The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Updated Nationally Determined Contributions

Article 14. This is projected to result in ~39.3Gg emissions reduction. For the LULUCF sector, the overall target has been defined as 980% increase in carbon sequestration above 2018 22 levels by 2030. Benefitting from forest conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of carbon stocks as guided by the Warsaw framework for REDD+, it is projected that forests in Dominica will regenerate and will sequester ~648Gg carbon annually during the 21 The overall greenhouse gas emissions reduction target of 45% by 2030 below the 2014 baseline estimate includes estimates from the following sectors: Energy, Agriculture, Waste and Industrial Processes, as well as contributions from additional sectors for which estimates are not yet available. 22 As the emissions and removals for the period 2000-2017 in the updated national GHG inventory for the LULUCF sector were based on a forest that no longer exists and the post-hurricane conditions are different, the historical average of emissions could not be used to represent the expected future emissions or removals. 2018 was therefore defined as the reference year for this sector. 30 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions period 2020 to 2025 and ~621Gg during the period 2025 to 2030 assuming a return to BAU scenario23, with a total removal of -6,995Gg CO2e by 2030. Greenhouse Gases The GHGs covered by Dominica’s NDC include: o Carbon-dioxide (CO2) o Methane (CH4) o Nitrous-oxide (N2O) o Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) o Sulphur-dioxide (SO2) o Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Table 4: Greenhouse gases included in the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Greenhouse Gas Year CO2 CH4 N2O NMVOC SO2 HFCs 2005 119.00 1.56 0.097 2.30 0.218 0.003 2006 122.01 1.32 0.0054 0.172 0.250 0.042 2007 128.46 1.32 0.0054 0.074 0.274 0.056 2008 122.46 1.37 0.0055 0.142 0.248 0.060 2009 133.78 1.33 0.0054 1.110 0.282 0.049 2010 141.56 1.33 0.0054 0.043 0.299 0.046 2011 149.80 1.35 0.0054 0.850 0.316 0.045 2012 158.91 1.37 0.0054 0.583 0.335 0.053 2013 161.02 1.37 0.0054 0.358 0.339 0.046 2014 167.23 1.38 0.0053 0.645 0.355 0.051 2015 170.14 1.38 0.0053 0.524 0.362 0.049 2016 169.83 1.38 0.0053 0.481 0.356 0.049 2017 156.20 1.55 0.0048 0.455 0.305 0.046 Dominica’s TNC submitted in 2020 presented a GHG inventory with estimates for the period 2005 to 2017, as shown in table 4. These estimates were calculated based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories. However, default emission factors were used which presented a certain level of uncertainties in the estimates. Figure 3 shows the Business as Usual (BAU) scenario for the period 2005 to 2030, total and sectoral emissions from 2005 to 2030. The BAU scenario was based on information presented in Dominica’s Second National Communication, which provided emission changes from 2000 to 2005 as the starting point. The projections for sectoral emissions post 2014, were derived from the application of the energy 23 Having lost most of its forest cover following the passage of hurricane Maria, Dominica’s efforts during the period 2020-2025 will be mainly focused on reforestation activities. However, it is anticipated that from 2025 when much of the forest has been restored, some level of sustainable deforestation may begin. 31 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions intensity value for each of the mitigation measures analysed and further categorized according to the reporting year. Total emissions per year were the total of the sectoral emissions for each year. Hydrofluorocarbons In 2021, an HFC Assessment and Legislative Amendments for HFC Phase-down was conducted. This baseline assessment will support Dominica’s future NDC cycles, as well as support the ratification process for the Kigali Amendment. The objective of the HFC consumption study was to aid the country in the establishment of a consumption baseline, identify usage trends and identify the sectoral distribution of consumption. This study will also provide the country with a comprehensive overview of its national market by determining the sectoral consumption of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and HFCs and legislative amendments required to control HFCs. Under the Kigali Amendment Obligations, Dominica has established a phase-down plan which will take place in three stages, using 2020 to 2022 as the baseline period. Figure 3: Total and Sectoral GHG emissions scenarios from 2005 to 2030 32 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Table 5: Estimated HFC phase-down schedule for the period 2024 to 2045 Year Phase-down % Max HFC Consumption (tCO2) Consumption Freeze 2024 - 22,446 Stage I 2029 10% 20,201 Stage II 2035 30% 15,712 Stage III 2040 50% 11,223 Stabilisation 2045 80% 4,489 These mitigation targets will be achieved through a comprehensive suite of sectoral mitigation measures, including the development of Dominica’s geothermal resources for local and commercial purposes and synthetic fuels (refer to Box 7), an aggressive reforestation program accompanied by sustainable forest management (refer to Box 6), capacity building activities, supported by the establishment of necessary regulatory, institutional and systematic frameworks. This section presents the progress towards achieving the 2020 mitigation target of 17.9% greenhouse gas emissions reduction below 2014 levels. Dominica is still in the early stages of NDC implementation, which has been met with several challenges. Several mitigation measures have already been implemented, with further details provided in table 13. Based on preliminary estimates, the 2020 target has not been achieved. Table 6 below shows progress towards the 2020 target based on available data. Percentages have been calculated using the updated emissions baseline and GHG Inventory Data24 for the period 2015 to 2017. The GHG inventories for the period 2006 to 2017 were compiled using the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories as a component of the TNC. The following direct GHG - carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and partially fluorinated hydrocarbons (HFCs) and the indirect GHGs - non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were included. 24 https://di.unfccc.int/detailed_data_by_party 33 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Table (6): Total aggregate GHG mitigation progress in relation to the 2020 target in relation to the updated baseline estimate and excluding the LULUCF sector Previous Baseline Updated Baseline Progress 2020 Goal 2014 2014 2015 2016 2017 164.5 Gg 219.71 Gg -17.9% +1.3% +1.2% -3.7% Table (7): Mitigation Progress in Forestry and Renewable Energy Element Target Progress Carbon sequestration Carbon sequestration estimates for the of ~6,995 Gg CO2e by LULUCF sector started at ~1296Gg CO2e in LULUCF 2030 (~648Gg CO2e 2020, with further annual estimates of ~648Gg annually) CO2e. Refer to section 5.2.1 for further details. Commercial geothermal From 2027, - Geothermal Resources Development Bill is in resources development renewable energy the final stages of review before being export 200Gg+ presented to Parliament. annually - The regulatory framework for harnessing and export has been established. - Capacity development for harnessing and export has been completed. - Site assessments and feasibility studies have been carried out, which indicate that the energy capacity in the Roseau Valley Geothermal Resource area is at least 300 MW. The current production capacity based on wells already drilled is approximately 11 MW. - The geothermal resource potential of the Wotten Waven-Trafalgar-Laudat geothermal field was confirmed through exploratory and production well-drilling and a commercial production well with generation capacity of 11MW has been drilled. 34 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 5.1 Barriers to Progress Despite efforts to implement commitments under the Multilateral Environmental Agreements, several barriers to progress in achieving mitigation targets of Dominica’s NDC have been identified. These include, inter alia, natural hazards, financing, technology transfer and capacity development. Dominica experienced two extreme hydrometeorological events: Tropical Storm Erika in 2015 and Hurricane Maria in 2017, which resulted in damage and losses of ~90% and ~226% of GDP respectively. These events erased all traces of progress made towards the achievement of the SDGs and the Agreement but also highlighted gaps in the effectiveness of Disaster Risk Reduction measures. Lessons learnt from these experiences resulted in the development of a National Climate Change Policy and Action Plan (NCCPAP), which updates elements of the National Climate Change Adaptation Policy (2002) and the LCCRDS (2012- 2020). Subsequent to finalisation through public consultation, it is expected that the NCCPAP will be approved by Cabinet and will constitute Dominica’s National Adaptation Plan (NAP). Emphasising that climate change resilience is no longer optional, these two experiences only fuelled the determination to become the first climate resilient nation in the world. In the Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector, which continues to be vulnerable to natural hazards, the devastation caused by Hurricane Erika in 2015 and Maria in 2017 has resulted in destruction of a major sink and unintentional release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which is a major setback with respect to carbon sequestration goals. The level of forest decline that has occurred as a result, has not only made the likelihood of attaining the goal unattainable but has resulted in increased emissions due to the change in the land cover. This emphasizes the importance of establishing synergies and co-benefits between climate change adaptation and mitigation. Refer to Boxes 5 and 6 for further information on this sector and Boxes 7 to 9 for further mitigation initiatives being undertaken. Specific barriers within the Energy sector and capacity gaps required for NDC implementation are outline in tables 5 and 6 below. With regards to the development of Dominica’s geothermal resources, Hurricane Maria introduced significant set-backs to the project timeline, delaying its completion from 2025 to 2027. Financial challenges include: (i) high cost of insurance for such a large infrastructural project; (ii) availability of insurance for associated electricity transmission network; (iii) high mobilisation cost for specialist equipment and supplies; (iv) unfamiliarity of some lenders with Dominica and its risk profile; and (v) the insurance market has tightened in the Caribbean region due to recent losses from hurricane activity. Technical challenges include: (i) terrain constraints and mitigation costs, including – (a) transportation of drilling rig and large power plant components to the project site require improvement of the road network and constraints on 35 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions technical design; and (b) relatively high civil works costs; (ii) lack of economies of scale – limited base (relatively small power plant) for spreading operation and maintenance costs; and (iii) the need to upgrade the electricity transmission infrastructure. 36 BOX 5 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Adaptation and Mitigation Synergies within the Forestry Sector The capacity of forests to act as both a large sink and source, which can be abruptly reversed, coupled to the lengthy time-scale of forestation and the short time-scale on which hazards occur, makes attainment of sustainable forest management a seemingly elusive target due to the inherent dynamicity of the elements involved. Dominica’s impressive forest resources have been acclaimed by various natural environment researchers, as one of the best remaining tropical rainforests in the Eastern Caribbean. More than half of the land area is designated as forest, of which ~20% is protected by the Forest Act of 1958 and the National Parks and Protected Areas Act, 1975, with major positive implications for carbon sequestration, eco-tourism and development of a thriving green economy. Hydrometeorological events which are projected to increase in magnitude and frequency due to climate change, continue to present a significant challenge to the efficient management of this important resource. Winds and intense rainfall associated with recent hurricane activity (Erika and Maria), produced widespread damage to the forest reserves. This not only resulted in the loss of valuable biodiversity and ecosystem resources but also the unintentional release of emissions into the atmosphere. In the global context, until ~2005 Dominica’s greenhouse gas emissions were nil, due to the small size of the economy and population, combined with the ability of the large expanse of forested areas to sequester CO2 at levels that exceeded national greenhouse gas emissions from anthropogenic activities. The Bali Action Plan adopted in COP13, proposed for forests in developing countries to be considered as a key tool in climate change mitigation. The Warsaw Framework for REDD+ adopted in COP19 guides activities within the forestry sector to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as the sustainable management of forests and the conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries. Reforestation of priority areas in the forests which were impacted by storms, particularly Hurricane Maria using “Forest Enrichment Planting” of natural forests and with agro-forestry/silvopastoral systems mainly on degraded lands and adjacent agricultural farms, will not only aid in maintaining soil stability and fertility and enhancing other aspects of the forest ecosystem and biodiversity; but also opens the opportunity for increased community-tourism interaction in the form of farm-tours, increase in agriculture produce for the local, regional and international markets, large number and variety of fruits for agro-processing, and provision of work for community members through jobs created from the reforestation initiatives. Dominica as a small island state understands that its best opportunities are in the conservation of its forests, as it has actually done so far, and it is where it has its best opportunities to enhance socio-economic development, while making significant contributions in the field of climate change mitigation. Forests are important to both adaptation and mitigation so it is important to assess linkages between these strategies and identify opportunities to enhance the outcomes of both. The combined effect of synergies between adaptation and mitigation is greater than the combined effects if implemented separately. Adaptation and mitigation synergies can advance sustainable development, as they can effectively reduce the vulnerability of natural ecosystems and socio-economic systems; as well as maximise investment flows and contribute to enhancement of institutional capacity to manage climate change risks. While reforestation and protection will increase carbon sequestration, adaptive management of protected areas also leads to biodiversity conservation and reduced vulnerability to climate change. 37 BOX 6 REDD+ Strategy The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Strategy The REDD+ framework aims to cut emissions by providing regeneration and conservation. Dominica has initiated the financial incentives, backed by international funding, to development of a new forest map using Rapideye images reduce deforestation and forest degradation, promote forest with a resolution of 3-5m, which will complement the conservation and sustainable management and enhance forest information collected through the Collect Earth assessment carbon stocks in developing countries. For Dominica, on the land-use and land-use changes. conservation, sustainable forest management and A GEF-funded project “Dominica’s Protected Areas Estate: enhancement of carbon stocks are the key elements of the Establishment of Forest Reserves, National Parks and national REDD+ strategy. The National Land-Use policy and Proposed Buffer Zones, Forest Reserves and National Parks” the National Forest policy have both been developed in is one of the initiatives under the REDD+ program. This alignment with the overall objectives of REDD+. project seeks to improve the sustainability of protected areas, The following elements will be developed under REDD+: improve management effectiveness of existing and new protected areas, mainstream biodiversity conservation and  National Strategy or Action Plan sustainable use into production landscapes, seascapes and  National forest reference emission level and/or forest sectors and increase in sustainably managed landscapes and reference level seascapes which integrate biodiversity conservation in  Robust and transparent national forest monitoring system Dominica, using the Morne Trois Piton National Park as a  System for providing information on safeguards model for replication across other national protected areas. Staff of the Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Division, received training by the Coalition for Rainforest Nations (CFRN) to Methodology develop an updated National GHG inventory for the Forest The information on Activity Data (AD) was obtained from and Other Land-Use (FOLU) sector to estimate annual GHG land-use and land-use change assessments, which were emissions and removals for the period 2000-2017. This GHG conducted on the basis of a sampling approach (IPCC, 2006, inventory includes all IPCC categories and subcategories at V4, Ch3, Approach 3), in which the land-use was determined the national level, which includes land remaining in the same for each year of the timeseries (2000-2017), derived using the category and conversions to other land uses, considering all FAO’s Collect Earth is a tool which enables data collection lands as managed (IPCC, 2006, 2019). Due to the forest through Google Earth. Information on Emission Factors reserves being in the early stages of regeneration, having lost (EFs) was obtained from regional research, scientific most of it to recent hurricane activity, 2018-2020 is being literature as well as default values of the 2006 IPCC used as the baseline/reference period. Forest emissions and Guidelines and 2019 Adjustments to these guidelines. The removals projections will be done up to the year 2030, in the GHG inventory was developed using the Foundational first instance. Under the ETF’s monitoring, reporting and Platform calculation tool developed by CFRN. This tool verification system, Dominica has taken the decision to allows extraction of forest-related information from the GHG periodically update the national GHG inventory in alignment inventory to develop the Forest Reference Level (FRL) and with the NDC cycle. Therefore, it is anticipated that by the update the NDC projections, using the same data, methods, next NDC reporting period ~2025, the FOLU-GHG inventory assumptions and projections to ensure consistency in national may be further updated to the year 2023. Dominica is also reporting. This GHG inventory will be included in assessing the potential of the forestry sector as a market for Dominica’s First Biennial Report or Biennial Transparency carbon credit sales. However, this is highly dependent upon Report. This approach meets the requirements of Decisions 38 future occurrence of natural disasters, as well as rates of BOX 7 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions GREEN INDUSTRIAL ECO PARK (GIEP) The Government of Dominica has taken another major step