A Vision for Canada’s Forests 2008 and Beyond

580 Booth Street, 12th Floor Ottawa, ON K1A 0E4 Phone: 1-800-387-2000 Fax: 613-740-3114 A pdf version of this publication is available through the Canadian Forest Service’s Bookstore: http://bookstore.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca Editing: Paula Irving Design and layout: Sandra Bernier and Julie Piché Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Canadian Council of Forest Ministers A vision for Canada’s forests: 2008 and beyond. Text in English and French on inverted pages. Title on added t.p.: Une vision pour les forêts du Canada : 2008 et au-delà. Available also on the Internet. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-662-05847-2 Cat. no. Fo4-23/2008 1. Sustainable forestry—Canada. 2. Forest conservation—Canada. 3. Forest management—Canada. 4. Forest policy—Canada. 5. Forests and forestry—Canada. I. Title. II. Title: Une vision pour les forêts du Canada : 2008 et au-delà. SD387.S87 C36 2008 333.750971 C2008-980239-XE Printed on recycled paper Printed on alkaline permanent paper Contents

4 Executive Summary

5 Introduction

6 Vision

6 Commitment to Sustainable Forest Management

8 Priorities of National Importance—Forest Sector Transformation and Climate Change

8 Forest Sector Transformation

9 Climate Change

10 Goals

10 Desired Outcomes Related to

10 Forest Sector Transformation

10 Climate Change

11 Realizing the Vision through Partnerships

11 Canadian Council of Forest Ministers

11 Federal, Provincial, and Territorial Governments

12 Private Owners and Forest Companies

12 Aboriginals

12 Other Forest Sector Members

12 International Partnerships

13 Assessing and Communicating Progress

13 Conclusion

14 Glossary

14 References

15 Photograph Credits Exutive Summary Forests are embedded in Canada’s social fabric, culture, The Vision also highlights two current priorities of na- and economy. Canadians and governments recognize tional importance, both of which require innovative their importance and the significant wealth and well- policies and actions: forest sector transformation and being that people derive from them. Canada’s diversity climate change. Forest sector transformation is needed of landscapes and circumstances provides the anchor to maintain a prosperous and sustainable future for for this collective wealth, and it needs to be respected, Canada’s entire forest sector. Climate change adapta- encouraged, and promoted. For many decades, Canada tion and mitigation strategies will reduce the effects has been a leader in sustainable forest management, of climate change on forests and communities. Goals continuously adapting and learning over time in response have been articulated for each of these priorities that to changes in ecological, economic, and social drivers. identify the outcomes that the forest sector needs to work toward over the next few years. To ensure A Vision for Canada’s Forests: 2008 and Beyond comes its relevance, the Vision will be updated every three during a time of major challenges for the sector. It is a years until 2018. time of change, but it is also an opportune time in that forest sector members are starting to bring their en- This Vision recognizes that implementation depends ergy and resources together to meet these challenges. on the collective, voluntary, and synergistic actions of Federal, provincial, and territorial governments believe many organizations, individuals, and governments. To that through harnessing the talents of their citizens realize the Vision, extensive support from and coop- over the next ten years, the sector will deliver the new eration within the forest sector is needed. The forest approaches necessary to be the best in the world in sector of the future is defined inclusively to encom- sustainable forest management and a global leader in pass governments, conservation and environmental forest sector innovation. groups, woodlot owners, Aboriginals, urban forestry interests, lumber and pulp and paper producers and This aspirational Vision reaffirms the country’s continu- value-added industries, forest-reliant communities, the ing commitment