roomier Region 4.1 Resettlement $ 3,508 * 3,508 4.2 HH graduates $ 37,838 52,969 26,485 26,485 27,068 170,845 Total $ 228,373 343,574 409,814 412,202 285,762 1,679,725 Resettlement $ 31,108 22,600 35,000 20,000 52,400 161,108 HH graduates $ 197,265 320,974 374,814 392,202 233,362 1,518,617 * Starting 2006/07 the number of settlers will be determined based on the study that will be conducted at the end of 2005/06 fiscal year. 50 .9 Agricultural Marketing and Institutional processes Market Strengthening relates to improving both the functioning of local markets to farmers capture greater benefits; and improving integration with regional and global markets for Commercial Agriculture. It is expected that the small farmers will take the lead, but the government will take the steps to link with large farmers, co-operatives and private sectors by ensuring the flow of information, establishing level playing field, making available the necessary infrastructure, access to land, providing direct supports for getting access to new technologies. Particular interventions that have been undertaken include the re-structuring of the MOARD and the creation of marketing sector, developing a new marketing strategy, the creation of co-operative commission, establishing warehouse receipt and inventory credit system, promotion of trade in association with various sub sectors and stake-holders, dialogue between private and public sectors. In the market shall play pivotal role in building efficient agricultural marketing. Regarding market institutions, due importance is given to develop an Ethiopian commodity exchange center, grades, and standards contract enforcement, and regulations, which can mutually reinforce each other. These efforts include the schemes linking producers to processors, the producers to market-oriented co operatives, exporters. 2.9.1 Agricultural Input Marketing Fertilizer Supply To build a sustainable and competitive fertilizer marketing system in terms of timeliness, accessibility, availability and affordability a guideline for fertilizer procurement, import and distribution will be issued and implemented during the plan period. The guideline addresses measures to reduce fertilizer-marketing costs, improve credit access for fertilizer supply through merchandize periodic arrangement system, improve timelines of supply and clearly show the roles and responsibilities of each actor in fertilizer marketing. In order to attain the level of crop production target at the end of the plan period it is estimated that the fertilizer supply will increase from 480,000 tones in 2005 to 820,000 metric tones in 2010. 51 To ensure quality fertilizers are supplied to the end user quality control activities will be conducted at the main transit warehouses at Federal level. In addition, the respective regions will conduct fertilizer quality control activities until it reaches the end user. Improved Seed Supply To ensure a sustainable and reliable improved seed supply, seed multiplication on farmers‟ field will be taken as a major focus area of intervention during the five years plan period. In line with this the role of the Ethiopian Seed Enterprise will focus on the production of pre-basic and basic seeds in the future. During the plan period farmers‟ demand for improved seeds is planed to be met through multiplying seeds by ESE on its large farms and on farmers‟ field; from private seed producers, and seed multiplication on farmers‟ field by regions. Accordingly, at the end of the plan year the seed supply from the aforementioned sources will reach 1.8 million quintals. Of the stated planed quantity the share of ESE on its large farms and farmer‟s fields are 144,000 Quintals and 576,000 quintals respectively. Similarly the share of private seed producers and seed multiplication on farmers‟ fields through regional governments will be 180,000 quintals and 900,000 quintals respectively. To ensure quality seeds are distributed, seed produced on ESE‟s and private large farms will be inspected at federal level, while seeds‟ produced on the respective regions will inspect farmer‟s fields. Supply of Other Inputs At the end of the plan period the supply of different types of others inputs such as farm implements, irrigation equipment and livestock inputs are projected to reach in number 344,000; 206,017 and 1,418,173 respectively. During the plan period a study will be conducted and quality control activities will be initiated for these inputs. Capacity Building and Studies For the realization of the above targets capacity building (institutional and human resource) activities and studies will be conducted. To this effect local and foreign trainings will be offered on the areas of agricultural input 52 marketing and quality control on which 17 federal and 3,143 regional staff will participate. National seed laboratories will also be upgraded. In addition, studies will be conducted on the sources and channel of input supply and profitability of input use. 54 Table 12: Five Years Development Plan of Agricultural Input Market Department (2006 -2010) S.No . Component Activities Unit Status in 2005 Development Plan 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 1. Fertilizer supply 1.1 Coordinate and facilitate the supply of chemical fertilizer  DAP  Urea Tones Tones Tones 480,000 320,000 160,00 600,000 340,000 260,000 650,000 370,000 280,000 700,000 400,000 300,000 756,000 432,000 324,000 820,000 470,000 350,000 1.2. Supply of organic fertilizer ( “Orga”) Tones - 10,000 10,300 10,700 11,300 12,000 2. Improved Seed supply 2.1. Improved seed supply by ESE On its large farms On farmers” field 2.2. On farmers‟ field by regions 2.3. On private farms Total Quintal Quintal Quintal 727,209 391,575 131,622 65,810 1,316,216 488,079 488.079 334.683 83,671 1,394,512 359,933 539,899 494,908 104,980 1,499,720 243,289 567,675 664,990 145,974 1,621,928 144,000 576,000 900,000 180,000 1,800,000 * Quality Control activities to be carried out at federal and regional level will be calculated based on the above figures. 55 2.9.2 Improve & Strengthen the Domestic Market The government in its endeavor to improve the marketing system has formulated a market development strategy and implementation plan. The emphasize of the strategy is introducing a market oriented approach to smallholder on the one hand and establishment of efficient marketing system on the other. Domestic market chain improvement is a pre-condition to increase export in a competitive way. Generally the strategy emphasizes on improving the market chain of agricultural produce where by increase farm get price, reduce market related transaction costs, and improve market transparence and increase volume and quality of supply. To realize these improvements the following activities will be given special attention within 5 years.  