The first component is a geothermal resource mapping as a display of its determination and commitment towards exercise will be undertaken in the town of Portsmouth, which becoming the world’s first climate-resilient country, will require twelve months of magnetolluric observations to through the visionary development of a Green Industrial facilitate production of the geothermal reservoir. This Eco Park (GIEP). The GCF, in its efforts to support the reservoir will serve as an on-site, dedicated and locally paradigm shift to low-emission and climate-resilient produced renewable energy source to enhance the economic development, has funded an Economic Feasibility Analysis viability of the GIEP. The second component will include: i) of the GIEP under the Readiness and Preparatory Support a comparative analysis for its optimal location, ii) Project. The GIEP will be an important vehicle and identification of industries to anchor the park, iii) financial instrument through which Dominica will achieve key operational models and iv) establishment of national green priorities outlined in their LCCRDS. These include: climate certification standards and an Institute to facilitate the green resilience, reducing GHG emissions, transition to a low- industrial transformation. carbon industry, promotion of carbon sinks, promotion of green communities, development of energy efficiencies and Synergies with the Sustainable Development Goals low-carbon technologies, improved connectivity and waste management. The GIEP will promote achievement of the following Sustainable Development Goals: Green Industrialization The GIEP will represent a key component of Dominica’s transition to green industrialization through its creation as an investment platform to attract domestic, regional and international private sector business entities and multilateral climate finance institutions in a collaborative engagement in climate resilience and mitigation. For Dominica, green industrialization will be characterized by the use of renewable energy, energy efficiency, green certification of industries, establishment of a National Green Certification Just Transition, Gender and Youth Considerations Institute under the aegis of the National Bureau of For developing nations, technology transfer through Foreign Standards – to facilitate the paradigm shift, the Direct Investment among others is seen as essential. Green implementation of green principles in business operations, industrial parks will not only allow Dominica to meet including the use of appropriate equipment and machinery, development goals but also to compete and integrate in the improvement in production processes, effective global economy. Green industrialization will not only benefit environmental management and recycling, central society as a whole through the increased generation of jobs management of waste, the use of steam and power. Its and welfare but also represents benefits for women, as a tool operation will focus on the principles of industrial ecology, for gender empowerment and the youth as well. The main circular economy, cradle to cradle and bio mimicry. As part beneficiaries of the GEIP will be workers – increased of the low-carbon transition, fossil fuels will be replaced by opportunities for sustainable employment, private sector – synthetic fuels. Dominica intends to be an important player significant opportunities for investment in renewable energy, in the regional and possibly international hydrogen supply households – increased disposable income and economic chain, through the export of green ammonia in the first livelihood, Dominica State College – research, partnerships 39 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions instance and possibly liquid hydrogen and other synthetic and student development. fuels whenever it becomes feasible. The developmental model will begin in the northern region of the island and will be replicated elsewhere on the island, It will entail two (2) components: 40 Electrification of the Transport Sector The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions To achieve its road transport emissions reduction target of The scope of works under LCTD include: 20% by 2030, Dominica has taken important steps towards green electricity production, which has the potential to form  Development of an excel-based transport emissions the backbone of an electrified transport system. Dominica model to capture energy usage, GHG and other pollutant won a proposal with Grutter Consulting for support in the emissions for roads and vessels, as well as the relative development of low-carbon transport premised upon the use contributions from different vehicle categories. of ITMOs. The co-financing from this support is critical for  Assessment of options to achieve low-carbon transport the sustainability and viability of the project to be developed including: i) identification of options and impacts of with the Green Climate Fund (GCF). In furtherance of this fostering public transport, ii) options of non-motorised effort, the Government of Dominica has entered into a transport/transit-oriented development and micro- bilateral agreement with Switzerland for implementation of mobility schemes including shared mobility eg. electric the Paris Agreement. bicycles, scooters and motorcycles, iii) options for e- mobility for different vehicle categories including buses, Low Carbon Transport Dominica cargo delivery vehicles, passenger cars and vessels, a systems analysis is made including vehicles, charging The Government of Dominica has engaged in a Readiness infrastructure, grid impacts and grid adjustments or and Preparatory Support project funded by the GCF titled upgrades required and options for (decentralized) “Low Carbon Transport Dominica” (LCTD). The objective renewable energy supply, assessment of the usage of EVs of this project is to identify a framework for Dominica’s for increasing climate resilience to extreme weather transition to a sustainable low-carbon transportation system. events as back-up grid and storage, iv) options for This Readiness Project will facilitate improved data hydrogen vessels including assessment of the entire collection for the sector (road and maritime) including hydrogen value chain (hydrogen production based on emissions, important for reporting, identification of measures electrolysis using RE, hydrogen logistics, hydrogen and monitoring; improved emission modelling (top-down and filling stations and hydrogen vehicles) with a special bottom-up) useful for reporting, analysis, projections (up to focus on hydrogen-based vessels 2040), identification and assessment of low-carbon transport  Development of policy instruments and business models options, respective policies and business models, formulation to incentivize low-carbon transportation options. This of a low-carbon transport roadmap and development of also includes the formulation of a low-carbon financial instruments to access climate finance for transportation and EV roadmap implementation of low-carbon transport measures.  Assessment of finance options for low-carbon Deliverables include a transport emission inventory and transportation. Finance options to be considered include model, a report on low-carbon transport options for upcoming e-mobility funds currently under design by the Dominica, including an in-depth assessment of the most IDB and by a consortium of AFD, GIZ, KFW and CAF. promising options, a low-carbon transport roadmap and a 41 Development of a concept note for an identified low- BOX 9 Kalinago The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Zero Waste Community Project The Kalinago Territory Zero Waste Community Project has a one-year life span (2021-2022). This project seeks to improve the current system of waste management within the Kalinago Territory and reduce marine pollution through a strong waste diversion program which fosters separation of recyclable and compostable material at the source. The overall goal of this project is the establishment of the Kalinago Territory as a Zero waste Community. This project is being implemented by the Dominica Solid Waste Management Corporation (DSWMC), with funding support by the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Commission under the Building Resilience in the Eastern Caribbean through Reduction in Marine Litter (ReMLit25). The ReMLit Project is funded by the Government of Norway through the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Context Poor waste management, including inappropriate storage, handling and disposal, plays a major role in the generation of marine litter. The Kalinago Territory, located on the east coast of Dominica, has a network of rivers, ravines and gullies which run directly into the Atlantic Ocean. These waterways act as a direct link for the transmission of illegal dumping and litter into the ocean. The method of waste collection within the territory is that of curb side, where Project Activities bagged refuse is placed out for collection and ravaged by stray animals, dogs and vagrants, which lead to widespread o Public awareness and sensitisation littering within the territory and ultimately marine pollution. o Conduct a situational analysis and needs assessment Both curbside waste collection arrangements and available o Procurement of waste receptacles to facilitate waste storage for household waste are inadequate. These conditions separation at the household level are exacerbated by the absence of mechanisms for source o Establishment of composting facility/facilities separation, especially for recyclable waste and the o Establish monitoring and evaluation of the waste diminishing lifespan of the landfill due to the volume of reduction and management system for enhanced daily household garbage generated. The immediate sustainability beneficiary of this project is the Kalinago community. Successful implementation will provide DSWMC and other SDG Alignment governmental agencies with a replicable and scalable model which can be replicated and upscaled across the Commonwealth, as well as contributions to marine health. 25 https://oecs.org/en/marine-pollution-eastern-caribbean 42 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 5.2 Sectoral Pathways to NDC Mitigation Targets This updated NDC was guided by the most important identified and quantified benchmarks (consistent with global energy economic models26), for climate action to be taken by 2020-2025, associated with limiting global warming to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels by 2030. These benchmarks are as follows:  Sustain the current growth rate of renewables and other zero and low-carbon power generation until 2025 to reach 100% share by 2050  No new coal power plants, reduce emissions from existing coal fleet by 30% by 2025  Last fossil fuel passenger car sold by 2035–2050  Develop and agree on a 1.5°C - consistent vision for aviation and shipping  All new buildings fossil-free and near-zero energy by 2020  Increase building renovation rates from less than 1% in 2015 to 5% by 2020  All new installations in emissions-intensive sectors low-carbon after 2020, maximize material efficiency  Reduce emissions from forestry and other land use to 95% below 2010 levels by 2030, stop net deforestation by 2025  Keep agriculture emissions at or below current levels, establish and disseminate regional best practice, ramp up research  Accelerate research and planning for negative emission technology deployment In order to achieve the total greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets in the time frame outlined above, the following sections identify sectoral measures which will be implemented to promote low-carbon, climate-resilient development conditional upon timely receipt of climate change financing. Table 12 details the ongoing and planned mitigation projects contingent upon climate finance. Table 13 details the information required to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Dominica’s NDC. 5.2.1 LULUCF Human activities can influence terrestrial sinks through land use, land use change and forestry. The role of LULUCF activities in both climate change mitigation and adaptation has long been recognized. Sustainable management of activities in the LULUCF sector can contribute to mitigation through enhanced GHG removals from the atmosphere, reduction in GHG emissions through a reduced loss of carbon stocks, as well as adaptation co-benefits. The following sections describe targets and activities under the REDD+ Strategy and Land Degradation 26 Kuramochi et al. 2017 Ten key short-term sectoral benchmarks to limit warming to 1.5C 43 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Neutrality-Target Setting Programme (LDN-TSP), which represent mitigation efforts within the LULUCF sector. 5.2.1.1 REDD+ Strategy Deforestation and forest degradation accounts for approximately 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions. The forest sector accounts for such a large share of emissions that it is essential to the achievement of the 1.5C or 2C limit to atmospheric warming. The Paris Agreement delivered a strong message that REDD+ forms a critical and prominent component of the global goal of net-zero emissions by the end of the 21st century. The Warsaw Framework for REDD+ adopted at COP 19, guides activities in the forest sector which reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as the sustainable management of forests and the conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries. National REDD+ strategies define, inter alia, direct and indirect drivers of deforestation, baselines and forest monitoring systems, reference emissions levels, social and environmental safeguards. Dominica has traditionally been considered as a ‘rainforest nation’ and a carbon sink up until 2017 following the passage of hurricane Maria, which resulted in the loss of ~85% to 95% forest (depending on the location and forest type) and ~100% grassland and crop cover. Based on the most recent land use and land use change assessment (2020) done by the Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Division, Dominica now has ~57.664 ha of remaining forest, mostly montane rainforest (~28.271 ha) followed by semi-evergreen forest (~10.234 ha) and coastal forest (~12.150 ha). The TNC submitted in 2020 which covered the period 2005 to 2017, included a GHG emissions inventory for LULUCF. However, prior to this, the last forest inventory was performed in 1987. As a result of the outdated dataset, the GHG inventory used was based on default values from the FAO Global Forest Resource Assessment data (FAO STAT). For the Emission Factors, Dominica fell into the category of having little or no country specific data available and thus Tier 1 was followed, using 2006 IPCC defaults values. It is important to note that the LULUCF sector was not included in the overall national target for the following reasons. Firstly, the LULUCF sector is particularly vulnerable to natural hazards and therefore there is a high level of uncertainty in future forest cover. Additionally, this sector has the potential to be included in future carbon trading initiatives (based on rate of recovery) and therefore the Government of Dominica has taken the decision for it to not be included in the overall 2030 target, to ensure environmental integrity. As a result, the forestry targets identified under the LULUCF sector are conditional targets. Refer to Box 6 for further details on the REDD+ initiative. 44 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions REDD+ Activities Definitions for the assessment of the Forest Reference Level (FRL) required defining key REDD+ terminologies within the Dominican national context. The definitions for forest and the three (3) REDD+ activities considered are: Forest Defined as forest lands with a canopy cover equal or higher than 60%, with a minimum area extension of 1 ha and woody vegetation of minimum 3m height or higher, including temporary unstocked areas with the potential to reach the forest definition. Conservation Defined as the areas of forest lands remaining forest lands under the Protected Areas System. Conservation also includes, as stated in the National Land Use Policy and Plan, any areas identified as sensitive zones for natural resources management that are considered as "specially conserved areas". The priority of the system of protected areas is to effectively manage forests to conserve the natural biodiversity and function, and contributes to the sustainable socio- economic development, resilience and well-being of all citizens and users 27. However, since hurricane Maria in 2017, these areas were significantly affected and now these are prioritized for natural regeneration. Sustainable management of forest Defined as the areas of forest lands remaining forest lands under management strategies, within the Protected Areas System, in particular in the two forest reserves (Central Forest Reserve and Northern Forest Reserve). Since hurricane Maria in 2017, these areas are prioritized for restoration, rehabilitation, and reforestation activities. Sustainable management of forest also refers to restoration, rehabilitation, and reforestation activities on farmlands and unallocated state lands28. Enhancement of forest carbon stock Defined as croplands, grasslands, wetlands, settlements and other lands converted to forest lands, as well as lands utilizing agroforestry practices that enhance forest carbon pools. 