Eritrean Water Law (Proclamation No. 162 of 2010)

,:JIL"I >t'P~T M::Jwt. 1)0D11ilrf: h»C+t. 11~+9° fK. 18/2010 4?.1 >tflout.:23 ~"ill 2010 >t'P~ cM't 162/2010 "'" ~ a,,, h»C+t. ih:J'I! 9°Ah~ ckJtt 117/ 2010 ih.?.?+ 19°'/11 <;:~I: A;ND-1 ~1 +K'l Nt1 H.Jt1¥Ji lt11il;YJil1 ("+ Nllt"1) +K'l Nl1 '111 H.Jt1:,,cfi lt11il;YJ/l IL9°Cfl~ 'im-t a,y, <;:el+ GAZETTE OF ERITREAN LAWS PUBLISHED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF ERITREA Vol.18/2010 No.1 Asmara, 23rd August, 2010 Price Nakfa Proclamation No.162/2010 ERITREAN WATER PROCLAMATION Legal Notice No. 117/2010 Regulations for the Issuance of Permit for the Importation or Exportation of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) and Ozone Depleting Substances Based Equipment or Products "'"'~ «M"6 162/2010 1\'f' ~ "'I y, t..c:i-t. °7~ 1U~m:,. ao(lt..;r'I! i-~l\f...: 1/!\?°'¼T h1\ llTt-,t-j{.f'f K;J Ill\ 1fn,,',f 1\11 la.CTt. K;J °7~ 11'¼~',:,.1 '¼:P11 a,.rft.f: Ill\ 111'J..',: 'l?t-'e ml\11 °7~ hl\ 114>~1\. ~'¼fl Ill\ Hf\of 111fil'l i. ~H. '/1c ii-re K;J ,+:,. a,~ 1 rll>-r H.lfao~ >th'l11.f a,.1 '1Ah 1 m1:t ,+:,. 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'111 11ro,tl\t\- i,I\.+ ,:°I~ J\11 "111~ ~a,«i)fA :: 18 J\it{'Dt--: 23 ~"ill 2010 OD"t°l/t,f: J..CTt--:: PROCLAMATION No. 162/2010 ERITREAN WATER PROCLAMATION Whereas, water is a basic necessity for life and strategic resource for economic development; Whereas, there is scarcity of water resources in Eritrea both in quantitative and qualitative terms and the national demand therefor has been continually growing; Whereas, an adequate knowledge base on the water resources potential of the country and the environmental and other risk factors associated therewith is necessary; and Whereas, the establishment of competent institutions and comprehensive regulatory framework as well as integrated planning and coordinated development strategy and practice, as well conscious public participation constitute critical requirements for the effective and sustainable management, conservation and utilization of water resources at all levels; NOW, THEREFORE, it is hereby proclaimed as follows: CHAPTER I - GENERAL Article1: Short Title This Proclamation may be cited as "The Eritrean Water Proclamation No.162/2010". Article 2: Definitions In this Proclamation, unless the context otherwise requires: 1. "Data Base" shall mean the National Water Resources Data Base established under Article 12(2) of this Proclamation. 2. "Domestic use" shall include use of water for the purpose of: a) Human consumption, cooking, washing and cleaning, b) Watering of livestock; and c) watering gardens. 3. "Ground Water" shall mean water stored underground in rock crevices and in the pores of geologic materials that make up the earth's crust. 19 4. "Inspector" shall mean a person delegated by the Minister under Article 10 (6) hereof to perform the tasks setout under Articles 21 and 22 of this Proclamation. 5. "Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)" shall mean a systematic process for the sustainable development, allocation and monitoring of water resources use for social, economic and environmental objectives. 6. "Minister" or "Ministry" shall mean the Minister or Ministry of Land, Water and Environment. 7. "National Water Resources Master Plan" shall mean a planning document that aims at assuring the optimum water resources use and provides the appropriate development scenarios on short and long term basis in meeting the predicted socio-economic demand of the country. 8. "Permit" shall mean the document issued pursuant to Article 6 hereof entitling a person to engage in the development, use, extraction, collection, diversion, storage, conveyance, regulation , control, supply, discharge, treatment and/or measurement of water, in whatever form, inclusive of wastewater and recycled wastewater, in accordance with this Proclamation. 9. "Person" shall mean natural or a juridical person. 10. "Pollution" shall include the altering of the physical , thermal, chemical, biological or radioactive properties of any water so as to render such water less fit for any beneficial real or potential use, or to cause a condition which is hazardous or potentially hazardous to public health, safety or welfare, or to animals, birds, fish or aquatic life, or other organisms or to plants. 11 . "Proclamation" shall mean this Proclamation and regulations, issued hereunder. 12. "Public authority" shall include Government Ministries, Authorities, Offices and Commissions. 13. "Recycled wastewater" shall include wastewater that is treated and purified up to a certain quality level and is ready to be reused for a specific purpose. 14. "River Basin" shall mean a geographical area described by watershed limits of a water system including surface and groundwater flowing into a common terminus. 