Improving Domestic Market Chain Establishing 10 commodity exchange centers (Addis Ababa, Nazareth, Shashmene, Awassa, Dire Dawa Bale, Nekempt, Jimma, Humera and Metema) for six commodities (Teff, Wheat, Maize, Sesame Haricot Bean, Coffee) Formulation and implementation of market rules, regulations and guidelines for implementation of the marketing strategy Improving the supply chain of agricultural commodities. Preparing conference and exhibition Joint discussion forum with suppliers and market support services on agricultural challenges and prospects Developing promotional materials  Institutional Development * Promoting and strengthening linkage between producers (out growers), cooperatives, with processors and exporter. * Studying and developing contractual marketing modalities. * Developing and upgrading of rural infrastructure such as roads transport facilities and rural telephone service to open up and connect remotes to the market, 56 * Establishing agriculture products and livestock market center's * Introducing, modern auction systems for agricultural produce * Establishing of district slaughterhouses. 2.9.3 Export Market Development  Infrastructure and Other Facilities At the end of the 5 th year: * 12 additional export abattoirs will be established: * 11 fruit and vegetable cold storages and pack house facilities will be established. * 7 existing fruit and vegetable storage and pack house facilities will be Upgraded and renovated. And 29 refrigerated trucks for export will be purchased. * 49 export standard natural gum stores and refinery houses will be constructed.  Market Research and Promotion To promote the export of agricultural commodities and penetrate the international markets: * Detailed export market strategy will be developed * 11 export trade missions will be organized and coordinated. * 11 new export markets will be entered to. * The requirements of the new 11 markets in terms of SPS, package, export handling and other requirements will be assessed. * 320 thousand promotional brochures will be developed and published. * 4 documentary films in Amharic, English, and French & Arabic languages will be developed. * 6.04 million Posters will be produced and distributed. * 70 private and cooperative exporters profile will be Developed and updated. 57  Export Targets: At the end of the 5 years, by exporting a total of 973 thousand live animals and 5.0 million metric tons of agricultural and livestock products, the country will earn a sum of 5.7 billion USD. Table 13: Agricultural Products Export Plan by Volume and Value No. Product type Unit Total Volume Total Value(m/us 1 Live Animal Export „000Head 973 153 2 Meat Export „000Tons 224 493 3 Egg Export " " 0.5 1.30 4 Honey Export " " 0.5 2.17 5 Wax Export " " 2 7.9 6 Civet Export " " 3.3 1 7 Cereals " " 223 65 8 Pulses " " 1056 296 9 Oilseeds " " 1168 1054 10 Natural gums " " 24 34 11 Coffee " " 1790 2950 12 Tea " " 23 38 13 Spices " " 92 60 14 Cotton " " 38 489 15 Fruits and vegetables Tons 358 249 Total 5740.4 2.9.4 Grades and Standards Standards and grades have come to be crucial elements facilitating transactions and trade both with and between countries. Standards and technical regulations stipulate what can or cannot be exchanged and define the procedures that must be followed for exchange to take place. Thus, the ability to comply with standards in overseas markets is a major factor determining access to those markets and more broadly the capacity to export. The following are possible areas of intervention Development and introduction of grades and standards on major agricultural products. Awareness creation about quality and standards among consumers, producers, traders and others. 58 Develop systems, regulation and capacities for quality inspection and certification. Develop, publicized, improve the existing national system for classifying mainstream coffee grades and standards Establishment of liquoring and auction centers in major coffee growing selected woredas. 2.9.5 Warehouse Receipts & Inventory Credit System Implementation * The implementation of warehouse receipt system will be expanded to a storage capacity of 1,700,000 quintals of grain and to accommodate seven different crops through the licensing and certification of 25 additional warehouses, setting standard for five more crops and training of 1600 stakeholders of the system. Moreover, warehouse receipt system regulation will be developed and a grain quality-testing laboratory will be established. 2.9.6 Agricultural marketing information system At the moment, for some of agricultural products market information are collected, analyzed and disseminated to the public in an organized manner. To systematize and scale-up the information coverage, government is undertaking several efforts, one of these efforts, which enable us to cover all agricultural products all over the country, is a woreda net. Developing content and application is the major duty. To establish agricultural marketing information system the following Major activities will be undertaken Develop content and application for woreda net; Develop and disseminate agricultural marketing information manual; produce and disseminate annually agricultural marketing statistical bulletin; Strengthening the existing coffee and livestock market information endeavors; Select sample woredas and establish grain, fruits, horticulture, and forest products and by products price market information system; 59 Undertake studies which enable market information system to be efficient and effective; Regularly collect, analyze and disseminate local and international agricultural marketing information which will support the agricultural marketing endeavors; 2.9.7 Capacity building To build the Capacity on agricultural marketing the following Major activities will be undertaken:  Render short term training for 1000 private sectors, regional and federal staff in different agricultural marketing concepts;  Formulation and implementation of market rules, regulations and guidelines; Organize and arrange 5 marketing study tours for private sectors and government-marketing professionals; Organize and give 10 long-term training in the area agricultural Marketing; Organize 10 seminars and 10 workshops on grain marketing challenges & prospects; and Train the farmers through the extension system about marketing of agricultural products; 60 2.9.8 Export Targets The summaries of agricultural product exports are shown below on commodity bases. Table 15: Summary of base year (2004/05) performance against achievable target at the end of the 5 th year (2009/10) Volume: Live animals in 000heads; others in '000 Tones value: in Million USD No. Product type Volume Value Base year (2004/05) Target year (2009/10) Base year (2004/05) Target year (2009/10) 1 Live Animal Export 102 213 12.4 33.6 2 Meat Export 8 62 15.6 136.4 3 Egg Export 0.1 0.2 0.22 0.3 4 Honey Export 0.02 0.1 0.35 0 .48 5 Wax Export 0.4 0.5 1.18 1.73 6 Civet Export 0.06 0.71 0.23 0.28 7 Cereals 18 62.21 8.76 18.23 8 Pulses 119.5 294.5 35.29 82.4 9 Oilseeds 141.2 325.6 101.96 293.03 10 Natural gums 3.4 6.6 4.95 9.30 11 Coffee 159.6 323 334.5 786.67 