27 Dominica Protected Areas System Plan Report 28 These are state lands where no specific land use has been assigned 45 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Deforestation Defined as forest lands converted to other lands (croplands, grasslands, wetlands, settlements, and other lands) and forest degradation, defined as forest land and remaining forest land affected by human disturbances (logging and fires) and natural disturbances (hurricanes). These were accounted for and reported for the years 2000 to 2017. The reason for excluding emissions reductions due to deforestation and forest degradation under REDD+ activities, is because in 2017 Dominica lost about 90% of their forest cover in forest lands29, due to hurricane Maria and the remaining 10% was still affected with mainly the understory being left behind. Therefore, currently Dominica’s efforts are mainly focused on restoring the forest lands. National Inventory The Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Division has taken the initiative to lead and develop a national LULUCF GHG inventory, which includes GHG emissions and removals for all IPCC categories and sub-categories at the national level. The total land area is 750 km 2 (75,000 ha). The country was divided into ten parishes and a systematic sampling grid of 1605 plots located 700m distance apart was used to allow national coverage of the island for the analysis. Data and Methods For the development of the inventory, land remaining in the same category and conversions to other land uses, considering all lands as managed were included. This includes the pools above- ground biomass, below-ground biomass, dead wood and soil organic carbon. Harvested wood products were excluded due to lack of available information. Above-ground biomass was obtained from the National Forest Inventory from Saint Lucia (2009), as both islands share the same forest types and no recent forest inventory has taken place in Dominica. Below-ground biomass and dead organic matter were obtained from default values of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Soil organic carbon was obtained from the FAO Global Soil Organic Carbon Map-GSOC map, from FAO (2019). NDC projections for the 2020 to 2030 period include the carbon pools: above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, dead organic matter, and soil organic carbon. Carbon-dioxide, methane and nitrous- oxide emissions from biomass burning in forest land categories are included. Emissions in carbon-dioxide equivalents (CO2e) are reported using the 100-year global warming potentials (GWPs) contained in IPCC’s Second Assessment Report (AR 2). Activity Data (AD) was obtained from land-use and land-use change assessments, which were conducted on the basis of a sampling approach (2006 IPCC, V4, Ch3 Approach 3), in which the 29 Post-Disaster Needs Assessment Hurricane Maria September 18, 2017. https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/publication/Dominica_mp_012418_web.pdf 46 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions land-use was determined for each year of the time series 2000 to 2017, derived using the FAO Collect Earth tool. Emission Factors (EFs) were obtained from regional research, scientific literature and default values of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and 2019 Refinements to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. For the development of the FRL, Dominica selected a Land Based Approach, which means that the REDD+ activities were assessed altogether, and therefore, no specific FRLs were developed by activity, to ensure environmental integrity. Therefore, REDD+ results will be evaluated as an integral outcome of national activities. The GHG Inventory was developed using the Foundational Platform calculation tool developed by the Coalition for Rainforest Nations. This tool allows extraction of the forest-related information from the GHG inventory to construct the FRL and update the NDC projections, using the same data, methods, assumptions and projections, which ensures full consistency among the reports. Reference Period The case of Dominica is unique. After Hurricane Maria in 2017, the land use assessment indicated that depending on the location and forest type, about 85% to 95% of the forest was lost. Therefore, despite a historical annual analysis of GHG emissions and removals was developed, it cannot be used as benchmark. This means, that from an estimated 6.3 million tC of stock in the forest previous to the hurricane, it went down to approximated 600,000 tC of stock (figure 4). As a result, all conditions prior to 2017 no longer applied and from 2018, forest lands presented new conditions due to the loss of the majority of the forest cover. Dominica acknowledges the importance of building the reference level based on the post-hurricane conditions in 2018, particularly, considering the remaining forest cover area, which was about 15% to 25% compared to 2017 before the hurricane. Definition of the NDC based on the Forest Reference Level Historical forest-related GHG emissions and removals average 1,103,640 tCO 2e from 2001 to 2017 (refer to table 8). However, this average does not represent future projected emissions and removals dynamics for Dominica, as prior to the hurricane, Dominica was a net sink with an average of -90,940.4 tCO2e removals (averaging over the period 2001-2016). Due to the passage of hurricane Maria in 2017, where emissions were approximated 20 million tCO2e, Dominica shifted from a sink to a source with more emissions than removals. In addition, as these emissions and removals were based on a forest that no longer exists and the post- hurricane conditions are now different, the historical average of emissions cannot be used to represent the projected future emissions or removals. After the hurricane, some forest areas started to regenerate naturally, in other forest areas, restoration, rehabilitation and reforestation projects have been necessary, for which the Government has drafted multiple projects to support and enhance the forest recovery. 47 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions As a result, the selected baseline considers the projected C removals for the period 2020-2025 only due to post-disturbance forest regrowth, as natural regeneration started in 2018, along with the expected C removals of lands converted to forest lands, using the historical average, calculated as -648,028 tCO2e/yr. It is assumed that the forests will undergo a continuous recovery until 2025 with no further disturbances. From the period 2025-2030, it is assumed that some forests would reach the pre-hurricane C stocks and that the BAU scenario calculated for the period 2000-2017 for deforestation might be applicable once the forests have recovered. Thus, the removals will be lower and there will be more emissions related to deforestation calculated as -621,369 tCO2e/yr (refer to table 9). Therefore, Dominica will use the post- hurricane C stock of 606,778 tC as benchmark for assessing the country’s performance in implementing the REDD+ activities referred to in decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 70. Table 8: Forest related net balance of GHG emissions and removals 2001-2017 (tCO ) Net balance Net balance Net balance Net balance Net balance emissions and emissions and emissions and emissions and emissions removals in F Year removals in F>F removals in F>F removals in and removals converted to (undisturbed) (disturbed) land converted (tCO2e) other land uses (tCO2e) (tCO2e) to F (tCO2e) (tCO2e) 2001 -110,612 -110,612 0 0 0 2002 -110,612 -110,612 0 0 0 2003 -110,612 -110,612 0 0 0 2004 -110,612 -110,612 0 0 0 2005 -97,787 -110,079 0 0 12,291 2006 -80,606 -110,079 0 0 29,473 2007 -105,128 -110,079 0 0 4,951 2008 -105,128 -110,079 0 0 4,951 2009 -105,128 -110,079 0 0 4,951 2010 -105,128 -110,079 0 0 4,951 2011 -90,377 -109,723 0 0 19,346 2012 -49,053 -109,266 0 0 60,213 2013 -97,396 -109,266 0 -29,031 40,901 2014 -60,511 -108,911 0 -1,541 49,941 2015 -23,274 -107,718 17,744 -1,541 68,240 2016 -93,085 -107,439 -545 -29,014 43,913 2017 20,183,601 -279 20,107,923 203 75,754 48 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Average 1,101,680 -103,266 1,183,831 -3,584 24,699 Figure 4: Historical C Stocks before Hurricane Maria (2017) and Projected C Stocks recovery from 2018 to 2030 (tC) 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,325,645 6,000,000 6,330,289 5,000,000 tC 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,799,523 1,000,000 606,778 0 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Historical Stocks [tC] 2000-2017 Expected stock recovery (BAU) Table 9: Projected net GHG emissions and removals in LULUCF (tCO2e) Expected net removals Year in LULUCF (tCO2e /yr) 2020 -648,028 2021 -648,028 2022 -648,028 2023 -648,028 2024 -648,028 2025 -648,028 2026 -621,369 2027 -621,369 2028 -621,369 49 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 2029 -621,369 2030 -621,369 Total -6,995,012 5.2.1.2 Land Degradation Neutrality – Target Setting Programme The Government of Dominica has launched a Land Degradation Neutrality-Target Setting Programme (LDN-TSP) in 2017, in support of the three indicators of SDG target 15.3: land cover, land productivity and soil organic carbon stocks, which correspond to the progress indicators adopted by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). Using the LDN scientific conceptual framework, analytical tools and methodological guidance developed by the UNCCD to support this process and building upon the LDN baseline, the country identified and specified significant relevant LDN targets and possible associated measures to address land degradation processes in Dominica. A proposal was developed which defines national targets, as well as sub-targets. These targets contribute to all three NDC components: mitigation, adaptation and resilience. The national targets are outlined as follows: - LDN is achieved by 2030 compared to 2015 - An additional 20% of degraded national lands are improved The sub-targets are outlined as follows: - LDN is achieved in Saint Andrew and Saint David parishes (as areas where human activities (agriculture-based) exacerbated vulnerability to land degradation) in the country by 2030, compared to the 2015 baseline (no net loss) - Improve 20% productivity and Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) stocks in cropland and grasslands for the entire country by 2030, compared to the 2015 baseline - Rehabilitate 75% of the degraded land in Saint Andrew and an additional 100 km 2 in other parts of the country through the introduction of sustainable crop production by 2030 (based on results for areas with most degradation) - Promotion of sustainable land management practices to improve productivity of the land through the restoration of 25% of degraded areas with 100 km 2 of sustainable croplands and agroforestry (based on results of LPD degraded areas over land cover transitions) 50 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions - Incorporate LDN as an innovative land-use planning principle in Dominica (through a possible amendment of the National Land Use Plan and/or its incorporation in the planning activities of the Physical Planning Division) - Strengthen the monitoring and enforcement regime of the Physical Planning Act through increased financial and human resources 5.2.2 Energy As one of the few nations that can be considered “carbon-neutral” in light of the nation’s limited use of fossil fuels (~28% from renewable sources) and a significant system of protected carbon sinks, Dominica continues to enhance its green energy transformation. Dominica’s LCCRDS not only serves as the programmatic nexus for capturing conventional and innovative sources of sustainable development and climate financing but will also facilitate Dominica’s transformation to a climate-resilient economy, while at the same time implementing, monitoring and building upon existing low-emission, climate-resilient development projects and programmes. The Government has declared a national target of 100% renewable energy by 2030 and 98.6% GHG emissions reduction in Energy Industries, as an indication of its level of ambition to accelerate the transition from a dependence on imported fossil fuels to a more sustainable balance of national renewable energy resources. Refer to table 10 for a list of mitigation measures within the energy sector. Energy sources will include renewables: geothermal (main), solar, wind and hydro-power, as well as synthetic fuels: biofuels, hydrogen and ammonia. Increasing energy efficiency will further reduce energy costs and increase environmental sustainability. Dominica has also engaged the GCF for an Economic Feasibility Analysis of a Green Industrial Eco Park to advance these plans. Refer to Box 7 for further details. In addition, it is expected that the commercial development and continued harnessing of Dominica’s geothermal resources will, from 2027, enable the country to export significant amounts of renewable energy (estimated to exceed 200Gg annually) to the nearby French Territories of Martinique and Guadeloupe, thereby further contributing to regional efforts and the global stocktake under Article 14 of the agreement. The Geothermal Resources Development Bill, which is in the final stages of review, makes provisions for the regulation of geothermal resources with the objective of ensuring the sustainable development of the resource and ensuring its allocation to the uses which are most economically beneficial to Dominica. Geothermal resource development has advanced considerably through the GCF-approved Sustainable Energy Facility for the Eastern Caribbean regional programme, which aims to address financial, technical and institutional barriers to development. The 10MW power plant will be based on binary cycle geothermal power plant technology, which is a closed-loop system with 51 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions near-zero emissions. A further 5MW is being planned for the domestic market, approximately four years following the commissioning of the first 10MW. With the exception of an expanding hydro-power industry and political preference for geothermal energy development, growth and diversification of Dominica’s renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives have been limited mainly by regulatory barriers to adoption and marginal energy efficiency measures. However, Dominica has implemented several energy efficiency and renewable energy projects between 2007 and 2017. Table (10): Sub-Sectoral Mitigation Measures within the Energy sector Sub-Sector Mitigation Measure Energy Generation Use of renewable energy sources and energy saving measures (refer to previous section) Electricity Consumption - Building energy performance - installation and appliance efficiency with the objective of net-zero in new and renovated buildings; net-zero buildings with energy efficiency certification like Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), Platinum certification and Passive House certification need to be introduced Buildings - Building Roofs and Walls: implementation of energy efficiency measures; natural lighting; design guidelines for new and retrofit buildings; green roofs - Natural Ventilation and Cooling: geo-exchange air- conditioning units - H2O heating: solar water heaters - Lighting: Use of LED lamps, photo cells, motion sensors, automatic light level controllers Food preparation: Encouraged transition to RE use, energy conservation practices through public awareness campaigns Attire: Less formal/casual attire more suited to a tropical climate to reduce the need for air-conditioning units to be encouraged Playground Lighting: LED fixtures to replace halogen or metal halide versions destroyed by Hurricane Maria; solar PV Solid Waste: Significant improvements in waste management, particularly backyard and municipal composting, separation at source, and reduction and recycling of plastics will sharply reduce the amount of waste transported to the landfill. Transport: Aggressive switch to green transportation, focusing on electric vehicles and possibly fuel cell vehicles. A few rapid charging stations can be setup around the island powered by hydro or wind to provide the daily charging requirement, with solar PV reserved for top-up at bus stops and parking garages. Walking/Cycling: A combination of improved public transportation, enhanced pedestrian walkways, routes and sidewalks, and public awareness on the cross benefit of exercise. 52 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 5.2.3 Agriculture For the agriculture sector, the Government of Dominica has set a target of 50% emissions reduction by 2030. Several areas have been identified where greenhouse gas mitigation measures can be achieved within this sector. Transformational approaches will include: enhancing soil organic carbon, reducing soil erosion, mitigating N2O emissions, eliminating short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs), introducing manure management, continuing no tillage and replacing fossil fuel farm energy with biofuels and other forms of renewable energy. In addition, reduction or elimination of slash and burn practices, disposal of cuttings through burning, burning of grass or fibre by workers to repel biting insects and the burning of shrubs and weeds can further reduce emissions. 5.2.3.1 Agroforestry Dominica has set a target of 50% increase in agroforestry farmers by 2030. Agroforestry systems offer opportunities for synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation. Agroforestry will contribute to mitigation efforts through increased: (i) carbon sequestration – increased carbon storage in biomass above and below ground, as well as soil organic carbon; and (ii) reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. 5.2.4 Transport A target of 20% emissions reduction by 2030 has been set for the transport sector. This emissions reduction target will be achieved mainly through initiatives for the road and marine sub-sectors. Globally, the transport sector contributes approximately a quarter of all energy- related GHG emissions. In Dominica, the transport sector accounted for the largest amount of CO2 emissions between 2006 and 2016, with a small decline in 2017. Dominica has engaged in a GCF-funded project: Low-Carbon Transport Dominica, the objective of which is to identify a framework for Dominica’s transition to a sustainable low-carbon transportation network. Refer to Box 8 for further details on the Low Carbon Transport Dominica initiative and table 11 for targets under this project. 5.2.4.1 Road Transport As with most developing countries, road transport consumes an increasing amount of petroleum, particularly private cars and buses. To mitigate this trend, two priority steps have been taken: (i) the introduction of a policy mandating that all government vehicles, at their time of replacement, be replaced with hybrid vehicles; (ii) the introduction of market-based mechanisms to motivate the private sector to purchase hybrid vehicles when replacing current vehicles. It is anticipated 53 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions that these actions will continue beyond 2030 to bring about an estimated emissions reduction of ~12Gg. 5.2.4.2 Marine and Air Transport Dominica has set a target for 100% emissions reduction in the shipping sub-sector by 2030. Achievement of this will largely be based on the development of synthetic fuels. Refer to Box 7 for further details. Although Dominica does not own or operate any airline and has little influence on the fuel used by airplanes, Dominica Air and Sea Port Authority (DASPA) has embarked on a program to augment airport and sea port facilities with off-grid electricity using solar PV and possible hydro. 