to sustainable forest management. It recreation and tourism industries, and other sectors is intentionally non-prescriptive and aims to increase of the economy (including the energy, chemical, and awareness of forest issues. It also promotes engage- pharmaceutical industries) that derive wealth and well- ment and inspires creative efforts from partners. The being from Canada’s forest resources. Canadian Council of Forest Ministers (CCFM)—a forum composed of the 14 federal, provincial, and territorial Developing this Vision is one part of a broad process of governments— is the sponsor and champion of the forest-related public engagement and dialogue among Vision. Canadians. This document attempts to capture the essence of some of these recent conversations and to stimulate creativity and innovative efforts to take advantage of opportunities created by the challenges that await. 4 CCFM’s Roles and Responsibilities The CCFM comprises all federal, provincial, and ter- Introduction ritorial ministers responsible for forests. Established in 1985, it provides a forum where governments work cooperatively to address areas of common Canada is blessed with an immense forest endow- interest and to exchange information. ment. This sustainably managed, healthy, and resilient forest resource supports prosperous economies and vibrant, durable communities while producing invalu- able environmental benefits, such as clean air, pure water, biodiversity, and wildlife habitat. Over many transition as a result of the convergence of environ- decades, Canada’s forest sector —the people and mental changes, globalizing markets, and emerging organizations that derive value and create wealth and technologies. In addition, everyone — at home and well-being from the forest and its related resources— abroad—expects management of forest resources to has achieved a remarkable record of global leadership meet the highest standards of social, environmental, in sustainably managing its forest resources. and corporate responsibility. However, the world is increasingly complex.The effects The challenges are significant, but they also create new of a changing climate are becoming apparent and are and interesting opportunities. This Vision for Canada’s rapidly affecting some of Canada’s forests. Simultan­ Forests: 2008 and Beyond points the way for the entire eously, the entire forest sector faces an unprecedented forest sector to take advantage of those opportunities. The Canadian Council of Forest Ministers (CCFM) is the champion of Canada’s forest Vision. For more than 20 years, it has sponsored and supported the develop- Milestones for Sustainable Forest ment of past strategies and the current Vision on behalf Management in Canada of all federal, provincial, and territorial governments • 1986: National Forest Congress. Sustainable forest and Canadians. management is at the heart of discussions. A Vision for Canada’s Forests: 2008 and Beyond builds • 1988: A National Forest Sector Strategy for Canada is on the accomplishments and challenges of previous published (CCFM 1988). strategies. Over time, the approaches, issues, and em- • 1992: Sustainable Forests: A Canadian Commitment is phases have changed to reflect the evolving values published (CCFM 1992). An accord was also signed by and institutions that characterize Canada’s broad forest governments, industry, non-governmental organiza- sector of the future.The latter comprises governments, tions, Aboriginals, and communities.The 1992 national conservation and environmental groups, woodlot own- forest strategy was a commitment by federal, provin- ers, Aboriginals, urban forestry interests, lumber and cial, and territorial governments and by some forest pulp and paper producers and value-added industries, sector members to sustainable forest management. In forest-reliant communities, the recreation and tourism addition, it responded to international initiatives and commitments, including the Brundtland Commission industries, and other sectors of the economy (including report Our Common Future (UNWCED 1987) and the the energy, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries)