12 Tea 1.5 5.6 2.6 9.22 13 Spices 11.3 20.3 7.51 14.01 14 Cotton 1.6 8.4 1.39 9.28 15 Fruits and vegetables 39.5 135.9 19.22 120.03 Total 946.96 1344.66 61 Table 16. Agricultural Products Export Plan by Volume No. Product type Unit 2004/2005 achievements Total 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 1 Live Animal Export Head 10,2000 973,000 180,000 185,000 193,000 202,000 213,000 2 Meat Export Tons 8,000 224,000 30,000 36,000 45,000 52,000 62,000 3 Egg Export " " 100 1,011 187 193 200 210 221 4 Honey Export " " 1.8 481 89 92 95 100 105 5 Wax Export " " 400 2,412 446 459 478 502 527 6 Civet Export " " 0.61 3.29 0.63 0.63 0.65 0.67 0.71 7 Cereals " " 18,000 223,250 30,000 36,000 43,200 51,840 62,210 8 Pulses " " 119,450 1,056,710 142,000 170,400 204,480 245,380 294,450 9 Oilseeds " " 141,230 1,168,340 157,000 188,400 226,080 271,300 325,560 10 Natural gums " " 3,385 24,445 3,587 4,051 4,667 5,499 6,641 11 Coffee 159,630 1.226mil 178,000 207,000 240,000 278,000 323,000 12 Tea 1,540 23,360 3,000 4,576 4,904 5,254 5,626 13 Spices 11,250 92,278 16,700 17,535 18,412 19,332 20,299 14 Cotton 1,580 38,353 6,950 7,298 7,662 8,045 8,448 15 Fruits and vegetables Tones 39,483 357,770 45,000 49,590 55,013 72,286 135,881 62 Table 17. Agricultural Products Export Plan by Value No. Activity Unit 2004/2005 achievements Total 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 1 Live Animal Export Mill. USD 12.4 153.3 28.4 29.4 30.4 31.5 33.6 2 Meat Export " " 15.6 492.8 66 77 99 114.4 136.4 3 Egg Export " " 0.22 1.30 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 4 Honey Export " " 0.35 2.17 0.40 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.48 5 Bee-Wax Export " " 1.18 7.9 1.46 1.50 1.57 1.64 1.73 6 Civet Export " " 0.23 1.31 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 7 Cereals " " 8.76 65.39 8.8 10.55 12.62 15.19 18.23 8 Pulses " " 35.29 295.76 39.76 47.60 57.23 68.73 82.44 9 Oilseeds " " 101.96 1,054.05 143.82 169.56 203.47 244.17 293.03 10 Natural gums " " 4.95 34.22 5.02 5.67 6.53 7.70 9.30 11 Coffee " " 334.5 2,945.56 393.3 504.44 584.44 676.67 786.67 12 Tea " " 2.6 37.98 4.6 7.5 8.04 8.61 9.22 13 Spices " " 7.51 61.56 9.4 12.1 12.7 13.34 14.01 14 Cotton " " 1.39 44.3 7.4 8.03 8.43 8.84 9.28 15 Fruits and vegetables " " 19.22 249.25 24.47 25.73 30.4 48.62 120.03 Total 546.16 5446.85 733.32 899.99 1055.78 1240.40 1514.98 63 2.9.9 Cooperative Development The Major Targets are: Deliver the services of cooperatives to 70% of the population. Increase the share of the cooperatives in input and output marketing from 70% to 90%. Increase the number of primary marketing cooperatives from 14,423 to 24,677. Increase the number o f rural cooperative unions from 105 up to 646. Establish 4 cooperative federations (grain, coffee, fruits & vegetable and dairy) at federal level. Increase Co-operative sector saving from 630 Million to 1.2 Billion Birr by increasing rural from 520 to 3611 primary and from 8 to 98 secondary level saving and increase, 2200 urban saving societies up to 4100 primary saving and credit societies. Provide rural household with electric service by organizing 420 rural electrification service cooperatives. Increase the production and productivity and promote investment and agro processing through facilitating the provision of 13 billion credits to cooperatives. Build the capacity of cooperative movement by providing short-term training for 202792 board members; 50,508 cooperative employees; 3,767 government employees (cooperative experts) and long term training will be given for 7,763; 4,000 & 120 cooperative experts at diploma, first degree and second degree level respectively. There by increase their capacity in caring out the tasks of the cooperatives. Undertake workshops with the regional cooperative offices twice a year and share experience. Undertake awareness creation programs thorough radio and different Medias. 64 65 Table 18: Cooperative Development No Major Tasks Unit 5 year targets 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1 Capacity building Number 1.1. Cooperative Societies 1.1.1 Primary cooperatives board members - 178,152 71,528 37,040 22,920 19,848 19,816 1.1.2 Primary cooperatives employees - 50,186 8,798 15,783 12,501 9,461 3,643 1.1.3 Cooperative union board members - 4,522 1,400 1,400 763 588 371 1.1.4 Cooperative union employees - 1,938 600 600 327 252 159 1.1.5 Cooperative federations board numbers - 21 - 14 7 - 1.1.6 Cooperative federations employees - 9 - - 6 - 3 1.1.7 Cooperative league board members - 15 - - - - 15 1.2 Government employee 1.2.1 On job training - 3,767 2,295 820 652 - 1.2.2 Diploma - 7,763 211 443 234 398 6,477 1.2.3 first Degree - 1,103 - - 570 533 1.2.4 Second Degree - 120 19 22 26 26 27 66 No Major Tasks Unit 5 year targets 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2 Organize rural & urban society under different types of cooperative. % 70 35 5 10 10 10 3 Organza different types of cooperative societies 3.1 Give technical support to regional cooperative offices to increase the No of primary cooperatives Number 22,269 8,941 4,630 3,740 2,481 2,477 3.2 Give technical support to regional cooperative offices to organize primary and secondary saving & credit cooperatives.  Urban Primary  Rural Primary  Secondary /Unions Number . . 2,100 3,611 98 420 679 11 420 690 16 420 706 18 420 760 26 420 776 27 3.3 Establish housing cooperative unions in urban areas. . 6 - 1 1 2 2 3.4 Establish handcraft cooperative unions in urban areas. . 10 - 2 2 3 3 3.5 Establish consumer‟s cooperative in urban . 200 - 50 50 50 50 67 areas. No Major Tasks Unit 5 year targets 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 3.6 Give technical support to regional cooperative offices to increase the number of cooperative unions . 646 200 200 109 84 53 3.7 Organize cooperative league . 1 - - - - 1 3.8 Organize cooperative federations . 3 1 1 - - 1 3.9 Organize Rural Cooperative Banks . 3 - 1 1 1 3.10 Give technical support to regional cooperative offices to organize rural electrification cooperatives . 420 120 100 100 100 3.11 Give technical support to regional cooperative offices to organize rural telecommunication cooperatives . 