5.2.5 Solid Waste Globally, waste represents the fourth largest source sector of emissions, accounting for ~3.2% of total GHG emissions. For Dominica, there has been little progress towards the emissions reduction target of 78.6% and emission increases in this sector have been largely attributed to the passage of hurricanes Erika and Maria, which further exacerbated efforts. The Government of Dominica recognises the important role of sustainable waste management in the circular economy. To achieve the communicated emissions reduction target of 78.6% for the waste sector, Dominica is committed to the transition to sustainable waste management and a circular economy by 2030. Refer to Box 9 for pilot project with the Kalinago Community. To support the transition, the following needs have been identified:  Facility and equipment upgrades  Financing  Regulatory framework  Capacity-building for waste management technologies, data collection and inventory Designing a landfill to capture methane, such as a bioreactor landfill or use of waste-to-energy conversion technologies are also feasible options to address environmental, economical and societal sustainability. In addition to environmental and public health benefits, this also provides socio-economic benefits such as income creation. Dominica’s existing landfill is a modern, engineered landfill with a liner, leachate collection and capping. Methane collection vents were installed from the start and have been venting the methane produced from the organic waste decomposition process since 2005. This project will reduce most of the methane from the landfill by: (i) diverting organics from the waste stream that is currently deposited in the landfill; and (ii) 54 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions suitably preparing the landfill and installing a flaring system. In addition, the present landfill needs to be expanded if it is expected to receive more waste within the next 4 years. The previous dumpsites that were closed also need to be considered for methane collection and flaring systems. In order to further reduce methane emissions and reach NDC targets, the present volume of organic waste brought into the landfill (~40% of all waste) needs to be reduced. This can be done by implementing a fully integrated solid waste management program that involves the following:  Public awareness and extension program throughout the island  Curb-side pickup of organic waste (separation from source with revised collection system)  Curb-side pickup of individual types of non-organic waste (separation from source with revised collection system)  Material recovery facilities and composting facilities in selected regions on the island Upgrading only the landfill will not solve the problem of methane gas emissions unless what is actually brought to the landfill is managed systematically. In order to achieve this goal, upgrades and equipment will be required with forecasted emission reductions estimated to be in excess of ~11Gg. 55 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Table (11): Transport sector targets identified for implementation of the Low-Carbon Transport Dominica Project Outcomes Targets Outputs Activities Developed or enhanced strategic Development of transport A bottom-up emission transport - Collect data for emission modelling of the transport sector including frameworks to address policy emission inventories and models model including projections to but not limited to vehicle mileage, fuel type, emission standard, and gaps, improve sectoral expertise, to facilitate reliable and detailed 2030 vehicle characteristics. Data collection is made for the road and the and enhance enabling emission projections which can maritime sub-sector, including gender considerations environments for GCF be used to assess and monitor programming in low-emission quantitatively low-carbon - Develop an excel-based transport emission model to capture energy investment transport options usage, GHG and local pollutant emissions from the road and the maritime sub-sectors - Train stakeholders from government and the private sector, including gender considerations, on the update and usage of the model Development of low-carbon A cabinet-endorsed, low-carbon - An initial assessment of low-carbon transport options considering transport options to produce a transport roadmap, which technical, financial, social and economic components, with a focus on low-carbon transport roadmap, includes a detailed assessment electric mobility, public transport, NMT, low-carbon logistics and low- which serves as a policy of at least two low carbon carbon shipping (road and maritime sub-sectors) guidance document and shall transport measures enable Dominica to achieve the - Conduct a gender-based assessment of mitigation options NDC GHG transport target - Develop the low-carbon roadmap including policies, incentives, objectives, targets, stakeholders, expected impacts (environmental, economic, social, gender), actions to implement, and financial means - Conduct a stakeholder consultation workshop (motorists, shipping interests, government officials, private sector and gender experts) to validate the proposed roadmap - Based on the initial assessment and the stakeholder consultation, the 2 most promising options will be selected for further development. This may include technical assessment, impacts on energy sector, environmental/social/economic/ financial impacts, risks, business models, finance requirements, policy options, regulatory instruments and incentive instruments 56 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions An increased number of quality Submission of a concept note to Assessment of climate funding - Assess various available climate finance options for low-carbon concept notes developed and the GCF as a step towards options for low-carbon transport transport available to Dominica, including pros and cons of each submitted implementation of the low- option. Options include climate technology funds, GCF, emission carbon roadmap trading under Article. 6, bilateral donors etc. Submission of a concept note for - Develop a concept note to the GCF for low-carbon transport in low-carbon transport to the GCF. Dominica, based on financing options selected for investment by The concept note will be based private sector interests on the option the private sector interest is willing to advance and - Consultant to engage local stakeholders and potential investors invest in. The options for other further to advancing the other options developed for different transport transport modalities will be used modality. To include elaboration of roadmap previously developed by Dominica to engage other potential investors Development and dissemination Increased awareness and Inform local stakeholders on - Organize and conduct two workshops on details listed under outputs, of best practices with respect to knowledge on low carbon requirements (infrastructure, with multiple stakeholders (motorists, shipping interest, government institutional capacity building and transport options of private and human resource, finance, officials, private sector and gender experts) on motorized transport, coordination, direct access, and government stakeholders training, economy of scale, and non-motorized transport, shipping low-carbon transport options pipeline development to affordability for end users) for the strengthen engagement by establishment of low-carbon - Development of training material on content detailed under outputs. NDAs, DAEs and delivery transport modalities Training material will include printed materials, flyers and visual partners with the GCF presentations. Appropriate gender considerations and equality to be reflected in materials and flyers 57 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Table (12): Summary of Climate Change Mitigation Activities contingent on financial support30 MITIGATION ACTION Geothermal Energy Resources Development and Commercialisation Geothermal power plant design and construction, Capacity development: energy assessment, development and technologies Establishment of regulatory framework for harnessing/export Capacity development for harnessing/export Establishment of soft financing for community and small-scale private geothermal plants Viable geothermal technology options assessment Geothermal resources inventory development Solar Energy Resources Capacity development: solar energy conversions and technologies Establishment of soft financing for community and small-scale private solar power conversions Introduction of incentives for solar heating conversion Evaluation of viable photo-voltaic technology options Establishment of feed-in tariffs for solar producers Design and construction of pilot solar power facility and connection to electrical grid 30 https://unfccc.int/documents/227871 58 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Wind Energy Resources Development of Wind Atlas Establishment of soft financing for community and small-scale private wind power conversions Capacity development: wind energy assessments, development and technologies Establishment of feed-in tariffs for wind producers Design and construction of wind farm on East coast and connection to electrical grid Hydro-Power Resources Establishment of soft financing for community and small-scale hydro-power conversions Capacity development: hydro-power assessments, development and technologies Development of inventory of hydro-energy potential and assessment of commercial viability of technologies Establishment of feed-in tariffs for hydro-power producers Development of pilot hydro-power plant and connection to electrical grid Biofuel Resources Establishment of soft financing for community and small-scale hydro-power conversions Capacity development: first- and second-generation biofuels technologies, processes and costs Feasibility assessment of viable first- and second-generation biofuels options Establishment of legislative support to facilitate introduction of biofuels for vehicles and generators 59 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions GHG Emission Reduction Feasibility assessment of appropriate waste-to-energy technologies Greenhouse gas audits of waste landfills Upgrading of roads to improve connectivity, reduce travel time and vehicle emissions Implementation of pilot waste-to-energy technologies Capacity development: forest/agriculture inventory process including computerised forest monitoring technologies; viability assessment for protection of additional forest/agriculture land and marine areas Assessment of carbon uptake by forest/agriculture lands and marine areas; protection of new and additional carbon sinks Capacity development: greenhouse gas projections Low-Carbon Services and Technologies Capacity building workshops: energy auditing, greenhouse gas auditing, energy conversion, low-carbon technologies (installation and maintenance), appliances and equipment; including establishment of standards and certification programs. Professional certification of low-carbon management service/technology providers Green Communities and Infrastructure Commissioning of energy/GHG audits of cities, public infrastructure Establishment of soft financing for energy conservation and conversion to renewable energy technology Conversion to solar powered LED street lights Establishment of green areas in urban development Conversion of public buildings/infrastructure to low-carbon technologies in Portsmouth 60 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Establishment of vehicle upgrade and maintenance programs to phase in the conversion to fuel efficient and low-carbon vehicles (solar powered, electrical, biofuel powered, hydrogen powered) Climate Change Financing Expertise Capacity development: climate change finance acquisition Design and legal establishment of Climate Change Trust Fund for conversion to low-carbon technologies Assessment of viable options for conversion to low-carbon technologies using market-based instruments (carbon levies) Table (13): Information necessary to facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding of Dominica’s NDC Para Guidance provided by Decision 4/CMA.1 ICTU applicable to Dominica’s NDC 1 Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting Total GHG emissions reduction baseline: 2014 point(s); Forest carbon sequestration baseline: 2018 (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the Total GHG emissions estimates for the 2014 reference year has been updated to ~219.71Gg, as reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting reported in the updated National GHG Inventory of the TNC. Sectoral emissions estimates (Gg) for the point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; reference year are as follows: Energy (~167.24); Industrial Processes (~0.05); Agriculture (~22.17) and Waste (~30.25). These values may be further adjusted in the future in accordance with section 1(f) below. (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Not applicable Paris Agreement or policies and measure as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for Overall Emissions Reduction Targets example in percentage or amount of reduction;  39% by 2025  45% by 2030; Sectoral Emissions Reduction Targets  Energy Industries: 98.6%  Agriculture: 50% 61 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions  Solid Waste: 78.6%  Industrial Processes: 8.8%  Transport: 20%  Shipping: 100%  Commercial/Institutional, Residential and Fishing: 8.1% Other Targets  100% renewable energy by 2030 (principally from geothermal resources)  200Gg+ annual export of geothermal resources to Martinique and Guadeloupe from 2027  ~648Gg forest carbon sequestration 2020-2025, ~621Gg 2025-2030 through REDD+ Strategy  50% increase in agroforestry farmers  10% HFC emissions reduction by 2030 (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); Quantification of reference points are based on the National GHG Inventory reported in Dominica’s Third National Communication. This was compiled using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the Consistent with Decision 18/CMA1 paragraph 28, the GHG inventory will be periodically reviewed by values of the reference indicators. technical experts. Values may therefore be updated or recalculated due to the inclusion of new sectors, methodological improvements or changes in the reporting format. Information on any updates will be reported in the Biennial Transparency Report. 2 Time frames and/or periods for implementation (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, January 01, 2022 to December 31, 2030 consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Multi-year targets  Total greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets for 2025 and 2030  Forest carbon sequestration projections for 2020-2025 and 2025-2030 (refer to 1d) Single-year target  Sectoral emissions reduction targets by 2030  100% renewable energy by 2030 (principally from geothermal resources)  200Gg+ annual export of geothermal resources to Martinique and Guadeloupe from 2027  10% HFC emissions reduction by 2030 62 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 3 Scope and Coverage (a) General description of the target; This is a total emissions reduction target from the baseline year (2014) and involves progressive reduction of total greenhouse gases for each of the target years: - 39% by 2025 - 45% by 2030; - 100% renewable energy usage by 2030, mainly from geothermal sources, also from synthetic fuels - From 2027, 200Gg+ geothermal energy export to French Territories: Martinique, Guadeloupe - ~648Gg annual forest carbon sequestration from 2020-2025 and ~621Gg from 2025-2030 Geographical Scope: Nationwide and sectoral as described in 3(b) below (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined Sectors contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental - Energy Industries Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; - Agriculture - Transport - Manufacturing & Construction - Commercial/Institutional, Residential, Fishing - Solid Waste - LULUCF Direct GHG Gases: - Carbon-dioxide (CO2) - Methane (CH4) - Nitrous-oxide (N2O) - Partially fluorinated Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Indirect GHG Gases: - Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) - Sulphur-dioxide (SO2) (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of Dominica continues to strive for the inclusion (and protection where applicable) of all sources and decision 1/CP.21; (indicating how the Party is striving to include all sources sinks in its NDC, as evidenced by the inclusion of both direct and indirect GHGs. However, this is and sinks, and why any categories are excluded); conditional upon the receipt of timely access to international finance, technology development and transfer, as well as capacity building support for implementation of priority mitigation measures. 63 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or The country has adopted an integrated approach to adaptation and mitigation to achieve climate economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, resilience. There is considerable potential for mitigation co-benefits particularly in the forestry and measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic agriculture sector (refer to Box 5), supported by relevant regulatory and institutional frameworks for diversification plans. achievement, which have been detailed in the accompanying text. 4 Planning Processes (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement NDC Planning Process with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; This was led by the National focal point in the Ministry of Environment, Rural Modernization and Kalinago Upliftment, in conjunction with the Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica, with technical support from UNDP. Prior to the NDC revision, target progress and stakeholder capacity development assessments were performed. This involved an assessment of the institutional, regulatory and systematic frameworks developed in support of climate action and NDC implementation, progress in NDC implementation, as well as capacity gaps and training requirements. Further details in section 4.1. NDC Revision Process Domestic Institutional Arrangements: Several cross-sectoral institutions have been established to ensure mainstreaming and alignment with national processes and plans; and to coordinate and implement initiatives in relation to climate change adaptation, mitigation and resilience. Stakeholder Engagement: Recognising the importance of increased national awareness and participation in the NDC process at all levels and stages of development, an inclusive approach was adopted. This involved stakeholders at all levels of society: public sector, private sector, government officials, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), community-based organisations (CBOs) and civil society. This was achieved mainly through online surveys, key informant interviews and virtual consultations, with support from staff and other consultants under UNDPs Climate Promise Initiative. These consultations provided stakeholders with an opportunity to engage with members of the Government and negotiators and provide their inputs on the climate change negotiations, whilst also suggesting ideas to government for filling up of any gaps that might exist on Dominica’s approach to 64 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions the Paris negotiations. It also provided an opportunity for stakeholders to engage in the work done on enhancing NDCs, and provide their inputs on what they think should be put forward as Dominica’s contribution. It will further enhance the culture of a sustainable national dialogue and provides a platform for all stakeholders who have an interest in climate change negotiations and also increases acceptance of implementation measures. Community and Indigenous Persons, Gender Considerations: The Country Assessment report for the Commonwealth of Dominica - Enhancing Gender Visibility in Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change in the Caribbean, provides insights on the extent to which mechanisms for climate change risk management effectively incorporates gender considerations. The study highlights key measures which are required to achieve gender equality in climate change risk management in Dominica which is fundamental for the survival and well-being of the country’s population. It also supports the development of better public policies for climate change risk management that can help key stakeholders to anticipate and prevent the differentiated impact of hazards on each woman and other vulnerable segments of society. Dominica’s Government acknowledged its responsibilities to the Kalinago peoples and is committed to working and supporting them in the realization of self- determination and other human rights as outlined in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Specific strategies have been proposed in the NRDS, which fall under capacity building, promotion of social justice and preservation of culture. Priority climate change adaptation measures have been identified in collaboration with the Kalinago Group to reduce threats to the people, culture, livelihoods and existence of the Kalinago Territory. (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable Geography: The Commonwealth of Dominica, located at 15 north latitude and 61 west longitude, development and poverty eradication; occupies a central position between the French Territories of Guadeloupe and Martinique to the north and south respectively. At approximately 29 miles in length and 16 miles at its widest point, it represents the largest of