1992 UN Conference on Environment and Develop- that derive wealth and well-being from Canada’s forest ment in Rio de Janeiro, with voluntary endorsement resources. of Agenda 21 including the Forest Principles. • Since 1998, two other national forest strategies have been released.The first one was launched in 1998 for a five-year term (CCFM 1998), and the second one in

2003 (NFSC 2003) for another five-year period. 5 Vision To be the best in the world in Canadians believe that it is only by continuing to im- plement the principles of sustainability that the forest sustainable forest management sector will overcome current challenges and take ad- and a global leader in forest stor vantage of emerging opportunities. Success lies in the innovation sector’s resolve to continuously embrace the principles of stewardship, innovation, partnership, transparency, A Vision for Canada’s Forests: 2008 and Beyond takes a and accessibility. broader and more aspirational approach than pre- vious national forest strategies. It is intentionally non- Although ecosystem-based and integrated landscape prescriptive and aims to increase awareness of forest management will continue to be key, achieving the Vision issues at home and abroad. It encourages domestic also requires recognizing the evolving nature of sustain- and international engagement, promotes partnerships ability. For example, increasing consideration needs to among traditional and non-traditional forest interests, be given to the effects of climate change, the provision and inspires creative responses from all current and of environmental goods and services, and the importance future partners. In short, it reflects the collective ambi- of urban forestry to inhabitants of towns and cities. tions of Canadians for their forests and communities and opens up an opportunity for all to share and draw Collectively, the sector must strive to continually improve on one another’s strengths and expertise. Ultimately, its environmental record, while giving due consideration the entire forest sector believes that it is important to the social implications of sustainable forest manage- to mobilize the talents of all Canadians in the search ment practices, and maintaining and expanding the con- for creative solutions. tribution of forest resources to wealth and prosperity. By considering the emerging issues outlined previously and encouraging innovative approaches from all forest Commitment to sector partners, on both public and private land, Canada will demonstrate leadership in the sustainable manage- Sustainable Forest ment of its forest resources. Management Governments and their partners are committed to evolving and adapting to address and promote both Sustainable forest management is the overarching basis well-established and newly developing environmental for realizing the Vision. Over many years, Canada’s objectives. Maintaining the variety, quality, and extent of entire forest sector, especially federal, provincial, and forest types; conserving biological diversity and soil and territorial governments, has demonstrated unfailing water resources; and enhancing the resilience of forests commitment to the sustainable management of forests. by managing carbon balances and adopting innovative 6 forest protection strategies are all important objectives Canada. Until now, Aboriginal involvement in forest to be pursued. products industries has revolved mainly around the provision of labor and harvested wood. In view of Economic objectives are equally important. Forest in- recent transformations occurring in the forest sector, dustries provide almost 5 percent of all Canadian jobs. Aboriginals are beginning to diversify their approaches Although traditional forest industries will also continue to forest-based development, including the develop- to have an important role in the country’s economy, ment of non-timber forest products and Aboriginal innovation needs to be promoted to facilitate the es- tourism initiatives. tablishment of partnerships among the various forest sector members. These partnerships are required to Urban populations also have a significant influence on maintain and expand the contribution of renewable the management of Canada’s forests. Most Canadians forest resources, of the bioeconomy, and of new mar- live in urban and suburban settings and they value ket mechanisms for environmental goods and services what forests provide, especially urban forests where to Canada’s economy. many people have learned to appreciate nature and all it has to offer. These forests and trees also contribute Public participation and social values are playing an significantly to their collective well-being by reducing increasingly important role in forest management. For the negative effects of air pollution, conserving energy, example, many communities depend on forest resources reducing soil erosion, and providing wildlife habitat and for their well-being and livelihood, notably through both a place for recreation and spiritual renewal. For all the traditional uses of forest products and revenues these reasons, healthy urban forests are an essential from non-timber forest products. Canada recognizes component of sustainable forest management. that these communities have an important role in help- ing to decide how forest resources are managed. In summary, advancing sustainable forest management will require participation and synergies among healthy Aboriginals have a role to play in the development and forests, vibrant communities, and profitable forest-based implementation of sustainable forest management in businesses. 