20 4 4 4 4 4 4 Improve the role of cooperative in input & put marketing  Input marketing  Grain marketing % % 90 80 70 20 80 40 90 60 90 70 90 80 5 Facilitate the provision of credit to cooperatives for input & out put marketing & Agro processing services  From RUFIP  From Other Sources For grain & input marketing . Birr (in Million) Birr 56 9.673 8 1.300 12 1.560 12 1.872 12 2.246 12 2.695 68 For Agro processing (in Million) 3.000 0.415 0.434 1.605 0.198 0.348 No Major Tasks Unit 5 year targets 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 6 Undertake workshops with regional cooperative offices & share experience Number 10 2 2 2 2 2 7 Undertake awareness creation programs through radio and other Medias Minutes 3600 720 720 720 720 720 69 Annex I Table 1.1 Projected area and production estimate for all seasons under different management practices (2005- 2010) (Area in 000' ha, Production in million ton) Production Improved seeds + Fertilizer Local seeds + Fertilizer Traditional practices Total Year Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production 2004/2005 2057 5.11 6433 8.75 3791 2.82 12281 16.66 2005/2006 2194 7.71 5346 11.02 4864 4.75 12404 23.48 2006/2007 2324 9.04 5281 12.58 4860 4.64 12465 26.26 2007/2008 2500 12.00 5174 13.52 4853 5.00 12527 30.51 2008/2009 2703 13.75 5055 15.20 4830 5.58 12588 34.53 2009/2010 3368 18.26 4899 14.73 4382 5.22 12649 38.21 Annex I Table 1.2 Projected area and production estimate for Meher seasons under different management practices (2005- 2010) (Area in 000' ha, Production in million ton) Production Improved seeds + Fertilizer Local seeds + Fertilizer Traditional practices Total Season Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production 2004/2005 1977 4.68 5890 7.72 3126 2.23 10993 14.62 2005/2006 2108 7.16 4882 9.98 4079 3.85 11069 20.99 2006/2007 2210 8.31 4800 11.30 4052 3.91 11062 23.52 2007/2008 2358 11.08 4680 12.00 4024 3.95 11062 27.03 2008/2009 2533 12.52 4551 13.48 3982 4.33 11066 30.33 2009/2010 3162 16.74 4394 13.07 3519 3.96 11075 33.77 70 Annex I Table 1.3 Projected area and production estimate Belg season under different management practices (2005- 2010) (Area in 000' ha, Production in million ton) Production Improved seeds + Fertilizer Local seeds + Fertilizer Traditional practices Total Season Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production 2004/2005 0 0 436 0.60 605 0.44 1041 1.04 2005/2006 0 0 375 0.57 677 0.61 1052 1.18 2006/2007 0 0 371 0.65 715 0.58 1086 1.23 2007/2008 0 0 365 0.76 721 0.64 1086 1.40 2008/2009 0 0 358 0.83 728 0.72 1086 1.55 2009/2010 0 0 350 0.74 737 0.80 1087 1.54 Annex I Table 1.4 Projected area and production estimate for irrigation season under different management practices (2005- 2010) (Area in 000' ha, Production in million ton) Production Improved seeds + Fertilizer Local seeds + Fertilizer Traditional practices Total Season Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production 2004/2005 80 0.43 107 0.43 60 0.15 247 1.00 2005/2006 86 0.55 89 0.47 108 0.29 283 1.31 2006/2007 114 0.73 110 0.63 93 0.15 317 1.51 2007/2008 142 0.92 129 0.75 108 0.41 379 2.08 2008/2009 170 1.23 146 0.89 120 0.53 436 2.65 2009/2010 206 1.52 155 0.92 126 0.46 487 2.90 71 Annex I Table 1.5 Projected area, yield and production estimate of major crops for Meher season (2005- 2010) (Area in 000' ha, Yield in quintal /ha and Production in million ton) Production Cereals Pulses Oil crops Horticultural Fiber crops Season Area Productivity Production Area Productivity Production Area Productivity Production Area Productivity Production Area Productivity Production 2004/2005 8318 14.57 12.12 1294 10.51 1.36 1223 4.17 0.51 158 39.87 0.63 0 0.00 0 2005/2006 8264 20.72 17.12 1391 10.19 1.42 1272 6.68 0.85 142 112.68 1.60 0 0.00 0 2006/2007 8259 23.80 19.66 1390 10.36 1.44 1271 6.61 0.84 142 111.27 1.58 0 0.00 0 2007/2008 8260 27.74 22.91 1391 11.43 1.59 1270 7.56 0.96 141 111.35 1.57 0 0.00 0 2008/2009 8404 32.84 27.60 1388 12.44 1.73 1274 7.88 1.00 0 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0 2009/2010 8472 36.60 31.01 1359 13.02 1.77 1244 7.91 0.98 0 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0 Production Total Season Area Productivity Production 2004/2005 10993 13.30 14.62 2005/2006 11069 18.96 20.99 2006/2007 11062 21.26 23.52 2007/2008 11062 24.44 27.03 2008/2009 11066 27.41 30.33 2009/2010 11075 30.49 33.76 72 Annex I Table 1.6 Projected area, yield and production estimate of major crops for Belg season (2005- 2010) (Area in 000' ha, Yield in quintal /ha and Production in million ton) Production Cereals Pulses Oil crops Horticultural /Irrigated crops Fiber crops Season Area Productivity Production Area Productivity Production Area Productivity Production Area Productivity Production Area Productivity Production 2004/2005 729 11.68 0.85 312 6.12 0.19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2005/2006 752 12.23 0.92 300 8.50 0.26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2006/2007 769 13.09 1.01 317 6.94 0.22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2007/2008 769 10.17 0.78 317 19.56 0.62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2008/2009 739 17.11 1.26 347 8.36 0.29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2009/2010 773 15.52 1.20 314 10.83 0.34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Production Total Season Area Productivity Production 2004/2005 1041 10.02 1.04 2005/2006 1052 11.22 1.18 2006/2007 1086 11.29 1.23 2007/2008 1086 12.91 1.40 2008/2009 1086 14.32 1.55 2009/2010 1087 14.17 1.54 73 Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) Research Goals (2006-2010) Annex 2: Crops Research sector Goals potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 High rainfall areas Cereal crops variety No. √ 1 1 - - - High rainfall areas Pulses variety No. √ 7 2 1 2 1 1 High rainfall areas Oil crops variety No. √ 3 - - 1 1 1 High rainfall areas Fiber crops No. √ 2 1 1 High rainfall areas Vegetables and flowers variety No. √ 2 1 - - 1 High rainfall areas Spice crops variety No. √ 4 1 1 1 1 High rainfall areas Root crops variety No. √ 4 1 1 1 1 High rainfall areas Tea variety No. √ 2 1 1 Low rainfall areas Cereal crops variety No. √ 3 3 - - - Low rainfall areas Pulses variety No. √ 3 1 - 1 - 1 Low rainfall areas Oil crops variety No. √ 3 - - 2 1 Low rainfall areas Fiber crops variety No. √ 2 1 1 Low rainfall areas Fruits variety No. √ 2 1 1 Low rainfall areas Root crops variety No. √ 4 1 1 1 1 Irrigated Oil crops variety No. √ 2 1 1 Irrigated Fiber crops variety No. √ 3 1 1 1 Irrigated Vegetables and flowers variety No. √ 1 - 1 - - Irrigated Fruits variety No. √ 7 1 2 2 2 Irrigated Cereal crops variety No. √ 2 - 1 - 1 Irrigated Oil crops variety No. √ 2 1 1 Irrigated Fiber crops variety No. √ 2 1 1 Irrigated Vegetables and flowers variety No. √ 2 1 - - 1 Irrigated Fruits variety No. √ 8 1 1 2 2 2 High rainfall areas Cereal crops variety No. √ 27 6 6 6 5 4 High rainfall areas Pulses variety No. √ 8 2 1 2 1 2 High rainfall areas Oil crops variety No. √ 5 1 1 1 1 1 High rainfall areas Fiber crops variety No. √ 2 1 1 High rainfall areas Vegetables variety No. √ 4 2 - 1 - 1 74 potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 High rainfall areas Fruits variety No. √ 2 1 1 High rainfall areas Fiber crops variety No. √ 4 1 1 1 1 High rainfall areas Tea crops variety No. √ 2 1 1 High rainfall areas Coffee crop variety No. √ 3 1 1 1 Low rainfall areas Cereal crops variety No. √ 21 3 8 4 4 2 Low rainfall areas Pulses variety No. √ 5 1 1 1 1 1 Low rainfall areas Oil crops variety No. √ 2 - - - 1 1 Belg farming Cereal crops variety No. √ 3 1 1 1 Belg farming Pulses variety No. √ 3 1 1 1 All Crop protection technology for cereals No. √ 19 6 4 3 6 All Crop protection technology for pulses No. √ 13 2 5 3 3 All Crop