the Windward islands to the west and the Leeward islands to the east. Known for its rich and diverse natural environment, Dominica has been nicknamed the “Nature Island of the Caribbean”. The island, home to some of the richest mountain rainforest, blue-green slopes, rushing streams, waterfalls and cloud-drenched mountain peaks rises to almost 5000 feet. The island was formed by volcanic activity, which persists as evidenced by ongoing earthquakes, and the presence of sulphuric springs and steam vents. These together with scenic attractions such as the Boiling Lake and the Valley of Desolation contribute largely to their growing eco-tourism industry. Dominica’s rugged landscape is attributed to its volcanic origins. The vulcanicity of the island makes it susceptible 65 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions to geophysical hazards. Dominica is part of a group of 47 countries and territories which have been classified by the United Nations (UN) as Small Island Developing States (SIDS), which face a multitude of unique challenges and are particularly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change. Vulnerability: Dominica has always been in a vulnerable position economically, socially, culturally, and environmentally. Dominica is particularly vulnerable to climate-related natural hazards, which are exacerbated due to climate change. These include increased frequency and magnitude of tropical storms, extreme weather events (flood, drought and heatwaves), unfamiliar rainfall patterns (seasonality and total amounts), sea level rise and heightened storm surges, as well as the devastating multitude of impacts on lives and livelihoods. Recent hurricane activity (2015, 2017) has highlighted the level of vulnerability and risk, setting Dominica on a path to becoming the world’s first climate-resilient nation. Vulnerability to climate change in Dominica, like many other SIDS, is aggravated by external pressures affecting its resilience and adaptive capacity. This includes trade, (positive and negative) impacts of globalization, financial crises, international conflicts, external debt, as well as internal conditions such as population growth, poverty, political instability, unemployment, reduced social cohesion and a widening gap between the rich and poor and their interactions. Population: Dominica was originally populated by Amerindian peoples, known as Kalinago or Caribs. This is the only island in the Caribbean that still possesses distinct communities of these indigenous people. Population estimates for 2011 indicate that Dominica had a population of approximately 71,293 persons (a decline from 74,750 in 1994), including two thousand Kalinago, the remaining survivors of the first inhabitants of the island. The total population comprises 36,411 males and 34,882 females. The population is mostly of African and mixed African/European descent, with European, Syrian and Indigenous minorities. Dominica ranks as one of the top five countries in the world with the highest net emigration, with the size of the Dominican diaspora more than double the country’s existing population. After the devastation caused by Hurricane Maria in September 2017, an estimated 20,000 persons left Dominica to seek education and employment in neighbouring countries. Large expanses of mountainous topography have limited human settlements to narrow coastal areas particularly in the south and west with approximately 44,000 persons (62%) living along the coast prior to Hurricane Maria. There are two primary population clusters: Portsmouth and the capital city Roseau and its environs, which is the largest community with 14,847 persons, representing almost 21% of the total population. In 2017, 40% of the population resided in rural areas. Biodiversity: Dominica boasts a rich, largely unexploited, multi-layered rain forest area of ~45,000 hectares, which constitutes more than half of the island’s 75,000-hectare land area overall. The island is rich in volcanic soil and having high rainfall amounts it is well-served by over 365 cascading streams, rivers and natural pools. Since 1975, an extensive system of national protected areas provides a significant carbon sink and affords protection for approximately 20% of the national territory. Protected areas include one marine park, two large forest reserves (Central and Northern) and the Morne Trois Pitons National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site. 25% of Dominica’s forest lands are 66 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions legally protected either as forest reserves or National Parks. The island has a rich and diverse flora and fauna, which are influenced by its geography and history. The natural forest is home to the most diverse assortment of rare wildlife species among the smaller Caribbean islands, which accounts for ~48% of local food supply. The country’s biodiversity provides the key natural resources to support the economy. Climate: Dominica’s climate is characterized as tropical maritime with characteristically warm temperatures and intense rainfall. The day-time average of 26-27C in coastal areas decreases to 19- 21 in mountainous areas. Whereas night-time temperatures averages 18-22C along the coast and 10-12C at higher elevations. Relative humidity is consistently high throughout the year, averaging ~ 85% in mountainous interior areas. Excessive heat and humidity are tempered to an extent by the steady flow of the north-east trade winds. Annually, the climate is distinguished only by rainfall amounts, with a dry season from December to May and a wet season from June to November. The average yearly rainfall ranges from ~1,900 mm for coast areas to ~5,000 mm for inland areas. Generally, rainfall is less on the islands’ western leeward coast which, due to the prevailing winds, is within the rain-shadow of the mountainous interior. The steep, mountainous terrain alters temperatures, winds and rainfall which results in a number of micro-climates. The rugged topography results in considerable amounts of orographic rainfall, making it the wettest island in the eastern Caribbean with annual rainfall totals exceeding 10,000 mm (400 inches) in some of the higher elevations and rendering the island susceptible to landslides particularly in mountainous areas. Dominica’s position within the Atlantic hurricane belt combined with its climate, makes it vulnerable to hydrometeorological hazards. Economy: With gross domestic product (GDP) standing at US$517 million (2014 - IMF estimates), the Dominica economy reflects many of the traditional features of a small open economy. This includes a high level of dependence on external trade as a proportion of GDP, dependence on single sector export products (in this case agriculture) and tourism revenue, high levels of underemployment and unemployment, and dependence on foreign capital (both public and private sector) for investment into productive sectors and for infrastructural development. Over the past 10 years, economic growth in Dominica averaged approximately 3.7% per annum, dropping to 1.5% by 2015 before suffering further decline after Tropical Storm Erika (2015) and Hurricane Maria (2017) resulting in a 9.5 percent decline in GDP for 2017. Prior to Hurricane Maria, the population of the country has remained relatively unchanged over recent years (approximately 70,000), and is not expected to increase in the next 10- 15 years. Since the year 2000, contributions to GDP have increased in the agricultural, private education and hospitality industries, with declining trends in manufacturing, real estate and banking. In 2016, the top imports to Dominica were refined petroleum, soap, medical instruments, low voltage protection equipment, and gravel and crushed stone. Dominica’s main export of agricultural goods include bananas, cereal and pellets, tropical fruits, cassava, citrus, beer, pasta, spices, and vegetables. Although the economy is described as predominantly agricultural, the country is actively 67 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions exploring prospects in tourism, and is also developing the production of geothermal energy. Sustainable Development: Dominica has always been in a vulnerable position economically, socially, culturally, and environmentally. Although economic growth was slowed by a myriad of unfavourable development activities, particularly with respect to trade, there were underlying weaknesses in the economy such as a reliance on one or two sectors. This lack of diversity exacerbated vulnerability to economic shocks and poor fiscal management led to unsustainable debt levels. Dominica has prioritised sustainable development and achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs), as evidenced by the many projects in the pipeline to ensure these goals are met by 2030. Climate change poses unique threats to sustainable development, however, Dominica’s Citizenship by Investment (CBI) Programme has been a crucial element in funding many of the projects that have put them well on track to attain the SDGs. Details of these projects can be found in Annex I. The Ministry of Planning and Economic Development has overall responsibility for national planning, coordination and monitoring of policies and plans in relation to the SDGs. In addition, an interim SDG Technical committee has been established and a national structure as the formalized oversight mechanism is in preparatory phase. In 2018, the National Resilience Development Strategy (NRDS) 2030 was approved by Dominica’s government. This long-term national plan which considers the unique challenges faced by SIDS, is grounded in the SDGs and the national vision of becoming the First Climate Resilient Country in the world, and is shaped by three strategic elements: environmental protection, social development and economic development and transformation. All sector plans have been developed and well-aligned to the SDGs and the nation’s vision. The sector plans are medium- term (four-year) strategic plans which are further divided into yearly implementation plans. Furthermore, guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of projects which capture information that enhances the sustainability and resilience pursuits have been developed. A draft framework was crafted for Primary and Secondary level education to facilitate integration of the SDGs into the school curriculum. The Central Statistics Office has adopted Caribbean specific SDGs, with the selection of specific indicators that are relevant to the region to be monitored. In addition, a database is in the process of development to register the indicators, their definition and rationales, responsible stakeholders, level of completion and reporting methods. Dominica vowed to become the world’s first climate resilient country through a comprehensive program to “Build Back Better” as championed by the Island’s Prime Minister. A Climate Resilient Executive Agency, a Policy Advisory Board and a Public Private Sector Investment Committee were created to oversee the resilience building process and the new climate smart country branding. The cornerstone of the rebuilding process included several aspects as follows: Grant based reconstruction resources from a range of donors; insurance facilities and bilateral arrangements; debt reconstruction including debt forgiveness; strengthening of the citizen by investments programs; investment in climate resilient infrastructure; investment in critical social infrastructure; cost effective fiscal policies and reform; expenditure controls; controls on extending external debt; diaspora engagement; and establishing legal and regulatory frameworks to address the threats, causes and consequences of climate change. 68 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions b Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally Tracking and Monitoring determined contribution; The government realises that there are several benefits to accurate tracking and monitoring of progress. These include: more effective and efficient use of financial and other resources allocated to implementation of climate change measures; greater visibility and better coordination among donors and climate investors; ability to develop new green technologies and obtain important lessons learned to enhance economic development. Dominica intends to adopt one of the top actions for tracking the progress and evaluating climate change policies – Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines (MPGs) under the ETF, that has been adopted as part of the Katowice Climate Package. In addition, the country intends to develop several databases to facilitate accurate collection, tracking and monitoring of quantitative and qualitative targets/indicators across various sectors. GHG Projections Dominica has used global data in the preparation of its national GHG inventory, which limits its ability to develop robust national-level emission projections. In addition, technological capacity is lacking to perform future assessments. The country is in the initial stages of development of its national GHG inventory and intends to build capacity in this area to facilitate development of projections. Mitigation, Adaptation and Resilience Dominica has been exemplary in its development of institutional and regulatory frameworks, as evidenced by its many policies, plans, institutions and committees to support the transition to a green economy; while at the same time promoting measures for adaptation, climate resilience and sustainable development. Considerable progress has also been made in achieving coherence among global goals: Paris Agreement, Sustainable Development Goals and Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Dominica has been very successful in in securing international climate finance from several major funding bodies to support and scale-up its climate action in both mitigation and adaptation components, including capacity development. Experiences and lessons learnt from NDC implementation, as well as pursuit of other global goals and agreements, combined with technological advancements and new financial partnerships led to the revision and updating of targets, to reflect new sub-sectors and enhanced ambition for pre-existing targets. c Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic NA integration organisations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16-18, of the Paris 69 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Agreement; (c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has NA been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with

Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; (d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have Dominica, recognising that in managing the impacts of climate change, it may also be affected by the been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; impact of response measures, and in its consideration of the economic and social consequences of response measures as part of the development of the updated NDC, has done the following: included the imperatives of a just transition of the workforce and the creation of decent work and quality jobs in accordance with nationally defined development priorities; made all reasonable attempts to foster synergies and co-benefits between adaptation and mitigation measures; prioritised efforts at all levels from national to sub-national and cross-cutting (gender, vulnerable populations etc.) and has analysed the uneven distribution of impacts, risks and vulnerabilities across different groups of population. (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute Special Program on Adaptation to Climate Change (SPACC), GEF-funded Sustainable Land to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaption plans that also Management (SLM) project, Vulnerability Mapping and “Climate-Proofing” of National Parks yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover but are not limited to, key Management Plans, Community-based vulnerability mapping. Low-Carbon Climate-Resilient sectors, such as energy, resources water resources coastal resources, Development Strategy, INC, SNC, PPCR. Establishment of a Climate Change, Environment and human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and Natural Resource Management legislation to establish the legal and institutional framework to support economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, the transitions to a climate resilient, low carbon development path. sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 5 Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals 70 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for - GHG inventories were compiled using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories based anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to on IPCC’s Third Assessment Report (TAR) Global Warming Potentials (GWPs). the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision Uncertainties in the inventory arise from both emission factors and activity data. Approved statistical 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; adjustments were undertaken with activity data to facilitate accuracy and consistency in reporting. Since default emission factors were used, their uncertainties are those recommended in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories. Refer to 3b for sectors and gases included in the GHG inventory and the emissions baseline estimate. - Uncertainties in the activity data were due mainly to the inconsistencies in the available datasets, either because records were not effectively maintained and/or not compiled at all. In such cases, statistical analysis was conducted. - Two methods were used to calculate CO2 emissions: the Reference Approach and the Sector Approach. - For non-CO2 emissions, data was obtained from the CSO, Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica and trade import data for bitumen, personal care products, solvents and refrigeration and air- conditioning products. Default IPCC emission factors based on import data were then used to estimate NMVOC emissions following the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. The 2006 IPCC Guidelines Tier 1 methodology was used to estimate the potential HFC emissions. The estimate was based on the number of different types of refrigeration and air-conditioning products and equipment. Data was obtained from the Customs and Excise Unit. - Data was available for 2014/2015/2017 from ECU (which manages an Ozone Depleting Substances Project) and extrapolated for the back years using import data for refrigeration and air conditioning units applying statistical adjustments for inconsistencies during some years. For fire protection, aerosols and other chemical use, import data was used with 2006 IPCC defaults factors to estimate the quantity of HFC’s material in each product and potential losses. Data for the quantity of road surface area paved or the amount of asphalt produced were not available. Hence, it was assumed that all the bitumen imported was used for road paving and that paving material contained 10% bitumen. The default emission factor for NMVOC emission for road paving was used. - Production data for brewery and alcoholic beverages products were obtained from the relevant companies, alcoholic production data was obtained from two main producers, and soap production from Dominica Coconut Products. Default emission factors offered under the IPCC workbooks were used in calculating the GHG emissions. Production data for bread and similar products were not available, therefore no emissions from bread making were estimated. Energy Sector non- CO2 Emissions 