15. "Surface Water" shall mean wa~er that remains on the earth's surface including all water the surface of which is naturally exposed to the 20 atmosphere, such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, streams, impoundments, seas, estuaries, etc. , and all springs, wells, or other collectors directly influenced by surface water. 16. "Use" shall include withdrawing, pumping, extracting, taking , storing or diversion of water for the purpose of using or re-using that water. 17. "Waste" shall include sewage and any other matter or thing whether wholly or partly in solid, liquid or gaseous state, which if added to any water, may cause pollution. 18. "Water" shall include: a. Water flowing or situated upon the surface of any land; b. Water flowing or contained in: i. Any river, stream, watercourse or other natural course for water, ii. Any lak-e, pan, swamp, marsh, or spring, whether or not it has been altered or artificially improved; c. Ground water. 19. "Water Resources" shall mean the groundwater and surface water in a given area. 20. "Water Works" shall include any works, whatever their form, which are related to or may affect the investigation, use, control , management or administration of any water or waste and any works, excavation or boreholes: a. where water or waste may be used, extracted, collected, diverted, stored, conducted, regulated, controlled, supplied, discharged, treated or measured; b. where land may be irrigated and drained; c. where flooding or erosion of land or siltation may be mitigated or prevented; and d. any structure; partly or wholly situated within or on the bed or banks of any water course, or any other source of water. 21 Article 3: Objectives The objective of this Proclamation shall be to ensure that the water resources of the country are utilized in a sustainable manner and for the best social and economic advantage of the Eritrean people through: 1. conservation and protection from pollution and related risk factors of the country's water resources; 2. systematization of studies and documentation of data on water resources; 3. promotion of integrated water resources management and development as well as judicious prioritization of allocation and use of the same; 4. establishment of pertinent legal framework and institutions with clear mandate in consonance with the principles of Integrated Water Resource Management; 5. promotion of public awareness and participation in water conservation, protection and management and proper utilization; and 6. ensuring equity in the use, management and development of the resources. CHAPTER II - OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES Artic le 4: Public Ownership of Water Resources 1. All water resources in the country are the common property of the people of Eritrea and the State shall r·egulate them to ensure their management in a balanced and sustainable manner. 2. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any other written law, there shall be no right of private ownership of public water, and the control and use thereof shall be regulated as provided for in this proclamation. 3. All rights to investigate, assess, develop, allocate, protect and manage the water resources in Eritrea is vested in the State and the Minister shall be delegated to exercise these rights on its behalf in accordance with this Proclamation. 4. Notwithstanding the provisions of sub-article (1) and (2) hereof, rainwater falling on and stored in privately owned property shall constitute private dominion of the owner of the property. 22 Article 5: Water Use Right 1. Any person shall have the right to use water resources I compliance with the provisions of this Proclamation. 2. The use of water for domestic purposes shall have priority over any other water use rights Article 6: Permits 1 . Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 5 hereof, a permit shall be required for the use and development of water resources including but not limited to: a) water resource studies and related consultancy services; b) surface and ground water exploitation and use for municipal, industrial and agricultural purposes; c) construction and operation of any kind of water related works; and d) water use for recreational , inland fisheries' purposes. 2. Priorities in development, allocation and use of water resources shall be determined on the basis of the prevailing socio-economic realities and water policy of the country. 3. The conditions and formalities governing permits shall be defined by regulations and shall include, inter alia, types of water uses, well spacing and depth, al lowable quantity and takeoff rate of water, and quality standards that a permit holder has to meet; 4. A permit issued under this Proclamation shall be valid for such period as may be specified, and subject to such conditions as may be stipulated, therein . 5. Without prejudice to the possibility of renewal , a permit may not be issued for a duration exceeding 10 years. 