Botswana’s 2nd Updated Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement

1.0. Introduction .............................................................................................. 6

2.0. National circumstances and priorities ....................................................... 7

2.1. Climate change impact assessment and vulnerability ............................. 8 3.0. Legal and policy frameworks on climate change adaptation and mitigation 9

4.0. Updated NDCs processes ........................................................................ 11

5.0. NDCs adaptation section......................................................................... 12

6.0. NDCs mitigation measures and emissions reductions .............................. 14

6.1. Energy sector and mitigation measures ................................................. 17

6.2. AFOLU .................................................................................................. 21

6.3. Industrial Processes and Product Use ................................................... 23

7.0. Monitoring and evaluation of the NDCs .................................................... 24

7.1. Financial and resources needs for NDCs implementation. .................... 25

7.2. Policy and institutional arrangements ................................................... 26

7.3. Implementation processes and plans ................................................... 27

7.4. Private sector partners and participation............................................... 28

8.0. Equity and fairness issues ........................................................................ 28

9.0. References .............................................................................................. 29 4 ACRONYMS AdCom Adaptation communication AFOLU Agriculture, forest and other land uses CO2eq Carbon dioxide equivalent DEA Department of Environmental Affairs DFRR Department of Forestry and Range Resources DMS Department of Meteorological Services ETF Enhanced transparency framework GACMO Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model GHGs Greenhouse gases GoB Government of Botswana Gg Gigagram GDP Gross domestic product HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons ICAT Initiative for Climate Action Transparency ICT Information and communication technology INDCs Intended Nationally Determined Contributions IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use IWRM Integrated water resources management KPIs Key performance indicators LED Light emitting diode MW Megawatt M&E Monitoring and evaluation NDP National Development Plan NAP National Adaptation Plan NCCSB National Climate Change Strategy for Botswana NCCAPB National Climate Change Action Plan for Botswana NDCs Nationally Determined Contributions NCCC National Climate Change Committee NGOs non-governmental organisations NMES National Monitoring and Evaluation Systems PV Photovoltaic TBD To be determined UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WTS Water transfer schemes 5

1.0. Introduction This document presents the Government of Botswana's (GoB) updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in accordance with the Paris Agreement Article 4.9, which urges parties to update and communicate their NDCs every five years. Under decision 4/CMA. 1 para 7 of the Paris Agreement, parties are required to have updated their NDCs by 2020. Botswana communicated its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) as per decision 1/CP. 19 and 1/CP.20 in 2015, which were adopted in 2016 as the country’s first NDCs. The updated processes involved a multi-methodological approach. Stakeholder consultation was the chief approach utilised in the updating process. All relevant stakeholders were consulted to identify and validate the mitigation measures that were outlined in the first NDCs. The second approach involved the application of the Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model (GACMO) to estimate the country's GHG emissions trajectory pathways under both business-as-usual and mitigation measures. Importantly, to facilitate the implementation of the NDCs, the NDCs measures and targets were aligned with national priorities and targets. Consequently, national planning documents such as Vision 2036, the National Development Plan 11 (NDP 11), the National Energy Policy, and the National Integrated Transport Policy were critically reviewed. Simulation of the GHG emissions for the updated NDCs involved using the 2015 National GHG emissions inventory as the baseline, and projections were made to 2030 based on past GHG emissions growth rates. The updated NDCs GHG emissions by 2030 are similar to those reported in the first NDCs. In line with the country's first NDCs, the updated NDCs highlights both the adaptation and the mitigation measures that the country endeavours to undertake based on the financing conditionality. Both the mitigation and adaptation measures cover all sectors. As a low GHG-emitting country (contributing 0.019% of global emissions) that is highly vulnerable to climate change, Botswana prioritises the NDCs adaptation section. Therefore, domestic funds will be prioritised for adaptation over mitigation measures. Importantly, gender issues to prioritise and lower the vulnerability of marginalised communities were also considered. 6

2.0. National circumstances and priorities Botswana became a Party to The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on June 12, 1992, and ratified the convention on January 27, 1994, as a non-Annex I member. The country is in Southern Africa, bordering South Africa on the southern part, Namibia on the south-western, and Zambia and Zimbabwe on the north and north- north-eastern parts, respectively. The country covers approximately 598,000 km2. The climate of Botswana is described as semi-arid to arid, with acute water scarcity and fragile ecosystems that are prone to degradation. Annual rainfall ranges from 600 mm in the northern part of the country to 250 mm in the south-western part of the country. On the other hand, annual evapotranspiration in the country is estimated at 2,000 mm. These climatic conditions are ideal for amplifying the impacts of climate change on key economic sectors and community livelihoods. In fact, based on the harsh semi-arid environment, acute water scarcity and fragile ecosystems, Botswana is already at a tipping point, where climate change could be the defining parameter to tip the scale to irreversible disastrous points for the country and its people (Urich et al., 2021). Botswana’s population was estimated at 2.346 million based on the population and housing census of 2022 (Statistics Botswana, 2022). Based on the 2011 population census, estimated at 2.024 million, the country’s population growth rate is estimated to be 1.25% annually. Botswana is classified as an upper middle-income country with a GDP of US$18,730.21 million for 2022 (Statistics Botswana, 2021). The country averages an annual economic growth rate of approximately 3%. Income equality in the country, as measured by the GINI coefficient, is estimated at approximately 0.55, which is classified as highly unequal. The employment rate measured for those aged 18 and above is around 26% (Statistics Botswana, 2022). Vision 2036 and the National Development Plan 11 (NDP 11) outline the country's priorities. The NDP 11 has six broad national priorities which cover all economic sectors (GoB, 2016). These national priorities include: • Developing diversified sources of economic growth; • Human capital development; • Social development; 7 • Sustainable use of natural resources; • Consolidation of good governance and strengthening of national security; and • Implementation of an effective monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system. Climate change adaptation and mitigation are prioritised under the sustainable use of natural resources. The government endeavours to mainstream environment and climate change into the development process to build a climate-resilient economy and, at the same time, contribute to global efforts to reduce GHG emissions. This will be achieved by the implementation of strategic programmatic and proactive adaptation and mitigation measures at national and sectoral levels.