71 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Non-CO2 emissions generated by the energy sector in Dominica include emissions of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), and sulphur dioxide (SO2). The N2O, SO2 and HFC emissions are relatively small (less than 0.4 Gg) while the average annual CH4, and NMVOC emissions were 1.32 Gg and 0.45 Gg respectively. Industrial Sector non- CO2 Emissions Based on International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC 3.1 Section D- ISIC), Code 154 (manufacture of other food products-bakery products) constitutes the largest component, Code 55 (manufacture of beverages and distilled spirits) and ISIC Code 242 (manufacture of other chemical products - paints and varnish) were the products mainly produced in Dominica. The facilities that are sources of Non-CO2 Emissions are bakeries, Dominica Brewery and Beverage Limited, paints, personal care products and asphalt paving which give rise to NMVOC emissions. HFC’s are released from refrigeration and air conditioning, fire protection, aerosols, and other chemical use. - Solvent and other products Emissions from solvent and product use were calculated in the 2005 inventory. For this inventory, estimations of NMVOC emissions were estimated for products such as paints, varnishes, thinners, enamels and household product use. Estimates of the emissions from solvent and other product use are based on the amounts of products used and the percentage of NMVOC or N2O that evaporates during use. Import data for paint products were obtained from the CSO and it was assumed that all imports were used in the same year. In addition, it was estimated that imported paints had the same solvent content limits as the US EPA solvent content limits. The emission factors represent the use of household products in the US and no data on the use of these products in Dominica (i.e., country- specific emission factors) were available. The emission factor was multiplied by the population in each year to give the NMVOC emissions from household product use in each year. - Waste Sector The IPCC methodology for estimating CH4 emissions from SWDS is based on the First Order Decay (FOD) method. This method assumes that the degradable organic component (degradable organic carbon) in waste decays slowly throughout a few decades, during which CH4 and CO2 are formed. If conditions are constant, the rate of CH4 production depends solely on the amount of carbon remaining in the waste. Indirect N2O emissions from human sludge were estimated from the nitrogen content of human sludge which was based on the per capita protein consumption of an average person in Dominica and then by 72 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions applying a default IPCC emission factor (kg N2O/kg human sludge N). A waste characterization study (DSWMC, 2006) conducted in 2002 provided country-specific estimates of the degradable organic carbon in waste. Data for waste received at the sanitary landfill during the months of 2012 were used to estimate the per capita waste generated. In addition, expert opinion from the landfill manager/s and it was estimated that the per capita waste generation in 2007 (21,000-25,000 kg annually) was the same in 2012- 2016. Population data obtained from the CSO and per capita solid waste disposal noted above were used to calculate total solid waste per year. - CH4 Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal Sites In 2000 there were a lot more solid waste disposal sites located all over the island as compared to the period 2006-2017. This explains the drop in CH4 emissions from the year 2000 and the revise 2006 IPCC guidelines accounts for some changes. - Emissions from Agriculture The IPCC Tier 1 approach was used to calculate methane emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management emissions using regional default IPCC emission factors and the country-specific populations for each category of livestock (data obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization- FAO website). N2O emissions from soils, animal production and from the application of fertilizers are estimated based on the amounts of nitrogen input from synthetic fertilizers, animal waste, nitrogen fixing crops and crop residues. Direct and indirect N2O releases to the atmosphere were then estimated from these inputs using default IPCC emission factors. Animal population data from 2006- 2016 was obtained from FAO website, with 2017 estimated based on trends although the estimate for cattle appears high. The most recent agricultural census for Dominica was in 1995. Crop production data were obtained from FAO inclusive with some data from CSO. Annual import data from FAO and International Trade Center (Trade Maps) for synthetic fertilizer was used. Data Gaps: Based on difficulties encountered in the process of document collection and storage, and the analysis, compiling and assessment of relevant data set, several inputs necessary for calculating emission factors or relevant data for computing GHG emissions were either unavailable or incomplete. Considering these data issues and the uncertainties identified, default values of emission factors proposed by the IPCC were used in many instances to compute GHG emissions. These did not capture the local realities, were not country specific, and should be treated as estimates and/or approximations. The key data gaps by key areas for which additional information will be required are 73 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions summarised below. This is in addition to the current data gaps and uncertainties identified and reported in the previous GHG inventory which have not been addressed. (b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the Refer to 5(a) implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing Refer to 5(a) methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic Refer to 5(a) greenhouse gas emissions and removals; (e) Sector-, category-or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and Refer to 5(a) approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural Any approach used will be consistent with IPCC 2006 guidelines and best practices. The approach is disturbances on managed lands; embedded in the principles of sustainable land management to include emphasis on: minimizing soil erosion and soil acidification in particular while at the same time placing greater emphasis on increasing soil organic matter, fostering soil nutrient balance and cycles and increasing soil biodiversity. See Box 5 for further information. (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested NA wood products; (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; NA (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), Refer to 5(a) including, where applicable, sector-, category-or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; 74 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non- NA greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components as applicable; (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not NA covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; (iv) Further technical information, as necessary; NA (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Dominica has engaged in a bilateral agreement with Switzerland, enabling the island to sell its carbon Agreement, if applicable; credits in an emissions trading deal, with the aim of generating offsets in Switzerland that can be used to help meet its Nationally Determined Contributions and generate internationally transferred mitigation outcomes. Under the agreement, Switzerland will undertake a project to finance the electrification of the island’s transport sector and geothermal energy which will count towards Switzerland’s greenhouse gas reduction target. This will be done consistent with cooperative approaches outlined in

Article 6.2 and Article 6.4, with constant project monitoring to ensure the specified criteria are met. In addition, the Government of Dominica intends to explore carbon-trading schemes under REDD+ for the Forestry sector when it becomes feasible. 6 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair Dominica like many other Caribbean SIDS, faces development challenges, which are exacerbated by and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; the increasing levels of vulnerability, risk, loss and damage due to climate change. As a developing country with limited economic output and facing considerable challenges to implementation of the SDGs, poverty eradication in particular, Dominica cannot afford to continue financing the loss and damage resulting from global climate change; having made no net contribution to global GHG emissions, and making every effort to harness geothermal resources in a manner that will permit the country to export significant amounts of renewable energy. Dominica seeks an equitable transfer of international climate change financing to sustain priority mitigation, adaptation and resilience projects, which will support green growth, social development and poverty reduction in the country. Despite Dominica’s negligible contribution to emissions, the nation remains committed to being a major player in the achievement of global climate goals. Dominica’s NDC is ambitious in all dimensions of climate action and the government has taken all practicable measures to align its actions with sectoral shifts in mitigation actions consistent with a trajectory that aligns with key benchmarks associated with limiting global warming to ~1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels. Climate action has been enhanced on all fronts, since the 2015 submission, particularly with respect to the mitigation component through the inclusion of additional sub-sectors and non-greenhouse gas targets. Being a SIDS with increased vulnerability to the adverse impacts of climate change, Dominica has taken an integrated approach with little distinction between climate change adaptation and mitigation; to build climate resilience in vulnerable communities, while enabling green growth through the transition to sustainable energy technologies. Considering that prior to 2005, Dominica’s greenhouse gas emissions were nil due to its large forest 75 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions expanse which was a key tool in climate change mitigation, and the current vulnerability of its forest reserves to hydrometeorological hazards, the country intends to engage in aggressive reforestation and protection activities. In order to ensure fair and equitable distribution of benefits to local communities, from the harnessing of renewable resources to facilitate the transition to a low- development path, the Government of Dominica will establish an appropriate royalty regime for the commercial exploitation of hydro and geothermal resources. To ensure fair and equitable compensation for self-generation owners, the Government of Dominica will promote the establishment of a net metering program. This will assist in ensuring fair and equitable payment for excess power delivered to the grid from self-generators. The sound and sustainable management of forests in Dominica will continue to ensure continued carbon sequestration, resulting in no net contribution to global GHG emissions. (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Refer to 6(a) (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris In light of national circumstances, this NDC submission is enhanced in all aspects of climate action Agreement; relevant to developing countries/SIDS. (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Refer to 6(c) Agreement; (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Refer to 6(c) Agreement. 7 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving Dominica’s updated NDC, through its sectoral single and multi-year emissions reduction targets, the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; geothermal energy resources export, forest carbon sequestration projections, as well as the use of ITMOs, contributes not only to national level but also regional and international level efforts for achievement of the ultimate goal of the Convention. This NDC, which is being implemented through sectoral approaches, is unique by its inclusion of climate action targets for three NDC pillars: mitigation, adaptation and resilience. In addition, the renewable energy development target will contribute to the global stocktake under Article 14. This ambitious level of climate action, backed by an NDC Implementation Plan will be dependent upon the timely receipt of international climate financing to ensure its success. (b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, Further to 7(a) above, the mitigation targets have been guided by sectoral shifts and benchmarks paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. associated with limiting global warming to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels by 2030 in specific sectors consistent with global economic modelling scenarios as outlined in Kuramochi et al. 2017. 76 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 77 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 6 Adaptation Action For Dominica, the ultimate objective of adaptation action is the integration of climate change considerations into the planning, development and implementation of all activities at all levels. The main aims are to:  Integrate climate change with development policies, plans and projects, as well as incorporate appropriate adaptive responses  Ensure that adaptive responses are consistent with national social, economic and environmental developmental goals  Take adaptive action where State property, resources and services are likely to be adversely affected by climate change This is necessary to ensure that adaptation activities serve wider development goals and objectives of reducing vulnerability to existing climate stresses and of promoting sustainable development. Dominica is striving for multi-sectoral and multi-level adaptation across all segments of society, giving particular consideration to vulnerable groups - the poor, disabled, elderly and Kalinago community; as well as gender disparities. Recognising the threats posed by climate change, Dominica has over the last two decades, undertaken a number of initiatives to respond to this threat. The adaptation component has been revised to incorporate updated information on regional climate change projections and impacts on Caribbean SIDS. Climate considerations are now more explicitly incorporated to ensure alignment of the development pathway with climate action measures, to ensure climate-resilient and sustainable development. The new approach for the climate change response is holistic and comprehensive, cross- sectoral and inclusive. This approach is grounded in the identification, selection, implementation and evaluation of strategies, programmes, projects and actions to reduce climate-related vulnerabilities in pursuit of Dominica’s sustainable development goals. The status of ongoing and planned adaptation initiatives has also been updated, including financial requirements (refer to table 14). Dominica developed a National Climate Change Adaptation Policy, formulated with support under the Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change (CPACC) Project, which was adopted by the Cabinet in 2002. In January 2005, the Phase II Enabling Activity, under the UNFCCC was completed, which involved capacity building for climate change. The country has undertaken a number of adaptation projects, including: o Special Program on Adaptation to Climate Change (SPACC) o Sustainable Land Management (SLM) o Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change (MACC) o Strategic Program for Climate Resilience 78 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 6.1 Adaptation Communication

Article 7 of the Paris Agreement establishes the goal of climate change adaptation as a country- driven, gender-responsive, participatory and fully transparent approach, taking into consideration vulnerable groups, communities and ecosystems, and should be based on and guided by the best available science and, as appropriate, traditional knowledge, knowledge of indigenous peoples and local knowledge systems, with a view to integrating adaptation into relevant socioeconomic and environmental policies and actions, where appropriate. This details the Party´s priorities, implementation and support needs, as well as plans and actions for climate change adaptation. The adaptation communication (AC) referred to in decision 9/CMA.131, has the objective of increasing the visibility and profile of adaptation and its balance with mitigation, strengthening adaptation action and support for developing countries, providing inputs to the global stocktake and enhancing learning and understanding of adaptation needs and actions. Dominica has taken the decision for its AC, which is flexible and country-driven, to constitute the adaptation and resilience components of its updated NDC, along with other national documents and international communications, including, inter alia, the National Climate Change Policy and Action Plan (2019-2024), which is intended to constitute Dominica’s NAP and the NRDS and LCCRDS, in compliance with decision 9/CMA.1. 6.2 Priority Adaptation Action Dominica’s priority areas for adaptation action are largely based on the priority risks arising due to climate change presented in table 1. These risks include sea level rise, storm surge and climate variability, as well as increased frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events; and the impacts on property, infrastructure, agriculture, health and tourism sectors etc. Table 15 lists the in-progress and planned adaptation projects dependent upon financial support. 6.3 Ecosystems Ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation or the conservation, sustainable management and restoration of ecosystems to help communities adapt to the impacts of climate change are being promoted in the context of tailor-made, national cost-effective measures, which are accessible to local communities and indigenous peoples in the areas of intervention. Such approaches include, for example, integrated water and coastal resources management, including restoration of riparian forests and mangroves sites located in protected areas and/or key ecosystems that use nature as a solution to reduce vulnerability to climate change. 31 https://unfccc.int/documents/267464 79 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 6.4 Coastal and Marine Resources Four main pillars for adaptation have been identified for the Blue Economy: 1. Sustainable development and diversification strategy - Sustainable fisheries development and diversification - Sustainable aquaculture development - Protecting food security - Monitoring, research and data 2. Sustainable Fishing Communities and Livelihoods Strategy - Safeguarding the vulnerable in the fishing industry - Introducing social safety nets - Adaptation, recovery and resilience to natural disasters - Developing skills - Training and guiding new entrants - Community outreach programmes 3. Sustainable Resource Management Strategy - Sustainable inshore fisheries - Sustainable offshore fisheries - Integrated coastal zone management and protection of marine inshore habitats - Climate change adaptation 4. Governance and Institutional Development Strategy 6.5 Health Following a national consultation on the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) to address climate actions for health, the Ministry of Health, Wellness and New Health Investment collaborated with other agencies to address the impacts of climate change on this sector.  