6. Notwithstanding sub-Articles (1 )-(5) hereof, any person may without water use permit, while at any place where the person has a lawful access to a public stream or to a natural lake, pan or swamp, take and use pubic water therein for purposes of drinking, washing and cooking as well as for watering stock and other immediate needs. Provided nothing in this section shall be construed as authorizing construction of any works. 7. The modalities and formalities for the grant, suspension and revocation of permit shall be prescribed by regulations. Article 7: Wastewater Discharge Permit 1. A permit shall be required for wastewater disposal. 23 2. The modalities and formalities for the grant, suspension and revocation of such a permit shall be prescribed by regulations. Article 8: Environmental Impact Assessments No permit shall be issued under this Proclamation without prior submission of environmental impact assessment and its acceptability by the Ministry. Article 9: General Duties of a Permit Holder A permit holder: 1. may not, without authorization, engage in actions that alter the course and rate of flow and quality or quantity of water; 2. may not utilize the water for any other purposes, and /or in any volume exceeding than is allowable by the permit; 3. may not cause or allow any water to be polluted; 4 shall take precautions not to cause damage to the source from which water is taken, or to the place to which water is discharged after use; 5. shall take necessary precautions to ensure that no activities on the land where water is used results in the accumulation of any substance which may render water less fit; 6. shall observe all the terms and conditions- of the permit prescribed by regulations issued under this Proclamation; and 7. shall observe any special condition that may be attached to the permit. Article 10: Powers and functions of the Minister 1. The Minister shall ensure and monitor the implementation of this Proclamation. 2. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing , the Minister shall , in particular: a) monitor the status of the water resources of the country; b) cause research and studies to be carried out to assess the country's water resources potential and establish a proper database; c) co-ordinate the preparation of a national water master plan, ensure the compatibility of the same with the country's water policy, establish proper development and management schemes in the realization of the plan and promote appropriate participation and support of concerned stakeholders; 24 d) ensure that desired water quality standard is maintained and all water-related bodies and structures receive due protection against pollution, contamination and physical damage; e) issue water resources use permits and or set conditions and procedures of issuance of the same and maintain a national register of all permits granted under this Proclamation; f) require submission of plans and proposals from any person who applies for a permit to undertake any kind of waterworks and approve, reject, or require amendment of such plans and proposals; and g) cause the establishment of proper pricing schemes for the use of water resources. 3. The Minister may, in relation to the use of any water source, where the situation so requires, by public notice publicized in a manner appropriate for the area: a) regulate and or restrict a given source of water to be used for particular purposes; b) revoke or suspend a given water use permit at times of shortage or anticipated shortage; c) restrict or prohibit waste discharge permit or other permit issued under this Proclamation; and d) provisionally or permanently prohibit the use of water from a given source. 4. The public notice under sub-article (3) hereof shall indicate the justifications for the measures taken, and where the restrictions are provisional, the time within which the restrictions placed will be lifted. 5. The Minister may, when deemed necessary, establish a National Water Resources Advisory Board comprising different stakeholders and regional committees and define their functions within the spirit of this Proclamation. 6. Except for the power to issue regulations, the Minister may fully or partially delegate the powers and functions vested in him/her by this Proclamation. Article 11: The Ministry of Land, Water and Environment 1. The Ministry shall be responsible for the effective, efficient and sustainable development and protection of Eritrea's water resources. 2. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Ministry shall , in particular, have the following functions: 25 a) assessment and evaluation of the water resources potential of the country; b) formulation of national water policies and development strategies and plans; c) management, monitoring and evaluation of all water-related investigations, studies, design and specifications of water works, development project and programs; d) development and management of national water resources and mobilization of resources for the assessment, development, and management of the national water resources; e) review of environmental impact assessments (EIA) reports submitted under Article 8 hereof; f) integration of projects in water development; g) articulation of economic and social priorities in water resources development and use; and h) follow up, oversight and enforcement of action plans and programs approved in connection with the development, use, distribution and utilization of water; CHAPTER Ill - WATER RESOURCES PLANNING Article 12: Inventory of Water Resources 1. Necessary measures shall be undertaken to ensure that proper and systematic studies are conducted on water resources quality and quantity. The measures shall include: a) conducting surface and subsurface hydrologic and other relevant investigations; b) establishing a monitoring network including stream gauging stations, groundwater exploration boreholes, meteorological stations for hydrological and related purposes; c) collecting, compiling, processing and analyzing of basic hydrological, hydro metrological and water quality data; d) carrying out research to develop ways and means of water conservation, saving and purification, desalination and provide guidance and directives regarding the same; 26 e) assessing water pollution or contamination levels and tracing sources of pollution and contamination possible treatment methods; 1. A national water resource data base shall be established and kept under constant review and be updated, as necessary. 2. The information in the national water resources data base shall be accessible to the public in accordance with such modalities and formalities as shall be determined by the Minister. Article 13: National Water Resources Master Plan 1. A National Water Resources Master Plan shall be prepared and submitted by the Minister for endorsement by the pertinent national authority. 2. The Master Plan shall include: a) evaluation of the water resources potentials of Eritrea's river basins; b) identification of potential development works for domestic consumption,-agriculture, industry and other uses; c) evaluation of economic and social benefits; d) identification of development priorities; and e) pricing guidelines 3. An integrated water resources management approach shall be adopted in the implementation of the Master Plan. The integrated management plan shall: a) scientifically describe the resources; b) noting well the interests of the different and competing groups and sectors that use water, articulate the desired national objectives to be achieved including environmental, social, economic and other objectives; c) set out zones where water development activities may be conducted and the conditions that apply regarding any allowed development activity as well as the zones that are considered to be off-limits for any development activity; and d) specify the measures that need to be in place in order to facilitate the participation of local communities and other stakeholders in the management and protection of a given source of water. 27 CHSAPTER IV-POLLUTION PREVENTION AND ABATEMENT AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL Article 14: Protection of Water Resources 1. The Water Resources and related ecosystem of the country shall be protected against pollution and abatement. 2. The Minister, in collaboration and consultation with the appropriate public authority may: a) delimit the boundaries of the banks of certain water bodies; b) prohibit clearing, cutting trees or vegetations and construction of buildings and structures, within the delimited banks of water bodies; and c) if the environmental sustainability of a given water (body) resource so requires, declare it by regulations as off-limits for agricultural and industrial use. Article 15: Prohibition of Pollution 1 . No person may intentionally and or negligently pollute or contaminate water resources by direct or indirect means. 2. Any person who contravenes the provisions of sub-article (1) hereof shall be penally and civilly liable. 3. An authorized inspector shall have the right to take such measures as may be necessary, including entry to any land, in order to ensure compliance with the provisions of this Proclamation, provided no rights of privacy are violated. Article 16: Water Quality Standards Without prejudice to the powers given to the Eritrean Standards Institution under Article 7 of Proclamation No 75/1995, the Minister shall , in consultation with pertinent authorities, set standards and prescribe guidelines for water quality, including: a) potable water supplied to consumers in urban communities and rural communities with improved water supply system; b) different uses of water, including, but not limited to irrigation and industrial use; c) water desalination; d) water supply service providers. 