2.1. Climate change impact assessment and vulnerability Botswana’s climate is described as semi-arid to arid. This harsh climate has resulted in acute water scarcity and highly fragile ecosystems, which over the years have been degraded due to over-stocking, overgrazing, and environmental pollution. Consequently, these conditions create a conducive environment to worsen climate change impacts across all economic and biodiversity sectors. In fact, climate change is at an advanced stage in the country, compounded by the harsh semi-arid environment, acute water scarcity, and fragile ecosystems. Recently, the country has been experiencing persistent heat waves with temperatures exceeding the 40oC mark on a yearly basis. Furthermore, the country has been experiencing severe droughts, as well as flooding events from tropical cyclone hurricanes originating in the Indian Ocean from Mozambique, such as the Dineo and Freddy cyclones of 2017 and 2023, respectively. On the other extreme from heatwaves, the country's winter months have seen intensified cold fronts. Lastly, the country also experiences hailstorms with devastating impacts on the crops, livestock, and infrastructure sectors. Various studies such as climate change vulnerability assessments, and climate change and tipping points evaluations for Botswana consistently paint a gloomy and dire picture for Botswana (GoB, 2019; Urich et al., 2021). Climate change as a cross-cutting phenomenon is impacting the country's economic and biodiversity sectors. The drought episodes are affecting the crop and livestock sectors. The livestock sector experiences increased livestock mortality from lack of feed and water. Similarly, crop productivity declines significantly due to lack of rainfall as it is mainly rainfed/dryland farming. The climate change impacts on the crop and livestock sectors cascade to both the 8 national economy and household level, where there is a decline in gross domestic product (GDP), an increase in government expenditure on drought relief programmes, reduced household incomes, and a lack of food for rural households who are dependent on agriculture for food production. Similarly, drought episodes affect biodiversity through increased mortality of wildlife populations and environmental degradation, which in turn affect the tourism sector and contribute to increased incidents of human-wildlife conflicts. Furthermore, floods impact nearly all of the infrastructure sector in the country. The floods affect roads, railways, buildings, and ICT, which costs the country billions of dollars in repair costs. Additionally, human lives are lost and negatively affected by severe flooding events. Consequently, all events associated with climate change (heatwaves, drought, floods, hailstorms, cold fronts, etc.`) have significant economic and health impacts on the national economy and community livelihoods.

3.0. Legal and policy frameworks on climate change adaptation and mitigation The government of Botswana has recognised the imminent and potentially disastrous impacts posed by climate change on economic development and livelihoods. The country has thus prioritised climate change adaptation and mitigation to achieve high-income level status by 2036. To create an enabling environment to climate-proof the economy and its citizenry, the government has established legal and policy frameworks to guide the planning and implementation process of climate change. At the top of the list is the Botswana Climate Change Response Policy of 2021. This overarching legal framework aims to guide the country’s decision-making and planning processes to achieve climate resilience, increase its adaptative capacity, and coordinate efforts to meet the UNFCCC requirements. The policy aims to mainstream climate change into development planning, promote low-carbon development pathways, and ultimately reduce the country’s GHG emissions. The policy emphasises the participation of the government, general population, and business community to identify mitigation projects/efforts and prepare mitigation plans for GHG emissions reductions and co-benefits to the national economy. The country developed its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) framework in 2019 as a strategic platform to coordinate and harmonise the implementation of the sectoral adaptation plans. The NAP Framework was developed with the realisation that over 9 the years, the country has been implementing sectoral climate change adaptation measures in an uncoordinated manner; hence, the need for a coordinated approach was identified. Subsequently, the NAP Framework is meant to guide the NAP process, ensuring it takes a holistic approach and that it mainstreams and integrates climate change adaptation into all levels of planning and implementation at national and subnational levels (GoB, 2020). Furthermore, the country developed the National Climate Change Strategy for Botswana (NCCSB) of 2018, which aims to create an enabling environment for the implementation of the country's adaptation and mitigation plans to propel the country to meet its socio-economic development goals, achieving Vision 2036 targets and the SDGs. The NCCSB identified 11 priority adaptation areas for the years 2018 to 2030. The NCCSB has identified a set of implementable high-level adaptation strategies and actions for 11 sectors' activities (Agriculture and Food Security; Water; Human Health; Human Settlements; Forest, Savanna and Woodland Management; Land Use and Land Use Change; Disaster Risk Management; Biodiversity and Ecosystems; Infrastructure Development; Industry and Manufacturing; and Tourism). Following the National Climate Change Strategy for Botswana, the government developed the National Climate Change Action Plan for Botswana (NCCAPB) to implement the national climate change strategy. Consequently, it lists all key performance indicators (KPIs) and targets for monitoring the adaptation measures as identified in the NCCSB. In addition to the policy and legal framework, the government established institutions for coordinating climate change response activities. The Department of Meteorological Services (DMS) is the lead agency for coordinating the country’s climate change responses (adaptation and mitigation) and the focal point of the UNFCCC. Furthermore, it generates hydrometeorological data and information for early warning systems and development of the country’s climate scenarios. The country established the National Climate Change Committee (NCCC), which comprises government ministries/departments, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and the private sector. It was established as an advisory body to coordinate the implementation of climate change activities. The Deputy Permanent Secretary (DPS) in the Ministry of Environment and Tourism is the chairperson of the Committee. Some of the responsibilities of the NCCC include overseeing the preparation of the National Communication to the Climate Change 10 Secretariat and ensuring the formulation of appropriate national responses to climate change issues. There are numerous other policies that directly seek to address the mitigation processes of the country. These include the National Energy Policy, the Integrated Transport Policy, and climate-smart agriculture initiatives, amongst others.

