Federal Sustainable Development Strategy for Canada 2016–2019

200 Sacré-Coeur Boulevard Gatineau QC K1A 0H3 Telephone: 819-997-2800 Toll Free: 1-800-668-6767 (in Canada only) Email: ec.enviroinfo.ec@canada.ca Photos: © Environment and Climate Change Canada © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of Environment and Climate Change, 2016 Aussi disponible en français CONTENTS Message From The Minister. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Listening To Canadians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Canada In The World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 A Sustainable Development Vision For Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Realizing Our Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Working With Partners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Our Commitments And Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Effective Action On Climate Change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Low-Carbon Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Clean Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Modern And Resilient Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Clean Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Healthy Coasts And Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Pristine Lakes And Rivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Sustainably Managed Lands And Forests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Healthy Wildlife Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Clean Drinking Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Sustainable Food. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Connecting Canadians With Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Safe And Healthy Communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Annex 1: About The Federal Sustainable Development Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Annex 2: Performance Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Annex 3: Canada In The World – Detailed Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Annex 4: List Of Departments And Agencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 List Of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Glossary Of Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 MESSAGE FROM THE MINISTER This past February, I asked you to help make our 2016–2019 Federal Sustainable Development Strategy stronger—to help us establish a shared sustainable development vision , improve our goals and targets, and define the actions we will take to create a more sustainable future in Canada. Your response was But we won’t wait three years to update the strategy. Our overwhelming. In new approach this time is to continually bring on board our hundreds of insightful policy decisions as they happen rather than wait three years and informed comments, like in the past. So stay tuned as we continually add to our you put forward your commitments and actions. sustainable development priorities, pointed out As we move forward to implement our strategy and achieve the challenges we face, our goals and targets, I’m asking for your help again. Our and provided clear and agenda is ambitious and your ideas will be invaluable in concrete suggestions helping us achieve it. What innovative approaches are for developing a more you using to advance sustainable development in your effective strategy. community? What new idea could help us meet our targets sooner? We heard you. I also ask you to look to the future. In three years, we will With the final 2016–2019 strategy, I am pleased to present renew our strategy again. How can we further refine our a new plan that reflects your feedback. It shows what we’re vision, and set even more ambitious goals and targets in the doing to make our environment cleaner and greener for all next Federal Sustainable Development Strategy? Canadians. It also reflects our Government’s commitment to advance reconciliation and renew a nation-to-nation Tell us by sending an email or joining in the discussion relationship with Indigenous Peoples. online. I look forward to continuing the conversation we started and working with you for a more sustainable Canada. The Strategy includes 13 new aspirational goals for an environmentally sustainable Canada. It outlines federal leadership on climate change and the environment-related

2030 Sustainable Development Goals. It also includes specific and measurable targets, new short-term milestones to ensure we stay on track, and clear action plans that show how we will work toward our targets over the next three years. The Honourable Catherine McKenna Minister of Environment and Climate Change @ec_minister

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY i EXECUTIVE EFFECTIVE ACTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE A low-carbon economy contributes to limiting SUMMARY global average temperature rise to well below two degrees Celsius and supports efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius LOW-CARBON GOVERNMENT The Government of Canada leads by example by The Federal Sustainable Development Strategy (FSDS) is making its operations low-carbon our primary vehicle for sustainable development planning and reporting. It sets out our sustainable development CLEAN GROWTH priorities, establishes goals and targets, and identifies A growing clean technology industry in Canada actions to achieve them. The 2016–2019 FSDS— contributes to clean growth and the transition to a Canada’s third—outlines what we will do to promote low-carbon economy clean growth, ensure healthy ecosystems and build safe, secure and sustainable communities over the next three MODERN AND RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE years. Modern, sustainable, and resilient infrastructure supports clean economic growth and social inclusion In February 2016, we looked to you for input and advice on articulating a sustainable development vision for Canada, CLEAN ENERGY improving FSDS goals and targets, acknowledging the role All Canadians have access to affordable, reliable of the 2030 Agenda and its global sustainable development and sustainable energy goals (SDGs), and recognizing the contributions of our partners. In response, you contributed more than 540 HEALTHY COASTS AND OCEANS Coasts and oceans support healthy, resilient and comments and 900 social media posts, providing ideas, productive ecosystems feedback and suggestions that have helped shape our strategy. PRISTINE LAKES AND RIVERS Clean and healthy lakes and rivers support Drawing on this input, we will strive to realize a vision in economic prosperity and the well-being of which Canada is one of the greenest countries in the world Canadians and our quality of life continues to improve. Among other SUSTAINABLY MANAGED LANDS AND FORESTS commitments, this will include responding to the priorities Lands and forests support biodiversity and of Canadians and stakeholders by reducing greenhouse provide a variety of ecosystem services for gas emissions from our own operations, reaffirming our generations to come commitment to apply strategic environmental assessment; and working actively with business to advance sustainable HEALTHY WILDLIFE POPULATIONS All species have healthy and viable populations development. CLEAN DRINKING WATER Our work in 2016–2019 will centre on 13 aspirational, All Canadians have access to safe drinking water long-term goals that reflect the Canada we want and are a and, in particular, the significant challenges Canadian reflection of the global SDGs, with a focus on Indigenous communities face are addressed their environmental dimensions: SUSTAINABLE FOOD Innovation and ingenuity contribute to a world- leading agricultural sector and food economy for the benefit of all Canadians CONNECTING CANADIANS WITH NATURE Canadians are informed about the value of nature, experiencing nature first hand, and actively engaged in its stewardship SAFE AND HEALTHY COMMUNITIES All Canadians live in clean, sustainable communities that contribute to their health and well-being ii 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Medium-term targets and short-term milestones support each goal. Between the draft and final FSDS, we’ve revised our targets to make them more specific, measurable, achievable and time-bound, and to ensure that they align with our current policy and priorities. Action plans describe what we will do to achieve our goals and targets. Over the next three years, our actions will include working with partners within Canada and internationally to advance shared priorities; providing Canadians with the information they need to embrace sustainable lifestyles and safeguard their health; conducting scientific research; and investing in technology and infrastructure. Meanwhile, cross-cutting priorities such as ensuring robust and thorough environmental assessments, respecting the rights of Indigenous Peoples, and implementing strong environmental legislation will support progress in all areas of the FSDS. We acknowledge that we cannot achieve sustainable development alone—partners such as provinces and territories, Indigenous Peoples, communities, businesses, scientists, and non-governmental organizations all play a role in helping us meet our objectives. Finally, we need your help—you can make a difference in areas such as addressing climate change, protecting ecosystems and improving air quality. We hope you’ll take action, and that you’ll continue to provide input and ideas to help us further refine our sustainable development vision and long-term goals.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY iii INTRODUCTION The Federal Sustainable Development Strategy (FSDS) is our primary vehicle for sustainable development planning and reporting. It sets out our sustainable development priorities, establishes goals and targets, and identifies actions to achieve them. The 2008 Federal Sustainable Development Act provides the legal framework for developing and implementing the FSDS. It requires the Minister of Environment and Climate Change to consult on and table a whole-of-government strategy every three years. Under the Act, 26 departments and agencies are responsible for preparing their own sustainable development strategies that comply with and contribute to the FSDS. Fifteen additional organizations contribute to the FSDS voluntarily. The 2016–2019 FSDS is the third whole-of-government strategy prepared under the Act. It outlines what we will do to promote clean growth, ensure healthy ecosystems and build safe, secure and sustainable communities over the next three years. 1 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY LISTENING TO CANADIANS In February, 2016, we released the draft 2016–2019 FSDS for public review and comment. It marked the beginning of a new approach, clearly linking our sustainability priorities with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its global sustainable development goals (SDGs). It provided the foundation for our sustainable development vision, proposed five new high-level goals, and set out new and revised targets. In releasing the draft, we aimed to start a conversation with What you wanted to see Canadians about sustainable development. Specifically, we You see sustainable development as incorporating social, asked for your views on: economic and environmental dimensions, and wanted to see those aspects addressed in the FSDS in an integrated ŠŠ Articulating a sustainable development vision for way. You also want a strategy that recognizes what partners Canada; are doing and inspires action across all sectors of Canadian ŠŠ Increasing transparency and accountability by improving society. our goals and targets; You strongly support the SDGs and want closer alignment ŠŠ Acknowledging the role of the SDGs; and between the FSDS and these global goals. You noted the ŠŠ Recognizing the contributions of partners. potential of the FSDS to signal a commitment to the SDGs To enable as many people as possible to participate in the and to support SDG reporting. consultations, we provided a variety of ways to comment, You saw climate change as a key issue for the FSDS and including email; an interactive e-strategy; the online supported ambitious action. In particular, you called for discussion space Let’s Talk Sustainability; stakeholder a plan to transition to a low-carbon economy, as well as a meetings and webinars; and social media. more ambitious target for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) Your response showed us that Canadians are passionate and emissions from federal government operations. You knowledgeable about sustainable development. We received contributed ideas for reducing GHG emissions, such as more than 540 written comments and 900 social media posts pricing carbon and using more renewable energy. on the draft FSDS, providing insights, ideas and suggestions You also expressed a clear expectation for compelling, that have helped shape the final strategy. aspirational goals, measurable and time-bound targets, clear We heard from a broad range of organizations and action plans, and more direct connections between FSDS stakeholders, including provincial governments, Indigenous goals, targets and indicators. organizations, municipalities, non-governmental You supported a renewed emphasis on strategic organizations, academics, think tanks, scientists, industry environmental assessment—the environmental assessment associations, companies and individuals. of policy, plan and program proposals—as a way to ensure We also heard from: sustainability considerations are incorporated into social and economic policies. ŠŠ The Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development; You also wanted an FSDS that is clear and meaningful, and provided suggestions for improving it as a communications ŠŠ The House of Commons Standing Committee on tool such as adding more visual appeal and creating an index. Environment and Sustainable Development; ŠŠ The Senate Standing Committee on Energy, the What you thought was missing Environment and Natural Resources; and Some of you wanted the FSDS to include more sector- ŠŠ The Sustainable Development Advisory Council. specific information—for example, ongoing work in the aviation and aerospace sector; the potential of tourism WHAT WE HEARD to connect Canadians with nature; innovative practices in the agricultural sector; and the importance of green What you liked transportation. You recognized improvements in the draft 2016–2019 FSDS compared with past strategies, noting an expanded scope, improved targets, new goals highlighting economic and social issues, and an interactive e-strategy. You also appreciated the draft’s emphasis on seeking public input.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2 Some of you felt the precautionary principle was missing WHAT WE DID from the FSDS, and encouraged us to apply it in species and We weren’t able to address every comment we received, ecosystem management. and there is still room to improve—in particular, to ensure You wanted to see more coverage of issues related to that all of our targets are specific, measurable, achievable, freshwater and oceans, such as ocean acidification and water relevant and time-bound (SMART) and that we have the security, and noted the importance of a “polluter pays” right indicators in place. And, while we’ve established approach to marine pollution. baselines for many of our targets, for others we lack existing data but are committing to track our progress going forward. You saw sustainable lifestyles as an important issue and encouraged us to facilitate more sustainable practices by, Despite these ongoing challenges, we have made major for example, promoting recycling, providing tools to help changes to the FSDS to reflect your priorities, ideas and individuals calculate their environmental footprint, and concerns. The following are some of the steps we took. promoting urban agriculture in schools. Demonstrated our commitment to the SDGs and the A number of you saw waste—particularly food waste and priorities of Canadians marine plastics—as a major gap in the FSDS. Some of you Between the draft and final 2016–2019 FSDS, we replaced also suggested redefining waste as a resource that could help our five-goal framework with 13 aspirational goals that produce cost savings, boost innovation and create jobs. reflect the global SDGs (with a focus on their environmental dimensions) and respond to feedback from Canadians and In terms of how to achieve sustainable development goals, stakeholders. you questioned whether purely voluntary approaches were effective and proposed using financial incentives to drive In improving our goals, we filled gaps that Canadians saw change. in the draft strategy. For example, for the first time, we’ve included a goal on sustainable food, including targets For a more detailed summary of what we heard, see our and actions to ensure our food systems support clean Synthesis Report: Public Consultations on the Draft FSDS water, clean soil and biodiversity, and to improve access to 2016–2019. nutritious food. TALKING WITH THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY COUNCIL The Sustainable Development Advisory Council was a key part of public consultations on the draft 2016–2019 FSDS. The council’s role includes advising the Minister of Environment and Climate Change on draft federal sustainable development strategies, and its members represent each province and territory as well as Indigenous Peoples, environmental non-governmental organizations, business and labour. In written submissions and in meetings, council members noted that the draft 2016–2019 FSDS provided improvements over past strategies—for example, in clarity and accessibility. Their suggestions for further improvement included addressing economic, social and environmental issues, improving goals and targets, and setting more ambitious targets for clean water in First Nation communities. Council members stressed the need for integration and urged us to take a whole-of-government approach to sustainable development. They also called for better indicators and a dashboard approach to progress reporting. Issues of concern to council members included, among others, supporting Canada’s agricultural producers in their stewardship of the land, prioritizing skills development and apprenticeship programs to support the transition to a low-carbon economy, investing in green infrastructure and low-carbon procurement, and empowering Canadians to take action and adopt sustainable lifestyles. The council highlighted the role of Indigenous Peoples in the FSDS and encouraged enhanced nation-to-nation collaboration and greater integration of Indigenous Traditional Knowledge, with Indigenous Peoples as way-finders. They discussed the unique challenges facing Indigenous communities, such as clean energy, food sovereignty, energy-efficient housing and resilience to climate change. Members saw the FSDS as having the potential to recognize regional differences while helping to unify Canada. Finally, they emphasized the importance of developing a long-term vision, engaging youth, and continuing the dialogue on sustainable development in Canada. 3 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY RESPONDING TO RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE HOUSE OF COMMONS STANDING COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT In the context of public consultations on the draft 2016–2019 FSDS, the House of Commons Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development conducted a review of the Federal Sustainable Development Act, the legislation that requires us to develop and implement the FSDS. On June 17, 2016, the committee tabled their report, Federal Sustainability For Future Generations – A Report Following an Assessment of the Federal Sustainable Development Act. The report highlights ways in which changes to the Act—as well as other steps—could facilitate more effective sustainable development strategies. It makes 13 recommendations, including: • Broadening the Act’s purpose to require an FSDS that leads Canada on a path towards sustainable development and contributes to the global SDGs, and to clarify that sustainable development encompasses and requires thorough consideration of economic, social and environmental factors; • Taking action to ensure a whole-of-government approach to federal sustainable development; • Incorporating a list of sustainable development principles into the Act; • Setting out specific federal sustainable development goals in the Act that take our international commitments into account; and • Ensuring that the FSDS includes short-, medium- and long-term targets that are SMART. The committee’s report was instrumental in guiding the development of the final 2016–2019 FSDS, and the strategy reflects the committee’s recommendations through, for example: • New goals that reflect our commitment to the SDGs; • Short-, medium- and long-term elements in each area covered by the FSDS; • Stronger targets and indicators; and • A clearer commitment to key sustainable development principles. We’ve made progress, but we agree that further change is needed. We will continue to take the committee’s recommendations into account as we implement and report on the 2016–2019 FSDS, and as we look ahead to future strategies and explore legislative amendments. Improved our targets and indicators Acknowledged the contributions of our partners and Canadians We reviewed and revised our targets to better align them with the SMART criteria. We also updated some of our We know that our partners make sustainable development targets to reflect current priorities and increase their level of progress possible. To acknowledge their essential roles, ambition—for example, we replaced our draft target related we added new sections on what our partners are doing to to on-reserve First Nation drinking water and wastewater achieve each FSDS goal. We also added steps that individual systems with a commitment to address long-term drinking Canadians can take to make a difference. water advisories in First Nation communities, and set a more ambitious target to reduce GHG emissions from our own Enhanced clarity and readability operations. Finally, we established short-term milestones for We made the FSDS clearer and easier to read, including by each goal to help us stay on track. defining key terms; better structuring our content so it’s easier for readers to find the information they need; and We also added new indicators—or strengthened our existing enhancing our interactive e-strategy. ones—to help us measure our progress on climate action, clean growth, clean energy, coasts and oceans, lands and forests, lakes and rivers, and clean drinking water. CONTINUING THE CONVERSATION While the 2016–2019 FSDS is now in place, there is still Clarified our action plans more to be done. Our new “evergreen” approach to the We revised our action plans to ensure they clearly explain strategy means that your help will continue to be essential. how we will work toward our goals and targets over the next three years. The final strategy presents high-level We invite you to continue to provide comments as we action plans that outline our approach to achieving each implement the 2016–2019 FSDS. We also hope you’ll join FSDS goal. Sustainable development strategies prepared by in the discussion at Let’s Talk Sustainability to share your individual departments and agencies will complement the ideas and let us know what you're doing to protect the FSDS by providing more detailed action plans. environment and contribute to sustainable development. We’re confident that your insight and expertise will help us reach our targets and further refine our sustainable development vision and aspirational goals.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 4 CANADA IN THE WORLD Globally, 2015 was a watershed year for sustainable domestically and internationally. The universal nature of the development and has set the stage for further progress in 2030 Agenda recognizes that all countries are in a state of years to come. development and that governments alone will not achieve the SDGs. In September, United Nations (UN) member states adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including Fully implementing the SDGs in Canada will require action

17 SDGs (see Figure 1) and 169 targets. They are the result across government, by our partners, and by Canadians. of an extensive consultation process involving millions of We will continue to work in partnership with all levels of people around the world. government, nation-to-nation, with civil society and with the private sector to contribute to eradicating poverty, protecting The 2030 Agenda provides the global framework for our planet, promoting peace, equality, justice and prosperity, sustainable development for the next decade and a half, and ensuring no one is left behind. integrating social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development as well as peace, governance and This is a long-term process; however, the 2016–2019 FSDS justice elements. forms the foundation of our response to global efforts to implement the SDGs. Less than three months later, parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change adopted the historic Paris The 13 aspirational goals laid out in this strategy are a Agreement, signalling a renewed global commitment to Canadian reflection of the SDGs, acknowledging our address climate change. unique responsibilities—the need to conserve our vast land area, oceans and coastline for future generations, develop Sustainable development progress has continued in 2016. In our natural resources sustainably, and protect vulnerable May, representatives of more than 170 countries—including northern regions from climate change impacts. Our targets, Canada—came together for the second meeting of the UN milestones and action plans show how we will implement Environment Assembly, the world’s highest-level decision- environmental dimensions of the SDGs over the next making body on the environment. three years. As the world moves forward on sustainable development, Countries and organizations around the world continue to we want to ensure that Canada plays a leading role. In develop plans to implement the 2030 Agenda. For example, implementing the 2016–2019 FSDS, we will take action UN member states are working to develop a follow-up and that supports our international commitments and addresses review process, including indicators to measure the SDGs issues important to Canadians. and targets. Canada is continues to participate in the Inter-Agency OUR STRATEGY SETS OUT OUR SUSTAINABLE Expert Group on SDG indicators that is making DEVELOPMENT GOALS an important contribution to developing technically We are committed to supporting the implementation sound, evidence-based indicators to effectively measure of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, both contributions to the SDGs. Figure 1 – The global sustainable development goals of the 2030 Agenda 5 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OTHER INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS THAT GUIDE OUR ACTIONS The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples In May 2016, we announced our full and unqualified support for the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. First adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2007, the declaration describes both individual and collective rights of Indigenous Peoples around the world; offers guidance on cooperative relationships with Indigenous Peoples to states and international organizations; and addresses the rights of Indigenous Peoples on issues such as culture, identity, religion, language, health, education and community. A range of actions that contribute to the 2016–2019 FSDS also support the declaration—for example, working with Indigenous Peoples to conserve species and ecosystems; taking action to protect the environment from degradation and pollution; improving access to nutritious food; and addressing the challenges Indigenous communities face in accessing safe drinking water. The Paris Agreement The world reached a historic milestone with the adoption of the Paris Agreement in December 2015. Parties to the agreement will establish national GHG emissions reduction targets, update them every five years, and take action to achieve them. They will also strengthen climate change adaptation, provide support to developing countries, and regularly assess and report on progress. The FSDS includes the goal of transitioning to a low-carbon economy to contribute to limiting the global average temperature rise to well below two degrees Celsius and support efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Actions that support our commitments under the Paris Agreement include: • Working with partners to develop a pan-Canadian framework on clean growth and climate change, put a price on carbon, and reduce emissions; • Providing climate finance to support action in developing countries; and • Helping economic sectors, regions, communities, and Canadians become more resilient to climate change impacts—for example, by integrating climate resilience into building design guides and codes and by supporting adaptation in Canada’s North, where temperatures are rising fastest. The UN Convention on Biological Diversity The objectives of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity include the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the use of genetic resources. In 2010, Canada and other parties to the convention adopted the 2011–2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity which includes 20 global biodiversity targets, known as the Aichi Targets. Subsequently, in February 2015, Canada adopted the 2020 Biodiversity Goals and Targets for Canada, national objectives that will help guide collective action on biodiversity conservation in Canada and support progress toward Canada’s commitments under the convention. They were developed collaboratively by the federal, provincial and territorial governments, with input from Indigenous organizations and stakeholders. A number of Canada's 2020 biodiversity goals and targets appear in the FSDS as targets or actions. FSDS targets that support these national objectives include those related to coasts and oceans, sustainable food, lands and forests, biodiversity, and connecting Canadians with nature. Implementing the 2020 biodiversity goals and targets will rely on meaningful, full and effective participation of Indigenous Peoples. In this respect, Indigenous Traditional Knowledge and customary use of biological resources are relevant for implementing all of these goals and targets, including related FSDS targets (Biodivcanada.ca, 2015). For details on how FSDS goals support international action, see Annex 3. To learn more about international agreements and commitments related to environmental sustainability, see the Compendium of Canada’s Engagement in International Environmental Agreements.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 6 A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT VISION FOR CANADA WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT? Transparency and accountability are at the core of the Sustainable development is complex, and there are many FSDS. By bringing federal environmental sustainability definitions. The Federal Sustainable Development Act defines priorities, goals, targets and actions in one place, and through it as “development that meets the needs of the present the requirement for regular reporting, the FSDS helps ensure without compromising the ability of future generations to that parliamentarians and Canadians can track what we are meet their own needs.” doing and what results are being achieved. But what does that mean to us? Conserving our The FSDS relies on public participation. Every three years, environment for future generations is an essential part of it, through public consultations on the draft strategy, we look but sustainable development goes beyond that. to Canadians to help shape our sustainable development agenda. We are also committed to continuing to engage To us, sustainable development means achieving low-carbon, Canadians as we implement the FSDS. environmentally responsible economic growth, maintaining and restoring our ecosystems, and ensuring Canadians can The FSDS reflects our commitment to reconciliation flourish in clean and healthy environments. between Indigenous Peoples and the Crown. Throughout the FSDS, we acknowledge the vital contributions that Indigenous Peoples, governments and organizations make OUR VISION to sustainable development. We are also committed to Canada is one of the greenest countries in the world and our consulting and engaging with Indigenous Peoples in the quality of life continues to improve. development of each new FSDS. The “polluter pays” principle means ensuring those OUR PRINCIPLES who cause environmental damage are held accountable The FSDS shows our commitment to key sustainable for their actions. This principle is reflected in Canadian development principles. environmental legislation as well as in the FSDS—for example, our approach to protecting coasts and oceans The precautionary principle—that where there are threats includes holding industry accountable for any spill to the of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific marine environment. certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost- effective measures to prevent environmental degradation—is Integration means making decisions and developing policies integral to sustainable development and the FSDS. Our that take into account environmental, economic and social commitment to preventing environmental degradation is factors. The FSDS supports integration by highlighting reflected throughout the FSDS—for example, in goals and economic and social dimensions of environmental targets related to climate action, wildlife, lands and forests, sustainability priorities, and through the requirement that and coasts and oceans. departments and agencies consider the potential effects of proposed policies, plans and programs on FSDS goals and The FSDS also reflects the principle that sustainable targets in their strategic environmental ssessments. development is based on an ecologically efficient use of natural, social and economic resources. Targets Upholding intergenerational equity means taking action in across the FSDS—for example, on clean growth, modern the present to ensure our environment and natural resources and resilient infrastructure, and building safe and healthy support the needs of future generations. This concept is communities—reflect a commitment to advance economic fundamental to sustainable development and to the FSDS. and social objectives without harming the environment. For example, the FSDS reflects our commitment to conserve lands, waters and wildlife for future generations and to address problems we face today—such as climate change— that threaten their well-being. 7 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OUR GOALS Thirteen aspirational goals support our sustainable development vision and reflect the Canada we want: EFFECTIVE ACTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE A low-carbon economy contributes to limiting global average temperature rise to well below two degrees Celsius and supports efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius LOW-CARBON GOVERNMENT The Government of Canada leads by example by making its operations low-carbon CLEAN GROWTH A growing clean technology industry in Canada contributes to clean growth and the transition to a low-carbon economy MODERN AND RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE Modern, sustainable, and resilient infrastructure supports clean economic growth and social inclusion CLEAN ENERGY All Canadians have access to affordable, reliable and sustainable energy HEALTHY COASTS AND OCEANS Coasts and oceans support healthy, resilient and productive ecosystems PRISTINE LAKES AND RIVERS Clean and healthy lakes and rivers support economic prosperity and the well-being of Canadians SUSTAINABLY MANAGED LANDS AND FORESTS Lands and forests support biodiversity and provide a variety of ecosystem services for generations to come HEALTHY WILDLIFE POPULATIONS All species have healthy and viable populations CLEAN DRINKING WATER All Canadians have access to safe drinking water and, in particular, the significant challenges Indigenous communities face are addressed SUSTAINABLE FOOD Innovation and ingenuity contribute to a world- leading agricultural sector and food economy for the benefit of all Canadians CONNECTING CANADIANS WITH NATURE Canadians are informed about the value of nature, experiencing nature first hand, and actively engaged in its stewardship SAFE AND HEALTHY COMMUNITIES All Canadians live in clean, sustainable communities that contribute to their health and well-being