7 Priorities of National Importance Forest Stor Transformation and has a smaller environmental footprint than many other materials. Building on these attributes, Canada is pro- Climate Change moting the use of wood products and strengthening its competitiveness through research and innovation to Within the context of sustainable forest management, expand the vast array of forest products. New building there is an emerging consensus that two issues require materials, as well as impregnated cleaning and bioactive immediate attention. The forest sector needs to fur- papers, are just some examples of innovative products ther transform, and the impacts of a changing climate being explored. have to be considered in every aspect of managing Canada’s forests. While forest commodity producers will continue to Climate change and forest sector transformation are significantly contribute to the country’s economic closely intertwined. Climate change is an important well-being, other forest sector members will use for- driver of forest sector transformation, yet transforma- est resources to different ends. For example, forests tion can also help Canada better adapt to and mitigate are a source of many current and potential non-timber the impacts of a changing climate. Given their mutual forest products and services, such as resins, oils, mush- linkages, these issues cannot be addressed in isolation. rooms, berries, fish and game, tourism, and recreational pursuits, and bioproducts, such as antibiotics, bioplastics, Both issues will challenge the sector and its use of forest adhesives, biopesticides, plant-derived pharmaceuticals, resources but will also provide abundant opportunities biochemicals, and industrial enzymes. for action.They will require the use of multidisciplinary approaches to overcome the many insulated policy silos The development of a renewable bioeconomy, includ- that separate forestry, education, labor, and energy and ing bioplastics and biochemicals, presents interesting other resource industries.This will be essential for solv- opportunities and benefits in terms of both sector ing complex challenges that cut across our economy, transformation and climate change. Some of these prod- cultures, and ecosystems. ucts come not only from the forest itself but from the use of residues from wood processing and harvesting. To face these challenges and take advantage of the These residues can be converted into value-added opportunities presented by these changes, promoting products, such as ethanol, artificial flavorings, and fertil- innovation will be essential for creating new ideas, prod- izers, and renewable fuels, such as solid biofuels.These ucts, markets, and processes. In addition, it will be critical biofuels have the potential to contribute to the ru- to strengthen the relationships among the groups that ral economy, to positively affect the environment by make up the forest sector, including both new partic- reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and to improve ipants and long-time partners. Canada’s energy security. Creative changes in public policies and the institutions FOREST SECTOR TRANSFORMATION that manage resource allocation, including access to For many centuries, timber from Canada’s forests has timber resources and other forest resources, need to been used to produce wood and paper products. be considered. New markets can be developed to Wood has numerous positive qualities: it is renewable, capture the value of environmental goods and ser- durable, easily recyclable, and when manufactured, it vices like wildlife habitat, biodiversity, and air and water 8 quality. The forest sector needs to explore these op- forest management strategies that maintain or increase portunities to ensure that the full range of goods and carbon stocks while providing society with a sustain- services of the forest are considered. able supply of timber, fiber, and energy hold the largest sustained mitigation potential. Another important component of a successful transi- tion will be improving access to education and tech- Reports from the IPCC and the Canadian research nical training, including for Aboriginals, to help ensure community have also clearly documented the poten- adequate recruitment and retention of forest sector tial effects of a warming climate on Canada’s forests workers with appropriate skills. By taking advantage of and forest-reliant communities. For example, large- all these opportunities, Canada will maintain a prosper- scale fires in western and northern forests are likely ous and sustainable future for its entire forest sector. to increase and forest insect populations, including the mountain pine beetle, that were limited in their distri- CLIMATE CHANGE bution by cold winter temperatures now seem more likely to spread. Forest resources assist Canada in mitigating a changing climate and are also on the frontlines of climate change Many forest-reliant communities, including Aboriginal adaptation. Forests capture and remove carbon from ones, are seeing the need to adapt to the effects of the atmosphere, trapping it in their wood, bark, leaves, climate change, which include pest outbreaks and for- and soil. In addition, wood can be used to generate est fires. These communities, in conjunction with gov- energy, replacing fossil fuels and hence reducing green- ernments and industry, are taking steps to adapt their house gas emissions. Forest products, because they are cultures and economies, and to reduce greenhouse gas made from a renewable resource and can store car- emissions. While these mitigation and adaptation efforts bon for long periods of time, can also reduce green- are being implemented, additional action will be required, house gases by meeting some of the needs of society including developing and deploying adaptation and mit- that would otherwise have to be met through other, igation strategies that reduce the vulnerability of com- more energy- and fossil fuel-intensive products, such munities and take advantage of new opportunities. To as steel, aluminum, plastics, and concrete. be successful, scientific information, Aboriginal knowl- edge, and opportunities to share best practices will be Canada has the highest per capita forest area in the critical.They will contribute to strengthening coopera- world. These forests can contribute to a climate miti- tion and coordination among local and regional groups gation strategy in several ways. For example, reducing and institutions. conversion of forested lands to other uses, expand- ing carbon sinks through planting trees on previously non-forested lands, and changing forest management Consideration of climate change and future climatic practices and policies can lead to increased net carbon variability is needed in all aspects of