protection technology for oil crops No. √ 5 1 2 1 1 All Crop protection technology for fiber crops No. √ 2 1 1 All Crop protection technology for vegetables and flowers No. √ 43 14 1 12 1 15 All Crop protection technology for fruits No. √ 9 1 4 1 1 2 All Crop protection technology for spices No. √ 4 2 1 1 All Crop protection technology for root crops No. √ 8 4 4 All Crop protection technology for coffee and tea No. √ 3 1 1 1 All Agronomic practices for cereals No. √ 17 - 3 7 6 1 All Agronomic practices for pulses No. √ 4 - - - 2 2 All Agronomic practices for oil crops No. √ 3 - - - 1 2 All Agronomic practices for fiber crops No. √ 4 1 2 1 All Agronomic practices for No. √ 3 - 1 - 1 1 75 potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 vegetables and flowers All Agronomic practices for fruits No. √ 10 2 2 2 2 2 All Agronomic practices for root crops No. √ 6 2 2 2 All Agronomic practices for tea No. √ 3 1 1 1 All Agronomic practices for coffee No. √ 4 2 2 Technical manual for cereals No. √ 6 - 3 2 1 Technical manual for oil crops No. √ 3 - - 2 - 1 Technical manual for vegetables No. √ 3 - 1 - 1 1 Technical manual for fruits No. √ 7 1 1 1 2 2 Technical manual for aromatic and medicinal crops No. √ 1 1 Technical manual for tea No. √ 1 1 76 Annex 3: Livestock Research sector goals Potential areas Technology Unit Technology Source Goal Year Local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 High rainfall areas Develop improved poultry breeds capable of producing over 200 eggs/year & hybrid meat breeds that could also produce 150-200 eggs per year No. √ 4 2 2 High rainfall areas Adoption and release of hatcheries working with gasoline No. √ 2 1 1 All Develop technologies for producing tilapia fish species via the use of floating cage culture No. √ 6 - 1 1 2 2 High rainfall areas Development of nutritional technologies that improve milk, meat & reproductive performance of large ruminants No. √ 4 1 1 1 1 High rainfall areas Generation of technologies that enhance the utilization of crop & industrial byproducts No. √ 8 2 2 2 1 1 High rainfall areas Development of grass, legume, multipurpose tree improved varieties Variety √ 11 - 3 2 3 3 High rainfall areas Generate appropriate technologies & information that are remedy for constraints to the use & management of honey and honey products No. √ 10 1 3 1 2 3 High rainfall areas Generate information on the species & No. √ 1 - - - 1 77 Potential areas Technology Unit Technology Source Goal Year Local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 distribution of sting less bees High rainfall areas Epidemiological study of Foot & Mouth disease and Bovine Tuberculosis and development of their control strategies No. √ 2 - - 1 1 High rainfall and moisture stress areas Generate control strategies for backyard poultry diseases No. √ 1 - - - 1 All Identify factors affecting milk and meat quality and safety No. √ 3 - 1 1 1 All Develop technique for testing live cattle tapeworm No. √ 1 - 1 - - All Control of the transmission of East Coast Fever from Sudan & Kenya to Ethiopia via continuous boarder surveillance & data collection No. √ 3 - - - - 3 High rainfall and moisture stress areas Evaluation & selection of trypanotolerant & more productive cattle breeds among from indigenous breeds No. √ 2 - - 1 - 1 High rainfall areas Evaluate the efficacy & quality of available vet drugs in the market in the country and produce information for policy guide No. √ 4 - 1 1 1 1 All Certify live animals and animal products for export markets and conduct sample laboratory analysis for No. √ 5600 - 1400 1400 1400 1400 78 Potential areas Technology Unit Technology Source Goal Year Local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 isolation of causative agents of livestock disease outbreaks High rainfall areas Develop sheep breed capable of reaching 30kg at yearling weight No. √ 1 1 All Generate technologies that improve meat & skin quality of sheep and goats for export markets No. √ 3 2 1 All Evaluation & identification of cattle breed suitable for modern beef production from among indigenous breeds No. √ 1 1 All Generate technology/information that enhances the quality of cattle meat and hide No. √ 1 1 All Develop feeds and feeding technology for fish farming No. √ 1 - - 1 - All Develop appropriate technologies for aquaculture No. √ 1 - - 1 - All Generate information on economically useful fish resources, utilization method & level of pollution in lakes Tanna, Ziway, Langano and Koka No. √ 9 - 1 2 3 3 All Develop appropriate technologies for aquaculture No. √ 7 - 1 2 2 2 All Identification & documentation of fish No. √ 3 - - 1 1 1 79 Potential areas Technology Unit Technology Source Goal Year Local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 species in Blue Nile, White Nile, Omo-Gibe, Wabi Shebele and Tekeze Basins, Rift Valley Lakes and Tanna High rainfall and moisture stress areas Generate information on factors contributing to post harvest loss of fish in lakes Ziway, Koka & Tanna and control methods No. √ 6 - 1 1 2 2 High rainfall areas Develop technologies that enhance the production & productivity of dairy cows No. √ 2 - 1 - 1 High rainfall areas Develop technologies from herbs that prolong the shelf life of milk and milk products No. √ 3 1 - 1 - 1 High rainfall areas Generate information on the draft capacity of indigenous and crossbred oxen No. √ 4 - 1 2 - 1 High rainfall areas Generate information on the draft suitability and the capacity of oxen and horses in combination with different farm implements No. √ 4 1 2 1 80 Annex 4: Pastoral and agro pastoral Research Sector Goals Potential areas Technology Unit Technology Source Goal Year Local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Low Rainfall areas High Yielding drought resistant pearl millet variety √ 1 1 Low Rainfall areas High Yielding drought resistant Ming bean variety √ √ 2 2 Low Rainfall areas High Yielding drought resistant sorghum variety √ 4 1 1 1 1 Low Rainfall areas High Yielding drought resistant Maize variety √ 8 2 2 2 2 2 Low Rainfall areas High Yielding drought resistant Rice variety √ 5 1 2 1 1 Low Rainfall areas High Yielding drought resistant Teff variety √ 3 1 1 1 Low Rainfall areas High Yielding drought resistant Cowpea variety √ 1 1 Low Rainfall areas High Yielding drought resistant pigeon pea variety √ 1 1 Low Rainfall areas High Yielding drought resistant sesame variety √ 1 1 Low Rainfall areas High Yielding drought resistant groundnut √ 1 1 81 Potential areas Technology Unit Technology Source Goal Year Local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 variety Low Rainfall areas Improved water conservation technology, Improved Crop production system, type and amount of fertilizer in hectare, sloughing and Improved crop management methods √ 10 4 3 2 1 Low Rainfall areas Rain fall prediction model development for the purpose of decision making process in the dry land areas, Developing National agro-climatologically map for Agricultural Research