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 8 REALIZING OUR VISION It’s not enough to decide where we want to go—we need to DOING OUR PART take action to get there. That includes becoming a leader on We know that we need to do our part and contribute to the international stage. Studies provide an idea of how we economy-wide efforts to reduce GHG emissions. Over the compare with other countries on sustainable development. next three years, we’ll work toward a new, more ambitious ŠŠ The 2016 Yale Environmental Performance Index showed target of reducing GHG emissions from federal buildings that while Canada ranks 25th out of 180 countries, our and fleets by 40% below 2005 levels by 2030. ranking has improved from report to report; We will take action to ensure new buildings and renovations ŠŠ The 2016 SDG Index and Dashboards—Global achieve a high level of environmental performance, retrofit Report found that Canada ranked 11th among OECD workplaces and promote innovative practices. countries in terms of implementing the SDGs; and ŠŠ The Conference Board of Canada – How Canada REAFFIRMING OUR COMMITMENT TO STRATEGIC Performs gave Canada a C and ranked it 9th among ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT international peers. Strategic environmental assessment helps us take These studies demonstrate where Canada is doing well—for environmental impacts into account when developing policy example, 80 percent of our electricity production is from and making decisions. low-emissions sources. They also show where we need to improve, such as on GHG emissions and energy intensity. Under the Cabinet Directive on the Environmental Assessment of Policy, Plan and Program Proposals, federal departments and The 2016–2019 FSDS includes measures to shift to a low- agencies are expected to conduct a strategic environmental carbon economy and invest in clean technologies. These assessment for proposed policies, plans and programs going actions will help set us on a path to realize our vision. to a minister or Cabinet for approval, where implementation could result in important environmental effects. AN EVERGREEN STRATEGY With the 2016–2019 FSDS, we are reaffirming our For the first time, with the 2016–2019 FSDS we’re committing commitment to applying strategic environmental assessment. to making our strategy “evergreen”. Our interactive e-strategy will enable us to update the strategy on an ongoing basis For example, we are improving the guidance available to incorporate new commitments, decisions and actions. to departments and we have improved the due diligence Through the e-strategy, we will also provide periodic updates requirements to ensure that Cabinet Directive is being on progress toward our milestones, targets and goals. applied to Cabinet decision-making documents. Updates to the strategy will be informed by our ongoing conversation with our partners and Canadians. We will also Our renewed commitment to strategic environmental update the strategy to reflect the outcomes of key policy assessment supports our promise to Canadians to make processes, such as work with provinces, territories and decisions based on evidence and to set a higher bar for Indigenous Peoples to develop a pan-Canadian framework on openness and transparency in government. clean growth and climate change. REDUCING THE ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT OF CANADA’S MISSIONS ABROAD Through Global Affairs Canada’s Sustainable Buildings Program, we are reducing the environmental impact of our missions abroad. For example, at the High Commission of Canada in New Delhi, we’ve implemented a photovoltaic system to provide 45,000 kilowatt-hours per year of clean energy. At the Embassy of Canada in Berlin, Global Affairs Canada has piloted new Canadian technology to capture sunlight and direct it into a multipurpose gathering space. This project was recognized by a Real Property Institute of Canada award. 9 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY WORKING WITH BUSINESS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REVIEWING ENVIRONMENTAL AND Across the Canadian economy, companies are developing REGULATORY PROCESSES new technologies and processes to reduce their Conducting robust and thorough environmental environmental footprint, as well as setting and reporting on assessments, respecting the rights of Indigenous Peoples, and implementing strong environmental legislation will environmental and sustainable development commitments. support progress in all areas of the FSDS. Investors contribute by taking environmental, social and To advance these priorities, we launched a review of governance factors into account in investment decisions environmental and regulatory processes on June 20, 2016. and by engaging with companies to encourage sustainable Areas of focus for the review include: practices, while industry associations are driving change and • Rebuilding trust in environmental assessment coordinating sustainable development action among their processes; member companies. • Modernizing the National Energy Board; and Over the next three years, we will engage the business • Restoring lost protections and introducing modern safeguards to the Fisheries Act and the Navigation community as we continue to develop our response Protection Act. to the global SDGs. We will also explore new ways to In carrying out the review, we are working directly with promote corporate social and environmental responsibility, Indigenous Peoples to ensure their concerns are heard accountability and transparency, including in supply chains. and taken into account. We are also seeking input from provinces and territories, members of the public, and We have taken early action in making Canada a part in the stakeholders such as industry and environmental groups. Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition. Canadian business Outcomes of the review are expected to include: leaders understand the opportunities associated with the shift toward cleaner, more sustainable growth. The following • New, fair environmental assessment processes that Canadian companies have become private sector partners of are robust, incorporate scientific evidence, protect our environment, respect the rights of Indigenous Peoples, the coalition: and support economic growth; • An National Energy Board whose composition reflects Air Canada Resolute Forest Products Inc. regional views and that has sufficient expertise in Barrick Gold Corporation Royal Bank of Canada such fields as environmental science, community BMO Financial Group Scotiabank development, and Indigenous Traditional Knowledge; and Canadian Tire Corporation Shell Canada Limited Carbon Engineering Ltd. Suncor Energy • Changes to legislation, as appropriate. Catalyst Paper Corporation Teck Resources Limited Cement Association of Canada TELUS Cenovus Energy Inc. The Co-operators Desjardins Group Group Limited Enbridge Inc. The Toronto Dominion Bank Group IKEA Canada TransCanada Corporation Loblaw Companies Limited Unilever Canada Inc.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 10 WORKING WITH PARTNERS We know that we can’t achieve sustainable development The business community, including companies, investors alone. Our partners—including provincial and territorial and industry associations, plays a key role—for example, governments, Indigenous Peoples, municipalities, businesses, by developing clean technologies that contribute to a low- the scientific community, non-governmental organizations carbon economy. However, the role of business goes far and individual Canadians—all make important contributions. beyond the clean technology sector. From natural resources to service industries, and from co-operatives to social Provinces and territories share responsibility for the enterprises, businesses are adopting sustainable practices and environment with us. Their many contributions include working working to reduce their environmental footprint. with us to develop the pan-Canadian climate change framework and implementing their own climate policies; regulating natural Science and data underpin our sustainable development resource sectors; supporting clean technology; protecting and agenda, from climate change policy to water stewardship restoring important aquatic ecosystems; and taking action to to biodiversity protection. Canada’s scientific community monitor and improve air quality. generates knowledge that supports progress in these and other areas. Canadian scientists also contribute to We are committed to a nation-to-nation relationship with international initiatives—for example, to the preparation Indigenous Peoples and listening to Indigenous voices. Given of assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Indigenous Peoples’ unique understanding of and connection to Climate Change. Canada’s lands and waters, their involvement in environmental policy development and decision-making is essential. Finally, non-governmental organizations contribute by advocating for sustainable development, carrying out public Indigenous Peoples are valued partners in areas such as education and outreach, and taking action on the ground helping species at risk recover and managing national to protect the environment. For example, they support parks and protected areas. They contribute Indigenous habitat conservation on private lands, participate in multi- Traditional Knowledge that supports decision-making in stakeholder invasive species councils, and engage Canadians areas such as biodiversity conservation and the sustainable in citizen science initiatives. use of biological resources. Indigenous governments are also taking action to manage natural resources and protect TAKE ACTION! the environment on their lands, including by establishing environmental protection legislation. Canadian municipalities and communities have a significant impact on Canada’s sustainability—for example, they make Individual Canadians are engaged and informed, and are decisions related to public transit, waste management, making a difference. Canadians contribute in areas across infrastructure and buildings that affect GHG emissions, the FSDS, including addressing climate change, improving air quality, water quality and more. Their decisions air quality, protecting water, and conserving species and also influence Canadians’ quality of life. Among other habitats. contributions to the FSDS, municipalities will be essential partners in implementing our commitment to increase Some of the many steps that Canadians can take to live infrastructure investment. more sustainably include increasing the energy efficiency of their homes and choosing energy-efficient appliances, using low-emission modes of transportation, reducing food waste, ADVANCING A SHARED ARCTIC composting and recycling, getting out in nature and getting LEADERSHIP MODEL involved in conservation. As we plan for the future of the Arctic region, it is important to ensure its many interests and uses are considered. In We also hope you’ll continue to be actively involved and August, 2016, the Minister of Indigenous and Northern contribute your ideas and perspectives as we implement the Affairs announced the appointment of Mary Simon as the 2016–2019 FSDS. Minister’s Special Representative responsible for leading engagement and providing advice on the development of a new Shared Arctic Leadership Model. She is seeking input from a range of stakeholders on six key themes, including a sustainable development vision for the Arctic and new Arctic conservation goals. 11 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OUR COMMITMENTS AND PLANS Vision Canada is one of the greenest countries in the world and our quality of life continues to improve. Goals The 2016–2019 FSDS is organized around 13 aspirational goals that are a Canadian reflection of the SDGs, acknowledging our unique responsibilities and circumstances: • Effective action on climate change • Sustainably managed lands and forests • Low-carbon government • Healthy wildlife populations • Clean growth • Clean drinking water • Modern and resilient infrastructure • Sustainable food • Clean energy • Connecting Canadians with nature • Healthy coasts and oceans • Safe and healthy communities • Pristine lakes and rivers Targets and milestones One or more medium—term targets contribute to each goal. To the extent possible, medium-term targets are specific, measurable, achievable, time-bound and relevant. Short-term milestones complement FSDS targets. They represent interim steps that will help ensure we stay on track to achieve our longer-term objectives. Action plans Action plans set out what we will do to achieve our targets. They include priority measures, as well as other actions that support the targets. Canada’s starting point What our indicators currently show, and how we will measure our progress going forward. Canada In the world How our goals, targets and actions support the SDGs and contribute to other international agreements and initiatives. Connections with other FSDS areas How each FSDS goal supports the achievement of others. Partners Actions others are taking that support our goals and targets. Take action! Steps that Canadians can take to help achieve our goals and targets.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 12 Table 1 – FSDS goals, targets, responsible ministers and key departments GOAL TITLES TARGET TITLES RESPONSIBLE MINISTERS Effective action on Canada’s GHG emissions Minister of Environment and Climate Change, climate change supported by a whole-of-government approach to implementation Low-carbon government GHG emissions reduction from federal buildings and fleets All ministers Clean growth Investment in clean energy research, development and demonstration Minister of Innovation, Science and Economic Development; Minister of Natural Resources Modern and resilient Investment in green infrastructure Minister of Infrastructure and Communities infrastructure Clean energy Clean power generation Minister of Natural Resources Contribution to clean power generation in North America Minister of Natural Resources Share of renewable energy in Canada’s total electricity supply Minister of Natural Resources Healthy coasts and Marine conservation Minister of Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian oceans Coast Guard Sustainable fisheries Minister of Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard Pristine lakes and rivers Nutrient pollution to lakes and rivers Minister of Environment and Climate Change Lake and river ecosystems Minister of Environment and Climate Change 13 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY GOAL TITLES TARGET TITLES RESPONSIBLE MINISTERS Sustainably managed Terrestrial ecosystem conservation Minister of Environment and Climate Change lands and forests Health of national parks Minister of Environment and Climate Change Sustainable forests Minister of Natural Resources Healthy wildlife Species at risk Minister of Environment and Climate Change populations Migratory birds Minister of Environment and Climate Change Clean drinking water Long-term drinking water advisories Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs Sustainable food Safe and accessible food supply Minister of Health Sustainable agriculture Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Sustainable aquaculture Minister of Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard Connecting Canadians Participation in biodiversity conservation activities Minister of Environment and Climate Change with nature Support for protection and presentation of Parks Canada places Minister of Environment and Climate Change Visits to national wildlife areas Minister of Environment and Climate Change Safe and healthy Air quality Minister of Environment and Climate Change communities Chemicals Management Plan Minister of Environment and Climate Change; Minister of Health

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 14 15 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY EFFECTIVE ACTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE LONG-TERM GOAL A low-carbon economy contributes to limiting global average temperature rise to well below two degrees Celsius and supports efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius WHY IS THIS ISSUE IMPORTANT? RESPONSIBLE MINISTER/KEY DEPARTMENTS AND Climate change is a critical global problem that could affect AGENCIES future generations’ ability to meet their basic needs. Its Minister of Environment and Climate Change, supported effects are already being felt across Canada—for example, by a whole-of-government approach to implementation/ rising sea levels that threaten coastal communities, more Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Department of Finance frequent and severe wildfires and pest outbreaks, and Canada; Environment and Climate Change Canada; Fisheries extreme weather events such as storms and heat waves. and Oceans Canada; Global Affairs Canada; Health Canada; Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada; Innovation, Indigenous communities face disproportionate impacts, as Science and Economic Development Canada; Natural reductions in sea ice, snow cover and glaciers have disrupted travel Resources Canada; Public Health Agency of Canada; routes and reduced the quality of country foods in the North. Standards Council of Canada; Transport Canada Effective action on climate change means transitioning to a low-carbon economy—reducing our GHG emissions while CANADA’S STARTING POINT increasing our prosperity. ŠŠ To measure Canada’s contribution to limiting global Adaptation is also key in addressing climate change, and is temperature rise, we track our national GHG emission about making smart, informed, forward-looking decisions. level. In 2014, Canada’s GHG emission level was 732 Effective adaptation measures can save lives, minimize megatonnes carbon dioxide equivalent, or 5% below damages, and lower costs over the long term for individuals, 2005 levels. However, emissions are currently increasing, businesses, organizations, and governments. and without additional action Canada’s emission level is projected to be 815 megatonnes carbon dioxide equivalent in 2030, or more than 55% above our target. MEDIUM-TERM TARGET ŠŠ To monitor the transition to a low-carbon economy, By 2030, reduce Canada's total GHG emissions by 30%, we track our GHG intensity, or emissions of carbon relative to 2005 emission levels dioxide equivalent per billion dollars GDP. In 2014, Canada’s GHG intensity was 0.42 megatonnes of SHORT-TERM MILESTONES carbon dioxide equivalent per $billion GDP, or 31.5% lower than 1990 (0.62 megatonnes). ŠŠ By the end of Fall 2016, First Ministers are expected to agree on Canada's approach to climate change via a pan-Canadian framework on clean growth and climate change, which will put Canada on the path to meeting its 2030 target and taking action on adaptation and clean technology ŠŠ Ratify the Paris Agreement by the end of 2016 ŠŠ Along with the US and Mexico, Canada has committed to develop a mid-century, long-term low-greenhouse gas emissions development strategy by the end of 2016