4.0. Updated NDCs processes Updating the country NDCs followed a highly informative and participatory process that involved consultation with the relevant stakeholders, mainly line-ministries departments, parastatals, the private sector, and non-governmental organisations. These stakeholders were consulted on a one-on-one basis and through validation workshops. Furthermore, a thorough desk review was undertaken to ensure consistency with the country’s national priorities and targets. Incidentally, the entry point for updating the NDCs was a review of the first NDCs. The identified mitigation and adaptation measures in the first NDCs were analysed in terms of targets, budgets, and their GHG emissions reduction potential. Furthermore, a review of all the relevant documents, such as the National Climate Change Strategy for Botswana (NCCSB), the National Climate Change Action Plan for Botswana (NCCAPB), the second and third National Communications, and sectoral plans, was undertaken to identify the adaptation measures. The National Energy Policy, National Integrated Transport Sector Policy, vision 2036, and National Development Plan 11 were reviewed to identify the mitigation measures and national targets. The first NDCs lacked targets, particularly on adaptation. These indicators were obtained through document review and consultation with stakeholders for the updated NDCs. Concerning mitigation, the following steps were undertaken to estimate the GHG emissions reduction potential and targets: • Simulation of GHG emissions under the business-as-usual from 2015 to 2030 based on the economic growth rate and population; • Identification of mitigation measures and their implementation pathways, taking 2025 as the mid-year and 2030 as the final year; • Simulation of GHG emissions under the mitigation implementation pathways; and 11 • Identification of the conditional and unconditional budgets for the adaptation and mitigation measures. Another important aspect that was included in the updated NDCs was the issue of conditionality. Conditionality involves determining the adaptation and mitigation measures that government has the capacity to fund locally, and those that require international funding assistance.

5.0. NDCs adaptation section Botswana's economy and infrastructure are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts, as reported in the country’s first adaptation communication (AdCom). Factors that amplify the country’s vulnerability include the dependency of the economy on rainfall, the semi-arid climate, and the highly fragile ecosystems. As reported in the country’s first AdCom, the crop and livestock sectors are mainly rainfall dependent. For instance, 90% of the crop production in the country is rainfed. With a projected precipitation decline of 15% by 2050, it is expected that crop yield will also decline. Furthermore, with the projected increased frequency and intensity of droughts, crop failure is expected to decline significantly in future, particularly during drought years. Livestock in the country is also rainfall dependent. It is estimated that only 20% of livestock farmers utilising communal holdings practise supplementary feeding. Further worsening this picture is that the livestock feed used to supplement grazing is rainfed, which has implications for a cascade of failed production during drought years. Water is another critical sector already under stress in the country. The average annual for the country is estimated at 550 mm, while evaporation is about 2000 mm. With the projected decline in rainfall and increase in evapotranspiration, the outcome is an increase in water scarcity in the future. Similarly, biodiversity, health, and infrastructure have been identified to be equally vulnerable. Over the years, the country has designed and operationalised sectoral adaptation measures to respond to climate-related events. The adaptation measures cover all economic sectors, key ones being agriculture (crops and livestock), biodiversity and rangeland, health, infrastructure, and water and sanitation. Consequently, Botswana is highly vulnerable to climate change, while it is one of the lowest GHG emitters. Its contribution to global GHG emissions is 12 approximately 0.019%. Therefore, the country has taken the stance to prioritise climate change adaptation with co-benefits of mitigating GHG emissions over pure mitigation measures. Thus, Botswana’s limited domestic funds will be prioritised for the NDCs adaptation measures. Importantly, all the adaptation measures across the economic sectors are given equal priority. As informed by the National Communications, the National Climate Change Strategy for Botswana (NCCSB), the National Climate Change Action Plan for Botswana (NCCAPB), and the sectoral strategies and plans, the NDCs constitute 44 adaptation measures covering all key economic sectors. This represents a substantial increase from the first NDCs adaptation measures. The additional adaptation measures are from the infrastructure sector, which was previously omitted in the first NDCs and the National Communications. Annex 1 depicts the prioritised adaptation measures by sector, their indicators, and targets. Figure 1 below shows the distribution of the adaptation measures across some key economic sectors. Climate Infrastructure services 14% 9% Health Water 11% 18% Biodiversity and rangelands 14% Livestock 16% Forestry Crops 11% 7% Figure 1: Distribution of the prioritised adaptation measure across sectors Most of these adaptation measures are already underway, as reported in the country’s AdCom. They include promoting climate-smart agriculture, conservation agriculture, and introducing the drought-tolerant livestock breed Mosi. In the water sector, Botswana has made significant headway in implementing water transfer schemes (WTS), developing wellfields and connections to the WTS for conjunctive surface-groundwater use, and promoting integrated water resources management (IWRM). Similarly, the biodiversity and rangeland sector has not lagged. Some of 13 the adaptation measures on biodiversity include improving protected areas management, identifying and opening wildlife migratory corridors to enhance their migration patterns between protected areas, and providing water in those protected areas. The Department of Forestry and Range Resources (DFRR), whose portfolio includes forestry and rangeland management, is implementing various adaptation measures to control and limit the spread of wildfires. These include the construction and maintenance of fire breaks, training and enhancing community involvement in fire prevention, and control and fire management through early warning systems based on remote sensing techniques. Emphasis is also placed on an ecosystem-based approach (EbA) to enhance the flow of ecosystem services to buffer the impacts of climate change on community livelihoods. The total budget for the NDCs adaptation across the eight sectors detailed in Figure 1 is estimated at approximately US$ 2.5 billion. It is important to note that this budget will be updated based on the detailed sectoral adaptation plans; the infrastructure sector, in particular, was excluded from initial budget estimations due to technicalities. The conditionality of the adaptation budget is depicted in Figure 2 below. 84% 16% 84% Conditional adaptation budget Unconditional adaptation budget Figure 2: Budget conditionality of the NDCs adaptation measures The conditionality of the NDCs adaptation is in line with the government’s stance that the limited domestic resources available will be prioritised for adaptation to protect livelihoods.