purpose, developing map for seasonal rainfall characteristics around Melkassa, Metrological data base and determination of crop water requirement for major crops in the dry land areas. √ 5 1 1 2 1 Low Rainfall areas Water harvesting activities √ 2 1 1 Low Rainfall areas Integrated soil fertility and crop nutrient uptake (utilization) √ 2 1 1 Pastoral areas Intercropping Forage crops Versus Cereal Crops and Others √ 1 1 Pastoral areas Planting and Cutting methods of forage crops √ 1 1 Pastoral areas Rain-fed & irrigated varieties of forage legumes and grasses. √ 7 2 3 2 82 Potential areas Technology Unit Technology Source Goal Year Local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Pastoral areas Information On: Feeding improved forage crop varieties for better growth performance and milk production of goat Afar Sheep trait characteristics Breeding characteristics and Milk production of Afar & Somali Camels. Distribution of tuberculosis on camels. Effect of poisonous plants on camel production - Camel production and marketing √ 6 2 4 83 Annex 5: Soil and Water Research Sector Goals Potential areas Technology Unit Technology Source Goal Year Local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 High rainfall areas MPTs for soil amelioration √ 5 2 2 1 High rainfall areas Deficit water use and performance of tomato, chickpea, onion and potato. √ 5 2 1 2 High rainfall areas Deficit water use for potato under water harvesting system of small scale irrigation at Jeldu √ 1 1 High rainfall areas Indigenous soil and water conservation practices at Jimma, Dbre Zeit and Pawe √ 3 2 1 High rainfall areas Integrated watershed management in Yerer, Bishida and Arsi √ 3 3 High rainfall areas Soil conservation measures for gully stabilization √ 1 1 High rainfall areas Conservation tillage practices & crop performance under Nitosols conditions √ 1 1 High rainfall areas Land suitability, land productivity around Alemaya and Adele lakes √ 1 1 High rainfall areas Soil and water √ 2 1 1 84 Potential areas Technology Unit Technology Source Goal Year Local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 conservation measures for Yerer and Haru Low Rainfall areas Evaluation of water harvesting techniques for Debre Zeit &Chefe Donsa √ 2 1 1 Low Rainfall areas Soil loss and runoff under different management practices around Meiso area √ 1 1 Irrigated areas Different irrigation regimes for rice, cotton onion, orange, mardarine, maize, sorghum, potato, tomato, beans, rosemary, mint I middle Awash & wondo Genet. √ 13 2 5 2 4 Irrigated areas Irrigation scheduling for cotton sesame, maize, beans, sorghum, onion, tomato, in middle awash. √ 7 2 2 3 Irrigated areas Information on the use of coffee processing effluent for irrigation √ 2 2 Irrigated areas Information of large scale and small scale irrigation √ 5 5 High rainfall areas Starus of micronutrients in Nitosols, Cambisols, vertisols, &fluvisols √ 4 1 1 1 1 High rainfall areas Chemical fertilizer rate for wheat, tef, fafa bean, and field pea √ 4 1 1 1 1 High rainfall areas Soil based frtilizer recommendation for wheat and teff √ 2 1 1 High rainfall areas Response of teff for K fertilizer at Akaki, √ 1 1 85 Potential areas Technology Unit Technology Source Goal Year Local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Alemtena, Minjar High rainfall areas Information of soil nutrient contents √ 1 1 High rainfall areas N and P fertilizer rate for linseed √ 1 1 High rainfall areas Soil acidity amelioration options √ 1 1 High rainfall areas Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms identified √ 3 1 1 1 High rainfall areas Nitrogen fixing bacteria for grain legumes √ 7 3 4 High rainfall areas Vermi-compost of urban wastes for soil amelioration √ 3 1 1 1 Moisture stress areas Contribution of gypsum and nitrogen on cotton yield √ 1 1 Moisture stress areas Vermi-compost of urban wastes for soil amelioration √ 3 1 1 1 Moisture stress areas N fixing bacteria for haricot bean and ground nuts √ 2 1 1 High rainfall areas Digital soil map of Dbre Brhan, Assosa R.C. & Wondo Genet 3 3 High rainfall areas Digital soil map of Humera, Axum, Maytsemri R.C. 3 3 High rainfall areas Digital soil map of Bonga, Gambella, Yabelo 3 3 High rainfall areas Digital soil map of Gode and Semera 2 2 86 Annex 6: Forest Research Sector Goals potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Adequate rain fall areas Introduce and propagate four species of wasps to control Juniperus aphides and collect information on the wasps' ability in controlling the expansion of the aphides Number of information √ 1 1 Adequate rain fall and inadequate rain fall areas Introduce different tree species and study the site suitability/matching/ and growth to select the provinances with best growth performance Number of trees √ 8 3 4 1 Adequate rain fall areas Improved progenies of Juniperus procera,Grevillea robusta, and Prunnus africana with better growth performance identified No. √ 6 2 2 2 Adequate and inadequate rain fall areas Tree species of multiple uses and better growth performance on high land vertisols and suitable for central types of trees/shrubs √ 11 2 6 3 87 potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 low lands of the country identified. Adequate rain fall areas Guidelines/models used for the determination of better production, management and rotation age of Cupressus lucitanica developed Number of Guidelines √ 1 1 Adequate rain fall areas Technologies used for the domestication and propagation of the less utilized indigenous trees/shrubs (Bamboo, Trilipsium and Vitellaria spp.) developed Number of technologies √ 4 2 2 Adequate rain fall areas Tree species and management technologies that can improve the soil fertility, production and productivity of four cereal crops identified No. of technology √ 5 1 2 2 Adequate rain fall areas Information on site suitability for mixed plantation (fruit trees vs.tree crops) generated Number of sites √ 3 3 Adequate rain fall areas Technology used to improve the natural regeneration ability of bamboo generated No. of technology √ 1 1 Adequate rain fall areas Information on fungal attacks on lumber produced from nine indigenous and three exotic tree species and methods on how to Number of technologies generated √ 2 1 1 88 potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 improve the durability of these lumbers generated Adequate rain fall areas Nutrient cycling, fuel and fodder use of selected indigenous tree species identified Number of information generated √ 3 3 Adequate rain fall areas Information on area coverage, content and regeneration status of two indigenous tree species (Prunus africana, and Ocotea Kenyensis) generated Number of info. generated √ 2 1 1 Adequate rain fall areas Impact of rotation age, planting site and tending operations on lumber quality and service of Cupressus luitanica known No. of technology √ 1 1 Adequate rain fall areas Technologies suitable for the production of edible and medicinal mushrooms using