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 16 OUR ACTION PLAN Key priorities Building on the Vancouver Declaration on Clean Growth and Climate Change issued by Canada’s First Ministers in March 2016, we are working with provincial and territorial governments and Indigenous Peoples to develop a pan-Canadian framework on clean growth and climate change. By the fall of 2016, we will have in place a framework that provides a pathway towards our 2030 target to reduce GHG emissions by 30% from 2005 levels. By the end of the year we will also develop a long-term low-emissions development strategy that presents a pathway to a low-carbon future. Reducing emissions as part of the pan-Canadian framework will require taking action to: • Advance the use of carbon pricing to provide a market signal that encourages lower-emitting behaviours, products and technologies, and at the same time acknowledges provincial leadership and the need for flexibility; • Help Canadians shift to cleaner fuel sources; • Increase Canada’s low or zero-emissions electricity supply; • Increase vehicle efficiency and move towards lower-emitting modes of transportation; • Accelerate the adoption of transformative technologies and energy efficiency; • Make our buildings and equipment more efficient; • Enhance sinks and address emissions from forests, agriculture and waste; • Lead by example through green and innovative government operations. The pan-Canadian framework will also advance strategies to address adaptation and resilience as well as clean technology, innovation and jobs. It will also implement an ongoing process for engagement and partnerships with Indigenous Peoples, including on clean energy. Canada played an active and constructive role in the international negotiations that led to the adoption of the Paris Agreement—a new and effective global climate change agreement. On April 22, 2016, Canada signed the Paris Agreement and is taking action to ratify it by the end of the year. Moving forward, we will push for global action to implement the Paris Agreement while seeking out opportunities to address climate change bilaterally or multilaterally. Work in this regard has already started, beginning with our North American partners. In February 2016, Canada, the US and Mexico signed the trilateral Memorandum of Understanding Concerning Climate Change and Energy Collaboration, establishing the foundations of continental energy collaboration. Building on this success, in June 2016 the three countries announced the North American Climate, Clean Energy and Environment Partnership, committing to work together to develop a competitive, low-carbon and sustainable North American economy and society. This will include: • Achieving 50% clean power generation in North America; • Phasing out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption; • Aligning fuel efficiency and GHG emission standards for vehicles; and • Reducing emissions of potent short-lived climate pollutants such as methane and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Fulfilling our commitments under Mission Innovation will also contribute to reducing Canada’s GHG emissions. Mission Innovation is a global partnership aimed at doubling government investment in clean energy innovation over five years, while encouraging private sector leadership in clean energy. We have also committed to contribute an historic $2.65 billion over the next five years to help developing countries tackle climate change. To support our commitments to work with partners and reduce GHG emissions, Budget 2016 provided: • $2 billion over two years to establish a Low Carbon Economy Fund to support provincial and territorial actions that will significantly reduce GHG emissions; • $75 million in new funding for local governments to address climate change; and • $109.1 million over five years to advance domestic climate change objectives through science, data reporting, policy and regulations. Finally, because further climate change is inevitable, we’re taking action to help other governments and communities become more resilient to its impacts. For example, Budget 2016 provided: • $129.5 million over five years to build the science base to inform decision-making, protect the health and well-being of Canadians, build resilience in the North and Indigenous communities, and enhancing competitiveness in key economic sectors; and • $40 million over five years, as part of our 10-year infrastructure plan, to integrate climate resilience into building design guides and codes. We will also help build capacity to respond to extreme heat by supporting implementation of heat alert and response systems. 17 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY PARTNERS TAKING ACTION - THE CO-OPERATORS The Co-operators has set a long-term goal of being net carbon zero by 2020, and a target to reduce net carbon emissions by 75% below the 2010 base year by 2018. In 2015, its net carbon emissions were 55% below its 2010 emission levels due to: ÔÔ Internal reductions realized through energy efficiency building retrofits, space consolidation initiatives, a smaller and more efficient fleet, and reductions in vehicle business travel; ÔÔ Changes to provincial electricity emissions factors—for instance, the positive impact associated with the phasing out of coal in Ontario; and ÔÔ The purchase of renewable energy certificates from Bullfrog Power for select corporate offices. CONTRIBUTING ACTIONS Take a leading role in international agreements and initiatives on climate change Actions already planned and underway will support the implementation of the pan-Canadian framework. To Ensure Canada plays a leading role in international efforts accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy and make to address climate change through free trade agreements, communities resilient, we will: interactions with key partner countries including the US, Mexico, China and the European Union, by implementing Use regulations to limit GHG emissions multilateral environmental agreements, and by participating in international fora such as the United Nations. Develop and implement regulations to limit GHG emissions—for example: This includes negotiations on GHG emissions in the maritime and aviation sectors and implementing Canada’s ŠŠ Develop regulations to reduce methane emissions from climate finance pledge. the oil and gas sector by 40–45% below 2012 levels by 2025 in partnership with the US and Mexico (intention Provide in-kind support and funding for climate to publish an initial phase of proposed regulations by resilience early 2017); and Provide funding for First Nations and Inuit communities to ŠŠ Regulate HFCs under the Montreal Protocol. develop: Once regulations are in place, promote compliance and carry out enforcement activities, including in the electricity, energy ŠŠ Climate change adaptation strategies; efficiency, transportation and shipping sectors. ŠŠ Action plans for community-based climate change adaptation research and assessment projects; and Work with partners on climate change ŠŠ Regional health adaptation plans. Collaborate with Canadians, other levels of government, and Support adaptation projects in various sectors to improve stakeholders—for example: training, build capacity, support evaluation, and promote ŠŠ Work with Canadians and northern stakeholders information sharing, with a focus on northern transportation through the Northern Adaptation Strategy; infrastructure. ŠŠ Work with Canadians, provinces and territories, Develop a solid base of scientific research and Indigenous Peoples, and municipalities to develop analysis on climate change local and regional plans and continue to develop the Adaptation Platform; and Conduct scientific research, modelling and analysis to build knowledge of climate change and its impacts—now and in ŠŠ Work with other levels of government and other the future, and across different geographic areas—including partners to address the threats of invasive alien species enhanced monitoring of the health impacts of climate under changing climatic conditions. change. Conduct climate policy research and analysis Track Canada’s GHG emissions, collect GHG emissions Conduct policy research and analysis to inform strategies data, provide information to support policy development to address climate change in different sectors, including (including regulations) in economic sectors, and provide agriculture, energy and health. information to help Canadians make climate-related decisions and prepare for future climate impacts.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 18 Support voluntary action to reduce GHG emissions and adapt to climate change Support businesses and Canadians in taking action to reduce GHG emissions. This work includes: ŠŠ Energy efficiency programs and information; ŠŠ Promoting sustainable consumption and production For details on how this goal supports international action, and the use of lower-carbon-footprint materials in see Annex 3. construction; OUR PARTNERS ŠŠ Plans to address GHG emissions from the rail sector; and Partners and stakeholders across Canada are taking action ŠŠ Developing standards to support resilience, with a focus to reduce GHG emissions, including other governments, on infrastructure. businesses, Indigenous Peoples, municipalities, and individual Canadians. In particular, provincial and territorial CONNECTIONS WITH OTHER FSDS AREAS governments have adopted climate policies tailored to their specific circumstances and priorities. Climate change affects our ecosystems, our livelihoods, our safety and security, and our health. Taking action on climate Provinces and territories have also established climate change supports many other FSDS targets—for example: change adaptation strategies or incorporated resilience into broader climate change strategies, while local health ŠŠ Building a cleaner energy system and investing in authorities and municipalities are taking steps such as clean technology and infrastructure will reduce our implementing heat alert and response systems and planning GHG emissions and help us transition to a low-carbon flood defences to address projected sea level rise (see Figure economy 2). ŠŠ To do our part on climate change, we are reducing GHG emissions from our own operations Some industry sectors have made GHG emission reduction commitments and are taking steps to achieve them. For ŠŠ Climate change is affecting the health of coasts and example, Canada’s aviation sector is working with the oceans as well as lakes and rivers federal government to increase fuel efficiency and decrease ŠŠ Sustainable agricultural practices can increase carbon GHG emissions under Canada’s Action Plan to Reduce sequestration in soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Aviation. ŠŠ Forests and other ecosystems act as carbon sinks, More than 20 Canadian companies are private sector helping to mitigate climate change partners of the Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition, a ŠŠ Climate change is exacerbating air quality issues in some voluntary initiative that supports and encourages successful areas of Canada implementation of carbon pricing around the world. CANADA IN THE WORLD Partners and stakeholders are also active in helping Canadian communities become more resilient to climate change. For Taking action on climate change supports the 2030 Agenda example: and its global sustainable development goals—in particular SDG 7, Affordable and Clean Energy; SDG 12, Responsible ŠŠ Some companies are integrating climate considerations Consumption and Production; SDG 13, Climate Action; and into their investment, planning, and operational SDG 17, Partnerships for the Goals. It also supports specific decisions in order to improve their long-term resilience SDG targets, as well as other international agreements and and competitiveness; and initiatives. ŠŠ Some professional associations are working to inform and equip their members to address a changing climate in their professional practice. 19 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Figure 2 - Selection of climate change measures by jurisdiction Yukon • Climate Change Action Plan • Climate Change Strategy Progress Report, Northwest (planned) including sectoral • Lower Churchill Project GHG targets (2012, Territories (Muskrat Falls) 2015) • Climate Change • Muskrat Falls Infrastructure • Climate Change Strategic Framework Nunavut Investments (2013) Action Plan (2009) (planned) • Climate Change Adaptation • Climate Change and Energy • Biomass Energy Action Plan (planned) Efficiency Action Plans (2011) • Energy Strategy (2009) Strategy (2012) • Risk management tools • Solid Waste • GHG Strategy (2011) integrating Management Strategy British • Building Efficiency programs traditional (2002) knowledge Columbia (2007-2011) and climate Newfoundland • Climate science and Leadership Plan (2016) Quebec Labrador • Greenhouse Gas lberta • Cap-and-Trade System Industrial Reporting and • Climate (2013), integrated with Control Act (2014) Leadership Plan • SaskPower anitoba Renewable California (2014) • Forest Carbon Offset (announced 2015) • Cap-and-Trade Energy target • Action Plan for Protocol (2011) System (announced • Specified Gas (2015) Transportation • Carbon Neutral 2015) Emitters Regulation • Flaring and Ontario Electrification 2015-2020 Government (2007, updated • Climate Change • Policy on Waste Management Prince Incineration and Green Economy • Climate Change Operations 2015) Re uirements Action Plan with (2014) Edward Island (2009) Plan (2015) • Climate Change • Petroleum (2012, 2015) Cap-and-Trade System • Climate Change Action • Climate Action Industry Flaring, • Carbon Tax on Mitigation and • Boundary Dam (2016) Plan and Adaptation Plan and Carbon Incinerating coal and Adaptation Thermal Power • Regulatory Changes for Strategy (2013) Tax (2008) and enting petroleum Strategies Plant Integrated coke ‘Alternative Low-Carbon Fuels’ (1999) Carbon Capture (2015); ethanol (2007) and bio-based (planned) combustion • Climate Change and Storage (2014) diesel (2014) mandates Project (2014) • Phase-out (2007-2014) and permanent Strategy (2008) • Coal • Wind Development Saskatchewan heating ban ban (2015) of coal-fired electricity Plan (2008) (2013) • Feed-In Tariff Program and Large Renewable Procurement (2009) • Residential and Canada • Ethanol Growth Fund (2005) New Commercial Building Efficiency • Coal-Fired Electricity Regulations (2015) Brunswick programs (2008, 2009) • GHG Nova Scotia • Vehicle GHG Regulations: Light-duty (2011) Management for • Climate Change Action Plan and Heavy-duty (2017) Industrial Emitters (2015) (2009) • Renewable Fuels Regulations (2010) • Climate Change Action • Electricity sector regulations (2009, • ecoENERGY Programs (2008, 2011) Plan (2014) 2013) • Renewable Energy Portfolio • Renewable Electricity Plan (2010) Standard (2014) • Solid Waste Resources • Landfill Gas Management (2008) Management Regulations (1996) TAKE ACTION! ÔÔ Use public or active transit to get to work ÔÔ If you drive, choose a lower-emitting vehicle and avoid idling ÔÔ Arrange an EnerGuide home evaluation and act on the results ÔÔ Generate or purchase green electricity for your home ÔÔ Reduce the amount of waste (including food waste) that you generate; compost and recycle to reduce GHG emissions from landfills and from producing new materials ÔÔ Unplug electronics when you’re not using them ÔÔ Plant trees to increase the urban forest canopy, provide shade, and improve air quality

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 20 21 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY LOW-CARBON GOVERNMENT LONG-TERM GOAL The Government of Canada leads by example by making its operations low-carbon WHY IS THIS ISSUE IMPORTANT? SHORT-TERM MILESTONES We are committed to becoming a leader on climate change. ŠŠ Be an early adopter of building standards to be As we move forward on the pan-Canadian framework on established through the pan-Canadian framework clean growth and climate change, we will take action to on clean growth and climate change for all new ensure that we, the federal government, are doing our part government buildings and leases, where applicable and contributing to the broader economy-wide plan. ŠŠ Establish a complete and public inventory of federal We have a large real property portfolio that uses a significant GHG emissions and energy use amount of energy. We also spend billions each year on ŠŠ Encourage departments to take action to innovate goods and services in order to serve Canadians. sustainable workplace practices Our large footprint means we have an opportunity to ŠŠ Review procurement practices to align with green support the transition to a low-carbon economy, stimulate objectives the clean tech sector, contribute to Canada’s international climate change commitments, and achieve cost savings. RESPONSIBLE MINISTERS/KEY DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES MEDIUM-TERM TARGET All ministers/All departments and agencies Reduce GHG emissions from federal government buildings and fleets by 40% below 2005 levels by 2030, with an CANADA’S STARTING POINT aspiration to achieve it by 2025* To measure our progress on achieving low-carbon government, we track GHG emissions from our operations. *Achieving the target is dependent on major capital investments, with As of 2014–2015, responsible departments and agencies potential for construction time-delays. Best-case scenarios would allow have reduced GHG emissions from their buildings and fleets for attainment. by 4.6% relative to fiscal year 2005–2006. This amount has since been revised to 15%, based on internationally accepted best practices in accounting for GHG emissions. PARTNERS TAKING ACTION - REAL PROPERTY ASSOCIATION OF CANADA Real Property Association of Canada notes many of the larger pension fund real estate companies, public listed real estate entities and real estate investment trusts are focused on managing energy, water and GHG consumption within their portfolios, adopting LEED1 and BOMA BESt2 standards, and often disclosing intensity metrics for energy, water, waste and carbon within corporate social responsibility reports disclosed to the public. Many Canadian companies are now global leaders according to the global GRESB3 survey, and LEED has the highest adoption rate in Canada of any other country in the world outside of the US, where LEED was invented.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 22 OUR ACTION PLAN Key Priorities Our buildings are the largest source of GHG emissions from our operations, and they will be our key focus in reducing these emissions. Commitments under Budget 2016 support our target and aspirational goal. Budget 2016 provided more than $1 billion in new funding for the implementation of Public Services and Procurement Canada’s Energy Services Acquisition Project, which will retrofit and modernize six heating and cooling plants which serve more than 80 locations in the National Capital Region. This project is anticipated to reduce the emissions currently generated by these facilities by more than 35%. Under the North American Climate, Clean Energy and Environment Partnership, we have committed to purchase 100% clean power for all of Public Services and Procurement Canada’s facilities by 2025. To further support the transition to a low-carbon economy, we will act as a “test bed” for emerging clean technologies and add electric and hybrid vehicles to our fleet as appropriate. CONTRIBUTING ACTIONS Promote sustainable travel practices To green our operations, we will reduce energy use in our Promote sustainable practices for employee travel— buildings and fleets, better understand GHG emissions including business travel and commuting to work—such as across all of our operations, from all sources, and examine teleconferencing, telecommuting, carpooling, and use of ways to build our resilience. Specifically, we will: electric vehicles and public transportation. Where feasible, offer offsetting options to reduce the impact of government Improve the energy efficiency of our buildings travel. Be an early adopter of building standards to be established Understand climate change impacts and build through the pan-Canadian framework on clean growth and resilience climate change; designate energy managers for all National Defence bases and wings; retrofit workplaces to reduce Understand and address the wide range of climate change energy consumption and GHG emissions. And, on a impacts that could potentially affect federal assets, programs voluntary basis, departments will purchase clean power for and services across the country; ensure service disruptions their facilities. are avoided. In addition, explore how climate change impacts can be integrated into program design considerations. Modernize our fleet Improve transparency and accountability Support the reduction of energy use in government fleets and the deployment of electric vehicles; support access to Align government measurement practices with international workplace electric vehicle charging. standards, adopting a dynamic (real-time) account of GHG emissions generated by electricity grids serving federal Support the transition to a low-carbon economy facilities. Provide timely updates on progress through full through green procurement disclosure of emissions. Support clean technologies and green products and services Develop policy for low-carbon government by taking environmental considerations into account in our purchasing decisions. Conduct policy research and analysis to support renewal of departmental GHG implementation plans and the Demonstrate innovative technologies development of additional departmental targets to reduce the environmental impact of federal workplace operations Support federal government departments and agencies in being the first to use, test, and evaluate state-of-the-art innovations not yet available in the marketplace to address CONNECTIONS WITH OTHER FSDS AREAS specific departmental needs and increase operational Reducing GHG emissions from our own operations is one efficiency. The Build in Canada Innovation Program way we are taking action on climate change. helps companies bridge the pre-commercialization gap by procuring and testing late stage innovative goods and services within the federal government before taking them to market. 23 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OUR PARTNERS PARTNERS TAKING ACTION - Other governments in Canada are showing leadership in TELUS GARDEN reducing GHG emissions and considering environmental In September 2015, TELUS garden opened in performance in procurement. For example, provinces and downtown Vancouver. Home to TELUS headquarters, territories are implementing energy efficiency standards for TELUS garden has received LEED Platinum certification and is the first building in North America their facilities and procuring more efficient products, vehicles to be funded by Green Bonds. Its sustainability and equipment. Some provinces, like British Columbia and features include a district energy system, triple-pane Ontario, have committed to moving toward carbon-neutral curtain wall design, operable windows, 100% outside- operations. air supply, radiant heating and cooling, solar panels, and a rainwater capture system. Canadian companies are also important partners—their research and development into clean and innovative technologies will help us to reduce our emissions. Additionally, travel partners such as HRG and Air Canada CANADA IN THE WORLD provide opportunities to offset emissions from travel. Doing our part on climate change supports the 2030 Agenda and its global sustainable development goals—in particular SDG 12, Responsible Consumption and Production; and SDG 13, Climate Action. It also supports specific SDG targets, as well as other international agreements and initiatives. For details on how this goal supports international action, see Annex 3. TAKE ACTION! Reduce GHG emissions in your own workplace: ÔÔ Encourage employees and co-workers to bike, walk or take public transit to work ÔÔ Make use of video and teleconference services ÔÔ Turn off computers and other equipment at the end of your work day ÔÔ Use energy-efficient lighting

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 24 25 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY CLEAN GROWTH LONG-TERM GOAL A growing clean technology industry in Canada contributes to clean growth and the transition to a low-carbon economy WHY IS THIS ISSUE IMPORTANT? RESPONSIBLE MINISTERS/KEY DEPARTMENTS AND We know that a clean environment and a strong economy AGENCIES must go hand in hand in the modern world. Investing Minister of Innovation, Science and Economic in clean technology and supporting innovation will help Development; Minister of Natural Resources/Atlantic us transition to a low-carbon economy, achieving both Canada Opportunities Agency; Canada Economic economic and environmental benefits. Development for Quebec Regions; Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency; Federal Economic Among others, the benefits of clean technology include Development Agency for Southern Ontario; Federal lower GHG emissions and increased resilience to climate Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario; change, healthier communities, and more sustainable and Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada; competitive economic sectors. Natural Resources Canada; Standards Council of Canada; Sustainable Development Technology Canada; Statistics Canada’s clean technology industries are at the forefront Canada; Western Economic Diversification Canada of clean growth. Through our investments, we can support their efforts, helping to reduce GHG emissions, address environmental problems such as air and water pollution, CANADA’S STARTING POINT make Canadian companies more competitive, and create To measure the growth of Canada’s clean technology clean jobs. sector, funding is provided to Statistics Canada to define the industries in the sector, establish the 2015 baseline on MEDIUM-TERM TARGET the industry by 2018, and track the contribution of clean technology to GDP, as well as the number of jobs related to Implement our Mission Innovation commitment to double clean technology. federal government investments in clean energy research, development and demonstration, by 2020, from 2015 levels SHORT-TERM MILESTONE ŠŠ Develop an Inclusive Innovation Agenda by 2017 ŠŠ Develop a clean technology strategy for Canada’s natural resource sectors by 2017 PARTNERS TAKING ACTION - NEI INVESTMENTS As an investment management company, NEI Investments’ main impact on the environment and sustainable development is through its investment decision-making and engagement activities. Themes that influence its investment decisions include climate change and the energy transition, human rights, and responsible food production. Its engagement activities include dialogue with investee companies, proxy voting, public policy and standards work, and participation in multi-stakeholder initiatives.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 26 OUR ACTION PLAN Key priorities We recognize that clean technologies provide the pathway for GHG emissions mitigation and more sustainable growth of all areas of the economy, including transportation, natural resources development, manufacturing, construction, utilities and others. In the context of developing a pan-Canadian framework on clean growth and climate change, we are working with provinces and territories—as well as National Indigenous Organizations, industry stakeholders and experts—to explore how to stimulate economic growth, create jobs, and drive innovation across all sectors to transition to a low-carbon economy, leveraging regional strengths. Work with our partners is focused on four important areas: • Building early-stage innovation; • Accelerating commercialization and growth; • Fostering greater adoption; and • Strengthening collaboration and metrics for success. We have committed to significant investments in clean technologies that will support an Inclusive Innovation Agenda. Budget 2016 provided over $1 billion over four years to support clean technology, including in the forestry, fisheries, mining, energy and agriculture sectors. Our commitments include: • $20 million over eight years to establish two new Canada Excellence Research Chairs in fields related to clean and sustainable technology; • $50 million over four years to Sustainable Development Technology Canada for the SD Tech Fund; • $82.5 million over two years to Natural Resources Canada to support research, development and demonstration of clean energy technologies; and • Doubling Regional Development Agencies’ annual aggregate support for clean technology to $100 million per year, from existing resources. Investing in clean energy technology will support our commitments under Mission Innovation—a global initiative that will see partner countries double government investments in clean energy innovation over five years—as well as our international climate change commitments. We will also take action to help Canadians gain the skills they need to participate in the clean growth economy—for example, by introducing reforms to the Canada Student Loans Program to make post-secondary education more affordable, investing in the Youth Employment Strategy (including providing funding to create green jobs for youth), and strengthening union-based apprenticeship training. CONTRIBUTING ACTIONS Work with partners on developing and adopting new technologies to reduce GHG and air pollutant To foster research and development of new technologies emissions and accelerate innovation, we will: Work with provinces, territories, Indigenous communities, Invest in technologies to reduce GHG and air business, industry, technology producers, and academia to pollutant emissions implement shared approaches to reducing GHG emissions and improving air quality—for example, by: Support the development, demonstration, commercialization, deployment, adoption and export of ŠŠ Promoting standard accreditation services; technologies that reduce GHG and air pollutant emissions. ŠŠ Making strategic investments in GHG emission This work will leverage regional strengths and help to reduction related technologies; improve productivity, competitiveness, and environmental performance in sectors such as energy, mining, building, and ŠŠ Promoting the adoption of new technologies; waste management, and the manufacturing sector, including ŠŠ Improving the role of codes and standards; in the aerospace and automotive industries. ŠŠ Supporting clean technology development and demonstration through Sustainable Development Technology Canada and the Green Municipal Fund; and 27 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ŠŠ Collaborating on strategies to minimize dependence on fossil fuel electricity generation in northern and remote communities. Deliver on Canada’s Mission Innovation goal of doubling federal investments by 2020 in research, development and demonstration of clean energy technologies. For details on how this goal supports international action, Support voluntary action to reduce GHG and air see Annex 3. pollutant emissions Encourage businesses, provinces, territories and Canadians OUR PARTNERS to take action to reduce GHG and air pollutant emissions— for example, by: Canada’s clean technology sector and other Canadian businesses, academic institutions, Indigenous organizations, ŠŠ Supporting businesses, including co-operatives and provinces and territories, and municipalities all play a role other social enterprises, with sustainability goals and in advancing clean technology. Canadian companies are green technology projects; taking the lead in developing and adopting technologies that ŠŠ Supporting and providing accreditation for GHG and contribute to a low-carbon economy. Meanwhile, provinces, air pollutant emissions verification; and territories and others are working to further encourage technology research, development and adoption. For ŠŠ Developing and promoting standards and codes of example: practice that promote environmental sustainability, such as the ISO 14034 – Environmental management – ŠŠ British Columbia’s #BCTECH Strategy includes Environmental technology verification (to be published measures to increase adoption and exports of clean in fall 2016). technologies. ŠŠ Ontario supports the Ontario Centres of Excellence, CONNECTIONS WITH OTHER FSDS AREAS a not-for-profit program that helps to commercialize Investing in clean technology and innovation supports academic research and invests in early-stage projects economic growth, as well as FSDS targets related to with commercial potential. climate action, clean energy, and building safe and healthy ŠŠ Quebec’s Technoclimat Program encourages the communities: development of new technologies and innovative processes related to energy efficiency and emerging ŠŠ Clean technology can reduce GHG emissions and energy sources. increase climate resilience ŠŠ Nova Scotia’s Innovacorp is the province’s early stage ŠŠ Investing in clean energy technology will make Canada’s venture capital organization. It provides early-stage energy system more sustainable investment, as well as hands-on business advisory ŠŠ Investing in clean technology reduces reliance on fossil- services. fuel generated electricity in northern and remote areas ŠŠ Cold Climate Innovation at the Yukon Research Centre and supports healthy and sustainable communities provides seed money to individuals and companies ŠŠ Investing in clean technology is helping sectors such to develop prototypes that can be tested and moved as forestry, fisheries, mining, energy, agriculture and towards commercialization. manufacturing, and their related supply chains, become ŠŠ Clusters of business incubators and accelerators like more sustainable and competitive Toronto’s MaRS Discovery District and the DMZ at Ryerson University connect investors, educators, CANADA IN THE WORLD researchers, social scientists, entrepreneurs and business Investing in clean technology and innovation supports the experts.