28 Article 17: Wastewater quality standards 1. The Minister shall, in cooperation with the relevant authorities, set standards and prescribe guidelines for wastewater quality, including: a) water effluents from sewage treatment plants connected to a public piped sewer system; b) water effluents from enterprises and industries disposing off their wastewaters into receiving water bodies; c) water effluents from enterprises and industries, disposed off into public sewer system; d) the use of recycled wastewater. 2. The use of untreated sewage for irrigation shall be prohibited except for purposes of watering trees not used for consumption where the necessary precautions to protect the health of workers or other persons who may be impacted thereby and the environment are in place. CHAPTER V - CHARGES AND FEES Article 18: Service Fees Fees shall be charged for: a) waterworks consultation and/or construction permit; b) water use permit; c) waste discharge permit; and d) any permit relating to water, to renew or amend or transfer a permit to anther person. Article 19: Water Charges 1. Water charges shall be applied on the use of water resources allowed under this Proclamation. -- - - - - - - -- 2. The charges applied under sub-Article 19 (1) hereof shqll be designed in accordance with pricing guidelines such that progressive rates are employed with the view to: a) reflecting the principle that water is an economic commodity; b) helping manage demand; c)encouraging rationalize of water use; d) raise revenue for operation and management of the water system. 29 Article 20: The Right to Water 1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 18, the State shall exert all effort to ensure that every citizen exercises the right of access to basic supply of clean and safe water. 2. Schemes shall be developed to subsidize the costs associated with provision of basic water services for the disadvantaged segments of the society. CHAPTER VI REGISTRATION OF PERMITS, RIGHT OF APPEAL AND OFFENCES Article 21: Power to Require Records 1. The Inspector may, by a written notice which indicates the reasons, require any person engaged in water works to: a) install, operate any equipment and/or maintain recording or other equipment; b) take samples and carry out appropriate ar-1alyses; and c) provide to the Ministry with necessary data and information. 2. Data and information reasonably required under sub-Article (1) hereof shall be provided at the expense of the person. Article 22: Power to Enter Land 1. The Inspector may, at all reasonable times, enter into a land for purposes of performing his/her official functions to: a) take such measures and construct or operate works as may be necessary for investigation, allocation, control, protection, management or administration of water; and b) for the purpose of investigation of water resources construction works; install and equip gauging, recording and monitoring gadgets; investigate or monitor boreholes and ancillary works; make surveys; take measurements or samples; and/or make alterations or remove any of said gadgets. 2. In exercising the powers under sub-article (1) hereof the Inspector shall: a) produce document of evidence of status and explain the situation to the occupier of the land; 30 b) conduct the work during working hours, except in exigent circumstances, and stay on the land only for as long as is reasonably necessary for the work; c) remove from the land, upon completion of work, all structures, machinery, equipment, goods or building components brought on to the land, unless it is deemed imperative that these remain there; and d) leave the land, to an extent reasonably possible, in the condition in which it was prior to entry. Article 23: Compensation 1 . No compensation shall be payable to a rightful user of land merely because entry has been made upon such land in pursuance of the provisions of sub article 22 (1) of this Proclamation. 2. Compensation shall however be payable for all damages caused as a result of activities undertaken pursuant to Article 22 hereof. 3. In the absence of agreement such compensation shall be determined by the .High Court upon the institution of a case by the claimant. Article 24: Effect of inspection Any inspection approval given by the Inspector may not be deemed to imply that the works are properly designed or constructed or otherwise support or justify any claim against the public authority or Inspector in connection with the works. Article 25: Suspension and Variation of a Permit 1. The Minister may, by written notice, suspend or vary the terms and conditions of use of a water permit: a) where, the Minister reasonably believes that the water available in an area is, or is likely to become, insufficient in quantity or quality for the needs of the persons with use rights on the same; or b) where the permit holder transgresses his obligations under this Proclamation and conditions governing the particular permit. 