agricultural residues and forest by products generated No. of technology √ 2 1 1 Adequate rain fall areas Technologies used for the various alternative use of lumbers produced from Eucalyptus deglupta and Juniperus procera identified No. of technology √ 2 2 Adequate rain fall areas Technology required for the conversion of round bamboo into lumber used for construction, furniture and office equipment generated No. of technology √ 1 1 89 potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Adequate rain fall areas Technologies for the development of glue laminated lumber boards suitable for the construction of columns and beams generated No. of technology √ 1 1 Adequate rain fall areas Technologies for the development of laminated boards from forest by products and agricultural residues suitable for the construction of houses generated No. Of technology √ 1 1 Adequate rain fall areas Information on the types of non-timber forest products, grown in natural forest, their socio-economic benefits, relationship with the total environ and contributions identified Number of information collated √ 3 1 1 1 Adequate rain fall areas Technologies suitable for the production of essential oils from various trees/shrubs, valaution of content and quality identified Number of technologies identified √ 4 1 1 2 Adequate rain fall areas The phenology, fruiting, and seed maturity period of various trees growing in different agro ecologies identified. Moreover, technology required to improve the germination power and storability of seeds collected from Number of trees √ 11 6 4 1 90 potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 different indigenous trees found. Adequate rain fall areas Best seed sources (mother trees) will be identified by comparing the germination ability of seeds and nursery performance of seedlings collected from different seed sources of indigenous trees grown in different agro ecological zone Number of trees √ 3 3 Low rain fall areas Pot sizes suitable for the development of Eucalyptus cammaldulensis and casuarina equisitifilia identified Number of technologies √ 2 1 1 Low rain fall areas Mixed plantation methods and pot sizes suitable for rehabilitation and development of seedlings for re afforestation of degraded lands identified. Number of technologies √ 4 2 1 1 Low rain fall areas Tree species and management technologies that can improve the soil fertility, production and productivity of two cereal crops identified Number of technologies √ 2 1 1 Low rain fall areas Technologies required for rehabilitation of degraded lands and Number of technologies √ 4 1 3 91 potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 restoration of degraded acacia wood lands identified pastoral areas Information on the nursery and field performance of trees species used for animal fodder, in Borena zone generated Number of information √ 2 2 Pastoral areas Information on the extent of gum and camphora producing trees/shrub species, mode of production, characteristics of products and market generated Number of information √ 4 2 2 92 Annex 7: Biotechnology Research Sector Goals Potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Preparation of rapid propagation protocol for the following coffee, pineapple, cardamom, vanilla, potato, enset, geranium, pyrethrum, citrus, banana, garlic No. of technologies √ 16 2 3 4 4 3 Pineapple technology multiplication* No. of seedlings in millions √ 7.3 0.001 0.6 2.2 2.2 2.3 potato technology multiplication* No. of seedlings in millions √ 0.6 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.5 Coffee technology multiplication* No. of seedlings in millions √ 3.1 0.1 0.5 2.5 preparation of technologies to multiply cross bred cows No. of technologies √ 2 1 1 Preparation of Bio fertilizer for selected soybean strains No. Of technologies √ 2 1 1 Mass inoculants production and packaging for Bio fertilizer Inoculants Quantity (Kg) √ 4.1 0.1 0.5 1.5 2 * The multiplication work will not be limited to these only but can be extended to any commodity as soon as the right protocol is obtained and the necessary facilities for mass production are in place. 93 Annex 8: Agricultural Mechanization Research Sector Goals Potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 High and low rainfall areas Cotton planter √ 1 1 High and low rainfall areas Papaya harvester √ 1 1 Low rainfall areas Tomato seed extractor √ 1 1 High rainfall areas Amicho pulverizer √ 1 1 High and low rainfall areas Cotton delinator √ 1 1 High and low rainfall areas Cereals and pulses winnower √ 1 1 High and low rainfall areas Extruder √ 1 1 High and low rainfall areas Bean thresher √ 1 1 Pastoral areas Feed mixer √ 1 1 High rainfall, low rainfall and pastoral areas Product catalogue with briefing about the implements specification, use and price √ 2 1 1 94 Table 9: Food Science and Post harvest Technologies Research Sector Goals potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 All Technologies for extending the shelf life of fruits and vegetables √ 4 1 1 1 1 All Weaning food formulations √ 2 1 1 All Rapid objective indicators for making quality food products √ 2 1 1 All Information on food processing quality attributes on varietals differences √ 5 1 1 1 1 1 95 Annex 10: Socioeconomics Research Sector Goals potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Information on adoption and impact of bread wheat, rapeseed, haricot bean and dairy technologies √ 4 2 2 Information on impact of technological change & productivity on livelihood of farmers √ 1 1 Information on adoption of technologies released and distributed to farmers between 1995-1998 E.C. √ 1 1 Information on productivity and profitability of crops produced in Arsi, rift valley, east and west Shoa and Asosa √ 5 1 1 2 1 Information on productivity, profitability and marketing system of small scale production in Ada Liben district √ 1 1 Information on economic feasibility √ 1 1 96 potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 of using farm yard manure as fertilizer than as household energy Information on risk management practices of farmers in east and west Shoa √ 1 1 Information on marketing of processed potato (Chips) √ 1 1 Information on cross-boarder livestock marketing √ 1 1 Information on seed system in central Ethiopia by assessing practices of seed producing companies √ 1 1 Information on live animal and meat export marketing system √ 1 1 Information on processing and marketing of products demanded in domestic and international markets √ 1 1 Information on alternative ways of producing and marketing of market oriented good quality outputs along with increasing productivity √ 1 1 97 potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Information on natural, cultural and institutional constraints of farming systems in highland, mid altitude and lowland areas of Ethiopia √ 2 1 1 Information on alternative policies and extension strategies for improving productivity and agro-ecological adaptability of crops and livestock's