2014 - A national consultation on the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) was performed to identify climate services for health under the work program of the World Meteorological Organization, including mainstreaming of climate change adaptation.  2015 – The Ministry of Health, Wellness and New Health Investment conducted a Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for climate change and health. The assessment was conducted by the World Meteorological Organization with funds from Environment Canada, Canada’s Health and Climate Office and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). An expert team including experts from Health Canada, World Meteorological Organisation/World Health Organisation (WMO/WHO) Climate and Health Office, PAHO, 80 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Caribbean Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH) and the Ministry of Health, provided support for the assessment.  2016 – A Caribbean Climate Outlook Forum (CARICOF) took place in Dominica focused on discussions on health and climate change. This CARICOF brought together Caribbean Meteorologists, experts in health and climate, researchers and other members of the Caribbean Climate Scientific Community to discuss the climate outlook and to identify areas for building climate services for health.  Training for all district health care workers on the impacts of climate change on health was conducted by the Ministry of Health. This is in keeping with the Pan American Health Organisation (PAHO) Directing Council strategy and plan of action to build capacity among public health workers and leaders to address climate related conditions.  A national media campaign was conducted to highlight the health impact of climate change. Previously climate change was mostly regarded as an environmental phenomenon.  Dominica has been identified as the pilot country for the Health Exemplar under the GFCS. 6.6 Agriculture The agriculture sector has the potential to achieve climate action goals under all three components: mitigation – such as through better land-use management practices and land- based carbon sequestration (section 5.2.3), adaptation – such as through crop genetic diversity, increased soil organic matter which improves adaptive capacity by increasing soil water holding capacity and soil fertility, while also sequestering carbon (mitigation co-benefits); and resilience – such as improved pasture and grassland management (7.2). Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) represents an integrated approach to achieving these, as well as food security through, inter alia, the management of landscapes, including cropland, livestock, forests and fisheries. Table 14 details some of the ongoing and planned climate adaptation projects for the agriculture sector in Dominica under “Climate Smart Agriculture”. 81 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Table (14): Summary of Climate Change Adaptation Activities contingent on Financial Support32 ADAPTATION ACTION Climate Smart Agriculture - Rehabilitation of trails and facilities within National Parks and Ecotourism sites - Ecosystem resilience - Amphibian Captive Breeding - Land suitability and capability mapping - Development of water resource inventory, water resource management plan for regulation of harvesting, conservation and export - Climate-smart crops; crop diversification programs; low-carbon agricultural technologies; improved agricultural production systems - Sustainable soil and land management; watershed protection; sustainable development of non-timber forest products and wildlife farming - Climate change impact management and resilience; institutional strengthening and capacity building within the agriculture and fisheries sector - Development of an Agricultural Information Management System - Establishment of an Integrated Coastal and Watershed Management Plan and supporting institutional framework - Product development, diversification and technological advancement within the marine environment - Aquaculture/silviculture research and development 32 https://unfccc.int/documents/227871 82 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Climate Change Financing - Development of climate change risk management standard - Legal establishment of Department of Climate Change, Environment and Development to ensure effective coordination and implementation of the SPCR and other programs under Dominica’s Low-Carbon Climate-Resilient Development Strategy; and to serve as National Implementing Entity under the GCF - Establishment of sustainable climate change and disaster risk financing mechanisms:  Establishment of CCTF  Micro-finance and micro-insurance for farmers, fisher folk, private sector, vulnerable communities, in particular the Kalinago community  Climate change and disaster risk management insurance for vulnerable communities: tourism, agriculture, fisheries  Climate resilience small grants facility – supported by NGOs Climate-Smart Ecosystems, Communities and Cities - Construction of coastal and river defences; slope stabilisation; retrofitting houses, roads, bridges and critical infrastructure - Improved transportation, processing and storage of agriculture/fisheries products - Retrofitting/construction of community multi-purpose emergency shelters - Implementation and enforcement of environmental protection legislation and climate-smart building codes - Establishment of community-based early warning systems, disaster risk management structures and monitoring - Improved, climate-smart drainage - Updating soil map and natural resource inventory - Community-based vulnerability mapping, adaptation planning and disaster risk management supported by education and awareness programs 83 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions - Implementation of climate-smart building codes and development of effective monitoring capabilities to build resilience within the construction industry, including education and awareness at the community level, legislation and effective enforcement/monitoring of coastal erosion - Research, measurement and monitoring of coastal dynamics; enhanced protection of river banks and protected areas; climate change risk management capacity building in key infrastructure and water resource management agencies - Development of supporting enabling framework in response to climate change for communities and vulnerable sections of society: women, youth, elderly, persons with disabilities, to manage their specific risks to vulnerable sectors eg. agriculture, fisheries, water resources; and impacts on eg. human health, food security, poverty, economic growth and sustainable livelihoods - Effective waste and waste-water treatment management; maintenance of stormwater drainage and increased water storage and treatment capacity using renewable energy technologies - Establishment of Integrated Coastal Zone and Watershed Management Planning Framework including:  Surface and groundwater resources inventory  Water-balance assessment  Monitoring of water resources  Hydro-met monitoring stations  Protection of water catchments - Development of a central database to facilitate access of information - Establishment of zoning/land management plans for development in vulnerable areas - Development of natural wind breaks and soil erosion reduction through natural systems 84 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 85 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 7 Resilient Action Dominica has taken several steps towards its ultimate goal of becoming the world’s first climate- resilient nation. The climate resilience vision is a developmental paradigm which seeks to climate-proof (to be resilient against the destructive impacts of extreme weather events) the key pillars of national policy, which are: economic diversification, sustainable and inclusive growth, employment creation and revenue generation, social development, social protection and poverty reduction, environmental management and cultural preservation. A multi-sectoral approach has been undertaken (refer to tables 15 and 16), which include several multi-targets, along with a multitude of donor-funded projects all aimed at enhancing national resilience. Several measures have been taken to increase public knowledge on resilience, as well as integrating climate- resilience and disaster risk management into national growth and development planning frameworks. To foster climate change resilience and empowerment, a decentralized approach was adopted utilizing four levels: household, community, district and national. These initiatives have been accompanied by capacity-building activities, supported by the establishment of necessary regulatory and institutional frameworks, as well as systematic frameworks for evaluation, monitoring, reporting and verification. 7.1 Priority Resilient Action While there are several sectors and issues identified by national stakeholders during the SPCR and INDC planning processes as being important to address climate change risks in Dominica, there are a few that require priority attention if climate resilience is to be achieved. These priorities have been identified by national stakeholders during the SPCR planning process and INDC development process. They have not yet been funded or implemented under the DVRP and possess the greatest potential to contribute to the successful transformation of the country onto a climate-resilient, low-carbon development path. These include: (a) Addressing climate change mitigation measures on the basis that savings in energy costs will allow Dominica to invest more in priority and much needed adaptation measures (b) Establishment of community off-grid mini-grid or micro-grid renewable energy electrical supply systems (backed up by emergency alternative energy systems such bio-diesel generators should local conditions allow for the operation to be efficiently established) in vulnerable communities on the east and south east coasts that are periodically without electricity as a consequence of storm and hurricane events 86 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions (c) Establishing early warning systems, multi-use disaster shelters (powered by renewable energy and back up bio-diesel generators) and emergency preparedness training programs in vulnerable communities (d) Facilitating capacity building through education, awareness and training programs on climate change risk management and resiliency measures in order to strengthen capacity at the community and sectoral level, within municipalities, local authorities and the private sector (e) Promotion of food security through climate-resilient Agricultural/Fisheries Development to build climate resilient communities by strengthening capacity to address climate change risks to food security associated with changing precipitation patterns (f) Establishing the enabling legal/institutional framework to facilitate coordination/implementation of priority climate change measures and the mainstreaming of climate change activities into national, sectoral and community planning/development (g) Creating the supportive enabling framework whereby communities and vulnerable segments of society (women, youth, elderly, people with disabilities) can manage their own climate change risks, thereby addressing climate change impacts on vulnerable sectors (particularly agriculture, fisheries and water resources) and threats to food security, human health, poverty alleviation, sustainable livelihoods and economic growth (h) Establishing a sustainable financing mechanism to ensure timely and direct access to international climate change financing to implement priority climate change risks management measures by the private sector and vulnerable communities 87 BOX 10 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Global Centre For Agricultural Resilience The agriculture sector plays a pivotal role in the achievement technical and bilateral cooperation) and resources from the of Dominica’s vision for climate resilience. In this context, a private sector and civil society, where applicable. mid-term National Agriculture Policy (NAGP) 2021-2030 Additionally, a Resource Mobilisation Strategy (RMS) will was developed under the Inter-American Institute for be developed to identify possible funding sources for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) as part of the supporting activities. regulatory framework. This is complemented by the development of an Agriculture and Food Systems Global Centre for Agriculture Resilience Transformation Roadmap to provide guidance on Under the NAP, falls the mandate for the operationalization transformative actions required to increase the resilience of of Dominica as a Global Centre for Agricultural Resilience. crops, livestock and fisheries farming systems in alignment Government considers the establishment of an institutional with the goals and objectives of the NAGP. The NAGP mechanism and protocols for decision-making and actions to addresses agricultural resilience for four critical dimensions: guide and manage Dominica’s transition to a GCAR as environmental, social, economic and institutional. It also essential. The transition is expected to be undertaken in two provides the base for action on one of the CRRP’s ten critical phases: high-impact climate-resilience initiatives – establishing Dominica as a Global Centre for Agriculture Resilience  GCAR Operationalisation: The initial focus of the GCAR (GCAR). It is expected that the GCAR will facilitate the will be on climate and disaster risk resilience and transformation of the country into a model for best practice management in primary production, the base of all regionally and internationally, working across the value chain agriculture value chains. The development of an from farmers to end-users. Agricultural Climate Resilience Information System will necessitate a digital agriculture strategy involving: National Agriculture Policy - Analytical software to enhance manipulation and analysis of climate data The goal of the NAP is to promote a sustainable and resilient - Infrastructural capacities and systems to collect agriculture and food system which supports conservation and climate data and for storage management and sustainable use of Dominica’s natural resources, preservation information dissemination of biodiversity and ecosystems, while ensuring food and - Licenses to access climate and other related data nutrition security, wealth creation, employment, diversified - Efficient systems for data collection, with livelihoods and rural development. The NAP has three main emphasis on information communication policy pillars: technologies and dissemination  Sustainable Intensification of Production Systems  Competitive and Innovative Agricultural Chains  Institutional Oversight and Coordinating Mechanism:  Food Security and Nutrition Government shall work through the NAC and IMCM, along with its international development partners to An Inter-Ministerial Coordinating Mechanism (IMCM) will determine an institutional mechanism to manage be established as an important platform for policy Dominica’s transition to a GCAR. Critical success factors coordination, particularly for complementary existing and for determination of an institutional mechanism include: pipeline sectoral policies and for the mobilisation of resources for successful policy implementation. The IMCM - Effective Governance: ability to provide will be complemented by a National Agriculture Council independent oversight and direction (NAC) at the sectoral level, which will be convened to - Financing: ability to develop models to ensure provide oversight and coordination for policy sustainable financing implementation, including managing and tracking the - Partnerships: ability to develop and 88 maintain The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 7.2 Agriculture Dominica’s GDP is highly dependent on its agricultural sector. As a result, particular emphasis has been placed on enhancing the adaptive capacity and resiliency of this sector, as evidenced by the intention to establish Dominica as a Global Centre for Agriculture Resilience (refer to Box 10 for further details). In this context, resilience refers to the ability of an agricultural system to anticipate and prepare for, as well as adapt to, absorb and recover from the impacts of changes in climate and extreme weather33. Climate-Resilient Agriculture (CRA) represents an approach, which includes the sustainable use of natural resources through crop and livestock production systems, in order to achieve increased long-term productivity and farm incomes under a changing climate. The NRDS has developed critical indicators for the agricultural sector, which are aimed at tracking progress in the attainment of the Paris Agreement and the SDGs. In the pursuit of climate-smart agricultural growth through modernization and diversification, the NRDS has identified the following as key indicators for the agricultural sector:  Greater use of organic input  Increased number of greenhouses in operation  Increased number of farmers involved in hydroponics and other non-soil agricultural technologies  Doubling of technology transfer from regional organizations and bilateral partners  Increased number of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) farmers  Higher number of irrigated farms in operation  Increased number of export crops and types (100% increase in number; 50% increase in variety)  Stable number of farm employment  Increase in the contribution of the agricultural sector to GDP by 50% for 7 years  50% reduction in agricultural loss to extreme weather events - Reduction of root crop farms on sloped lands achieved  50% of agricultural sloped lands cultivated with tree crops  Value chain of 3 root crops fully developed with sustained marketing arrangements  5 agricultural stations fully operational  Higher level of budget for research and development on climate-resilient crops and livestock breeds Agriculture has always been considered one of the main drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. Recognising the pivotal role of the agriculture sector in the achievement of Dominica’s vision for climate resilience, an Agriculture Disaster Risk Management (ADRM) Plan 33 https://www.fao.org/3/cb3991en/cb3991en.pdf 89 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 2014-2019 and a mid-term NAGP 2021-2030 were developed as part of the supporting regulatory framework. The NAGP is complemented by the development of an Agriculture and Food Systems Transformation Roadmap to provide guidance on transformative actions required to increase the resilience of crops, livestock and fisheries farming systems in alignment with the goals and objectives of the NAGP. Both policies have several synergies with the national development agenda, specifically, the Growth and Social Protection Strategy, Dominica Low- Carbon Climate-Resilient Development Strategy (2012 - 2020), the draft Food and Nutrition Policy and Plan of Action, the National Disaster Management Plan and draft legislation and all sectoral policies relevant to the agriculture sector. As agriculture represents a main sector of Dominica’s economy, there must be coherence between policies in the agriculture and forestry sectors, especially with regards to climate change. The ADRM has three main objectives: food and nutrition security, poverty reduction and climate change adaptation. The ADRM was designed to:  Improve the resilience of agriculture-based livelihoods, with specific focus on clear objectives such as strengthening