sustainable for- stored over time. According to the Intergovernmental est management. Cooperation and collaboration are Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) experts,1 sustainable needed to make Canada a world leader in innovative policies and actions required for adaptation to the 1 The IPCC was established in 1988 by the United Nations Envi- effects of climate change. ronment Programme and the World Meteorological Organiza- tion. It comprises hundreds of scientists from around the world. The mandate of the IPCC is to assess the knowledge gaps in The collective efforts of the sector to realize the Vision climate change and to provide an objective source of information will contribute to the achievement of the goals and about the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of climate outcomes related to the transformation of the forest change. The IPCC also formulates response strategies regularly. sector and climate change. 9 Goals • Ensure a prosperous and sustainable future for Canada’s entire forest sector; • Become a world leader in innovative policies and actions to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change on our forests and forest communities. Desired Outcomes Related to FOREST SECTOR TRANSFORMATION • New ideas, technologies, processes, and markets are developed through the system- atic engagement of science and technology organizations in collaborative research and public–private partnerships; • Economic value from forest resources is maximized including through the diver- sification of uses; • Products from Canada’s forests are recognized as an environmentally and socially responsible choice for consumers around the world; • The provision of environmental goods and services is taken into account in the sus- tainable management of Canada’s forest resources, including through the develop- ment of new markets; • Aboriginals participate meaningfully in an innovative forest sector, including use of their insights and expertise; • Highly skilled workers contribute to the expansion of knowledge-based forest industries through education and training; • Creative public policies are in place that facilitate forest sector transformation. CLIMATE CHANGE • Climate change considerations are included in all aspects of the sustainable man- agement of Canada’s forests; • The economic value of carbon in trees, forests, and wood products is recognized, harnessed, and managed; • Knowledge gaps in the impacts of climate change on forests, industries, and com- munities are identified and addressed; • Policies and institutions provide means for forests, industries, rural and urban communities, and private woodlot owners to adapt to changing conditions and mitigate the effects of climate change; • Innovative adaptation and mitigation practices, including those that integrate Aboriginal knowledge, are developed, shared, and implemented; • Many forest-reliant communities, including Aboriginal ones, are involved in the development, sharing, and implementation of forest mitigation and adaptation strat- egies, including those that integrate Aboriginal knowledge; • Institutions and creative policies enable innovators and entrepreneurs to take ad- vantage of transformative and sustainable bioenergy opportunities that contribute to broad climate change objectives. 10 Governments’ Roles and Responsibilities The provinces own and regulate the natural resources within their boundaries, with powers to legislate for Realizing the Vision the enhancement, conservation, and management of through Partnerships forest resources. Following the negotiation of devo- lution agreements with the Government of Canada, the Yukon Government has responsibility for lands To be effective, the Vision needs to be embraced by and natural resources, including forest management, Canada’s entire forest sector including the future players. while to date, devolution agreements with the Govern- Governments, forest products companies, Aboriginals, ments of the Northwest Territories and of Nunavut private woodlot owners, forest communities, professional are limited to forest management. associations, governments, researchers and educators, The federal government is responsible for foreign the environmental community, non-traditional partners policy, international trade, and federal lands and parks. (including energy, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries), It also has a lead responsibility for Indians and lands and the public all have unique and critical roles to play reserved for Indians, as stipulated in the Constitution in advancing the sustainable management of forests. Act, 1867. Partnerships will be key as innovations and change lead Responsibility for environmental affairs, economic de- to new players in the sector. Although contributions velopment, and science and technology is shared by to the goals of the Vision are voluntary, the Vision provides governments according to their respective jurisdictions. a focal point for moving forward to share and draw on one another’s strengths and expertise. CANADIAN COUNCIL OF FOREST MINISTERS sustainable forest management, these events will aim The CCFM, together and through its member govern- to share information, build synergies, and establish and ments, will assume the following responsibilities: facilitate partnerships on priority issues. Primarily, it will champion the Vision to generate greater Every three years, in conjunction with the review of public awareness of forest issues, and communicate the the Vision, the CCFM plans to host a national work- Vision’s goals and outcomes. The CCFM will convey shop to showcase initiatives that advance the Vision progress on the Vision, including advancement of sus- and to help inform the review process. tainable forest management in Canada and progress on priority issues. It will also facilitate the consolidation of progress reports from forest sector partners and FEDERAL, PROVINCIAL, AND TERRITORIAL will ensure coordination with national initiatives and GOVERNMENTS activities of other ministerial councils, and with its own Federal, provincial, and territorial governments—as initiatives and strategies. holders of more than 90 percent of Canada’s for- ests on behalf of the people—will also act individually The CCFM will also support selected events, includ- (within the context of their own circumstances and ing conferences and workshops that advance the Vi- mandates) to promote sustainable forest management sion. Besides promoting continuous improvement in and bring focus to the priority issues. 