2030 Agenda and its global sustainable development goals— In support of Mission Innovation initiatives, Canada is in particular SDG 9, Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure; working with 20 international partners to advance global and SDG 12, Responsible Consumption and Production. clean energy leadership, including the US, Mexico, France, It also supports specific SDG targets, as well as other the UK, Germany, India and China. international agreements and initiatives.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 28 29 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY MODERN AND RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE LONG-TERM GOAL Modern, sustainable, and resilient infrastructure supports clean economic growth and social inclusion WHY IS THIS ISSUE IMPORTANT? SHORT-TERM MILESTONES Green infrastructure—including water and wastewater ŠŠ Before the end of 2016–2017, have implemented systems, clean energy, climate resilient infrastructure initiatives under Phase 1 of Infrastructure Canada’s like flood mitigation systems, and infrastructure to two-phased infrastructure plan in relation to green protect against a changing climate—protects the natural infrastructure, including investments of $2 billion in environment, supports healthy and resilient communities, new clean water and wastewater funding drives economic growth, and improves our quality of life. ŠŠ Before the end of 2017–2018, have developed and We need modern water and wastewater facilities to ensure begun implementation of Phase 2 of Canada’s that Canadians have clean water to drink and to protect long-term infrastructure plan to deliver new green our lakes, rivers and oceans from pollution. Clean energy infrastructure funding to provinces, territories and infrastructure will help decrease GHG emissions and air municipalities to ensure increased investments in green pollution. And as the impacts of climate change continue infrastructure to manifest, climate resilient infrastructure that protects Canadians will become increasingly important to sustain RESPONSIBLE MINISTER/KEY DEPARTMENTS AND economic, environmental and social well-being. AGENCIES Minister of Infrastructure and Communities/Indigenous In addition to green infrastructure, other infrastructure and Northern Affairs Canada; Infrastructure Canada; investments—for example, investments to provide Natural Resources Canada affordable housing and upgrade public transit—can also contribute to environmental sustainability, economic prosperity and improved quality of life. CANADA’S STARTING POINT ŠŠ To measure the environmental impact of our MEDIUM-TERM TARGET infrastructure investments, we will track the average percentage decrease in volume of water leakage and/or By the end of 2025–2026, invest $20 billion in funding for infiltration that can be attributed to funded investments. green infrastructure initiatives that reduce GHG emissions We will also track the number of systems that have and improve climate resilience and environmental quality improved the quality of wastewater effluent or storm water discharge as a result of funded investments. ŠŠ Infrastructure Canada will work with Statistics Canada to improve infrastructure-related data, which will support better information on the state and performance of core public infrastructure assets for all levels of government.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 30 OUR ACTION PLAN Key priorities Over the next ten years, we will deliver significant new funding to provinces, territories, municipalities, and Indigenous communities to support infrastructure investments in two phases under three streams—public transit, green infrastructure, and social infrastructure While all infrastructure funding will play a role in supporting sustainable development, green infrastructure funding in particular will focus on initiatives that support environmental outcomes and objectives. It will help to modernize and upgrade water and wastewater systems, support the transition to a low-carbon economy, and help Canadian communities, including Indigenous Peoples, adapt to climate change. Green infrastructure initiatives currently being implemented under Phase 1 of the infrastructure plan across a number of departments include: • $2 billion through a Clean Water and Wastewater Fund to provide communities with more reliable water and wastewater systems and ensure both drinking water and wastewater effluent meet legislated standards; • $2.24 billion over five years to First Nation communities to improve water and wastewater infrastructure and waste management; • $125 million over two years to the Federation of Canadian Municipalities to enhance the Green Municipal Fund; • $75 million in new funding for local governments to address climate change; • $50 million for a capacity-building fund to support the use of asset management best practices across Canada; • $62. 5 million over two years to support the deployment of infrastructure for alternative transportation fuels, including charging infrastructure for electric vehicles and natural gas and hydrogen refueling stations; • $40 million over five years to integrate climate resilience into building design guides and codes; • $2.5 million over two years to facilitate regional dialogues and studies that identify electricity infrastructure projects with the potential to achieve significant GHG reductions; and • $413 million for two adaptation and climate resilient infrastructure projects—Lake Manitoba and Lake St. Martin Outlet Channels Project and the Lions Gate Wastewater Treatment Plant. We are engaging with our provincial, territorial, municipal and Indigenous partners, as well as global institutional investors and other stakeholders, and will announce Phase 2 of the long-term infrastructure plan in the next year. Phase 2 investments will further advance our commitments to GHG emission reduction, climate resilience and improved environmental quality. In addition, we are pleased to support Private Member’s Motion M-45, introduced by Mr. Andy Fillmore (MP for Halifax) on May 5, 2016. The motion proposes that analyses of the impacts of GHG emissions of government infrastructure projects be considered, and where appropriate, funding be prioritized for infrastructure proposals that mitigate climate change. CONTRIBUTING ACTIONS CONNECTIONS WITH OTHER FSDS AREAS In the short term, under Phase 1 of the long-term Investing in infrastructure supports FSDS targets related to infrastructure plan, we will: sustainable economic growth, climate action, and building safe and healthy communities: Work with partners on green infrastructure ŠŠ Investments in green infrastructure can reduce GHG ŠŠ Work with provinces, territories and other stakeholders emissions, protect communities from climate impacts to implement shared approaches to improving water and reduce air pollution and wastewater infrastructure, as well as support actions ŠŠ Investing in wastewater infrastructure helps prevent to reduce GHG emissions and improve air quality. water pollution and protect sources of drinking water This includes funding to be delivered by the Federation of Canadian Municipalities for local governments to support municipality-led projects to identify and implement GHG reduction opportunities and to enhance the Green Municipal Fund, which finances and funds innovative, municipal green infrastructure priorities. 31 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY CANADA IN THE WORLD Investing in infrastructure supports the 2030 Agenda and its global sustainable development goals—in particular SDG 9, Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure. It also supports a specific SDG target, as well as other international agreements and initiatives. For details on how this goal supports international action, see Annex 3. OUR PARTNERS Municipalities, provinces and territories own most of Canada’s public infrastructure and are essential partners in infrastructure investment. We are committed to working collaboratively with provincial, territorial, and municipal governments on their infrastructure priorities. PARTNERS TAKING ACTION - HAMILTON STREET RAILWAY In September 2015, the City of Hamilton installed a new compressed natural gas fuel station, allowing the city’s capacity for natural gas buses to grow from 35 to 120 vehicles over the next six years. The projected cost savings are about $40 million over the next 20 years with GHG emission reductions of about 25%— equivalent to removing 18,105 passenger cars from the road. TAKE ACTION! ÔÔ Consider making energy-efficient renovations to your home, such as adding insulation, caulking and weather-stripping, improving or replacing windows and doors, and upgrading your heating and cooling equipment ÔÔ Look for opportunities to walk, bike, or take public transit instead of using a car. ÔÔ Support municipal green infrastructure projects and initiatives

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 32 33 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY CLEAN ENERGY LONG-TERM GOAL All Canadians have access to affordable, reliable and sustainable energy WHY IS THIS ISSUE IMPORTANT? SHORT-TERM MILESTONE Canada already has one of the world’s cleanest electricity Work with provinces and territories, including through the systems, and clean technology is bringing innovative energy Canadian Energy Strategy, to increase renewable energy’s solutions to the forefront. share of total electricity supply Building on this success will be the key to achieving a low-carbon economy. In addition to reducing our GHG RESPONSIBLE MINISTER/KEY DEPARTMENTS AND emissions, a cleaner energy system will provide benefits such AGENCIES as increased climate resilience and decreased impacts on land Minister of Natural Resources/Atlantic Canada and wildlife species. Opportunities Agency; Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada; Natural Resources Canada; Sustainable To make progress, we need to accelerate the development Development Technology Canada and adoption of renewable energy and other clean energy technologies while reducing our demand for energy by using it more efficiently. CANADA’S STARTING POINT ŠŠ To measure our progress on clean energy, we track Steps to promote clean energy will include substantially the proportion of Canada’s electricity generation that reducing our use of coal-fired electricity—complementing comes from renewable and non-emitting sources. action by provinces and territories—and helping Indigenous In 2014, 64.4% of Canada’s electricity came from and northern communities reduce their reliance on diesel for renewable sources (mainly hydroelectricity), and 80% heat and electricity. came from non-emitting sources (including nuclear). We export about 10% of electricity generated in MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS Canada to the United States, corresponding to ŠŠ By 2030, 90% and in the long term, 100% of 2% of US consumption. Canada’s electricity is generated from renewable ŠŠ To measure progress towards the North American and non-emitting sources clean power generation target, we will track the ŠŠ By 2025, contribute to the North American goal of proportion of clean electricity in North America. In 50% clean power generation 2013, clean electricity represented 37% of total North American power generation. ŠŠ By 2019, there is a favourable five-year trend in renewable electricity capacity compared to overall electricity sources, from a 2014 level of 64.4%

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 34 OUR ACTION PLAN CONTRIBUTING ACTIONS To scale up renewable energy and other clean energy technologies, we will: Key priorities We will work with provinces and territories to Invest in clean energy technologies advance the Canadian Energy Strategy, with Support the production of renewable electricity and develop the objective of ensuring the sustainable development and use of the full range of technologies related to energy efficiency, natural gas, and Canada’s energy assets as Canada moves renewable energy. Invest in research, development and towards a lower-carbon future. Actions are promotion of clean technologies for electric power generation, underway in three areas: reduced emissions from the oil and gas sector, electric vehicle • Improving energy efficiency; charging infrastructure and energy storage technologies. • Enhancing clean energy technology; and Promote collaboration and work with partners on • Delivering energy to people (electricity clean energy and renewables). Canada will work with the US and Mexico Work with other governments and the private sector to to implement the North American Climate, improve the development of clean and renewable energy Clean Energy and Environment Partnership— sources, including through: for example, by reducing emissions of methane from the oil and gas sector, ŠŠ The Canadian Energy Strategy; contributing to the North American target of 50% clean power generation by 2025, and ŠŠ The Atlantic Energy Gateway initiative; increasing the proportion of clean electricity used in our own operations. ŠŠ The Northern REACHE program; and We have committed to make significant ŠŠ The Regional Electricity Cooperation and Strategic investments in clean energy—for example, Infrastructure Initiative. Budget 2016 provided: Foster collaboration and communication between governments • $62.5 million over two years to support and the private sector to identify the most promising electricity the deployment of infrastructure infrastructure projects and improve the development of clean for alternative transportation fuels, and renewable resources in the regions. including charging infrastructure for electric vehicles and natural gas and hydrogen refuelling stations; Support voluntary action to reduce GHG and air • $128.8 million over five years to pollutant emissions through clean energy generation deliver energy efficiency policies and and consumption programs and maintain clean energy Encourage businesses to adopt clean energy technologies policy capacity; through the accelerated capital cost allowance for clean energy • $2.5 million over two years to facilitate generation and by supporting clean energy generation. regional dialogues and studies that identify electricity infrastructure projects with the potential to achieve Play a leading role in international agreements and significant GHG reductions; initiatives involving clean energy • $50 million over two years to invest Ensure Canada plays a leading role in international efforts to in technologies that will reduce GHG emissions from the oil and gas sector; advance Canadian climate change priorities related to clean and energy technology. • $10.7 million over two years to support renewable energy projects in off-grid CONNECTIONS WITH OTHER FSDS AREAS Indigenous and northern communities. Budget 2016 also expanded eligibility for Investing in clean energy supports FSDS targets related to accelerated capital cost allowance to include resilience, climate action, and innovation: electric vehicle charging stations. Other actions to support clean energy will include ŠŠ Building a cleaner energy system will reduce our GHG enhancing environmental performance and emissions, while diversifying Canada’s energy mix will rebuilding public trust in the energy system. increase our resilience to climate change ŠŠ Investing in clean energy technology will make Canada’s energy system more sustainable ŠŠ Making energy exploration more sustainable includes reducing its impact on the land, helping to protect natural spaces and biodiversity 35 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY TAKE ACTION! ÔÔ Arrange an EnerGuide home evaluation to learn more about your home’s energy performance and how you can improve it ÔÔ Consider making energy-efficient renovations to your home, such as adding insulation, caulking and weather-stripping, improving or replacing windows and doors, and upgrading your heating and cooling equipment ÔÔ Choose a builder who offers energy-efficient new homes such as ENERGY STAR or R-2000 ÔÔ Generate or purchase green electricity (for example, solar or wind) for your home ÔÔ Choose energy-efficient appliances and lightbulbs ÔÔ Unplug electronics when you’re not using them CANADA IN THE WORLD OUR PARTNERS Investing in clean energy supports the 2030 Agenda and its Canada is working alongside the US and Mexico to global sustainable development goals—in particular SDG implement the North American Climate, Clean Energy, and 7, Affordable and Clean Energy. It also supports a specific Environment Partnership. Provinces and territories are also SDG target, as well as other international agreements and taking action for a cleaner energy system—for example, initiatives. by working together and with us to advance the Canadian Energy Strategy. Individual provinces and territories are also taking important steps. For example, in 2014 Ontario became the first jurisdiction in North America to eliminate coal in electricity generation, while Quebec has adopted a Residual Materials Management Policy that promotes energy production from For details on how this goal supports international action, organic waste. see Annex 3. PARTNERS TAKING ACTION - GREEN AVIATION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NETWORK (GARDN) GARDN initiatives include a Canadian airline using one of its planes to conduct the first biofuel-powered revenue flight in Canada, with the potential to reduce by 70% carbon dioxide emissions in collaboration with Bombardier and Pratt & Whitney Canada. The National Research Council flew the first civil jet powered by 100% unblended biofuel that could lead to a 1.5% in specific fuel consumption, to a reduction in particle number (up to 25%) and black carbon (up to 50%) and a 50% carbon dioxide emissions reduction in collaboration with Agrisoma and Transport Canada.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 36 37 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY HEALTHY COASTS AND OCEANS LONG-TERM GOAL Coasts and oceans support healthy, resilient and productive ecosystems WHY IS THIS ISSUE IMPORTANT? RESPONSIBLE MINISTER/KEY DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES Canada has unparalleled ocean resources and protecting our waters is critical to the lives and livelihoods of all Canadians. Minister of Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard/Canadian Coast Guard; Environment and Climate Coasts and oceans are facing challenges such as climate Change Canada; Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Natural change, whose impacts include rising sea level and loss Resources Canada; Parks Canada; Transport Canada of marine habitat. Development and marine shipping are increasing, posing environmental risks such as the potential CANADA’S STARTING POINT for oil spills. And, while our fisheries are increasingly ŠŠ To assist in the measurement of coastal ecosystem sustainable, we need to continue to take action to ensure health, we currently track the quality of shellfish they provide benefits to Canadians over the long term. growing area. In 2010, 73% of Canada's shellfish growing area was classified as approved or conditionally Conserving coastal and ocean areas helps address approved for shellfish harvesting for human environmental challenges, and we are committed to consumption. Going forward, we will also track the preserving and expanding marine protected areas (MPAs). presence of eelgrass, a marine plant species that is In doing so, we will recognize the role of Indigenous Peoples in sensitive to environmental change. Canada and in the traditional use of these special places. ŠŠ To measure our success in conserving coasts and oceans, we track protected coastal and marine area as a MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS percentage of total marine territory. From 1990 to 2014, ŠŠ By 2020, 10% of coastal and marine areas are conserved protected coastal and marine area increased from 0.34% through networks of protected areas and other effective of Canada’s marine territory to 0.9%. area-based conservation measures ŠŠ To measure the sustainability of our fisheries, we ŠŠ By 2020, all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic track the proportion of major fish stocks harvested plants are managed and harvested sustainably, legally at levels considered to be sustainable. In 2015, 96% and applying ecosystem-based approaches starting at of 159 major fish stocks were managed and harvested 96% in 2015 at levels considered to be sustainable, up from 90% in 2011. In addition, we track the status of major fish SHORT-TERM MILESTONES stocks. In 2015, 49% of 159 major fish stocks were classified as in the healthy zone, 20% were classified in ŠŠ Protect the marine environment through an annual 5% the cautious zone, 12% were classified as in the critical reduction in the number of releases and volume of zone, and 19% were not classified in any of the three harmful pollutants in the marine environment by vessels precautionary approach zones due to information gaps. identified during pollution patrol from 2016–2019 ŠŠ To measure how well we are protecting coasts ŠŠ By 2017, 5% of coastal and marine areas are conserved and oceans from pollution, we track the number through networks of protected areas and other effective and volume of pollutant spills from ships, as well as area-based conservation measures the percentage of ocean disposal sites requiring no ŠŠ In 2016–2019, continue to monitor Canada’s ocean management action (that is, no change to how waste is disposal sites and ensure a high percentage of managed at a site). In 2013–2014, we detected 44 spills monitored sites are being used sustainably from identified vessels, compared with 21 in 2009–2010 (however, patrol hours also increased 70% in the same period). In 2014, 100% of monitored ocean disposal sites required no management action, indicating that they were being used sustainably.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 38 OUR ACTION PLAN Key priorities We are committed to protecting Canada’s coasts and oceans and keeping them healthy for future generations, and Budget 2016 provided $123.7 million over five years to support marine conservation activities, including the designation of new MPAs. To meet our target, we need to conserve an additional 525,000 square kilometres of marine and coastal area by 2020. Provincial and territorial marine protection mechanisms will also help us reach the 10% target. We are committed to meeting our international targets by putting in place a five-point plan to finish what was started, protect pristine areas, protect areas under pressure, advance other effective area-based conservation measures, and establish MPAs faster. We are developing a coastal strategy that will help protect coasts and oceans from pollution. It will include formalizing a moratorium on crude oil tanker traffic on British Columbia’s North coast, as well as other actions such as addressing the growing problem of derelict vessels in Canadian waters. Managing our fisheries sustainably is another way we can keep oceans healthy, and we are committed to managing fisheries using precautionary and ecosystem-based approaches supported by scientific evidence. We have also committed to act on recommendations of the Cohen Commission to restore sockeye salmon stocks in the Fraser River, and to work with partners to promote innovation and clean technology in the fisheries sector. Budget 2016 provided $197.1 million over five years to increase ocean and freshwater science. This means 29 new scientists, biologists, oceanographers, and technicians in the Pacific Region. These new staff will allow us to take actions to support a number of Cohen Commission recommendations. We are increasing our support for local, Indigenous and recreational fisheries. For example, we have announced measures to increase recreational fishing opportunities and Indigenous access to the recreational Striped bass fisheries in the Gulf of St. Lawrence waters bordering New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia. We are also investing $289 million this year in Canadian small craft harbours, which provide critical support to the commercial fishing industry. Work under this goal will support progress toward the 2020 Biodiversity Goals and Targets for Canada and the global conservation objectives of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity—in particular, by supporting our commitment to conserve 10% of our coastal and marine area by 2020. CONTRIBUTING ACTIONS stressors, and improve our knowledge of fisheries resources, their productivity and factors affecting them to support To support healthy coasts and oceans, we will: sustainable fisheries management. Protect and manage marine and coastal areas Use legislation and regulations to protect coasts and Adopt an integrated management approach for ocean oceans activities. This will include: Implement laws and regulations to protect coasts and oceans ŠŠ Working with provinces and territories to develop from pollution and ensure fisheries are sustainable. For networks of MPAs; and example: ŠŠ Establishing and managing individual Oceans Act ŠŠ Implement regulations under the Fisheries Act to reduce MPAs, national marine conservation areas, marine risks from wastewater and industrial effluent; national wildlife areas, and other effective area-based ŠŠ Enhance enforcement of regulations that prohibit the conservation measures. release of pollutants from ships; and Build our knowledge of coastal ecosystems, MPAs ŠŠ Regulate disposal at sea under the Canadian Environmental and fisheries Protection Act, 1999. In support of our work in the Arctic, increase our Implement policies for sustainable fisheries knowledge of potential impacts of marine accidents on the Arctic environment. Continue to develop draft monitoring Continue to implement Canada’s Sustainable Fisheries protocols for MPAs, provide evidence-based advice to Framework policies. The Framework provides the foundation decision makers on marine ecosystems and environmental for an ecosystem approach to fisheries management. 39 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY PARTNERS TAKING ACTION - DUCKS UNLIMITED CANADA Protecting and restoring coastal ecosystems is critical on many fronts, not the least of which is adaptation to sea level rise. At its Beaubassin Research Centre near the New Brunswick/Nova Scotia border, Ducks Unlimited Canada has been working with Acadia University and Irving Oil on research around restoration of coastal ecosystems and adaptation to rising sea level. Work with partners to protect and restore coastal OUR PARTNERS ecosystems Indigenous Peoples, provinces, territories and stakeholders Provide opportunities for collaboration and work with play an important role in coastal and ocean management, domestic and international partners to protect and restore including by working with us to develop MPA networks coastal ecosystems. This will include: and by participating in the establishment, management and monitoring of individual marine protection mechanisms. ŠŠ Advancing the Arctic Marine Transportation Strategy; We work with the US and the international community, ŠŠ Implementing the Northern Marine Transportation provinces and territories, Indigenous Peoples, and others to Corridors Initiative; and ensure that fisheries are managed sustainably. For example: ŠŠ Continuing to report on the health of the Salish Sea. ŠŠ Indigenous Peoples participate in fisheries management in accordance with treaties and land claims agreements CONNECTIONS WITH OTHER FSDS ISSUES and in recognition of Aboriginal rights to fish for food, Protecting coasts and oceans relates to other areas covered social and ceremonial purposes; and by the FSDS, including climate change and biodiversity. ŠŠ Provinces and territories exercise delegated responsibilities related to sustainable fisheries, such as ŠŠ Climate change is affecting the health of coasts and managing recreational fisheries. oceans We also work with partners to prevent and address marine ŠŠ Marine and coastal areas provide habitat that species at pollution. For example, under our “polluter pays” approach, risk need to recover and thrive the shipping industry is accountable for organizing and ŠŠ Coastal and marine ecosystems capture and store funding a response to any spill they cause, while Canada’s carbon and contribute to climate resilience port authorities are also taking action to prevent marine ŠŠ MPAs and national marine conservation areas provide pollution. opportunities to connect with nature ŠŠ Supporting water stewardship and preventing pollution helps reduce risks to fish and their habitat TAKE ACTION! CANADA IN THE WORLD ÔÔ Connect with coastal and ocean ecosystems— visit an MPA or national marine conservation Protecting coasts and oceans supports the 2030 Agenda and area its global sustainable development goals—in particular SDG 14, Life Below Water. It also supports specific SDG targets, ÔÔ Help clean up a beach in your community: as well as other international agreements and initiatives. check out the Great Canadian Shoreline Cleanup ÔÔ If you see an oil spill or oiled wildlife, report it to the Canadian Coast Guard ÔÔ Choose sustainable Canadian fish and shellfish ÔÔ Consider contacting the Canadian Biosphere Reserves Association to explore the potential to designate an area near you as a UNESCO For details on how this goal supports international action, Biosphere Reserve see Annex 3.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 40 41 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY PRISTINE LAKES AND RIVERS LONG-TERM GOAL Clean and healthy lakes and rivers support economic prosperity and the well-being of Canadians WHY IS THIS ISSUE IMPORTANT? SHORT-TERM MILESTONES Lakes and rivers across Canada—from the Fraser, to the ŠŠ By February 2018, support the reduction of Mackenzie, to the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence, to phosphorus loads into Lake Erie through the the Churchill—sustain a rich variety of plants and animals, development of Domestic Action Plans supply drinking water to millions of Canadians, provide ŠŠ Release a Progress Report on the Great Lakes Water opportunities for swimming, boating and recreational Quality Agreement in 2016 and a report on State of the fishing, and support economic activities such as tourism, Great Lakes environmental indicators in 2017 commercial fisheries, agriculture and shipping. ŠŠ By 2017, reduce nutrient loadings in the Lake Winnipeg Many lakes and rivers have been impacted by water Basin by an estimated 10,800 kilograms in support contamination; climate change, which can amplify the effects of Manitoba’s plan to reduce phosphorus in Lake of pollution; and the introduction and spread of invasive alien Winnipeg by 50% to pre-1990 levels species. For example, untreated run-off and undertreated ŠŠ Reduce an estimated 2000 kilograms of phosphorus wastewater have caused nutrient levels in some lakes and rivers loadings to the South-eastern Georgian Bay watershed to become too high, leading to algal blooms that can make by 2017 water unsafe for drinking, swimming and fishing. ŠŠ Work with Ontario, local governments, First Nations, Métis, watershed management agencies, other local MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS public agencies, and community members to implement Reduce nutrient pollution to lakes and rivers Remedial Action Plans to restore a total of 81 impaired beneficial uses across all 14 remaining AOCs, and to ŠŠ By 2025, reduce phosphorus loading into Lake Erie by assess approximately 20 other beneficial uses to confirm 40% to achieve the binational (Canada-US) phosphorus their impairment status targets from a 2008 baseline ŠŠ Renew federal funding to the Experimental Lakes Area ŠŠ Reduce an additional estimated 2000 kilograms of in Northwestern Ontario to support scientific research phosphorus per year to Lake Simcoe in support of related to freshwater ecosystems, particularly the Ontario’s target to reduce phosphorus inputs into Lake impacts of aquatic invasive species Simcoe to 44,000 kilograms of phosphorus per year by 2045 ŠŠ Maintain high compliance rates with Fisheries Act regulations to reduce risks from metal mining and pulp Restore lake and river ecosystems and paper effluent ŠŠ By 2019, 85% of the indicators of the Overview of the State of the St. Lawrence, including phosphorus and RESPONSIBLE MINISTER/KEY DEPARTMENTS AND nitrogen, achieve a result considered intermediate or AGENCIES better to improve water quality, conserve biodiversity Minister of Environment and Climate Change/Canadian and ensure sustainable use of the river Coast Guard; Environment and Climate Change Canada; ŠŠ By 2019, restore beneficial uses that will assist in the Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Natural Resources Canada; delisting five Canadian Great Lakes Areas of Concern Transport Canada (AOCs). In the remaining AOCs, increase the number of beneficial use impairment re-designations from 18 in 2014 to 30 in 2019