technical capacities and institutional frameworks for disaster risk reduction (DRM) within the agriculture sector, while concurrently fostering efficient and effective restoration of livelihoods through a well-coordinated mechanism  Improve decision-making and coordination for DRM among stakeholders at international, national, regional and local levels  Establish a sustainable mechanism for integrated financial resource mobilization that facilitates continued implementation of DRM activities. Monitoring and Evaluation The Monitoring and Evaluation framework of the NAGP will facilitate effective management and oversight of its implementation. The ME framework outlines specific indicators, which establishes measures to track its performance. This framework includes a combination of macro- level, value chain, farm management and natural resource management indicators, which will assist in tracking the contribution to economy, identify trends which need to be enhanced or reversed, identify investment options to improve performance of the overall sector and its sub- sectors and enable evidence-based decision-making. Indicator Framework Macro Indicators  Agriculture GDP (Percentage)  Agriculture GDP Growth (Percentage) 90 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions  Marine and Aquaculture Fisheries Production (tonnes)  Agricultural productivity (Percentage)  Persons (total, youth, male, female) employed in agriculture (Number, Percentage)  Growth in agricultural exports (Percentage, Value, Quantity)  Food imports as a percentage of domestic food consumption (Percentage)  Agriculture and Fisheries losses as a percentage of total losses (Percentage)  Annual public spending on agriculture as a percentage of total public expenditure (Percentage)  Annual public spending on Research and Development as a percentage of total public spending on agriculture (Percentage) Prioritised Agri-Businesses and Value Chains  Value chains fully developed with sustained marketing arrangements (Number)  Loans and credit facilities for value chain development (Number)  Domestic supply of agricultural raw materials for agro-based industries (Percentage)  Producer organisation fully operationalised (Number)  Industries driven by technology transfer (Number) Prioritised Farm Management and the Environment  Conversion of natural land to land-used for cultivation (Percentage)  Farmers and fishers adopting DRM strategies in overall operations (Percentage)  Non-soil agricultural farms (Number, Percentage)  Protected agriculture technology in active operation (Number)  Greenhouses in active operation (Number, area)  Farmers involved in organic agriculture (Number, Percentage)  Farmers adopting organic principles and standards (Percentage)  Agricultural land cultivated using organic principles and standards (Percentage)  Farmers certified DOMGAP (Number, Percentage)  Decrease in pest and diseases outbreaks (Percentage)  Total area that is irrigated (Percentage, Hectares)  Agricultural sloped lands cultivated with tree crops (Percentage)  Resilient infrastructure across the agriculture sector (Number) Prioritised Fisheries and Aquaculture Management  Marine space under protection and management (Area-square kilometres)  Area under aquaculture production (Hectares)  Fish farmers involved in aquaculture production (Number) 91 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions  Four-stroke engines in operation (Number)  Fish Aggregating Devices in use (Number)  Resilient infrastructure across the fisheries sector (Number) Prioritised Farm Inputs and Natural Resources  Complete ban of Class I, restricted use of Class II, and % reduced use of Class III and IV pesticides  Farms basing agricultural inputs on analytical and diagnostic test/results (Number, Acres)  Organic inputs/facilities established (Number)  Area under improved pasture and alternative feed (Hectares)  Farmers and fishers adopting improved production practices through innovative technologies (Number)  Farms adopting Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) on sloped lands of more than 20o (Percentage)  Farms adopting conservation and biodiversity practices (Percentage) Selected Programmatic Indicators  Agricultural stations fully operational (Number)  Women actively participating in sector programmes (Number) 92 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Table (15): Multi-Sectoral Targets and Initiatives to achieve Climate Resilience Target 2021/2022 2025 2030 Initiatives Strong Communities - Reduced humanitarian 2021 - 80% community health - Zero climate-related fatalities - Community Emergency Readiness: impact of disasters - Advocacy and public service functional within ~1-2 Building communities that are mentally awareness plan on resilience hours of a major event - Capacity of communities to and physically equipped for disasters and - Improved capacity of complete operate safely and extreme weather events communities for quick - < 10% of schools used as LT independently for ~15 days recovery - 100% assessment of CERI in shelter - Modern Village Council: Building communities complete - Capacity of individuals to capacity at the community level in order to - Reduced vulnerability and - 100% vulnerable population revert to basic living standards form a community management structure exposure of lives and - 50% housing in compliance in receipt of social protection within ~ 4 days for enhancing resilience livelihoods to future with building regulations post-disaster shocks - 90% housing built or retrofitted - Shelters covered under National Shelter 2022 - 50% community disaster to resilient-standard building Plan Community Food Stores: Ensuring - Updated national curriculum committees equipped with a codes communities have a food bank ahead of (with DRR and civics) – communicated DMP and all hurricane season delivered to 20,000 children resources ahead of hurricane - 100% resettlement of persons season living in vulnerable locations - Responsible Land Stewardship: Resilient - Teachers trained in DRR and land use programme at the community emergency readiness - 50% emergency shelters well- - 100% community health level equipped, and with food and service functional within ~1-2 - Community Disaster water supply for ~15 days hours of a major event - Enhanced Social Safety Net: A welfare Preparedness Plans 100% stocked system that works for the most vulnerable complete - < 5% of schools used as LT – build base resilience - 50% functioning and effective shelter village councils - Each One Reach One: Youth Resilience - 100% community disaster Initiative to enhance everyday resilience - > 60% houses in compliance committees equipped with a and capacity with building regulations communicated DMP and all resources ahead of hurricane - 100% Smart Health Centers season - 100% Smart Schools - 100% emergency shelters well- equipped, and with food and - Resilient Housing: Transformation of the water supply for ~15 days structural reliability of national housing to 93 stocked extreme weather The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions - 100% functioning and effective - Development and Implementation of village councils Resilient Dominica Physical Plan (see Well-Planned and Durable Infrastructure) Target 2021/2022 2025 2030 Initiatives Strengthened Institutional Systems - Resilience integrated into 2021 - Building codes, resilient - 100% of national budgeting and - Updating existing policies and development and infrastructure, agriculture and policies in place and enforced. development of new policies and investment planning, - Physical plan drives 100% tourism standards 70% Government performance regulations supported by legislation, infrastructure projects and enforced management framework policies and regulations land use decisions informed by resilience targets - Enhancing budget-setting and public and enforcement - 50% of national budget sector Performance Management mechanisms - 100% relevant policies and aligned to the CRRP Framework regulations aligned to CRRP - Enhanced ability to - Building codes, resilient - Updating Government Continuity Plan respond to and recover - Ministries’ strategic plans infrastructure, agriculture and from shocks 90% delivered on time, on tourism standards 100% - Centre of Excellence for Data in budget and aligned to CRRP enforced Resilience decision-making (refer to Well- Planned and Durable Infrastructure) - 100% Government entities - Ministries’ strategic plans capture and use relevant data 100% delivered on time, on - Enhanced Disaster Risk Management as basis for strategic planning budget and aligned to CRRP Agency and decision-making - Government entities 100% - Government Continuity Plans (refer to - Government entities 90% structured and staffed with Robust Economy section) structured and staffed with resources to deliver their resources to deliver their climate resilience missions - Completion of Resilient Dominica climate resilience missions Physical Plan - ODM staffed to CDEMA - Development of Digitalized Land recommendations Management System 94 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Target 2021/2022 2025 2030 Initiatives Robust Economy - Reduced economic losses 2021 - > 30% increase in climate- - < 5% GDP in national - Dominica as a Global Centre for due to disasters smart/resilient crops damage/losses costs Agricultural Resilience - 100% registered hotels’ - Enhanced Government rooms certified - 60% increase in agricultural - < 50% agriculture/fisheries - Responsible Land Stewardship capacity for rapid response exports losses as a percentage of total and recovery of economic - 50% businesses registered losses - Rehabilitation of Essential Oils Sector infrastructure with continuity plans - > 50% food import dependence ratio - 100% functioning of critical - Venture Capital Fund for Women in - Reduced vulnerability of - 100% Government entities GoCD and emergency services Agriculture the economy to future with continuity plans - < 7% increase in non- during and after an event shocks performing loans after - Support for Resilient Tourism - Risk profiles for agricultural disasters - Ports and airports functioning sector and assessment of crop within one week - Development of High-Value Export Sector and livestock resilience - < 25% decrease in GDP one complete year after disaster - 100% businesses registered - Development of Knowledge and with continuity plans Technology Sector - Completed agricultural - < 20 days post event until exports assessment cruise ship returns - > 50% increase in climate- - MSME Capability Development and smart/resilient crops Support - < 6 months post event until overnight tourist numbers - 100% increase in agricultural - Crowd Funding Platform for MSMEs return to pre-event numbers exports - Unlocking local financing - < 3 months until critical - > 40% food import dependence trade infrastructure ratio - Innovative Approach to Strengthen functions at pre-event levels Insurance Solutions - < 5% increase in non- - Reduction in private sector performing loans after disasters - Government Operational Continuity Plan, activity < 15% including comprehensive National Disaster - < 5% decrease in GDP one year Management Plan after disaster - < 7 days post event until cruise - Airports and Ports Operational Continuity ship returns Plans with appropriate resourcing 95 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions - < 3 months post event until Target 2021/2022 2025 2030 numbers overnight tourist Initiatives return to pre-event numbers - < 1 month until critical trade infrastructure functions at pre- event levels - Reduction in private sector activity < 10% Target 2021/2022 2025 2030 Initiatives Enhanced Collective Consciousness - Enhanced community 2021 - 15% population directly - 90% of the population able to - Community Emergency Readiness (refer to cohesion where every involved in climate identify the pillars for resilience Strong Communities section) citizen is engaged in the - (4) Respect for All Initiative resilience initiatives (half and at least one measure journey to resilience, campaigns implemented women) undertaken with specific focus - Respect for All working together towards on respect for people, planet shared vision and goals - Completed public awareness - 70% population attend town and property; and law and order - Koudmen Domnik National Volunteer campaign on resilience pillars hall meetings on community maintained following major and CRRP resilience (half women) disasters - 30% of community DMCs with 1 State College volunteer 96 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions Well-Planned and Durable Infrastructure Target 2021/2022 2025 2030 Initiatives - Reduced damage to 2021 - 25% of public infrastructure - < 5% of school and healthcare - Resilient Dominica Physical Plan infrastructure Protected and Sustainably Leveraged meeting resilience Natural and Other standards Unique facilities Assets severely damaged or (RDPP) includes: - Complete Resilient Dominica destroyed i) Infrastructure Risk/Condition - Improvedrisk Reduced through speed of 2021 Physical Plan - -40%< 7 days agricultural post land event until - 100%60% agricultural land - ResilienSEA Blue Economy ssessment Investment Fund Report more sustainable rehabilitation andfarming cultivated organically primary roads and bridges opencultivated sustainably - 75% of publicand full infrastructure ii) Hydrological Survey & and fishing of restoration practices, services -- Completed forestry and Complete full infrastructure ban on use of chemical meeting - Geothermal Export resilience standards to neighbouring Flood/Landslide islands Plan Risk Mitigation leveraging income after disaster from, ecosystem audit assessment - 25% increased healthy - < 10 days post event until water pesticides in national parks iii) Standards for Resilient and boosting the coral andreef cover compared sanitation available to 60%and near- rivers 100% primary roads and- Debt for Nature Swap and Housing Infrastructure protective function of, -- Completed marine audit Complete Digital Elevation to of 2020 thebaseline population bridges open within 3 days iv) Sector Master Plans (utilities, blue and green Model, Hydrological Survey - 50% increase in healthy coral - Forestry/Ecosystem ports, Audit and Protection Plans roads/bridges/drainage, infrastructure and - Established and system for Flood Risk Mapping - -50%< 7total daysdomestic post event until powereef - coverage 60%to support water/sanitation available schools, health centres, shelters, reducing reliance on measuring health of reefs renewable coverage energy restored to 90% of increased (as fisha % stocks, protect of the - National Tree population) Planting: coastal, 1 million rivers, housing)trees fossil fuel imports - Approved resilient production population coastlines and the eco-tourism within 7 days v) Asset Maintenance & Continuity - Established system infrastructure for standards industry - Marine AuditPlanand Management Plans monitoring protected areas - -65%< 7 days protected forest post areas event until 100% - > 90% power coverage restored vi) Investment/Funding/Prioritisation - Establish Centre of Excellence main hospital and major - clinic Carbon (as Neutrality achieved % of the population)- within Mangrove Strategy Stabilization - Completed for assessment Data and GIS Unit of - 50%operational reduction in landfill through 3100%daysdomestic vii) Roseau and Portsmouth solid waste management waste compared to 2020 renewable energy production - Waste Management Urbanisationand Plans Recycling baseline - < 5 months post even until all and increase in forest areas to - 100% communications restored 2022 communication channels restored 67% of Dominica’s land mass - Post Disaster within 3 months Waste Disaster - National Management Plan Management Plan to 100% population includes: i) National Shelter Strategy (refer to Strong Communities section) ii) Community Disaster Risk Management and Climate Adaptation Plan (refer to Strong Communities section) iii) Community Training and Awareness (refer to Strong Communities section) - Centre of Excellence for Data 97 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions - XCM50m increase in Blue - Public Communication Campaign on Littering Economy Investment - Renewable energy initiatives across public sector - XCM10m increase in Green infrastructure and private sector Bond - Museum/Knowledge Centre to document history of resilience from the Kalinago to Slavery to Modern day - Immersive 4-dimensional hurricane experience to tangibly capture the impact of Maria - Capture, codify and share lessons from Dominica’s journey (“Resilience in a Box”) Table (16): Summary of Climate Change Resilience Initiatives, Lead Institutions and Financial Support Required34 Initiative Lead Ministry/Agency Funding Requirements Enhanced Social Safety Net - Economic Affairs, Planning, Resilience and Sustainable Development Capital: XCD 14-15 million - Health, Wellness and New Health Investment Annual: XCD 2 million - Sports, Culture and Community Development Community Emergency Readiness - Office of Disaster Management XCD 11 million - Local Government Authority - Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica - Housing and Urban Development Resilient Housing Scheme - Physical Planning Division XCD 2.1 billion - Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica - Education, Human Resource Planning, Vocational Training and National Excellence Koudmen Dominik – National Volunteer - Dominica State College XCD 2.5 million - Village Councils and Faith-based Organisations 34 Further details on each of these initiatives can be found in the Climate Resilience and Recovery Plan 98 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions - Economic Affairs, Planning, Resilience and Sustainable Development Resilient Dominica Physical Plan Capital: XCD 33.65 million - Public Works and The Digital Economy Annual: XCD 100 million till 2030 (Dominica Electricity Company & Dominica Water and Sewerage Authority) - Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica - Economic Affairs, Planning, Resilience and Sustainable Development Hydrology Survey & Flood/Landslide XCD 3.55 million - Environment, Rural Modernization and Kalinago Upliftment Risk Mitigation Plan - Public Works and The Digital Economy (Dominica Water and Sewerage Authority) Resilient Modern ICT Network - Public Works and The Digital Economy XCD 100 million Innovative Approach to Insurance - Finance and Investment XCD 500, 000 - Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica - Blue and Green Economy, Agriculture and National Food Security Dominica as a Global Centre for XCD 200-500 million - Economic Affairs, Planning, Resilience and Sustainable Development Resilience in Agriculture - Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica - Economic Affairs, Planning, Resilience and Sustainable Development Revised PSIP Allocation Process & - Finance and Investment Enhanced Public Sector Performance - Governance, Public Service Reform, Citizen Empowerment, Social Justice and XCD 500, 000 Management Framework Ecclesiastical Affairs *with support from Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica - Economic Affairs, Planning, Resilience and Sustainable Development Centre of Excellence in Data for - Finance and Investment XCD 6.75 million Resilience Decision-Making *with support from Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica ResilienSEA Blue Economy Investment - Blue and Green Economy, Agriculture and National Food Security XCD 5.5 million Fund *with support from Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica 99 The Commonwealth of Dominica’s Nationally Determined Contributions 100