11 ABORIGINALS In the past, Aboriginals have maintained a relation- ship with forests. These forests continue to represent a source of food, medicine, and economic activity and they provide opportunities for recreation, social inter- actions, and spiritual growth. Aboriginals and their businesses have a role to play in the Federal, provincial, and territorial governments will forest economy.They are involved in the development continue to use a variety of arrangements to consult of sustainable forest management practices, notably and involve forest sector members and the general through the application of their knowledge and prac- public. Examples include advisory committees, land-use tices. As the dialogue between Aboriginals and govern- planning processes, and task forces on special issues ments, industry, and other forest sector members continues that involve various groups in sustainable forest man- to evolve, it will create further opportunities that will agement and use of forest resources. benefit all and further sustainable forest management. PRIVATE OWNERS AND FOREST COMPANIES OTHER FOREST SECTOR MEMBERS Approximately 6 percent of Canada’s forests are privately Consultants, land-use planning experts, environmen- owned by forest businesses, municipalities, Aboriginals, tal and conservation groups, communities, academics, and more than 425 000 woodlot owners. professional associations, and many other organiza- tions play an important role in helping to develop Private woodlot owners, forest industries, communi- and deliver effective sustainable forest management ties, and Aboriginals manage forests that they own policies and practices. They all play an important role through their respective stewardship, working within in representing the interests of the public, providing a framework of norms, regulations, and incentives de- public fora for citizens to effect change, and advancing fined by governments. the necessary knowledge to ensure sound manage- ment of Canada’s forest resources. In addition to their private lands, forest companies are awarded the right to harvest wood from public lands in return for paying a fee (royalties) for harvested wood INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS and providing economic development in nearby commu- Canada is committed to taking action on sustainable nities. The companies (or their contractors) carry out forest management at home and abroad, including much of the management of these lands with oversight collaborating on science and technology issues and from public agencies. However, some jurisdictions are sharing expertise and resources to advance global for- implementing new approaches that give regional author- est development. Forests in Canada represent about ities or communities more responsibilities for managing 10 percent of the earth’s forests, and more than the public forest. Innovation within these institutional 30 percent of all boreal forests. Canada is also one of arrangements is an important component of sustain- the world’s largest exporters of forest products. Given able forest management to enable adaptation to the the global importance of its forests, international forest current and future challenges and changes needed. policy remains a high priority for Canadians. 12 Canada has been an active participant in multilateral federal, provincial, and territorial governments, and all and bilateral international forestry initiatives for many forest sector partners will be able to use these tools to years and affirmed its commitment to sustainable for- share and report information that accurately reflects est management in 1992 at the United Nations Con- progress toward the Vision. ference on Environment and Development with the adoption of the Forest Principles. Canada is also a sig- Other venues may also be used to create awareness natory to the Convention on Biological Diversity, the of the Vision and to communicate progress. They may Convention on International Trade in Endangered Spe- include features in local, national, and specialized me- cies, and the United Nations Framework Convention dia, and events and conferences organized by forest on Climate Change. Canada will remain engaged in sector members. international dialogues and dedicated to international cooperation to further the sustainable management and development of forest resources. Conclusion Assing and This is a time of change for Canada’s forests and forest sector, changes that hold unprecedented challenges Communicating Progr but that create the possibilities for opportunities as a result of innovations. Canada’s forest sector holds Communicating progress on the Vision requires coor- potential solutions to the challenges of securing re- dinating reporting activities and sharing information. newable energy resources, adapting to and mitigat- Several mechanisms are appropriate for assessing and ing the effects of climate change, sustaining traditional communicating progress to both national and inter- forest enterprises, maintaining vibrant Aboriginal and national audiences. For example, the CCFM’s Criteria rural communities, and contributing to other sectors and Indicators Framework may be used as an evalu- of the economy. ation tool to gauge improvements in the sustainable management of Canada’s forests, although refinement Realizing the Vision depends on the collaborative ac- of indicators may be required to consider emerging tions of all the people and organizations that create issues such as climate change. Federal and provincial value and seek wealth and well-being from forests. State of the Forest reports will be used in addition to Federal, provincial, and territorial governments will collaborative tools available on the Internet, for ex- continue to collaborate with the entire forest sector ample, the CCFM Web site (http://www.ccfm.org/), to to share ideas, values, and actions to achieve the op- share information and showcase progress.The CCFM, portunities that lie within their grasp. 