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 42 CANADA’S STARTING POINT ŠŠ To measure progress on restoring lake and river ecosystems, we track the number of Canadian Great ŠŠ To measure overall water quality and quantity in Lakes AOCs considered fully restored and the number Canada, we track indicators that summarize the ability of beneficial uses considered “impaired”. While no of select rivers across Canada to support aquatic Area of Concern has been delisted since 2010, the life, and that summarize data from water quantity number of beneficial uses considered “impaired” has monitoring stations across Canada. The indicators show decreased by 41% since the areas were initially assessed. that national freshwater quality remained relatively stable between 2003–2005 and 2010–2012 and is ŠŠ To measure the extent to which risks associated considered fair to good, while water quantity was with industrial effluent are being reduced, we track generally normal between 2002 and 2011. compliance with the Metal Mining Effluent Regulations and the Pulp and Paper Effluent Regulations. The rate of compliance ŠŠ To measure progress on reducing nutrient pollution with these regulations is very high—over 95%. in lakes and rivers, we track phosphorus levels and reductions in phosphorus inputs. Phosphorus levels are still too high in many lakes and rivers, but efforts OUR ACTION PLAN to reduce nutrient pollution are having an effect. As of March 2015, projects funded by Environment and Climate Change Canada were preventing: • About 4040 kilograms of phosphorus from entering the Lake Simcoe watershed; • About 124 kilograms of phosphorus from reaching South-eastern Georgian Bay and its tributaries; and • About 14 800 kilograms of phosphorus from entering Lake Winnipeg and its tributaries. Key priorities To support healthy lake and river ecosystems, we are renewing our commitment to protect the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence River Basin, and the Lake Winnipeg Basin. For example, Budget 2016 provided $3.1 million in 2016–2017 to improve water quality and ecosystem health by reducing phosphorus and resulting algal blooms in Lake Erie. This will support shared Canada-US phosphorus reduction targets for Lake Erie and also help inform action on other Great Lakes. We are also providing close to $140 million in funding to clean up Randle Reef, an AOC identified in the Canada-US Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. Thanks to an innovative public-private partnership and the combined efforts of the federal, provincial and municipal governments, the cleanup will improve water quality and reduce contamination in Hamilton Harbour. To protect and manage water, we need accurate data and information. Accordingly, we will increase funding for freshwater scientific research and monitoring activities and provide support to the International Institute for Sustainable Development Experimental Lakes Area. Increased science and research will help us better understand lake and river ecosystems and the effects of water pollution. Budget 2016 also provided up to $19.5 million over five years for the International Joint Commission to study flooding, variable water levels and water quality in four important water basins that straddle the Canada-US border: the Upper Great Lakes, Lake Champlain and the Richelieu River, Lake of the Woods and the Souris River. Work under this goal will support progress toward the 2020 Biodiversity Goals and Targets for Canada and the global conservation objectives of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity—in particular, by helping to reduce pollution levels, including pollution from excess nutrients. 43 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY CONTRIBUTING ACTIONS Use legislation and regulations to protect lake and river ecosystems To work with partners to protect and manage Canada’s lakes and rivers, we will: Implement legislation and regulations that protect lake and river ecosystems from pollution and other threats. For Work with partners on water quality and ecosystem example: health ŠŠ Implement regulations under the Fisheries Act to reduce To improve water quality and restore ecosystems, collaborate risks from wastewater and industrial effluent; with other governments, Indigenous Peoples and regional stakeholders to reduce phosphorus in Lake Winnipeg and in the ŠŠ Implement and enforce vessel-related invasive species Great Lakes through mechanisms such as: provisions in the Canada-US Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement; and ŠŠ The Canada-Manitoba Memorandum of Understanding, ŠŠ Monitor compliance with invasive species provisions Respecting Lake Winnipeg and the Lake Winnipeg Basin; in Canadian legislation such as the Canada Shipping Act, ŠŠ The Canada-US Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement; 2001. and ŠŠ The Canada-Ontario Agreement. CONNECTIONS WITH OTHER FSDS AREAS Lead and coordinate the implementation of the St. Protecting lakes and rivers supports other FSDS targets Lawrence Action Plan 2011–2026, including reporting on related to ensuring clean drinking water and building safe the results for approximately 50 joint projects between the and healthy communities; it is enabled by targets related to Governments of Canada and Quebec. climate action and sustainable food: Work with partners to complete the implementation of ŠŠ Lakes and rivers are significant sources of drinking Remedial Action Plans to clean up and restore beneficial water for Canadians uses in AOCs. Priority areas for de-listing five AOCs— ŠŠ Climate change is affecting the health of lakes and rivers Nipigon Bay, Peninsula Harbour, Niagara River, Bay of and putting pressure on Canada’s water resources Quinte, and St. Lawrence River (Cornwall)— will be ŠŠ Sustainable agricultural practices can enhance the quality completed by December 2019. of water running off or draining from agricultural land Provide in-kind support and funding for projects ŠŠ Managing risks from harmful substances helps prevent them from polluting lakes and rivers Support projects to improve water quality and help restore ecosystems in Lake Simcoe and South-eastern Georgian Bay, ŠŠ Investing in wastewater infrastructure helps prevent the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence River, and the Lake Winnipeg water pollution from undertreated wastewater Basin. Implementation of priority projects will focus on: CANADA IN THE WORLD ŠŠ Reducing phosphorus inputs; Protecting lakes and rivers supports the 2030 Agenda and its ŠŠ Conserving aquatic habitat and species; and global sustainable development goals—in particular SDG 6, ŠŠ Enhancing research and monitoring capacity essential to Clean Water and Sanitation. It also supports specific SDG the restoration of the watersheds. targets, as well as other international agreements and initiatives. Better understand lake and river ecosystems Conduct scientific research and analysis to better understand lake and river ecosystems, monitor their health, and provide information to support stakeholder decision making and help Canadians monitor the state of lakes and rivers. For example, reports will be released on: ŠŠ The State of the Great Lakes environmental indicators For details on how this goal supports international action, (in 2017 and every three years thereafter); see Annex 3. ŠŠ Lake-wide Action and Management Plans (Lake Huron in 2016, Lake Ontario in 2017, and Lake Erie in 2018); ŠŠ Groundwater science; ŠŠ The state of the St. Lawrence River (in 2019); and ŠŠ Lake Winnipeg (in 2018).

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 44 OUR PARTNERS Some lakes and rivers, such as Lake Winnipeg and the PARTNERS TAKING ACTION - Great Lakes, have basins that cross provincial and national IISD EXPERIMENTAL LAKES AREA boundaries. As a result, we work with a broad range of The Experimental Lakes Area is an exceptional partners to solve the challenges facing these ecosystems. natural laboratory comprised of 58 small lakes and their watersheds set aside for scientific research. By Provinces and territories share jurisdiction over lakes manipulating small lakes representative of larger lakes, and rivers with the federal government, and are working scientists are able to examine how all aspects of the with us toward shared objectives for the Great Lakes, the ecosystem—from the atmosphere to fish populations— respond, and extrapolate the results to better understand St. Lawrence River, Lake Simcoe, and Lake Winnipeg. global water and environmental issues. Indigenous Peoples, communities and environmental non- governmental organizations also play important roles. The International Institute for Sustainable Development, which operates the Experimental Lakes Area, is currently Meanwhile, US federal and state governments work with conducting a variety of influential experiments exploring issues including mercury deposition from coal-fired Canada to address transboundary water issues through the power plants, water flow reduction in the Canadian Boreal International Joint Commission and its boards, committees shield due to climate change, and nutrient contributions and task forces. Canada and the US also work together to harmful algal blooms. through the Great Lakes Fishery Commission to improve and perpetuate the Great Lakes fishery. 45 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY TAKE ACTION! ÔÔ Bring unused and expired medications to your local pharmacist for proper disposal ÔÔ Recycle and compost waste; never litter ÔÔ Consider environmental performance when choosing products such as dish soap ÔÔ Conserve water at home and at work—for example, by: ÔÔ Fixing drips and leaks ÔÔ Installing low-flow shower heads and toilets ÔÔ Turning off the water when brushing teeth and shaving ÔÔ Help reduce the spread of aquatic invasive species—for example, by thoroughly washing your boat when moving it between water bodies

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 46 47 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY SUSTAINABLY MANAGED LANDS AND FORESTS LONG-TERM GOAL Lands and forests support biodiversity and provide a variety of ecosystem services for generations to come WHY IS THIS ISSUE IMPORTANT? MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS Canada’s natural spaces, including forests, wetlands, ŠŠ By 2020, at least 17% of terrestrial areas and inland peatlands, prairies and tundra, as well as agricultural lands, water are conserved through networks of protected provide habitat that wildlife populations need to thrive. areas and other effective area-based conservation They also provide ecosystem services that are essential measures for our well-being, such as filtering our air and water and ŠŠ By 2019, the condition of 90% of ecological integrity storing carbon dioxide, an important greenhouse gas. Forests indicators in national parks is maintained or improved are fundamental to the cultural and spiritual values of Indigenous Peoples (Canadian Council of Forest Ministers, ŠŠ Between now and 2020, maintain Canada’s annual 2016), while many Canadians have a profound attachment to timber harvest at or below sustainable wood supply wilderness. levels Lands and forests also contribute to Canada’s economy. For SHORT-TERM MILESTONES example, directly and indirectly, the forest sector employed ŠŠ By 2018, develop and begin implementing, in about 290,000 Canadians and added $29 billion to Canada’s collaboration with provinces, territories, Indigenous GDP in 2014. Peoples and stakeholders, a roadmap towards While Canada enjoys large tracts of forest land and conserving at least 17% of Canada’s terrestrial area other wilderness areas, we cannot take them for granted. ŠŠ By 2017, establish one new National Park: Thaidene Protecting and sustainably using lands and forests is Nëné National Park Reserve in collaboration with necessary to ensure they provide benefits for the long term. the Government of the Northwest Territories For example, Canada’s world-class national park system and Indigenous Peoples in order to represent the includes 46 national parks that protect over 328,400 square Northwestern Boreal Uplands natural region kilometres of forest land, including temperate rainforest, to ŠŠ In 2016–2019, maintain annual harvest of timber at pass on unimpaired for the use, benefit and enjoyment of sustainable rates future generations. Protecting forested areas also helps to protect and sustain RESPONSIBLE MINISTERS/KEY DEPARTMENTS AND lands of cultural importance to Indigenous Peoples and AGENCIES maintain traditional uses of the land and resources. Minister of Environment and Climate Change; Minister of Natural Resources/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Canada Economic Development for Quebec Regions; Department of Finance Canada; Environment and Climate Change Canada; Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada; Natural Resources Canada; Parks Canada; Statistics Canada; Sustainable Development Technology Canada

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 48 OUR ACTION PLAN Key priorities We protect and conserve natural spaces by establishing and managing protected areas such as national parks, national wildlife areas and migratory bird sanctuaries, and by administering programs that fund habitat conservation on private land and encourage landowners to donate ecologically sensitive land for conservation. To support conservation of natural spaces, Budget 2016 provided $42.4 million to continue work on developing new national parks and national marine conservation areas, including Thaidene Nëné National Park Reserve in Northwest Territories. We have committed to significantly increase carbon sequestration in lands and forests. We have also committed to work with partners to promote innovation and clean technology in the forest sector and increase economic benefits for Canadians, including Indigenous Peoples. Work under this goal will support progress toward the 2020 Biodiversity Goals and Targets for Canada and the global conservation objectives of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity—in particular, by supporting our commitment to conserve at least 17% of Canada’s terrestrial areas and inland water by 2020, and by helping to ensure continued progress on sustainable forest management CANADA’S STARTING POINT ŠŠ Developing statistical infrastructure on land cover and land use to monitor changes in the extent of key ŠŠ To measure our success in conserving lands and ecosystem types, including those disturbed by fires, inland waters, we track area conserved as a proportion pests and invasive alien species. of total land and freshwater. As of 2015, 10.6% of Canada’s terrestrial area was protected. Use legislation and regulations to manage the spread ŠŠ Tracking the ecological integrity of our national of invasive alien species parks helps us understand how effectively we are Manage the spread and introduction of invasive alien species managing these areas. We assess ecological integrity by by promoting compliance and carrying out enforcement regularly monitoring park ecosystems such as forests, activities. Design, develop and implement pre-, at- and grasslands, freshwater and wetlands. As of March 2016, post-border initiatives to limit the introduction and spread the condition of 90% of our indicators was maintained of invasive alien plants and pests to Canada’s environmental or improved from 2011. resources, such as forests and agricultural lands. To measure our progress on managing our forests sustainably, we track how they are changing over time. In Build capacity and provide support 2015, Canada had 348 million hectares of forest land—the Provide in-kind support and funding to increase Indigenous third-largest forest area in the world—and less than 0.02% communities’ participation in Canada’s forest sector, of that land is deforested annually. We also track the amount administer the Ecological Gifts Program, implement the of timber harvested annually relative to the wood supply Natural Areas Conservation Program, and implement the (the maximum volume that can be harvested from an area National Wetland Conservation Fund. over a specified period of time while meeting environmental, economic and social objectives). In 2014, 148 million cubic Support initiatives to combat the spruce budworm in Atlantic metres of timber was harvested, while the wood supply was and Quebec forests to reduce its negative impacts and create 227 million cubic metres. opportunities for economic development in the region. Conserve natural spaces CONTRIBUTING ACTIONS Establish new protected areas in Northwest Territories, To work with partners to manage and use lands and forests Nunavut and unrepresented regions. Manage national parks, sustainably, we will: national wildlife areas and migratory bird sanctuaries to contribute to the conservation of biodiversity. Better understand lands and forests Conduct scientific research to better understand protected Work with domestic and international partners areas and managed forests and support decision making, Provide opportunities for collaboration with stakeholders, including forest management plans. This will include: Indigenous communities and organizations, and work ŠŠ Refining our Carbon Budget Model; with domestic and international partners to implement joint initiatives. Manage risks to natural resource sectors, ŠŠ Assessing the value of ecosystem services and natural infrastructure and human health by providing scientific capital; and knowledge through the National Forest Pest Program. 49 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY CONNECTIONS WITH OTHER FSDS AREAS OUR PARTNERS Conserving lands and managing forests sustainably supports Provinces, territories, municipalities, Indigenous Peoples, FSDS targets related to climate action, protecting plants and non-governmental organizations, the private sector and animals, and helping Canadians connect with nature: individual landowners all play a role in conserving natural ŠŠ Forests and other ecosystems act as a carbon sink, spaces. For example: helping to mitigate climate change ŠŠ Provinces and territories establish and manage ŠŠ Lands and forests provide habitat that species at risk provincial and territorial parks, and support need to recover and thrive conservation by providing information, assistance and ŠŠ National parks and other protected areas provide incentives; opportunities for Canadians to connect with nature and ŠŠ Indigenous Peoples work with federal, provincial and help build sustainable communities. territorial governments to establish, manage and present ŠŠ Making energy exploration more sustainable includes protected areas; and reducing its impact on the land, helping to protect ŠŠ Non-governmental organizations help landowners and natural spaces and biodiversity businesses implement conservation on private lands ŠŠ Investments in clean technology and innovation directly through conservation easements, covenants and other contribute to sustainable practices in the forest sector measures. and increase economic benefits As the order of government responsible for natural resources management, provinces and territories develop CANADA IN THE WORLD and enforce legislation, set standards and implement programs to ensure their forest resources are managed Conserving lands and managing forests sustainably supports sustainably. Indigenous Peoples also control and manage a the 2030 Agenda and its global sustainable development growing portion of Canada’s forest land. goals—in particular SDG 8, Decent Work and Economic Growth; and SDG 15, Life on Land. It also supports specific Canada leads the world in forest area certified by third SDG targets, as well as other international agreements parties, which provides further assurance that a company is and initiatives. operating legally, sustainably, and in compliance with globally recognized standards. Certification complements Canada's already comprehensive forest management regulation. TAKE ACTION! For details on how this goal supports international action, ÔÔ Visit a national park or other protected area see Annex 3. ÔÔ Participate in protected area interpretive programs and cultural experiences presented by Indigenous Peoples ÔÔ Consider donating land or a partial interest or right in land through the Ecological Gifts Program PARTNERS TAKING ACTION – CANADIAN ÔÔ Participate in citizen science PARKS AND WILDERNESS SOCIETY Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society has worked for ÔÔ Volunteer with Parks Canada more than 53 years in the field of conservation, drawing attention to the value of protected areas for biodiversity, ÔÔ Recycle and compost waste; never litter clean air and water, and climate change. CPAWS is working with governments, First Nations, and industrial ÔÔ Consider third-party forest certification in your actors to protect Boreal Woodland Caribou habitat which purchasing decisions would protect large areas of stored carbon, allow caribou and other boreal species to adapt to climate change, ÔÔ Consider contacting the Canadian Biosphere protect sources of clean water, maintain wetlands and Reserves Association to explore the potential forests that purify the air, and contribute to reaching to designate an area near you as a UNESCO international protected area targets. Biosphere Reserve

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 50 51 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY HEALTHY WILDLIFE POPULATIONS LONG-TERM GOAL All species have healthy and viable populations WHY IS THIS ISSUE IMPORTANT? ŠŠ By 2018, eligible species at risk have been considered Canada’s plants and animals, together with the environments for listing where they live, make up ecosystems that benefit Canadians through valuable services such as providing food and RESPONSIBLE MINISTER/KEY DEPARTMENTS AND medicines, controlling floods, and pollinating crops. AGENCIES Maintaining biodiversity— the variety of genes, species Minister of Environment and Climate Change/Canada and ecosystems and the ecological processes that allow Border Services Agency; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; them to evolve and adapt —helps ensure that ecosystems Environment and Climate Change Canada; Fisheries and can continue to function and provide the services that we Oceans Canada; National Defence; Parks Canada depend on for our well-being. Healthy wildlife populations and habitat are important CANADA’S STARTING POINT parts of biodiversity. Unfortunately, some species in Canada ŠŠ To measure our progress in conserving wildlife have experienced population declines and are now at risk of species, we track the percentage assessed as secure or becoming extinct. Species can become threatened as a result at-risk; the success of efforts to help them recover; and of habitat loss or deterioration from human activities—for their risk of disappearing from Canada. Among wild example, urban development, invasive alien species, pollution species assessed in 2010, 77% were ranked “secure”. and climate change. Climate change can also affect wildlife In addition, as of May 2015: health and contribute to the spread of wildlife diseases. • 688 wildlife species had been assessed as endangered, threatened or of special concern; of MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS the 436 species that had been assessed more than ŠŠ By 2020, species that are secure remain secure, and once 66% showed no change between the two populations of species at risk listed under federal most recent assessments, 14% were in a lower risk law exhibit trends that are consistent with recovery category and 19% were in a higher risk category. strategies and management plans • Of 112 species at risk with recovery strategies or ŠŠ By 2025, 59% of managed migratory bird species have management plans in place, and whose population- population sizes within an acceptable range oriented goals had been reassessed, 38% showed population trends consistent with the goals of the SHORT-TERM MILESTONES recovery strategies. ŠŠ Species at risk exhibit stabilizing or improving trends ŠŠ To assess our implementation of the Species at Risk since their listing Act, we track the percentage of listed wildlife species ŠŠ Migratory bird species with population sizes not with a recovery strategy or management plan posted within an acceptable range exhibit trends toward on the Species at Risk public registry within legislative acceptable limits timeframes. Environment and Climate Change Canada ŠŠ By 2018, eliminate the backlog of species requiring is working through a backlog of 192 species requiring recovery strategies or management plans under the recovery strategies or management plans; currently, Species at Risk Act, and post all strategies and plans to the 72 recovery strategies or management plans remain to Species at Risk public registry be posted.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 52 OUR ACTION PLAN Key priorities Implementing the Species at Risk Act is one of our main strategies for protecting wildlife species at risk. To ensure it is effective, we are working actively with provinces and territories to complete in a more timely way the robust species-at-risk recovery strategies that the Act requires. Work under this goal will support progress toward the 2020 Biodiversity Goals and Targets for Canada and the global conservation objectives of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity—in particular, by ensuring that needed recovery strategies and management plans are in place, and by helping to prevent impacts from invasive alien species. ŠŠ To help us understand the state of migratory birds in Work with partners to further on-the-ground conservation Canada, we track the percentage of these birds whose of species at risk through targeted stewardship actions, and populations fall within an acceptable range—neither too to coordinate the federal government's response to the 2004 low nor too high. In 2013, 57% of managed migratory Invasive Alien Species Strategy for Canada. bird species regularly found in Canada had acceptable populations. Build capacity and promote education Build partners’ capacity to protect, conserve and restore CONTRIBUTING ACTIONS species and their habitat—for example: To protect and conserve wildlife in Canada, we will: ŠŠ The Habitat Stewardship Program engages Canadians in Use legislation and regulations to protect species at conservation actions to benefit wildlife; and risk and migratory birds ŠŠ The Aboriginal Fund for Species at Risk supports Implement legislation and regulations to protect species— Indigenous Peoples’ participation in conservation. for example, by: Uphold international commitments related to wildlife ŠŠ Developing recovery strategies and action plans for Work with international partners to protect and conserve species at risk under the Species at Risk Act; species at risk and fulfill Canada’s obligations under ŠŠ Protecting heritage places with three or more species international agreements. at risk by March 2018 and supporting mitigation of activities likely to impact species at risk; CONNECTIONS WITH OTHER FSDS AREAS ŠŠ Promoting compliance with the Migratory Birds Protecting Canada’s wild species is closely linked to FSDS Convention Act, 1994; and targets related to coasts and oceans, lands and forests, ŠŠ Amending the Migratory Birds Regulations. sustainable food, clean energy, and innovation: Use legislation and regulations to control invasive ŠŠ Canada’s lands and forests, as well as marine and coastal alien species areas, provide habitat that species at risk need to recover and thrive Develop and implement a risk analysis framework and a pathways approach to regulating invasive alien species in ŠŠ Sustainable agricultural practices can help make Canada. Prevent the introduction and rapid dispersal of farmland more hospitable to wildlife invasive species and disease into Canada via land, air and ŠŠ Making energy exploration more sustainable includes marine ports of entry. reducing its impact on the land, helping to protect natural spaces and biodiversity Work with partners to protect species and their habitats ŠŠ Connecting with nature can inspire Canadians to help conserve ecosystems and species Work with other levels of governments and other partners to safeguard species at risk and their habitats, focusing on integrated action on landscapes that are a priority due to their biodiversity value. 53 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY CANADA IN THE WORLD OUR PARTNERS Protecting Canada’s wild species supports the 2030 Agenda All Canadian jurisdictions share responsibility for conserving and its global sustainable development goals—in particular wildlife species. Provinces and territories protect species at SDG 15, Life on Land. It also supports a specific SDG risk on provincial, territorial and private land. Many have target, as well as other international agreements and also put in place biodiversity strategies and policies, as well initiatives. as other initiatives that support biodiversity and species conservation, such as: ŠŠ Wetland conservation policies; ŠŠ Protected area strategies; and ŠŠ Initiatives to prevent, eradicate and control invasive alien species. Indigenous Peoples play a key role in conserving wildlife For details on how this goal supports international action, species and their habitat. For example: see Annex 3. ŠŠ The National Aboriginal Council on Species at Risk advises the Minister of Environment and Climate Change on administering the Species at Risk Act; ŠŠ The Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Subcommittee PARTNERS TAKING ACTION - on Species at Risk facilitates access to the best available CANADIAN BOREAL FOREST AGREEMENT Indigenous Traditional Knowledge and the integration The Canadian Boreal Forest Agreement has been of that knowledge into the Committee on the Status developing and implementing change on key issues of Endangered Wildlife in Canada status assessment relating to forestry, species at risk, and protected areas across the boreal forest in collaboration with process; and Provincial, Indigenous governments and others. ŠŠ Indigenous Guardian programs engage in and build They see the economy and the environment as fundamentally intertwined and are committed to capacity for on-the-ground conservation in regions base strategies and outcomes on the best available across Canada. science and information, including Indigenous Traditional Knowledge. Action to protect wildlife species and their habitats can also cross international boundaries. For example, to protect migratory birds, Canada partners with the US and Mexico to implement the North American Waterfowl Management Plan and the North American Bird Conservation Initiative. TAKE ACTION! ÔÔ Learn about wildlife and biodiversity by, for example, visiting a national wildlife area, migratory bird sanctuary, or national, provincial or territorial park ÔÔ Take action to protect species at risk and their habitat, and where needed seek support through programs such as the Habitat Stewardship Program or Aboriginal Fund for Species at Risk ÔÔ Abide by laws and regulations that are in place to protect wildlife, such as the Species at Risk Act and the Migratory Birds Convention Act, 1994