2. The Minister may impose such conditions, with respect to any permit suspended or the terms of which are varied under sub-Article (1) hereof, as may be deemed necessary, including a requirement for payment of compensation to a holder of a suspended or varied water permit by the holder of another water permit, in the same area. 3. The Minister may also vary, as necessary, the terms and conditions of use of a water permit, upon request by a permit holder. 31 Article 26: Cancellation of a water permit 1 . Where the gravity of the matter so warrants the provisions of Article 25 ( 1) (a) and (b) hereof shall apply mutatis mutandis with respect to cancellation of water permits. 2. A water permit may also be cancelled where: a) the holder fails to use his permit within for two consecutive years and/ or violates the provisions of Article 15 hereof, and b) public interest so requires. 3. In case of violations the provisions under Article 25 (1) and (2) hereof, cancellation of a permit shall be preceded by a suspension notice to the permit holder specifying the reasons for suspension and requiring the permit holder to remedy the violation, within a specified period. 4. Notwithstanding the provisions of sub-Article (3) hereof, a permit could be subject to automatic rescission if, in the opinion of the Minister, the violation at hand is so grave as to warrant such a measure. 5. The permit holder shall be given an opportunity to be heard by the Minister before the permit is cancelled under sub-Article (4) hereof. Article 27: Settlement of Dispute Any dispute arising between license holders and or between a license holder and a third party concerning rights and obligations shall be examined and decided in accordance with regulations and procedures issued under this Proclamation. The decision may involve payment of compensation by one party to the other. Article 28: Judicial Review 1. Any person aggrieved by an adverse decision made under Articles 25, 26 and 27 hereof may, within 60 days after the decision having been rendered, appeal to the High Court. 2. The decision of the High Court on the appeal shall be final. Article 29: Offences A Person commits an offence where the person: 1 intentionally wastes, misuses, or without reasonable cause, excessively consumes water other than domestic purposes; 2. constructs or extends or causes to be constructed or extended any works contrary to the provisions of this Proclamations under which such person was required or authorized to construct or extend; 3. takes or uses water for a purpose other than provided by the water permit; 4 interferes with any hydrological or other monitoring station ; 32 5. assaults, threatens, resists, obstructs, hinders or delays an Inspector or public authority in the performance of any function or duty under this Proclamation; and 6. violates the provisions of Article 15 (1) hereof. Article 30: Penalties Whosoever convicts of an offence under this Proclamation shall be punished in accordance with the penal code of Eritrea. CHAPTER VII - MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS Article 31: Registration for Consultants and Contractors 1. Any person wishing to carry out investigations, studies, designs and supervisions on water works as consultant or to construct, supply and implement water works as contractor or supplier shall acquire a permit. 2. The Ministry shall keep a register of consultants and contractors issued permits pursuant to sub-article (1) hereof. Article 32: Existing permits 1 . All works lawfully constructed and all permits issued before the entry into force of this Proclamation shall be deemed to have been issued under this Proclamation and shall be registered in the form and within the period prescribed by regulations .. 2. Where a person fails to register his permit or works within the period prescribed such person's water permit or permit for works shall lapse and such person shall only be allowed to use water or carry out the works after obtaining a new water permit or permit to construct work. Article 33: Powers to issue regulations The Minister may, inter alia, issue Regulations regarding: 1. water resources management and quality control works, or related activities such as water conservation and water saving measures; 2. the registration and maintenance of records; 3. water fees and charges; 4. water supply and water permits; 5. internal grievance procedures; 33 6. dispute settlement between / among different users; 7. registration of consultants and contractors in water works; 8. the modalities and formalities for the grant, suspension and revocation of wastewater discharge permits; and 9. such other matters as may be deemed necessary for the proper implementation of this Proclamation. Article 34: Inconsistency Any laws or directives which are inconsistent with this Proclamation shall not apply with respect to any and all matters provided for in this Proclamation. Article 35: Effective Date This Proclamation shall enter into force as of the date of its publication in the Gazette of Eritrean Laws. 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