6.0. NDCs mitigation measures and emissions reductions The first NDCs estimated the country’s national GHG emissions, taking 2010 as the baseline year. It projected the country’s total GHG emissions to have risen to 14 22,098 Gg CO2eq by 2030. The first NDCs projected the national GHG emissions based on the planned expansion of the country’s thermal power stations and using the annual population growth of 1.8% and a projected annual GDP growth of 3%. The updated NDCs projected the national GHG emissions from 2015 to 2030, taking 2015 as the baseline year. The national GHG emissions under the updated NDCs is estimated at approximately 22,732 Gg CO2eq, which is consistent with the first NDCs. The current development of the construction and operation of a 600 MW coal-fired power station has been included in the GHG emissions projections. The projections were based on a fully operational coal-powered station of 1200 MW capacity by 2030, which would result in approximately 10,176 Gg of CO2eq from electricity generation. The other sectors (transport, waste, livestock, IPPU, and AFOLU) were projected to grow by approximately 3% in line with the GDP growth rate, emitting approximately 9,475 Gg CO2eq by 2030. It is projected that if the identified mitigation measures are implemented and solar electricity substitutes coal electricity, and the identified targets are achieved, the avoided GHG emissions will be approximately 4,130 Gg CO2eq. Figure 3 depicts the projected GHG emissions under the business-as-usual and mitigation scenarios. The projected GHG emissions under the mitigation scenario represent avoided GHG emissions of approximately 15% by the year 2030. The updated NDCs have identified 26 quantifiable mitigation actions from three key sectors: energy (stationary and mobile), IPPU, and AFOLU. 25,000 23,000 21,000 19,000 Gg CO2eq 17,000 15,000 13,000 11,000 9,000 7,000 5,000 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 BAU Mitigation Figure 3: Projected GHG emissions under different scenarios 15 Based on the conditionalities of the mitigation measures, figure 4 depicts the GHG emissions projections under business-as-usual, and projected emissions under mitigation for conditional and unconditional scenarios. 25,000 23,000 21,000 19,000 17,000 Gg CO2eq 15,000 13,000 11,000 9,000 7,000 5,000 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 BAU conditional unconditional total mitigation Figure 4: GHG emission projections based on conditionality. Table 1 provides projected GHG emissions for the years 2025 and 2030 together with the projected GHG emissions for those years under mitigation. GHG GHG emissions Mitigation Year emissions mitigation reductions (Gg CO2eq) (Gg CO2eq) (Gg CO2eq) 2025 18,684 17,445 1,239 2030 22,732 18,602 4,130 Table 1: A summary of the projected GHG emissions for the selected years Figures 5 provides an overview of the mitigation measures and their contributions to GHG emissions reductions by 2030. Most of the emissions reductions will come from the energy sector (mobile and stationary), contributing about 90% of total GHG emissions reductions. 16 3500 3306.73 3000 2500 Gg CO2eq 2000 1500 1000 500 429.53 11 118 265 0 Stationary energy Mobile energy IPPU Livestock Forestry Figure 5: GHG emission targets by 2030 The identified mitigation measures are discussed below with targets, GHG emissions reduction potential, and their conditionality.

6.1. Energy sector and mitigation measures The energy sector constitutes electricity production from coal thermal power stations (stationary) and transport (mobile). Botswana’s thermal power stations use coal to produce electricity. The GHG emissions from the sector accounts are depicted in Figure 6 below for the year 2015. 80% 70% % share of energy emissions 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Total Electricity Transport Other Fugitive energy Series1 74% 41% 19% 11% 3% Figure 6: Percentage share of the energy sector 17 As explained, most of the country’s emissions come from the energy sector, so there is greatest need for emissions reduction efforts in this sector. The energy sector mitigation programme will be driven by the National Energy Policy, which aims to diversify the national energy mix by promoting renewable energy sources, especially solar and feasible and viable clean coal technologies that involve carbon capture and storage. Secondly, the energy sector mitigation programme will also be driven by the National Integrated Transport Policy, which aims to increase the share of renewable energy sources in the transport sector by 10% each decade. The National Integrated Transport Policy aims to increase public transport's share of total transport use to 30% by 2030. The government engaged the World Bank to develop a renewable energy strategy to achieve this national objective. Other national priorities that will support the energy mitigation measures include energy efficiency programmes, which will be achieved by enhancing the private sector through the identification of financially viable energy efficiency projects that provide significant energy and/or emissions savings in the country. Furthermore, through a partnership with UNDP, the government is introducing the solar rooftop programme where the private sector (households and commercials) will be able to sell excess solar electricity to Botswana Power Corporation (BPC). The identified mitigation measures for energy are depicted in Table 2 below, including their target and estimated emissions reduction potential. GHG Mitigation Target Target reductions by Current Conditionality measure 2025 2030 2030 (Gg CO2eq) Solar PV plant 8 200 600 1296.7 Conditional Wind power 0 100 100 336 Conditional Concentrated 0 200 200 1153 Conditional solar power Biogas power 0 20 20 118.8 Conditional plant Biogas domestic 53 275 500 5.4 Conditional plant PV small scale 9 12 16 32 Unconditional Solar geysers 1200 9,385 18,748 6 Unconditional Solar streetlights 5000 7000 10000 3.7 Unconditional Green tourism 2 5 9 12 Unconditional 18 Replace incandescent with 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 147 Unconditional LED Efficient 97 Unconditional refrigerators LED streetlights 500 4.2 Unconditional Insulation of 0 76 Unconditional dwellings Retrofitting of 0 9.5 Unconditional public buildings Solar water 1420 3000 20000 20.46 Unconditional pumps Shift to rail 30% 13.97 Unconditional Improve public 30% 230.29 Unconditional transport Improve ICT to