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 54 55 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY CLEAN DRINKING WATER LONG-TERM GOAL All Canadians have access to safe drinking water and, in particular, the significant challenges Indigenous communities face are addressed WHY IS THIS ISSUE IMPORTANT? SHORT-TERM MILESTONES Clean drinking water is essential for health, while polluted ŠŠ Of the 77 drinking water advisories affecting First water can cause serious illness due to bacteria, viruses and Nation drinking water systems financially supported by other contaminants. Most drinking water advisories are Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada as of April issued as a precaution; however, they can indicate that water 2016, 30 (40%) are to be resolved by March 31, 2018 could be contaminated and needs to be boiled before use, is ŠŠ Up to five national drinking water quality guidelines/ unsafe for drinking, or is unsafe to use at all. guidance documents will be approved by provinces and While drinking water in Canada is among the safest in the territories by March 31, 2018 world, access to safe drinking water remains a challenge in on-reserve First Nation communities. That is not acceptable. RESPONSIBLE MINISTER/KEY DEPARTMENTS AND Ensuring that all Canadians—including Indigenous AGENCIES Peoples—have clean water to drink is a federal government Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs/ Health priority. Canada; Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada; Public Health Agency of Canada; Statistics Canada MEDIUM-TERM TARGET By March 31, 2019, 60% and by March 31, 2021 100% CANADA’S STARTING POINT of the long-term drinking water advisories affecting First ŠŠ To measure the extent to which drinking water Nation drinking water systems financially supported by advisories reflect drinking water contamination Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada are to be resolved (as opposed to precautionary action in response to problems with drinking water equipment or processes), we track boil water advisories and their causes. In 2015, based on a subset of Canadian jurisdictions, 78% of advisories were issued as a precaution. ŠŠ To understand the challenges Indigenous communities face in accessing safe drinking water, we track the number of long-term drinking water advisories affecting First Nations drinking water systems financially supported by Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada—77 as of April, 2016.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 56 OUR ACTION PLAN Key priorities We are committed to working with First Nations to ensure safe drinking water in on-reserve communities. Accordingly, Budget 2016 provided: • $2.24 billion over five years to First Nation communities to improve on-reserve water and wastewater infrastructure and waste management; • $1.8 billion over five years to address health and safety needs, ensure proper facility operation and maintenance, and end long-term drinking water advisories on reserves; and • $141.7 million over five years to improve monitoring and testing of on-reserve community drinking water. CONTRIBUTING ACTIONS ŠŠ Increase the percentage of on-reserve wastewater systems that have low risk ratings to 65% by March 31, To ensure all Canadians have access to safe drinking water, 2019 from a baseline of 35% in 2011. we will: Work with partners on drinking water quality Provide support for water and wastewater services Support all First Nations communities in the ongoing Through funding and in-kind support, enable delivery of monitoring of on-reserve drinking water quality. This drinking water and wastewater services in First Nations includes working with provinces and territories to develop communities, beginning with the highest-risk water and and update national health-based drinking water quality wastewater systems. Funding will also ensure ongoing guidelines/guidance documents. on-reserve access to a trained Community-Based Drinking Water Quality Monitor or an Environmental Health Officer. Use regulations to ensure clean drinking water This will enable us to: Work with provinces and territories to develop national ŠŠ Increase the percentage of on-reserve drinking water drinking water quality guidelines which are used by provinces systems that have low risk ratings to 65% by March 31, and territories as a basis to establish their own requirements 2019 from a baseline of 27% in 2011; and for safe drinking water. 57 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY PARTNERS TAKING ACTION - FLOW The Forum for Leadership on Water (FLOW) is an independent group of policy experts from across Canada that encourages and supports government action to protect our fresh water. FLOW members have conducted numerous policy analyses and contributed to the resolution of many water-related issues over the past decade. FLOW’s work has included looking at the impacts of climate change on phosphorus loads in Canadian lakes and rivers, governance of drinking water and wastewater treatment on Indigenous lands, and job creation related to government spending on sustainable water infrastructure. Federally, potable water inspections and audits are conducted CANADA IN THE WORLD on international and interprovincial airplanes, trains, cruise Ensuring safe drinking water for all Canadians supports the ships, ferries and buses to protect the health and safety of

2030 Agenda and its global sustainable development goals— the travelling public, ensuring that critical violations are in particular SDG 3, Good Health and Well-being; and SDG mitigated in a timely manner. 6, Clean Water and Sanitation. It also supports specific SDG targets and other international agreements and initiatives. Conduct scientific research and analysis to support water resource management Provide information and statistics on water use, including municipal water treatment. CONNECTIONS WITH OTHER FSDS AREAS Ensuring safe drinking water for all Canadians supports For details on how this goal supports international action, FSDS targets related to healthy and sustainable communities see Annex 3. and is enabled by green infrastructure and healthy lakes and rivers: OUR PARTNERS ŠŠ Investing in water infrastructure is essential for First Nations are essential partners in providing clean ensuring clean and safe drinking water, while investing drinking water in on-reserve communities. They build, own, in wastewater infrastructure helps protect sources of operate and maintain the water systems in their communities. drinking water from pollution They also sample and test drinking water and issue drinking ŠŠ Lakes and rivers are important sources of drinking water advisories as needed. Municipalities operate drinking water for Canadians, while water stewardship can help water systems in other areas. protect drinking water supplies from contamination Provinces and territories work closely with us to establish ŠŠ Sustainable agricultural practices can enhance the quality and update the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water of water running off or draining from agricultural land, Quality—which form the foundation for drinking water helping to protect sources of drinking water quality standards across Canada—and implement them in accordance with their priorities for protecting public health.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 58 59 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY SUSTAINABLE FOOD LONG-TERM GOAL Innovation and ingenuity contribute to a world-leading agricultural sector and food economy for the benefit of all Canadians WHY IS THIS ISSUE IMPORTANT? MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS Canada’s food system, including agriculture, aquaculture and ŠŠ Ensure safe and accessible food supply by mitigating fisheries, provides safe and healthy food for Canadians and risks to animal and plant resources from pests, diseases helps ensure long-term food security. It also contributes to and other health hazards and prevent risks to health our economy. For example, in 2014 the agriculture, agri-food of Canadians and agri-based products sector generated over $100 billion, ŠŠ By 2030, agricultural working landscapes provide or close to 7% of Canada’s GDP, and employed 2.1 million a stable or improved level of biodiversity and Canadians. efficient management towards water and soil quality Conserving coasts and oceans and protecting freshwater for food production and soil quality will help ensure our food systems continue ŠŠ By 2020, all aquaculture in Canada is managed under a to feed Canadians and create jobs over the long term. New science-based regime that promotes the sustainable use digital technologies will play a key role, enabling producers of aquatic resources (marine and freshwater) in ways to provide more and healthier food with less environmental that conserve biodiversity impact. SHORT-TERM MILESTONES To ensure safe, sustainable and secure food, we need to protect food systems from threats to animal health and plant ŠŠ By 2019, develop a food policy that includes the resources, such as diseases, pests and invasive alien species. promotion of healthy living and safe food We also need to ensure that all Canadians—including those ŠŠ In 2016–2019, continue delivering programs to improve in isolated northern communities—have access to nutritious soil and water quality and increase habitat capacity in food. For Indigenous Peoples, this includes traditional or agricultural working landscapes. Agriculture and Agri- country food, as well as store-bought food. Food Canada will be undergoing a funding renewal in Year Three of the 2016–2019 FSDS, which could have Food waste is another important issue for Canada’s food implications for actions contributing to this milestone. system. In 2014, the value of wasted food in Canada was $31 billion dollars—more than the combined GDP of the ŠŠ Maintain high compliance rates with Fisheries Act world's poorest 29 countries and a 15% increase from four regulations related to aquaculture years earlier (VCM International, 2014). In addition to its ŠŠ In 2016, expand the number of eligible isolated economic costs, food waste contributes to climate change: northern communities that have access to healthy when food decomposes it emits methane, a powerful foods at a subsidized rate as part of the Nutrition greenhouse gas. North Canada RESPONSIBLE MINISTERS/KEY DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES PARTNERS TAKING ACTION - AGRIUM Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food; Minister of Health; Agrium has worked with stakeholders to develop a protocol enabling growers to reduce emissions Minister of Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard/ of nitrous oxide—a greenhouse gas—associated Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Canada Border Services with nitrogen fertilizer applications on the farm. Agency; Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Fisheries and Researchers estimate that implementation of the Oceans Canada; Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada; protocol could reduce field emissions of nitrous oxide by 15 to 25% without reducing yields. Sustainable Development Technology Canada

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 60 OUR ACTION PLAN Key priorities We have committed to develop a food policy that includes the promotion of healthy living and safe food. We will continue to support sustainable agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture by investing in science and research. For example, Budget 2016 provided: • $30 million over six years to support advanced research in agricultural genomics; and • $197.1 million over five years for freshwater and ocean science, which will help ensure wild fisheries and aquaculture are sustainable. As part of our commitment to work with the US and Mexico under the North American Climate, Clean Energy and Environment Partnership, we will develop and implement strategies to reduce methane emissions from agriculture and waste management— including food waste—among other key sectors. To help northern Canadians access healthy food, we have committed to update and expand Nutrition North Canada, a program aimed at alleviating high food costs in the North. Budget 2016 provided $64.5 million over five years, and $13.8 million ongoing, to expand the program to support all northern isolated communities. We have also committed to rejoin the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification at the earliest opportunity. Key areas of focus for the convention are reversing and preventing desertification and land degradation and mitigating the effects of drought—important issues for agriculture. Finally, we are committed to helping make Canada’s resource sectors, including agriculture, aquaculture and fisheries, world leaders in the use and development of clean and sustainable technology and processes. Work under this goal will support progress toward the 2020 Biodiversity Goals and Targets for Canada and the global conservation objectives of the United National Convention on Biological Diversity—in particular, by improving the level of biodiversity and wildlife habitat capacity on agricultural lands, and maintaining or improving water and soil quality. CANADA’S STARTING POINT Canadians. For example: ŠŠ To measure the extent to which agriculture in Canada ŠŠ Develop regulations under the Fisheries Act to advance is managed sustainably, we track many indicators which aquaculture sustainability; and include water and soil quality. In 2011, the Soil Quality Agri-Environmental Performance Index results for ŠŠ Implement public reporting on newly issued Aquaculture Canada's farming regions were within the “good” range Activities Regulations. (77) and the Water Quality index was also rated as “good” Ensure a safe food supply by mitigating risks to the animal (74). The historical baselines from 1981 for these metrics and plant resource base (including livestock, aquatic animals, were in the “desired” range class for water quality (92) and crops and forests) through effective disease control, the “good” range class for soil quality (64). surveillance, and regulation of animal and plant products. ŠŠ To measure the extent to which aquaculture in Canada is managed sustainably, we track aquaculture Increase knowledge of sustainable agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture operators’ compliance with Fisheries Act regulations. Between 2011 and 2014, compliance was over 99%. Conduct scientific research to increase knowledge of effects from agriculture and aquaculture on the environment. CONTRIBUTING ACTIONS This research can assist in addressing agri-environmental challenges such as water quality and water use, developing To ensure Canadians have safe, secure and sustainable food resilience to a changing climate, and maintaining ecosystem systems, we will: health. Use legislation and regulations to ensure safe and Conduct targeted regulatory research on fish pest and secure food pathogen interactions, ecosystem management and Develop regulations, promote compliance and carry out interactions with wild populations as well as collaborative enforcement activities to ensure safe and secure food reaches research to improve environmental decision-making and 61 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY sustainability of the aquaculture industry contributing to the CANADA IN THE WORLD production of seafood. Ensuring sustainable food supports the 2030 Agenda and its global sustainable development goals—in particular SDG 2, Promote innovation and sustainable practices Zero Hunger. It also supports specific SDG targets, as well Build the capacity of Canada’s agriculture, agri-food and as other international agreements and initiatives. agri-based products sector to promote innovation and encourage adoption of sustainable agricultural practices at farm and landscape levels by working with provinces and territories. For example, work to increase the number of beneficial management practices implemented to 17,600 by March 31, 2019, through cost-shared programming under the Growing Forward 2 framework (2013–2018). For details on how this goal supports international action, Work with partners for sustainable food see Annex 3. Work with domestic and international partners to support a sustainable plant and animal resource base, take decisions OUR PARTNERS based on sound scientific advice, and implement modern processes and systems to manage food safety. For example, Agriculture is a shared jurisdiction and provinces and in 2016–2017, continue to develop the Federal-Provincial- territories have an important role to play in promoting Territorial Strategic Emergency Management Framework, a sustainable food system—for example, along with us, enabling the development of a National Plant and Animal they deliver programming that encourages farm-level Health Strategy. environmental stewardship. Communities and non-governmental organizations are active Provide a food subsidy in helping to build sustainable food systems in Canada. Provide a subsidy for perishable, nutritious food so that For example, cities such as Toronto and Vancouver have Northerners living in isolated communities have increased launched food strategies that include measures to increase access to affordable healthy food. access to affordable and healthy food. Non-governmental organizations also contribute—for example, by collecting Work with partners to address invasive alien species surplus food and distributing it to those who need it. Work with international and domestic partners to prevent Canada’s fishers and agricultural producers are responding the introduction and limit the spread of invasive alien to environmental challenges by adopting innovative species and develop international standards and processes technologies and practices to produce food while reducing that reflect Canadian interests. For example, work with the impacts on the climate, water, soil and biodiversity. For US and other countries to ensure compliance with Canadian example, agricultural producers are using integrated pest phytosanitary regulations and share information on best management approaches to reduce reliance on chemical practices and compliance rates. pesticides, and reducing tilling to keep carbon sequestered in soil. CONNECTIONS WITH OTHER FSDS AREAS Ensuring sustainable food supports FSDS targets related to climate action, healthy ecosystems, clean water, and sustainable communities: TAKE ACTION! ŠŠ Sustainable agricultural practices can increase carbon ÔÔ Use available resources to make educated sequestration in soil, enhance the quality of water decisions in choosing food running off or draining from agricultural land, and provide a more hospitable environment for wildlife ÔÔ Reduce food waste by buying only the food you need ŠŠ Sustainable fisheries, including aquaculture, contribute to healthy freshwater and marine ecosystems ŠŠ Access to safe and healthy food helps communities flourish ŠŠ Investing in clean technology helps sectors such as agriculture become more sustainable and competitive

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 62 63 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY CONNECTING CANADIANS WITH NATURE LONG-TERM GOAL Canadians are informed about the value of nature, experiencing nature first hand, and actively engaged in its stewardship WHY IS THIS ISSUE IMPORTANT? SHORT-TERM MILESTONE Connecting with nature benefits Canadians, their In 2017, increase visitation to federal protected areas such as communities and the environment. Spending time in selected national wildlife areas, national parks and national nature can improve physical and mental health and support marine conservation areas children’s development, while nature-based tourism provides economic benefits for Canada. Getting out and experiencing RESPONSIBLE MINISTER/KEY DEPARTMENTS AND nature also inspires Canadians to help protect it. AGENCIES Maintaining a healthy environment depends on the active Minister of Environment and Climate Change/Environment engagement of all Canadians in its stewardship. Most and Climate Change Canada; Parks Canada Canadians already connect with nature by visiting parks and green spaces and by participating in nature-based activities such as hiking, horseback riding or gardening. Many also CANADA’S STARTING POINT take action to protect the environment. ŠŠ To measure the extent to which Canadians are getting out in nature, we track the percentage of Canadians We can support Canadians by expanding opportunities to who visit nearby parks and public green spaces. As well, experience nature and get involved in conservation. starting in 2016, we will track the number of visitors to federal protected areas such as national parks, national MEDIUM-TERM TARGET marine conservation areas and national wildlife areas. In 2013, 85% of Canadian households reported that By 2020, maintain or increase the number of Canadians they lived near a park or green space. Of those, 85% that get out into nature—for example, by visiting parks and reported that they visited a park or green space close to green spaces—and increase participation in biodiversity their home at least once during the year. conservation activities relative to a 2010 baseline ŠŠ To measure the extent to which Canadians are participating in conservation, we track the percentage of Canadians who report that they take definite action to protect the environment. In 2013, 18% of Canadian households engaged in unpaid activities aimed at conservation or protecting the environment or wildlife.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 64 CONTRIBUTING ACTIONS To provide opportunities for Canadians to connect with nature, we will: Build capacity for conservation activities Engage Canadians in stewardship activities to protect and conserve natural spaces and wildlife species and their habitats by providing funding through: ŠŠ The Habitat Stewardship Program; ŠŠ The Aboriginal Fund for Species at Risk; and ŠŠ The National Wetland Conservation Fund. Promote public participation Provide opportunities for Canadians to connect with nature through learning, outreach and multi-media initiatives in their communities, and by providing free admission to Parks Canada places in 2017 in celebration of Canada’s 150th birthday. OUR ACTION PLAN Work with partners, facilitate specific opportunities for youth, young adults and new Canadians to learn about, experience, and share their encounters with Parks Canada Key priorities and its network of places. National parks, national wildlife areas and other protected areas provide opportunities to discover Continue efforts to increase participation in nature-based and connect with nature. To expand these programs and visitation to national wildlife areas. opportunities and remove barriers to accessing them, Budget 2016 provided: Enhance programs and services for visitors • Up to $83.3 million over five years to make Foster a connection to nature and culture by expanding and admission free for all visitors to national parks, national marine conservation areas enhancing programs and services that meet the needs of and national historic sites operated by visitors to Parks Canada administered places and facilitate Parks Canada in 2017, and to provide free positive and memorable experiences. This includes: admission for children under 18 on an ongoing basis starting in 2018; and ŠŠ Offering unique camping experiences; • $16.6 million over five years to expand the Learn to Camp program, develop new ŠŠ Expanding the Learn to Camp Program; programming to tell Canada’s stories, and ŠŠ Developing programs for children and families; and encourage Indigenous story-telling and eco- tourism opportunities. ŠŠ Developing unique Canada 150 programming, including Other priorities will include completing the Indigenous Storytelling, to encourage Canadians to land assembly for Rouge National Urban Park, celebrate Canada’s 150th birthday in Parks Canada Canada’s first national urban park (located administered places. in the Greater Toronto Area), implementing infrastructure improvements to make it easier for Canadians to access and enjoy selected national CONNECTIONS WITH OTHER FSDS AREAS wildlife areas, and working with communities near protected areas to stimulate economic FSDS targets related to lands, forests, and biodiversity, as development. well as healthy and sustainable communities, help Canadians connect with nature: Work under this goal will support progress toward the 2020 Biodiversity Goals and Targets for ŠŠ Connecting with nature can inspire Canadians to help Canada and the global conservation objectives of the United Nations Convention on Biological conserve ecosystems and species Diversity—in particular, by encouraging ŠŠ Protecting lands and forests, as well as coasts and Canadians to get involved in biodiversity conservation activities. oceans, provides opportunities for Canadians to connect with nature and helps build healthy and sustainable communities 65 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY PARTNERS TAKING ACTION - CANADIAN BIOSPHERE RESERVES ASSOCIATION The World Network of Biosphere Reserves stands at the heart of UNESCO’s contribution to sustainable development and the shaping of an ambitious post-2015 sustainable development goals agenda. In Canada, the 18 Canadian Biosphere Reserves have developed demonstration areas and interactive learning sites from coast to coast, and from urban to northern areas. CANADA IN THE WORLD OUR PARTNERS Helping Canadians connect with nature supports the 2030 Provinces, territories and municipalities, as well as Agenda and its global sustainable development goals—in Indigenous and non-governmental organizations, help particular SDG 11, Sustainable Cities and Communities. get Canadians into nature and involved in conservation. It also supports a specific SDG target, as well as other For example: international agreements and initiatives. ŠŠ Provincial and territorial parks and protected areas provide opportunities for activities such as camping, hiking and viewing wildlife; ŠŠ Indigenous Peoples work with federal, provincial and territorial governments to establish, manage and present protected areas; ŠŠ Municipal parks and green spaces help urban Canadians For details on how this goal supports international action, benefit from time in nature; and see Annex 3. ŠŠ Non-governmental organizations and educational institutions engage Canadians in citizen science initiatives to track changes in the environment and biodiversity. TAKE ACTION! ÔÔ Get out in nature, especially with children—visit a national park, national wildlife area or other protected area and camp, cycle, hike, canoe, picnic with your family, participate in an Xplorers challenge ÔÔ Take advantage of Parks Canada experiences like Learn to Camp ÔÔ Participate in citizen science ÔÔ Volunteer with Parks Canada ÔÔ Take part in a BioBlitz—for example, with Parks Canada ÔÔ Download the Learn to Camp app and enjoy camping under the stars ÔÔ Spend time in a park or green space in your community ÔÔ Take steps to prevent the spread of invasive alien species when out in nature—for example, clean your boots and equipment, don’t move firewood, and report any sightings to federal and provincial governments and invasive species councils