demanded in domestic and international markets √ 1 1 Information on constraints of sustainable management of natural resources in highland, mid altitude and lowland areas √ 1 1 98 Annex 11: Technology Multiplication potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Crop varieties Irrigated areas Cotton Quintal Basic 2500 300 400 500 600 700 Irrigated areas Cotton Quintal Pre-basic 1500 200 250 300 350 400 Irrigated areas Root crops Quintal Pre-basic 650 75 100 125 150 200 Irrigated areas Spices Quintal Pre-basic 100 10 15 20 25 30 Irrigated areas Cereals Quintal Pre-basic 2600 100 250 500 750 1000 Irrigated areas Aromatic and medicinal plants Seedlings Pre-basic 45 - - 10 15 20 Irrigated areas Cotton Quintal Breeder 360 50 60 70 80 100 Irrigated areas Root crops Quintal Breeder 500 50 75 100 125 150 Irrigated areas Aromatic and medicinal plants Quintal Breeder 42.5 - 5 10 12.5 15 Irrigated areas Aromatic and medicinal plants Seedlings Breeder 6500 1000 2000 3000 500 High rainfall areas Fruits No. Seedlings 100000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 High rainfall areas Coffee No. Seedlings 50000 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 High rainfall areas Fruits No. Sucker 100000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 High rainfall areas Cereals Quintal Basic 25000 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 High rainfall areas Spices Quintal Basic 7500 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 High rainfall areas Oil crops Quintal Basic 6250 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 High rainfall areas Vegetables Quintal Basic 62 7 10 12 15 18 High rainfall coffee Quintal Basic 450 80 85 90 95 100 99 potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 areas High rainfall areas Potato No. Basic 3500 600 650 700 750 800 High rainfall areas Fruits No. Cutting 100000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 High rainfall areas Cereals Quintal Pre-basic 15000 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 High rainfall areas Pulses Quintal Pre-basic 2500 400 450 500 550 600 High rainfall areas Oil crops Quintal Pre-basic 1750 250 300 350 400 450 High rainfall areas Vegetables Quintal Pre-basic 36 5 6 7 8 10 High rainfall areas Potato No. Pre-basic 2500 400 450 500 550 600 High rainfall areas Cereals Quintal Breeder 585 100 110 120 125 130 High rainfall areas Pulses Quintal Breeder 600 100 110 120 130 140 High rainfall areas Oil crops Quintal Breeder 175 25 30 35 40 45 High rainfall areas Vegetables Quintal Breeder 15 1 2 3 4 5 High rainfall areas Potato No. Breeder 1500 200 250 300 350 400 Livestock technologies High rainfall areas Dairy heifers No. 200 30 35 40 45 50 High rainfall areas Dairy bulls No. 50 10 10 10 10 10 High rainfall areas Day old chicken No. 7500 1000 1200 1500 1800 2000 High rainfall areas Fertile eggs No. 4950 500 750 1000 1200 1500 High rainfall areas Fish fries No. 100000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 100 potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Forest trees varieties High rainfall areas Improved and quality seeds collected from 40 indigenous and exotic tree species, growing in different agro ecological zones distributed to clients Kg 40000 8000 8000 8000 8000 8000 High rainfall areas forest seeds Tone 46 7 8 9 10 12 High rainfall areas Forest tree seedlings No. 57500 5000 7500 10000 15000 20000 High rainfall areas Seed stand established Ha 40 5 10 15 10 Agricultural mechanization implements High and low rainfall areas Cotton planter No. 3 3 High and low rainfall areas Papaya harvester No. 5 5 Low rainfall areas Tomato seed extractor No. 3 3 High rainfall areas Amicho pulverizer No. 3 3 High and low rainfall areas Cotton delinator No. 3 3 101 Annexe 12: Pre-extension demonstration activities potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Moisture reliable and unreliable areas Conduct pre extension technology transfer and evaluation No of technologies 150* 36 38 43 46 47 Moisture reliable and unreliable areas Training of subject matter specialist, Extension workers/development agents, selected farmers Number of trainees 10955 1660 2062 2175 2425 2634 Moisture reliable and unreliable areas Provide training on how to make food recipe No of training 6 1 2 1 1 1 Moisture reliable and unreliable areas Preparation of extension materials (manuals, leaflets, posters, etc.) 139 30 19 11 41 38 Moisture reliable and unreliable areas Sharing of experience and information among relevant stakeholders (consultative workshop, exhibition, traveling workshop, visits, field days, etc.) Number of forums 75 39 39 39 39 39 102 potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 * Since one technology can be demonstrated more than one year, the numbers may not be necessarily summed up Annex 13: Agricultural technology scaling-up and out activities potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Moisture-reliable and unreliable areas Pulse crops /Haricot bean, Lentil, Chickpea, faba bean, Field pea, Soyabean, soybean bio fertilizers/ No. of participant farmers 3522 3690 759 835 918 1010 Moisture unreliable areas 1822 300 330 363 399 430 Moisture- reliable areas Cereals / Durum wheat, finger millet, highland maize, malt barely, sorghum/ No. of participant farmers 2936 481 529 582 640 704 Moisture unreliable areas 4965 814 895 984 1082 1190 Moisture- reliable areas Oil crops /Sesame, ground nut, nug, linseed, gomen zer/ No. of participant farmers 1220 200 220 242 266 292 Moisture unreliable areas 492 81 89 98 107 117 Moisture- reliable /for irrigated/ areas Vegetable /Onion/ No. of participant farmers 791 130 143 157 172 189 103 potential areas Technology unit Technology Source Goal Year local Imported 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Moisture- reliable areas Root crops / sweet potato, potato, cassava) No. Of participant farmers 1589 261 287 315 346 380 Moisture- reliable areas Fruit crops / papaya, Avocado, banana, pine apple/ No. Of participant farmers 757 124 136 150 165 182 Moisture- reliable areas Essential oils and medicinal crops (pyrethrum, arthemesia) No. Of participant farmers 1831 300 330 363 399 439 Moisture- reliable areas Livestock feed, forage crops, poultry production, sheep rearing, dairy cow No. Of participant farmers 2060 260 290 312 436 762 Pastoral areas 766 125 138 152 167 184 Moisture- reliable areas Poultry No. Of participant farmers 85 7 10 15 23 30 Addis Ababa and surrounding areas Animal health / hide and skin pest control/ No. Of participant farmers 304 50 55 60 66 73 Moisture- reliable areas Acid soil management No. Of participant farmers 1463 240 264 290 319 350 Moisture-reliable and unreliable areas Forestry technologies/ Boswellia p. (incense) tapping technology Acacia Senegal, Eucalyptus, degraded land rehabilitation frame forestry/ No. Of participant farmers 304 50 55 60 66 73 Moisture unreliable areas Aquaculture technologies in small water bodies No. Of participant farmers 95 15 17 19 21 23 104