37.3 Unconditional reduce demand Increase share of 0 0 146.78 Conditional renewables Increase share of

1.1 Unconditional hybrid Total conditional 3,004 Total unconditional 743.2 Total conditional and unconditional 3,747.2 Table 2: Proposed energy mitigation measures and their GHG emission reduction potential The share of conditional and unconditional mitigation measures in reducing GHG emissions is approximately 80% and 20%, respectively. Table 3 depicts the policy intervention to create an enabling environment for achieving targets and the responsible ministries. Responsible Mitigation Policy intervention Indicators ministry Renewable introduction of feed-in-tariffs to Ministry of % share of renewable energy incentivise the private sector to Mineral energy in electricity source generate and sell electricity Resources, generation 19 Green Revenue generated Introduce and operationalise carbon Technology and from carbon tax and tax and carbon markets Energy Security carbon trading % share of renewable incentive the private sector to identify energy in electricity viable energy projects generation development of a renewable energy Operationalised strategy strategy promote renewable energy appliances Number of electric such as electric boats and cars vehicles Decline in national undertake campaigns on energy Ministry of energy consumption savings Mineral per capita energy Resources, Decline in national savings educate the public about the benefits Green energy consumption of energy savings Technology and per capita Energy Security Developed a development of a renewable energy renewable energy strategy strategy Improved public transport by Number of enforcing vehicle standards and individuals using training the public providers of good public transport service delivery Ministry of Transport Number of transport and individuals using ICT Communications Improve ICT to replace transport to access demand government services and working from home % of renewable Provide incentives to promote energy sources in the renewable energy vehicles and trains transport sector Table 3: Policy interventions for the energy mitigation 20

6.2. AFOLU Under the AFOLU sector, the quantifiable feasible mitigation has been identified under the livestock and rangeland subsectors. The livestock subsector emits approximately 1,403.78 Gg CO2eq annually. The mitigation measure that has been identified is an improved livestock diet, which will be achieved by supplementary feeding. The target GHG emissions reduction is 118 Gg CO2 eq. by 2030. The mitigation measure is classified as both conditional and unconditional on a 50:50 basis. Furthermore, this measure is classified as an adaptation with mitigation as co-benefits. The second mitigation is improved soil carbon from improved rangeland management. This mitigation measure will contribute to a GHG emission reduction of approximately 205 Gg CO2eq by 2030. Another mitigation measure that has been identified from the AFOLU sector is wildfire management. Putting in place veldt fire management strategies such as maintenance of fire breaks, early warning systems, and community capacity building could result in GHG emissions reductions of approximately 48 Gg CO2eq by 2030. The last mitigation measure is tree planting, estimated to contribute to 12 Gg CO2eq emissions reductions. Table 4 shows the mitigation measures, their targets, and conditionality. GHG Mitigation emissions by Current Target 2025 Target 2030 Conditionality measure 2030 (Gg CO2eq) 30% and 15% and 10% 20% of commercial Conditional Improved commercial No data and 118 and livestock diet and subsistence unconditional subsistence livestock livestock Improved soil carbon from Conditional improved No data 205 and rangeland unconditional management 21 20% Wildfire reduction in Conditional No data 5% reduction 48 management area burnt and in 2015 unconditional Tree planting No data 602566 12 Unconditional Total conditional 185.5 Total unconditional 197.5 Total conditional and unconditional 383 Table 4: Proposed mitigation measures and targets for AFOLU The policy intervention to create a conducive environment for the implementation of these measures is highlighted in Table 5. Mitigation Policy intervention Indicators Responsible agent measure Promote growing and Tonnes of fodder production of fodder produced for livestock feed Train and capacitate farmers on the Tonnes of feed given Improve Department of handling of livestock to livestock annually livestock diets Animal Production feed Introduce market incentives for Livestock prices livestock under improved feeding Monitor livestock Stocking rates stocking rates Implement Hectares of Improved soil rangeland rangeland carbon from rehabilitation Ministry of rehabilitated rangeland programmes Agriculture management Hectares of Introduce rangeland rangeland under management improved programmes management 22 Introduce early Number of early warning systems for warning systems by veldt fires district Promote sustainable fire management practises such as Reduced severity of controlled fire fire burnt areas Department of Fire burning to avoid fuel Forestry Resources management buildup and Rangelands Community capacity Number of building for veldt fire community prevention and members trained control Maintenance of fire Kilometres of fire breaks breaks maintained Table 5: Policy Intervention for AFOLU

6.3. Industrial Processes and Product Use Industrial processes and product use (IPPU) accounted for 9.7% of the total national GHG emissions in 2015. The emissions were from cement production, soda ash production, and HFCs. The mitigation measure that has been identified from the sector is the implementation of an HFCs phase-out (Kigali Amendment). If implemented, the mitigation measure is estimated to result in 11 Gg CO2eq by 2030. This policy intervention that will result in an eventual ban of the GHG emitting HFCs will be implemented by the Department of Meteorological Services (DMS) and Botswana Unified Revenue Services (BURS). The total financial requirement for the NDCs mitigation is estimated at US$3.7 billion. Figure 7 shows the conditional and unconditional contribution of the mitigation measures to the total mitigation budget. 23 25% 75% 25% Conditional mitigation financing Unconditional mitgation financing Figure 7: Budget conditionality of the mitigation measures Annex 2 provides the information that is necessary to enhance transparency on the updated country NDCs.