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 66 67 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY SAFE AND HEALTHY COMMUNITIES LONG-TERM GOAL All Canadians live in clean, sustainable communities that contribute to their health and well-being WHY IS THIS ISSUE IMPORTANT? SHORT-TERM MILESTONES We are committed to ensuring Canadians live in clean, safe ŠŠ CAAQS for fine particulate matter and ozone are environments that contribute to their health and well-being. reviewed in 2017. Standards are developed for sulphur Among other measures, this means improving air quality, dioxide by 2017 and nitrogen dioxide by 2018 protecting Canadians from harmful substances, and preventing ŠŠ Introduce risk management controls for 100% of environmental emergencies or mitigating their impacts if they substances assessed as posing a risk to the environment do occur. or human health within 42 months of being deemed To be healthy, Canadians need to have clean air to breathe. harmful to human health or the environment However, as our cities grow, increasing transportation needs and ŠŠ By 2019–2020, remediate 599 of the highest priority industrial activity can put pressure on air quality. sites under the Federal Contaminated Sites Action Plan Exposure to high concentrations of air pollution—especially on ŠŠ By 2020, complete the re-evaluation of remaining legacy a daily basis—is dangerous, and the health problems it causes pesticides impose economic costs from lost productivity, increased need for medical care, decreased quality of life, and premature death. RESPONSIBLE MINISTERS/KEY DEPARTMENTS AND In 2008, the Canadian Medical Association estimated these AGENCIES costs at more than $8 billion per year. Minister of Environment and Climate Change; Minister of Health/Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Correctional While chemicals are part of our everyday lives and provide Service Canada; Department of Finance Canada; many benefits, they can also be harmful if not properly Environment and Climate Change Canada; Fisheries and managed. Managing these substances, as well as assessing and Oceans Canada; Health Canada; Indigenous and Northern remediating contaminated sites, protects our health and the Affairs Canada; Jacques Cartier and Champlain Bridges environment and benefits Canada’s economy. Incorporated; National Capital Commission; National Defence; National Research Council Canada; Natural MEDIUM-TERM TARGETS Resources Canada; Parks Canada; Public Safety Canada; Public Services and Procurement Canada; Statistics Canada; ŠŠ Implement the Air Quality Management System to: Transport Canada • Decrease the three-year average of particulate matter, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compound emissions from regulated and /or targeted sources to below the previous three-year average • Increase the percentage of the Canadian population living in areas where measured outdoor concentrations are below the Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS) for fine particulate matter and ozone compared to the year 2000 ŠŠ By 2020, address the 4,300 substances identified as priorities for action under the Chemicals Management Plan.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 68 OUR ACTION PLAN Key priorities Budget 2016 provided $345.3 million over five years to address air pollution in Canada—for example, to conduct research and monitoring; report to Canadians on air pollution and air quality; implement the Air Quality Management System jointly with provinces and territories; administer and enforce regulations and non-regulatory instruments to reduce air pollution; and maintain enforcement and policy capacity. In June, 2016, the Minister of Environment and Climate Change published the Multi-sector Air Pollutants Regulations, establishing Canada’s first-ever mandatory national air pollutant emissions standards for major industrial facilities. The regulations are expected to prevent: • Hundreds of premature deaths; • More than 350,000 days with asthma symptoms; and • More than one million days of activity restricted by poor air quality. The regulations will help to significantly reduce emissions that contribute to smog and acid rain, including 2,000 kilotonnes of nitrogen oxide emissions in the first 19 years—equivalent to taking all passenger cars and trucks currently in Canada off the road for about 12 years. In addition, CAAQS for particulate matter and ozone—the main components of smog—have been put in place, with additional standards for sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide being developed through a multi-stakeholder process. We will continue to implement the Chemicals Management Plan, whose most recent phase was launched in May 2016. This will include addressing 1,550 remaining priority chemicals (of the original 4300) and assessing new substances as they are introduced into Canada. Budget 2016 also provided up to $217 million to assess and remediate sites that have become contaminated with harmful chemical substances such as metals or petroleum products. CANADA’S STARTING POINT ŠŠ To measure environmental and health risks from harmful substances, we track levels of key ŠŠ To measure changes in air quality, we track emission substances in Canadians’ blood and urine, as well as levels of key air pollutants and monitor ambient air in the environment. The 2012–2013 Canadian Health quality. Emissions of most key air pollutants decreased Measures Survey showed that Canadians had, on substantially between 1990 and 2014, including fine average, 0.34 µg/L of cadmium, 11 µg/L of lead and particulate matter (9% lower in 2014 than 1990), 0.81 µg/L mercury in their blood, and 1.1 µg/L of sulphur oxides (63% lower), nitrogen oxides (33%), bisphenol A in their urine. volatile organic compounds (50%) and carbon monoxide (62%). Between 2012 and 2014, outdoor ŠŠ On the environmental side, monitoring indicates that concentrations of fine particulate matter and ground- levels of PBDEs in fish and sediment are decreasing, level ozone were generally below the 2015 CAAQS. and that PFOS levels in water and in fish tissue are under reference levels for water quality and fish health ŠŠ To measure the adverse effects of air pollution, we (though in some areas they exceed safe levels for track the proportion of deaths from heart-and lung- wildlife eating those fish). Meanwhile, between 1990 and related diseases that can be attributed to outdoor air 2013, mercury, lead and cadmium emissions to air were pollution. According to the Air Health Indicator, the reduced by 88%, 90% and 90%, respectively. proportion of deaths attributable to ozone increased between 1990 and 2010, while the proportion attributable to fine particulate matter showed neither an increasing nor decreasing trend between 2001 and 2010. 69 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY As part of efforts to reduce and, wherever possible, SUSTAINABLE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES eliminate contaminants and existing commercial substances which pose a potential risk, assess 100% of new substances Indigenous and northern communities face many challenges, including managing the impacts of a changing and 1,500 targeted existing substances for health and climate, addressing the high and often fluctuating costs environmental risk between 2016–2017 and 2020–2021. of energy, and promoting sustainable development that balances consideration of environmental, social and Conduct research and track harmful substances in the economic well-being. environment, including contaminant levels in the Indigenous and northern communities in Canada are Canadian North. particularly susceptible to these challenges due to factors such as remoteness and inaccessibility, cold climate, Provide information to inform action and decision aging and inefficient infrastructure, and reliance on diesel making for electricity generation and space heating. Provide information to: Actions across the 2016–2019 FSDS will help to support sustainable Indigenous communities. These include: ŠŠ Help Canadians understand air quality in their area; • Building resilience in the North and Indigenous ŠŠ Support decision making by federal custodians of communities; contaminated sites; and • Providing funding to First Nation communities to improve water and wastewater infrastructure and ŠŠ Help Canadians take action to reduce their exposure to waste management on reserve; harmful substances and air pollutants, for example radon. • Helping Indigenous and northern communities Use legislation and regulations to address outdoor air reduce their reliance on diesel for heat and electricity; pollutant emissions and harmful substances and • Updating and expanding Nutrition North Canada, a Develop and implement laws and regulations to limit program aimed at alleviating high food costs in the emissions of air pollutants, including: North. ŠŠ Nitrogen oxides; ŠŠ Sulphur dioxide; CONTRIBUTING ACTIONS ŠŠ Particulate matter; To protect Canadians and build healthy communities, ŠŠ Volatile organic compounds; and we will: ŠŠ Ozone-depleting substances. Demonstrate leadership on assessing and remediating Manage harmful substances which pose risks; ensure risk contaminated sites management measures are in place for substances identified Assess and remediate federal contaminated sites through the as harmful; make it easier for organizations to report data; Federal Contaminated Sites Action Plan. and carry out compliance promotion and enforcement activities in the industrial and transportation sectors, Prevent environmental emergencies or mitigate their particularly rail and aviation. impacts Work with provinces and territories to minimize and reduce Collaborate with provinces, territories and other partners to emissions of ozone-depleting substances and alternatives protect Canadians and their environment from the effects through the National Action Plan for the Environmental of emergency pollution incidents by providing science-based Control of Ozone-Depleting Substances and their expert advice and regulations. Halocarbon Alternatives. Better understand air pollutants and harmful Work with partners on outdoor air quality and substances chemicals management Conduct scientific research and analysis to better understand Work with provinces, territories and other stakeholders to the sources and effects of outdoor air pollutants, indoor address indoor and outdoor air quality, including reducing air pollutants and chemical substances. These activities will GHG emissions from the transportation, industrial and focus on: energy sectors. ŠŠ Better understanding and managing the health risks to Participate in joint initiatives to manage risks posed by Canadians; and harmful substances to nature and water, and work with ŠŠ Identifying and addressing the effects of air pollution domestic and international partners through programs like on ecosystems and wildlife. Computers for Schools and the National Pollutant Release Inventory.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 70 Provide leadership and expertise to World Health CANADA IN THE WORLD Organization initiatives on chemicals management and air Building safe and healthy communities supports the 2030 pollution awareness and reduction strategies. Agenda and its global sustainable development goals—in particular SDG 3, Good Health and Well-being; and SDG Support voluntary action to reduce outdoor air 12, Responsible Consumption and Production. It also pollutant emissions supports specific SDG targets, as well as other international Encourage businesses and Canadians to reduce air pollutant agreements and initiatives. emissions, including through the use of targeted economic instruments. This approach includes the imposition of a levy payable by manufacturers or importers of certain fuel- inefficient passenger vehicles. Provide in-kind support and funding to reduce outdoor air pollutants Support projects and activities that help reduce outdoor air For details on how this goal supports international action, pollutants from the marine sector by funding the installation see Annex 3. of marine shore power facilities at Canadian ports. OUR PARTNERS Invest in technologies to improve outdoor air quality Provinces and territories are taking action to protect Make strategic investments in the development, Canadian communities from air pollutants and other harmful commercialization and adoption of technologies that will substances. For example, under the Air Quality Management improve air quality. System, they are working to reduce air pollutant emissions and keep ambient air pollutant levels below the CAAQS. Take a leading role in international agreements They have also agreed to report annually on air quality and collaboration on chemicals management and within local air zones. transboundary air pollution Negotiate on behalf of the Government of Canada, represent Provincial and territorial governments also establish the government’s interests internationally, and implement legislation and regulations that prohibit pollution and set international agreements related to chemicals management. requirements and standards for remediating contaminated sites outside federal lands. Leverage international collaboration to maximize access to global science for risk assessment of potentially harmful Municipalities are key partners as well—their decisions substances. related to public transit, waste management, buildings, and other areas have a significant impact on air pollution, as well Negotiate on behalf of Canada and implement and/or as Canadians’ quality of life. strengthen agreements to reduce transboundary air pollution. CONNECTIONS WITH OTHER FSDS AREAS PARTNERS TAKING ACTION – CITY OF VANCOUVER Building safe and healthy communities is linked to FSDS targets on climate action, protecting habitats, and supporting The City of Vancouver’s vision is to create opportunities today while building a strong local vulnerable people and sectors: economy, vibrant and inclusive neighbourhoods, and an internationally recognized city that meets the needs ŠŠ Investing in green and climate-resilient infrastructure of generations to come. Its Greenest City Action Plan can help protect communities from climate impacts and sets out measurable and attainable targets intended reduce air pollutant emissions to help put Vancouver on the path to becoming the greenest city in the world. ŠŠ Clean technology can reduce air pollutant emissions Since the plan was established in 2011, 80% of its targets ŠŠ Expanding opportunities to connect with nature helps have been completed. Accomplishments to date include build healthy and sustainable communities reducing GHG emissions by 15% across the city and increasing the proportion of trips made by sustainable ŠŠ Managing risks from harmful substances helps prevent transportation within the city to 50% of all trips. them from polluting lakes and rivers ŠŠ Access to safe and healthy food helps communities flourish ŠŠ Climate change is exacerbating air quality issues in some areas of Canada 71 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY TAKE ACTION! CONCLUSION ÔÔ If you can, cycle or take public transit The 2016–2019 FSDS is the beginning of a new rather than driving approach to sustainable development—one that we ÔÔ If you drive, choose a lower-emitting will implement together. vehicle and avoid idling Drawing on the thoughtful input of Canadians and ÔÔ Keep an eye on the Air Quality Health stakeholders, we have substantially improved on the draft Index, especially in summer strategy released for public consultation in February 2016. ÔÔ Take special precautions if there is a Our new plan presents 13 long-term, aspirational goals, wildfire near your community specific and measurable targets, new short-term milestones, ÔÔ Keep gas-, oil- and wood-burning stoves, and clear action plans that show how we will advance our heaters and appliances in good condition sustainability priorities over the next three years. ÔÔ Buy products that are low in, or free The 2016–2019 FSDS is the foundation of Canada’s from, volatile organic compounds domestic response to the SDGs, and its framework is a ÔÔ Plant trees to increase the urban forest Canadian reflection of those global goals. As a result, it will canopy, provide shade, and improve air help set us on a path to implement the SDGs alongside our quality international partners. ÔÔ Learn more about chemical substances, While we’ve made progress, we know that we must go what we are doing, and what you can do further. That’s why we ask that you continue to be engaged on sustainable development. We hope you’ll continue to provide comments and ideas as we implement the 2016–2019 FSDS and prepare to update the strategy for 2019–2022.

2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 72

ANNEX 1: ABOUT THE FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY The Federal Sustainable Development Strategy (FSDS) is THE ROLE OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION our primary vehicle for sustainable development planning Public consultation is an important part of FSDS and reporting. It also forms the foundation of our response development under the Act. Each draft FSDS must to implement the global sustainable development goals undergo a public consultation period of at least 120 days (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. before it is finalized. It sets out our sustainable development priorities, establishes goals and targets, and identifies actions to achieve them. As part of public consultation, the Minister of Environment and Climate Change provides the draft FSDS to: LEGISLATIVE BASIS ŠŠ The Commissioner of the Environment The 2008 Federal Sustainable Development Act establishes the and Sustainable Development; requirement to table the FSDS. Its purpose is to provide ŠŠ The Sustainable Development Advisory Council (a the legal framework for developing and implementing an multi-stakeholder advisory body consisting of at least FSDS that will make environmental decision making more one representative from each province and territory and transparent and accountable to Parliament. The Act requires three from each of the following: Indigenous Peoples, the Minister of Environment and Climate Change to table a environmental non-governmental organizations, whole-of-government FSDS every three years. organizations representative of business, and organizations representative of labour); THE ROLE OF DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES ŠŠ The appropriate committee of each House of Environment and Climate Change Canada has a key Parliament; and role in implementing the Act. It houses the Sustainable ŠŠ The public. Development Office (SDO), which is responsible for developing and maintaining systems and procedures to Consultation results inform the final FSDS and are monitor progress on implementation of the FSDS, and for summarized in a publicly-available synthesis report. preparing FSDS progress reports at least once every three years. The SDO also coordinates the development of THE STRUCTURE OF THE FSDS the FSDS. The 2016–2019 FSDS is organized around 13 aspirational However, sustainable development is more than an goals that are a Canadian reflection of the SDGs, environmental issue—its breadth means that it cuts across acknowledging our unique responsibilities many departmental and agency mandates. The Act reflects and circumstances: this, requiring that agencies named in the Act’s Schedule and departments named in Schedule I to the Financial EFFECTIVE ACTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE Administration Act prepare sustainable development strategies A low-carbon economy contributes to limiting global average temperature rise to well below two that comply with and contribute to the FSDS. degrees Celsius and supports efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius The role of departments and agencies also includes: LOW-CARBON GOVERNMENT ŠŠ Working collaboratively with Environment and Climate The Government of Canada leads by example by Change Canada to develop the FSDS; making its operations low-carbon ŠŠ Integrating environmental and sustainable development considerations into policy, plan and program CLEAN GROWTH A growing clean technology industry in Canada development through strategic environmental contributes to clean growth and the transition to a assessment; and low-carbon economy ŠŠ Reporting annually on their specific contributions to the FSDS. 73 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY One or more targets contribute to each goal. To the extent MODERN AND RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE Modern, sustainable, and resilient infrastructure possible, targets are intended to: supports clean economic growth and social inclusion ŠŠ Meet the SMART criteria: • Specific – Clearly articulated, well-defined and CLEAN ENERGY All Canadians have access to affordable, reliable focused; and sustainable energy • Measurable – Able to determine the degree to HEALTHY COASTS AND OCEANS which there is completion or attainment; Coasts and oceans support healthy, resilient and productive ecosystems • Achievable – Realistic and practical; attainable within operational constraints dependent on PRISTINE LAKES AND RIVERS resource availability, knowledge and timeframe; Clean and healthy lakes and rivers support economic prosperity and the well-being of • Relevant – Tied to government priorities and Canadians mandate; contributes to a desired outcome in SUSTAINABLY MANAGED LANDS AND FORESTS Canadian society, economy or environment; and Lands and forests support biodiversity and provide a variety of ecosystem services for • Time-bound – Expresses clear deadlines; generations to come ŠŠ Take a medium-term view; HEALTHY WILDLIFE POPULATIONS All species have healthy and viable populations ŠŠ Fall within federal jurisdiction and departmental mandates; ŠŠ Remain informed by environmental baseline data and CLEAN DRINKING WATER indicators; All Canadians have access to safe drinking water and, in particular, the significant challenges ŠŠ Be consistent with Government of Canada priorities; and Indigenous communities face are addressed ŠŠ Reflect the precautionary principle. SUSTAINABLE FOOD Short-term milestones complement FSDS targets. They Innovation and ingenuity contribute to a world- represent interim steps that will help ensure we stay on track leading agricultural sector and food economy for the benefit of all Canadians to achieve our longer-term objectives. CONNECTING CANADIANS WITH NATURE Action plans set out what we will do to achieve our targets. Canadians are informed about the value of nature, They include priority measures, as well as other actions that experiencing nature first hand, and actively support the targets. Action plans constitute implementation engaged in its stewardship strategies as required by the Act. Actions fall into one of the following categories, depending on their purpose: SAFE AND HEALTHY COMMUNITIES All Canadians live in clean, sustainable communities that contribute to their health and well-being Policy research and Domestic and international analysis collaboration Scientific research and Investment in infrastructure FSDS goals: analysis and technology Funding and in-kind Protection and management ŠŠ Are aspirational; support of natural spaces ŠŠ Take a long-term view; Voluntary sustainable Doing our part development action ŠŠ Address important challenges and problems; International agreements ŠŠ Remain attuned to environmental information, data and initiatives and indicators; Legislation and regulations ŠŠ Encourage flexibility in the choice of strategies for achievement; and While provinces and territories, Indigenous Peoples, ŠŠ Reflect domestic and international priorities business, the scientific community, non-governmental and commitments. organizations and Canadian citizens contribute to achieving environmental outcomes, only federal actions are included in FSDS action plans. 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 74 For the first time, with the 2016–2019 FSDS we’re committing to making our strategy “evergreen”. Our interactive e-strategy will enable us to update the strategy on an ongoing basis—not just every three years –to incorporate new commitments, decisions and actions. Through the e-strategy, we will also provide periodic updates on progress toward our milestones, targets and aspirational goals. Updates to the strategy will be informed by our ongoing conversation with our partners and individual Canadians. We will also update the strategy to reflect the outcomes of key policy processes, such as work with provinces, territories and Indigenous Peoples to develop a pan-Canadian framework on clean growth and climate change. 75 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