13 Glossary Bioeconomy: An economy based on the manufacturing Sustainable forest management: Management that main- and trade of commodities and services derived from re- tains and enhances the long-term health of forest eco- newable biological resources as well as on the trade of systems for the benefit of all living things while providing non-timber forest products (NRCan 2008). environmental, economic, social, and cultural opportunities for present and future generations (NRCan 2007). Climate change adaptation: An adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli. Urban forest: The trees, forests, and associated organ- isms that grow near buildings and in gardens, green spaces, Climate change mitigation: Human intervention to reduce parks, and golf courses located in village, town, suburban, the effects of climate change. and urban areas (Aird 1994, see forest: urban forest). Ecosystem-based management: Management systems that attempt to simulate ecological processes with the goal of main- taining a satisfactory level of diversity in natural landscapes and their pattern of distribution in order to ensure the sustain- References ability of forest ecosystem processes (CCFM 2006). Aird, P.L. Compiler. 1994. Conservation for the sustainable de- velopment of forests worldwide: A compendium of concepts Environmental goods and services: Benefits humans get and terms. For. Chron. 70:666–674. directly or indirectly from ecosystem functions. Ecosystem (CCFM) Canadian Council of Forest Ministers. 1988. A national functions are the “…habitat, biological or system proper- forest sector strategy for Canada. Ottawa, ON. 22 p. ties or processes of ecosystems” (Costanza et al. 1997). They include clean air and water, soil retention, and wildlife (CCFM) Canadian Council of Forest Ministers. 1992. Sustainable habitat (CCFM 2006), to name a few. forests: A Canadian commitment. Hull, QC. 51 p. (CCFM) Canadian Council of Forest Ministers. 1998. National Forest: An ecosystem characterized by a more or less dense forest strategy (1998–2003)—Sustainable forests: A Cana- and extensive tree cover, often consisting of stands varying dian commitment. Ottawa, ON. 47 p. in characteristics such as species composition, structure, age (CCFM) Canadian Council of Forest Ministers. 2006. Criteria class, and associated processes, and commonly including and indicators of sustainable forest management in Canada: meadows, streams, fish, and wildlife (Helms 1998). National status 2005. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest sector: The forest sector includes governments, Forest Service, Ottawa. 154 p. conservation and environmental groups, woodlot owners, Costanza, R.; d’Arge, R.; de Groot, R.; Farber, S.; Grasso, M.; Aboriginals, urban forestry interests, lumber and pulp and Hannon, B.; Limburg, K.; Naeem, S.; O’Neill, R.V.; Paruelo, J.; paper producers and value-added industries, forest-reliant Raskin, R.G.; Sutton, P.; van den Belt, M. 1997. The value of communities, the recreation and tourism industries, and the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature other sectors of the economy (including the energy, chemi- 387:253–260. cal, and pharmaceutical industries) that derive wealth and Helms, J.A. Editor. 1998. The dictionary of forestry. Society of well-being from Canada’s forest resources. American Foresters, Bethesda, MD, and CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 210 p. Integrated landscape management: The integrated plan- ning and assessment of land uses and human activities (NFSC) National Forest Strategy Coalition. 2003. National for- over whole landscapes to ensure the long-term economic, est strategy (2003–2008)—A sustainable forest:The Cana- dian commitment. Ottawa, ON. 26 p. social, and environmental sustainability of ecosystems and their resources. It is applied at appropriate temporal and (NRCan) Natural Resources Canada. 2007. Canada’s forests: spatial scales necessary to achieve multiple management Glossary [online]. http://canadaforests.nrcan.gc.ca/glossary objectives (NRCan 2007). [Accessed May 2008.] (NRCan) Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service. Non-timber forest products: All forest products except 2008. Glossary terms [online]. http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/glossary timber, including resins, oils, leaves, bark, plants other than trees, [Accessed June 2008.] fungi, and animals or animal products (Helms 1998). (UNWCED) United Nations World Commission on Environ- Sustainability: The capacity of forests, ranging from stands ment and Development. 1987. Our common future [print to ecoregions, to maintain their health, productivity, diver- and online]. Oxford University Press, Oxford. http://www. sity, and overall integrity, in the long run, in the context of worldinbalance.net/agreements/1987-brundtland.html [Ac- human activity and use (Helms 1998). cessed May 2008.] 14 Photograph Credits Cover: Top, 1, 4, 5 from left, The Forests of Canada collection, Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Canadian Forest Service (CFS), 2003; 2 from left, FPInnovations; 3 from left, Petawawa Research Forest collection; bottom, Julie Piché, NRCan, CFS. Page 3, The Forests of Canada collection (NRCan, CFS, 2003). Page 4, FPInnovations; background, Julie Piché, NRCan, CFS. Page 5, The Forests of Canada collection (NRCan, CFS, 2003). Page 6, left and right, The Forests of Canada collection (NRCan, CFS, 2003); center, NRCan collection. Pages 7 and 8, The Forests of Canada collection (NRCan, CFS, 2003). Page 8, background, Julie Piché, NRCan, CFS. Page 9, left and right, NRCan collection; center, Ed Czerwinski, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources; background, Julie Piché, NRCan, CFS. Page10, The Forests of Canada collection (NRCan, CFS, 2003). Page 11, left, Petawawa Research Forest collection; right, The Forests of Canada collection (NRCan, CFS, 2003). Pages 12 and 13, The Forests of Canada collection (NRCan, CFS, 2003). Pages 14 and 15, background, Julie Piché, NRCan, CFS. 15