7.0. Monitoring and evaluation of the NDCs Botswana endeavours to measure, report, and verify the NDCs mitigation and adaptation measures to allow for transparency in line with the Paris Agreement enhanced transparency framework (ETF). Paris Agreement Article 13 stresses that each party shall regularly provide information necessary to track progress made in implementing and achieving its NDCs targets. Botswana will strive to update and submit its NDCs following the UNFCCC reporting cycle every 5 years, with information on its progress to be reported every 2 years as part of the BTRs. With assistance from the Initiative for Climate Action Transparency (ICAT), the country has established processes and tools for tracking the NDCs mitigation measures for the transport and energy sector. This involved the development of tracking tools which will provide the necessary information and indicators for tracking the NDCs. Some of the indicators that have been included in the tracking tools for the mitigation measure are the solar PV plant capacity (MW), number of solar streetlights, number of biodigesters, and number of solar boreholes. Furthermore, the country has developed and operationalised a national monitoring and evaluation system (NMES) for monitoring and evaluating the Vision 2036 implementation, National Development Plans, and national strategies. The outputs from the ICAT project are to mainstream the NDCs mitigation and adaptation 24 measures in the NMES to enhance their monitoring and evaluation. As all the identified NDCs mitigation and adaptation measures are aligned to the national priorities as defined in the National Energy Policy, the National Integrated Transport Policy, and other strategic documents, they will be automatically monitored and evaluated at sectoral level and reported in the NMES.

7.1. Financial and resources needs for NDCs implementation. A more accurate budget for the NDCs will be estimated based on the National Adaptation Plan for the country. Currently, it is estimated the budget for the updated NDCs is US$6.2 billion. Of this amount, adaptation is expected to constitute US$2.5 billion, while mitigation is expected to come up to US$3.7 billion. As Botswana is one of the lowest emitters of GHGs in the world, the limited financial resources available will be prioritised for adaptation to reduce the country’s vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. Figure 8 thus depicts the conditionality of the adaptation and mitigation funding. Total NDCs budget US$ 6.2 billion Adaptation budget Mitigation budget US$ 2.5 US$ 3.7 billion Conditional budget Unconditional budget Conditional budget Unconditional budget US$0.4 billion US$ 2.1 billion US$2.7 billion US$ 0.9 billion % of budget % of budget % of budget % of budget 7% 36% 41% 16% Figure 6: NDCs budget by sector The NDCs conditional and unconditional budgets constitute approximately 48% and 52%, respectively. 25 Similarly, the government will require capacity building and technological transfers for the NDCs implementation. Already, the government has engaged international partners in capacity building as evident from the ICAT project whose output was capacity building on tracking the NDCs and provision of the necessary information. An additional ICAT output was the development of the NDCs tracking tools for the energy and transport measures. However, more training and capacity development is required in areas such as: • NDCs budgeting and planning processes; • Economic analysis of the NDCs mitigation and adaptation for prioritisation (cost benefit analysis); • NDCs tracking and provision of relevant information for enhanced transparency frameworks; • Development of the sectoral adaptation plans and their implementation plans; and • Monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of the adaptation plans. Furthermore, technology transfer is required for: • More cost effective and affordable renewable energy technologies; • Increased efficiency of the thermal power stations as the current power plant emissions factors are significantly higher than the IPCC emission factors. Increasing efficiency includes enhancing combustion efficiency, optimising boiler performance, etc.; and • Remote sensing for early warning systems for hazards (fires, floods, etc.).

7.2. Policy and institutional arrangements The NDCs will be implemented through the existing legal and policy framework. The primary document that will guide the NDCs implementation will be the Botswana Climate Change Response Policy of 2020. Furthermore, Botswana has also developed the National Adaptation Plan Framework in 2019 as a strategic platform to coordinate and harmonise the development of the sectoral adaptation plans and their implementation. Furthermore, the NDCs mitigation will be implemented through the National Energy Policy and the Integrated Transport Policy which have established targets for the contribution of renewable energy in the energy mix. Further, the sectoral strategic plans and district development plans will be instrumental in the NDCs implementation. 26

7.3. Implementation processes and plans The implementation of the country’s adaptation and mitigation plans will be achieved through the participation of all parties: the central government, the local government, the private sector, private-public partnerships, communities, and departmental partnerships. Effective implementation and achievement of the NDCs targets will require a top-down process. This will involve the central government playing a critical role in creating an enabling environment to facilitate implementation. The processes will cascade down to government departments where the NDCs adaptation and mitigation measures will be distilled into sectoral adaptation and mitigation plans and district development plans. Consequently, detailed implementation procedures need to be developed for the sectoral adaptation and mitigation plans. At the national level, table 6 below depicts the implementation plans to create an enabling environment to guide the sectoral plans and implementation processes. Table 6: NDCs National Implementation Plan Duration Responsible Budget Strategic objective Strategic activity months agent (USD) Develop the NDCs To mainstream the NDCs national strategy to into national and sectoral mainstream the NDCs 3 DMS 72,000.00 developmental planning into national planning and budgetary processes and district planning processes To mobilise sufficient financial resources for the Develop the NDCs DMS implementation of sectoral 3 72,000.00 financing strategy NDCs adaptation and mitigation Develop the national To guide the development adaptation plan for the 5 DMS 80,000.00 of the sectoral NDCs country To improve stakeholders' participation in the Develop a stakeholders' 3 DMS 72,000.00 implementation of the engagement strategy NDCs To implement the sectoral Develop sectoral 12 DMS 292,000.00 adaptation plans adaptation plans 27

7.4. Private sector partners and participation The NDCs implementation calls for a strong partnership between the public, private sector, and communities. The increase in renewable energy (independent power producers for solar PV projects and solar rooftops) will be implemented solely by the private sector and communities. For this reason, the development and operationalisation of the stakeholders’ engagement strategy is pivotal to achieving the 15% GHG emissions reductions target. However, the participation of the private sector will depend on the presentation of the mitigation and adaptation measures as business cases. It is thus vital that incentives are put in place for their participation.