ANNEX 2: PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT Performance measurement is an essential part of our ŠŠ Information on departmental activities that contribute sustainable development approach, and we hope you’ll to FSDS goals and targets; and continue to be engaged as we implement and report on ŠŠ Performance indicators that complement environmental the 2016–2019 Federal Sustainable Development Strategy sustainability indicators by clarifying departments’ (FSDS). Three key vehicles support FSDS performance contributions to environmental outcomes. measurement: Departments and agencies bound by the Act contribute ŠŠ FSDS progress reports; differently to FSDS goals and targets depending on their ŠŠ Departmental Sustainable Development Strategies mandate; however, all are responsible for contributing to our (DSDSs); and goal of low-carbon government. ŠŠ The Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators INDICATORS FSDS PROGRESS REPORTS The indicators we will use to measure and report on The Federal Sustainable Development Act requires us to prepare our progress are largely drawn from the Canadian an FSDS progress report at least once every three years. Environmental Sustainability Indicators program. Indicators Progress reports will let you know how we are implementing are selected according to the following criteria: the FSDS and how quickly we are making progress toward ŠŠ Policy relevance (represents the FSDS goals and its goals and targets. Going forward, FSDS progress reports targets); will be developed using a dashboard approach to ensure they are clear and accessible. ŠŠ Utility (meets the needs of decision makers and the public); While FSDS progress reports provide important information ŠŠ Soundness (provides consistent and solid methodology; on environmental outcomes, it is important to note that comparable over time); and responsibility for the environment is shared, and that we support environmental sustainability within the constraints ŠŠ Data availability and integrity (uses existing high-quality of our jurisdiction and authorities. As a result, it can be data with adequate coverage). difficult to directly link federal actions to environmental Environment and Climate Change Canada produces outcomes. indicators with the support of other federal departments and agencies, including Health Canada, Statistics Canada, DEPARTMENTAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Natural Resources Canada, Parks Canada, Transport Canada STRATEGIES and Fisheries and Oceans Canada, as well as provincial and territorial governments. DSDSs provide detailed information on what departments and agencies are doing to meet the goals, targets and While a wide range of indicators are available through the milestones set out in the 2016–2019 FSDS. Over the next Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators website, three years, taking into account your comments and ideas, the following indicators will be used to track and measure participating departments and agencies will develop DSDSs progress on the 2016–2019 FSDS. Indicator titles in the that comply with and contribute to the FSDS. table below link to the most recent available information. DSDSs are linked with core departmental planning and reporting processes, and include: ŠŠ The department’s sustainable development vision; ŠŠ Information on departmental decision making and sustainable development practices, including implementation of strategic environmental assessment; 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 76 TABLE 2 – INDICATORS FOR MEASURING PROGRESS ON THE 2016–2019 FSDS GOAL INDICATOR(S) UPDATE CYCLE National GHG emission level Annual update; Spring Effective action on climate change GHG intensity Annual update; Spring Percentage change in energy related GHG emissions TBD Low-carbon government from facilities and fleets relative to fiscal year 2005–2006 Clean tech sector GDP A 2015 baseline on the industry will be established by 2018, after which the reporting cycle will be determined Clean growth Clean tech sector jobs A 2015 baseline on the industry will be established by 2018, after which the reporting cycle will be determined Average % decrease in volume of water leakage Information to be available at the end of the and/or infiltration that can be attributed to funded project/program cycle Modern and resilient investments infrastructure Number of systems that have improved the quality Information to be available at the end of the of wastewater effluent or storm water discharge as a project/program cycle result of funded investments Clean energy Electricity generation by source Annual update; Winter Canada’s protected areas (marine) Annual update; Summer Status of major fish stocks Annual update; Fall Healthy coasts and oceans Sustainable fish harvest Annual update; Fall Quality of shellfish growing area Biennial update; next update 2018 Number and volume of pollution spills from ships Triennial update; next update 2018 Phosphorus levels in the Great Lakes Triennial update; next update 2017 Reducing phosphorus loads to Lake Simcoe and Annual update; Fall South-eastern Georgian Bay Nutrients in Lake Winnipeg Annual update; Fall Phosphorus and nitrogen levels in the St. Lawrence Biennial update; next update 2018 River Pristine lakes and rivers Restoring the Great Lakes Areas of Concern Annual update; Fall Freshwater quality in Canadian rivers Annual update; Winter Water quantity in Canadian rivers Biennial update; next update 2018 Managing metal mining effluent quality in Canada Annual update; Fall Managing pulp and paper effluent quality in Canada Annual update; Winter Canada’s protected areas (terrestrial) Annual update; Summer Ecological integrity of Canada’s national parks Update every five years; next update 2017 Sustainably managed lands Sustainability of timber harvest Biennial update; next update 2018 and forests Amount of Canadian forests; deforestation Annual update Forest regeneration Annual update Changes in land-use To be determined 77 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY TABLE 2 – INDICATORS FOR MEASURING PROGRESS ON THE 2016–2019 FSDS GOAL INDICATOR(S) UPDATE CYCLE Species at risk population trends Annual update; Fall General status of species in Canada Update every five years; next update 2017 Healthy wildlife populations Changes in wildlife species disappearance risks Annual update; Fall Population status of Canada’s migratory birds Triennial update; next update 2018 Number of long-term drinking water advisories Annual update; Fall Clean drinking water affecting First Nations drinking water systems Drinking water advisories in Canada Biennial update; next update 2018 Water quality and soil quality agri-environmental Update every five years; next update 2021 metrics Environmental farm planning on agricultural land Annual update Management of Canadian aquaculture Annual update; Spring Sustainable food Changes in land-use To be determined Environmental Sustainability of Canadian Agriculture: Updated every five years Agri-Environmental Indicator Report Series – Report #4 Number of visits at Parks Canada natural heritage Annual update; Summer places Number of visits to selected national wildlife areas Annual update, Winter Connecting Canadians with nature Trends in percentage of Canadians who report that Biennial update; next update 2018 they visited parks or public greenspaces Percentage of Canadians who report that they take Biennial update; next update 2018 definite action to protect the environment Fine particulate matter and ground-level ozone air Annual update; Summer quality indicators relative to CAAQS set for 2015 Air pollutant emissions Annual update; Spring Levels of human exposure to harmful substances Triennial update; next update 2019 Safe and healthy communities Levels of harmful substances in the environment PBDE and PFOS – Triennial update; next update 2018 and 2019 Release of harmful substance – Annual update; Fall 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 78

ANNEX 3: CANADA IN THE WORLD – DETAILED INFORMATION Canada is not alone in taking action to protect the ŠŠ Goal 9 – Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure environment and improve our quality of life—sustainable ŠŠ Goal 11 – Sustainable Cities and Communities development is a priority around the world. In addition to advancing our domestic priorities, FSDS goals, targets ŠŠ Goal 14 – Life Below Water and actions support the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable ŠŠ Goal 15 – Life on Land Development and its global sustainable development goals It supports other international agreements and initiatives, (SDGs), as well as other international agreements and including: initiatives. ŠŠ Arctic Council Framework for Action on Enhanced The following sections provide detailed information on Black Carbon and Methane Emissions Reductions how our strategy aligns with the work of the international community. ŠŠ Canada-China Climate Change Working Group ŠŠ Climate and Clean Air Coalition EFFECTIVE ACTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE ŠŠ Global Methane Initiative Taking action on climate change supports SDG 7, ŠŠ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Affordable and Clean Energy; SDG 12, Responsible Consumption and Production; SDG 13, Climate Action; ŠŠ Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the and SDG 17, Partnerships for the Goals. In particular, it Ozone Layer supports the following SDG targets: ŠŠ North American Climate, Clean Energy and ŠŠ Target 7.3 – By 2030, double the global rate of Environment Partnership improvement in energy efficiency ŠŠ North American Memorandum of Understanding ŠŠ Target 12.8 – By 2030, ensure that people everywhere Concerning Climate Change and Energy Collaboration have the relevant information and awareness for ŠŠ Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015– sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with 2030 nature ŠŠ United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification ŠŠ Target 13.1 – Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity ŠŠ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all Change countries ŠŠ Target 13.2 – Integrate climate change measures into LOW-CARBON GOVERNMENT national policies, strategies and planning Doing our part on climate change supports SDG 12, ŠŠ Target 13.3 – Improve education, awareness-raising Responsible Consumption and Production; and SDG 13, and human and institutional capacity on climate change Climate Action. In particular, it supports the following SDG mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early targets: warning ŠŠ Target 12.7 – Promote public procurement practices ŠŠ Target 17.16 – Enhance the global partnership for that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies sustainable development, complemented by multi- and priorities stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial ŠŠ Target 13.2 – Integrate climate change measures into resources, to support the achievement of the sustainable national policies, strategies and planning development goals in all countries, in particular It also supports other international agreements and developing countries initiatives, including the North American Climate, Clean It also contributes to the following additional SDGs: Energy and Environment Partnership. ŠŠ Goal 3 – Good Health and Well-being 79 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY CLEAN GROWTH MODERN AND RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE Investing in clean technology and innovation supports SDG Investing in infrastructure supports SDG 9, Industry, 9, Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure; and SDG 12, Innovation and Infrastructure, and in particular the Responsible Consumption and Production. In particular, it following SDG target: supports the following SDG targets: ŠŠ Target 9.4 – By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit ŠŠ Target 9.5 – Enhance scientific research, upgrade the industries to make them sustainable, with increased technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean countries, in particular developing countries, including, and environmentally sound technologies and industrial by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially processes, with all countries taking action in accordance increasing the number of research and development with their respective capabilities workers per 1 million people and public and private It also contributes to the following additional SDGs: research and development spending ŠŠ Target 12.6 – Encourage companies, especially large and ŠŠ Goal 6 – Clean water and sanitation transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices ŠŠ Goal 13 – Climate Action and to integrate sustainability information into their It supports other international agreements and initiatives, reporting cycle including: It also contributes to the following additional SDGs: ŠŠ North American Memorandum of Understanding ŠŠ Goal 7 – Affordable and Clean Energy Concerning Climate Change and Energy Collaboration ŠŠ Goal 8 – Decent Work and Economic Growth ŠŠ US-Canada Joint Statement on Climate, Energy and ŠŠ Goal 13 – Climate Action Arctic Leadership ŠŠ Goal 17 – Partnerships for the Goals CLEAN ENERGY It supports other international agreements and initiatives, Investing in clean energy supports SDG 7, Affordable and including: Clean Energy, and in particular the following SDG target: ŠŠ Joint Declaration on Canada-China Clean Technology ŠŠ Target 7.2 – By 2030, increase substantially the share of Cooperation renewable energy in the global energy mix ŠŠ US-Canada Joint Statement on Climate, Energy and It also contributes to the following additional SDGs: Arctic Leadership ŠŠ North America Energy Ministers Memorandum of ŠŠ Goal 9 – Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure Understanding on Climate Change and Energy ŠŠ Goal 12 – Responsible Consumption and Production ŠŠ Korea-Canada Memorandum of Understanding on It supports other international agreements and initiatives, Cooperation in Innovation and Energy Technologies including: ŠŠ Mission Innovation ŠŠ North American Climate, Clean Energy and ŠŠ North American Memorandum of Understanding Environment Partnership Concerning Climate Change and Energy Collaboration ŠŠ Canada-Mexico Partnership ŠŠ Mission Innovation ŠŠ North American Memorandum of Understanding Concerning Climate Change and Energy Collaboration ŠŠ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 80 HEALTHY COASTS AND OCEANS PRISTINE LAKES AND RIVERS Protecting coasts and oceans supports SDG 14, Life Below Protecting lakes and rivers supports SDG 6, Clean Water and Water, and in particular the following SDG targets: Sanitation, and in particular the following SDG targets: ŠŠ Target 14.1 – By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce ŠŠ Target 6.3 – By 2030, improve water quality by reducing marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land- pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release based activities, including marine debris and nutrient of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the pollution proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially ŠŠ Target 14.2 – By 2020, sustainably manage and protect increasing recycling and safe reuse globally marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant ŠŠ Target 6.5 – By 2030, implement integrated water adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resources management at all levels, including through resilience, and take action for their restoration in order transboundary cooperation as appropriate to achieve healthy and productive oceans ŠŠ Target 6.6 – By 2020, protect and restore water-related ŠŠ Target 14.4 – By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated rivers, aquifers and lakes fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement It also contributes to the following additional SDGs: science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to ŠŠ Goal 8 – Decent Work and Economic Growth levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as ŠŠ Goal 12 – Responsible Consumption and Production determined by their biological characteristics ŠŠ Goal 14 – Life Below Water ŠŠ Target 14.5 – By 2020, conserve at least 10% of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national ŠŠ Goal 15 – Life on Land and international law and based on the best available ŠŠ Goal 17 – Partnerships for the Goals scientific information It supports other international agreements and initiatives, It also contributes to the following additional SDGs: including: ŠŠ Goal 6 – Clean Water and Sanitation ŠŠ 1971 Convention on Wetlands of International ŠŠ Goal 12 – Responsible Consumption and Production Importance (Ramsar) ŠŠ Goal 17 – Partnerships for the Goals ŠŠ Canada-US Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement It supports other international agreements and initiatives, ŠŠ Great Lakes Fisheries Commission including: ŠŠ Treaty Relating to the Boundary Waters and Questions Arising Along the Border between the United States ŠŠ 1996 Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention and Canada (The Boundary Waters Treaty) of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (the London Protocol) ŠŠ Canada-US Bilateral Agreement on Shellfish Sanitation ŠŠ Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972 (London Convention) ŠŠ Regional fisheries management organizations ŠŠ United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity and the related global and national biodiversity targets for 2020 ŠŠ United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 81 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY SUSTAINABLY MANAGED LANDS AND FORESTS HEALTHY WILDLIFE POPULATIONS Conserving lands and managing forests sustainably Protecting Canada’s wild species supports SDG 15, Life on supports SDG 8, Decent Work and Economic Growth; Land, and in particular the following SDG target: and SDG 15, Life on Land. In particular, it supports the following SDG targets: ŠŠ Target 15.5 – Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss ŠŠ Target 8.2 – Achieve higher levels of economic of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the productivity through diversification, technological extinction of threatened species upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on It also contributes to SDG 11, Sustainable Cities and high-value-added and labour-intensive sectors Communities. ŠŠ Target 8.3 – Promote development-oriented policies It supports other international agreements and initiatives, that support productive activities, decent job creation, including: entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, ŠŠ Agreement between the Government of Canada small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through and the Government of the United States on the access to financial services Conservation of the Porcupine Caribou Herd ŠŠ Target 15.1 – By 2020, ensure the conservation, ŠŠ Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular ŠŠ Arctic Council work on Conservation of Arctic Flora forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with and Fauna obligations under international agreements ŠŠ Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds in the ŠŠ Target 15.2 – By 2020, promote the implementation United States and Canada of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt ŠŠ Convention on International Trade in Endangered deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially Species of Wild Fauna and Flora increase afforestation and reforestation globally ŠŠ Memorandum of Understanding Between Environment It also contributes to SDG 11, Sustainable Cities and Canada and the United States Department of the Communities. Interior for the Conservation and Management of Shared Polar Bear Populations It also supports other international agreements and initiatives, including: ŠŠ North American Bird Conservation Initiative ŠŠ North American Waterfowl Management Plan ŠŠ 1971 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar) ŠŠ Pan American Shorebird Program ŠŠ Arctic Council work on Conservation of Arctic Flora ŠŠ United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity and and Fauna the related global and national biodiversity targets for 2020 ŠŠ Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage ŠŠ Pacific Salmon Treaty ŠŠ Convention on International Trade in Endangered ŠŠ Initiatives under: Species of Wild Fauna and Flora • International Commission on the Conservation of ŠŠ Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Atlantic Tunas Ecosystem Services • Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization ŠŠ United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity and the related global and national biodiversity targets for • International Whaling Commission 2020 • International Maritime Organization ŠŠ North American Waterfowl Management Plan • International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 82 CLEAN DRINKING WATER ŠŠ International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Ensuring safe drinking water for all Canadians supports SDG 3, Good Health and Well-being; and SDG 6, Clean ŠŠ Regional fisheries management organizations Water and Sanitation. In particular, it supports the following ŠŠ Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent SDG targets: Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade ŠŠ Target 3.9 – By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and ŠŠ Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants air, water and soil pollution and contamination ŠŠ United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity and ŠŠ Target 6.1 – By 2030, achieve universal and equitable the related global and national biodiversity targets for access to safe and affordable drinking water for all 2020 ŠŠ Target 6.3 – By 2030, improve water quality by reducing ŠŠ United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release ŠŠ United Nations Declaration on the Rights of of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the Indigenous Peoples proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally ŠŠ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ŠŠ Target 6.b – Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation CONNECTING CANADIANS WITH NATURE management Helping Canadians connect with nature supports SDG It also supports other international agreements and 11, Sustainable Cities and Communities; and SDG 12, initiatives, including the United Nations Declaration on the Responsible Consumption and Production. In particular, it Rights of Indigenous Peoples. supports the following SDG targets: SUSTAINABLE FOOD ŠŠ Target 11.4 – Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage Ensuring sustainable food supports SDG 2, Zero Hunger, and in particular the following SDG targets: ŠŠ Target 12.8 – By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for ŠŠ Target 2.3 – by 2030 double the agricultural productivity sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with and the incomes of small-scale food producers, nature particularly women, Indigenous Peoples, family farmers, It also supports other international agreements and pastoralists and fishers, including through secure initiatives, including the United Nations Convention on and equal access to land, other productive resources Biological Diversity and the related global and national and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets biodiversity targets for 2020. and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment ŠŠ Target 2.4 - by 2030 ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters, and that progressively improve land and soil quality It also contributes to the following additional SDGs: ŠŠ Goal 12 – Responsible Consumption and Production ŠŠ Goal 14 – Life Below Water ŠŠ Goal 15 – Life on Land It supports other international agreements and initiatives, including: ŠŠ Canada-US Bilateral Agreement on Shellfish Sanitation ŠŠ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 83 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY SAFE AND HEALTHY COMMUNITIES ŠŠ Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Decisions related to the Chemicals Building safe and healthy communities supports SDG 3, Programme Good Health and Well-being; and SDG 12, Responsible Consumption and Production. In particular, it supports the ŠŠ North American Climate, Clean Energy and Environment following SDG targets: Partnership ŠŠ North American Memorandum of Understanding ŠŠ Target 3.9 – By 2030, substantially reduce the number Concerning Climate Change and Energy Collaboration of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination ŠŠ Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides ŠŠ Target 12.4 – By 2020, achieve the environmentally in International Trade sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed ŠŠ Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants international frameworks, and significantly reduce their ŠŠ Strategic Approach to International Chemicals release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their Management adverse impacts on human health and the environment ŠŠ United Nations Economic Commission for Europe It also contributes to the following additional SDGs: Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution ŠŠ Goal 2 – Zero Hunger ŠŠ United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication, and ŠŠ Goal 11 – Sustainable Cities and Communities Ground-level Ozone (Gothenburg Protocol) ŠŠ Goal 13 – Climate Action ŠŠ United Nations Economic Commission for Europe ŠŠ Goal 15 – Life on Land Protocol on Heavy Metals ŠŠ Goal 17 – Partnerships for the Goals ŠŠ United Nations Economic Commission for Europe It supports other international agreements and initiatives, Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants including: ŠŠ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ŠŠ 1996 Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other ŠŠ Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer Matter (the London Protocol) ŠŠ World Health Organization road map to address global air ŠŠ Agreement between the Government of Canada and pollution health risks the Government of the United States on Air Quality ŠŠ Agreement Between the Government of Canada and the Government of the United States Concerning the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste ŠŠ Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal ŠŠ Canada-US Regulatory Cooperation Council – Regulatory Partnership Statement on Chemicals ŠŠ Clean Air and Climate Coalition initiative to address short-lived climate pollutants ŠŠ Cooperative Arrangement Between the National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme of Australia and the Department of Environment of Canada and the Department of Health of Canada Related to Enhancing Technical Cooperation and sharing Information on Industrial Chemicals ŠŠ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ŠŠ Memorandum of Understanding Between the European Chemicals Agency and Environment Canada/Health Canada ŠŠ Minamata Convention on Mercury ŠŠ Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 84

ANNEX 4: LIST OF DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES The following departments and agencies are required to While not bound by the Act, the following organizations table sustainable development strategies under the Federal have contributed to the draft 2016–2019 Federal Sustainable Sustainable Development Act: Development Strategy: 1. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 1. Canadian Coast Guard 2. Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency 2. Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency 3. Canada Border Services Agency 3. Canadian Food Inspection Agency 4. Canada Economic Development for Quebec Regions 4. Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency 5. Canada Revenue Agency 5. Correctional Service Canada 6. Canadian Heritage 6. Federal Economic Development Agency for Southern 7. Department of Finance Canada Ontario 8. Department of Justice Canada 7. Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario 9. Employment and Social Development Canada 8. Infrastructure Canada 10. Environment and Climate Change Canada 9. Jacques Cartier and Champlain Bridges Incorporated 11. Fisheries and Oceans Canada 10. National Capital Commission 12. Global Affairs Canada 11. National Research Council Canada 13. Health Canada 12. Royal Canadian Mounted Police 14. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada 13. Standards Council of Canada 15. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada 14. Statistics Canada 16. Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada 15. Sustainable Development Technology Canada 17. National Defence 18. Natural Resources Canada 19. Parks Canada 20. Public Health Agency of Canada 21. Public Safety Canada 22. Public Services and Procurement Canada 23. Transport Canada 24. Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat 25. Veterans Affairs Canada 26. Western Economic Diversification Canada 85 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AOC: Area of Concern CAAQS: Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standards DSDS: Departmental Sustainable Development Strategy FSDS: Federal Sustainable Development Strategy GDP: Gross domestic product GHG: Greenhouse gas HFCs: Hydrofluorocarbons MPA: Marine protected area PBDE: Polybrominated diphenyl ether PFOS: Perfluorooctane sulfonate SDGs: Sustainable development goals SMART: Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time- bound UN: United Nations UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UK: United Kingdom US: United States 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 86 GLOSSARY OF TERMS Adaptation: Adjusting our decisions, activities, and thinking Food security: A condition in which all people, at all because of observed or expected changes in climate, in order times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe to reduce harm or take advantage of new opportunities and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life Biodiversity: The variability among living organisms from all sources including, among others, terrestrial, marine and Green infrastructure: Infrastructure that protects other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of communities and supports Canada’s ongoing transition to a which they are part; this includes diversity within species, clean growth economy between species and of ecosystems Protected area: A clearly defined geographical space, Clean energy: Renewable, nuclear, and carbon capture and recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other storage technologies, as well as demand reduction through effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of energy efficiency nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values (IUCN, 2016) Clean technology: Technologies that improve business performance while using resources more responsibly, and Renewable energy: Energy obtained from natural that reduce or eliminate negative environmental impact resources that can be naturally replenished or renewed (Sustainable Development Technology Canada, 2016) within a human lifespan Ecological integrity: A condition in which the natural Resilience: The ability of a social or ecological system components of an ecosystem—including physical elements, to absorb disturbances while retaining the same basic diversity of species and habitats, and ecological processes— structure and ways of functioning, the capacity of self- are likely to persist organization, and the capacity to adapt to stress and change (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014) Ecosystem: An ecological community together with its environment, functioning as a unit Stewardship: Management of resources in such a way that they can be passed on with integrity to future generations Ecosystem services: Services which humans derive from ecological functions such as photosynthesis, oxygen Sustainable development: Development that meets the production, and water purification needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs 87 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY REFERENCES Biodivcanada.ca. 2014. 2012 Canadian Nature Survey. Natural Resources Canada. 2014. Canada in a Changing Climate: Sector Perspectives on Impacts and Adaptation. Biodivcanada.ca. 2015. 2020 Biodiversity Goals and Targets for Canada. Natural Resources Canada. 2016. Forest Certification in Canada. Canadian Council of Forest Ministers. 2016. Overview – Sustainable Forest Management. Natural Resources Canada. 2016. The State of Canada’s Forests. Canadian Medical Association. 2008. No Breathing Room – National Illness Costs of Air Pollution. Sachs, J., Schmidt-Traub, G., Kroll, C., Durand-Delacre, D. and Teksoz, K. 2016. SDG Index and Dashboards – Global Canadian Parks Council. 2014. Connecting Canadians to Report. Nature. Sustainable Development Technology Canada. 2016. About Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2010. Shared us. Responsibility. The Conference Board of Canada. 2016. How Canada Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2015. About Performs. Freshwater Quality Monitoring and Surveillance. Transport Canada. 2013. A Review of Canada’s Ship-Source Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2016. Air Health Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Regime – Setting a Indicator – Ozone and Fine Particulate Matter. Course for the Future. Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2015. Cleaning Transport Canada. 2015. Marine Pollution Sources and Up Lake Winnipeg – Lake Winnipeg Basin Initiative. Regulation. Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2015. Nutrients. United Nations. 2015. Transforming Our World – The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Federal, Provincial and Territorial Governments of Canada. 2010. Canadian Biodiversity: Ecosystem Status and Trends VCM International. 2014. “$27 Billion” Revisited – The 2010. Cost of Canada’s Annual Food Waste. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 2015. Aquaculture Statistics, Yale University. 2016. Environmental Performance Index. Facts and Figures. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 2015. Facts on Canadian Fisheries. Government of Canada. 2015. Backgrounder: 2020 Biodiversity Goals and Targets for Canada. Government of Canada. 2015. Risk Assessment. Government of Ontario. 2009. Lake Simcoe Protection Plan. Government of Quebec. 2011. Quebec Residual Materials Management Policy. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2014. Summary for policymakers – Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. IUCN. 2016. What are protected areas? 2016-2019 FEDERAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 88