8.0. Equity and fairness issues Botswana is one of the lowest GHG emitters with GHG emissions estimated at 0.019% of global emissions. The estimated 15% GHG emissions reductions can be considered fair given that the country is already a low emitter and a net carbon sink. Additionally, the country estimated a carbon sink of approximately -18,019 Gg CO2 in 2015. Furthermore, the country has prioritised adaptation measures by taking the stance of ensuring that domestic resources are located for both adaptation and mitigation that will contribute to economic growth and development. Issues of gender have also been prioritised to ensure that vulnerable members of communities are protected. 28

9.0. References Urich P., Li Y., Masike S. (2021) Climate Change, Biodiversity, and Tipping Points in Botswana. In: Leal Filho W., Oguge N., Ayal D., Adeleke L., da Silva I. (eds) African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_161 Statistics Botswana (2021). Gross Domestic Product: Third Quarter of 2021. https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/GDP%20Q3%202 021.pdf Statistics Botswana (2021). Quarterly Multi-Topic Survey (QMTS). Quarter 4, 2021. https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Quarterly%20Multi -Topic%20Survey%20Report%20Q4%2C%202021.pdf Statistics Botswana (2022) Quarterly multi-topic survey quarter 4, 2022. V2. Gaborone, Botswana. GoB (2018) National Climate Change Strategy. Ministry of Environment, Natural Resource Conservation and Tourism, Department of Meteorological Services. Gaborone Botswana. GOB (2016) National Development Plan 11 2017-2023. Ministry of Finance and Development Planning. Government of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana. Government of Botswana. (2019). Botswana’s Third National Communication to the United Nations Convention Framework on Climate Change. Department of Meteorological Services, Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Wildlife, Gaborone, Botswana. https://www.bw.undp.org/content/botswana/en/home/library/environment_ener gy/botswana-second-national-communication-to-the-unfccc.html Government of Botswana (2020) National Adaptation Plan Framework for Botswana. Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources Conservation and Tourism. Government of Botswana (2021a). Botswana Climate Change Response Policy of 2021. https://info.undp.org/docs/pdc/Documents/BWA/DRAFT%20CLIMATE%20CHAN GE%20RESPONSE%20POLICY%20%20version%202%20(2).doc Government of Botswana (2022). Budget Speech. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. Government Printers. 29 Government of Botswana (undated). Updated Nationally Determined Contribution of Botswana. Presented by HEAT GmbH to UNDP Botswana. Ministry of Health (2010). Malaria Strategic Plan 2010-2015: Towards Malaria Elimination. https://endmalaria.org/sites/default/files/botswa2010-2015.pdf MoA (Ministry of Agriculture). 2011. Musi: Our breed, our pride. Department of Agricultural Research, Gaborone. 30

Annex 1: Adaptation measures baseline and targets Adaptation measure Indicators Baseline Target Climate services Number of Expand Multiple Hazard automated weather 19 600 stations in total Early Warning Systems stations (EWS) to serve multiple An early warning sectors system station in TBD TBD each district Generations of Climate scenarios climate scenarios 3 produced for the country Establish climate covering the whole so far generated every 4 projections and a country years system to measure the Seasonal forecast impacts of climate Seasonal weather 3 reports for all change forecast reports districts Climate change An impact impacts assessment report assessments for all produced every 4 districts years GIS maps for all GIS risk maps major settlements produced and vulnerability assessment reports Climate risk mapping Hazards Hazards vulnerability vulnerability for all assessments for all major settlements major settlements Water 100% settlements Number of water that are feasible and Water transfer schemes transfer schemes connected to major pipelines 5% water loss % water loss by Reduced water loss 25% (unaccounted for settlement water) Campaigns on IWRM IWRM programmes TBD TBD and activities 31 Water Decline of water 6,819 m3 consumption per consumption per annually capita capita by 10% Number of wellfields Surface and developed and 1 groundwater for all connected to the settlements Conjunctive use of pipeline ground-surface water Proportion of surface-to- 50/50 proportion of groundwater surface and consumption by groundwater district All current Strengthen agreements Number of transboundary reviewed to ensure transboundary agreements on water consideration of agreements signed courses and catchments climate-related water needs % schools, clinics, Water harvesting in and public 25% 75% of public buildings with buildings water storage tanks Install rooftop rainfall Proportion of catchment systems on rainwater used for public buildings 10% water used non-hygienic 0.5% from water purposes harvesting (garden and toilet flushing) Installation of Number of desalination plants Water desalination desalination plants 0 in 25% of project in the country settlements with saline water Number of aquifers under artificial 0 1 major wellfield Managed aquifers recharge schemes schemes Recharge rates for Recharge increased managed aquifers by 25% 32 Water recycling % water reused and 90% of grey water <3% schemes recycled recycled and reused Livestock % national herd Mosi cattle that is drought 0.05% constitute 10% of Drought tolerant breeds tolerant national herd Mortality rates from Mortality reduced to 25% drought 10% % livestock that is 30% of the under communal livestock Improve livestock diet supplementary 10% and 10% of the feed for 1/3 of the livestock year requirement Carrying capacity: 10 Stocking rates at Stocking rates vs. ha/LSU recommended Stocking rate carrying capacity sandveld and carrying capacity management 12 ha/LSU hardveld Offtake prior to Offtake increased by 10% drought 25% during drought Number of areas Herding and directed set aside for area-grazing for health TBD TBD grazing at a certain and range management time Number of Rehabilitate degraded hectares of 10% of degraded lands degraded land rehabilitated rangelands rehabilitated Emergency forage Number of storage and distribution TBD distribution centres systems Number of farms Proportion of game converted to game farms constitutes Promote game farming ranching; >140 25% number of ranches with mixed farming; 33 number of smallholdings with wildlife Crops 50% of smallholder % drought-tolerant TBD 100% farmers and 75% of seeds distributed Drought tolerant crops commercial farmers Crop yield stable (1 Crop yield 0.5 ton tonne) Conservation Number of farmers 70% of farmers agriculture, with a practising 0 (not practise specific focus on those conservation conclusive) conservation living in poverty, and agriculture agriculture female-headed Chemical use in 25% decline in <5% households the farming sector chemicals use Forestry Prevent land cover 22,687,400 conversion during shifts Hectares of land ha or All area under in land use from forestry under tourism 226,874.7 tourism activities to ecotourism km2 Number of Revitalise community 80 woodlots, 2 per community 2 woodlots district woodlots 10% of bush- 50% of bush- Hectares of Bush encroachment encroached encroached rangeland control rangeland rangeland rehabilitated rehabilitated rehabilitated Number of farmers Agroforestry practising TBD TBD agroforestry Tree planting Number of trees 1,200,000 trees 678,108 rehabilitation planted planted Biodiversity and rangeland Hectares of land Prevent spread of alien 10% of invaded cleared of invasive invasive species areas cleared species Number of Open and maintain All wildlife corridors corridors opened wildlife corridors maintained up 34 Retain core wildlife refugia, keeping Hectares of 163,370 km2 163,370 km2 protected areas fully protected areas retained protected Promote wildlife through Number of At least 2 boreholes artificial water points boreholes drilled in in each protected (AWP) protected areas area Remove or realign No additional Number of fences disease control fences disease control removed internal to districts fencing Number of All communities community-based within protected organisations areas allocated a Promote and support involved in wildlife portion of the human-wildlife conservation wildlife management coexistence initiatives area Incidents of human-wildlife 50% decline conflicts Hectares of 25% decline in burnt Veldt fire management rangelands burnt 784,377 ha area annually Health Continue malaria Number of malaria- 0 deaths from 11 elimination program related deaths malaria per year Expand water, 95% of all the % population with sanitation, and hygiene citizens with access improved 89.2% (WASH) programmes at to improved sanitation national scale sanitation Establish health-specific 100% of families emergency response with access to Number of women programs, particularly health-specific and children under those that target emergency response reproductive women, children and the programs, per year, scheme elderly, as well as those age, sex and living in poverty vulnerable group Prioritise protection of Number of women 100% of women with women’s sexual and and children under access to reproductive health the reproductive reproductive health under unstable and scheme programmes 35 changing climate conditions Improve health management information systems to 1 national incorporate indicators of operational health climate stress linked to Operationalised management major health impacts, national health information system including those related information system to reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child, and adolescent health Infrastructure Number of drained Improve drainage All drainage systems systems systems and their well-maintained maintained maintenance Developed and operationalised standards for All newly built Use of building materials building materials infrastructure using that withstand extreme Number of climate-proof climate events buildings using materials climate-resilient materials Promote an All landscapes ecosystems-based Number of nature- incorporating 80% approach (EbA) to based landscapes nature-based regulate extreme event: in the settlements landscape floods, storms, etc. Developed and operationalised Improve design to standards for All newly built enhance infrastructure building design infrastructure resistance to climate Number of climate-proof and extremes buildings designed climate-smart for extreme climate events 36 Frequency of infrastructure All government Adhere to engineering maintenance infrastructure maintenance Number of regularly maintained infrastructures maintained Frequency of infrastructure inspection and All government Timely inspection and maintenance infrastructure maintenance of Number of regularly inspected infrastructure buildings inspected and maintained and maintained annually 37

Annex 2: Necessary information for enhanced transparency for the NDCs Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of the Botswana updated NDCs for the timeframe 2023-2030 Guidance in decision 4/CMA.1 ICTU guidance as applicable to Botswana's NDC 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) a) Reference year(s), base year(s), Updated base year is 2010. The reference period(s) or other starting reference year is 2015. The reference point(s); period is 2023-2030. The projection year is 2030. b) Quantifiable information on the The quantification of the reference reference indicators, their values in indicator will be reported in the the reference year(s), base year(s), National GHG inventory of 2015 which reference period(s) or other starting detail the methodology for GHG point(s), and, as applicable, in the inventory target year; c) For strategies, plans and actions Not applicable referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of Nationally Determined Contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information d) Target relative to the reference 15% GHG emission reduction by 2030 indicator, expressed numerically, based on conditionality of the funding for example in percentage or amount of reduction e) Information on sources of data used • Simulation of the GHG based on in quantifying the reference dynamic model based on point(s); population and economic growth rates • National GHG inventories • GACMO software • Data from sector ministries and relevant agencies • 38 f) Information on the circumstances The national total GHG emission for under which the Party may update 2015 was used the values of the reference indicators. 2. Timeframes and/or periods for implementation a) Time frame and/or period for 1st October 2023 to 31st December implementation, including start 2030 and end date, consistent with Mid-term report 2025 any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); b) Whether it is a single-year or Single-year target, 2030 multi-year target, as applicable. 3. Scope and coverage a) General description of the target The combined mitigation target (unconditional and conditional elements) equates to 15% compared to the BAU projection by 2030. The unconditional component foresees emission reductions of 5% and the conditional 13% by 2030 b) Sectors, gases, categories and The key sectors covered by this NDC: pools covered by the Nationally • Energy (electricity generation and Determined Contribution, transport including, as applicable, consistent • IPPU with Intergovernmental Panel on • AFULO Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Greenhouse Gases include: Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) c) How the Party has taken into Major sectors include including sinks consideration paragraph 31(c) and (afforestation or tree plantation) (d) of decision 1/CP.21 Para. 31(c) “Parties strive to include all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in their Nationally Determined Contributions and, once a source, 39 sink or activity is included, continue to include it” 31(d) “Parties shall provide an explanation of why any categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals are excluded” d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting The national adaptation plans will from Parties’ adaptation actions include mitigation co-benefits and/or economic diversification associated with adaptation actions. plans, including description of Some of the adaptation actions with specific projects, measures and the mitigation co-benefit potential initiatives of Parties’ adaptation includes: actions and/or economic diversification plans. • Improved rangeland management (the co-benefits include improved ecosystem services such as increased provision of foods, increased net productivity, reduced severity of drought, and soil carbons) • Improved fire management (reduced carbon emissions, reduced deforestation, reduced vulnerability to drought and improved biodiversity • Improved livestock diet - this adaptation measure has multiple co-benefits which include reduced GHG emission from livestock enteric fermentation, reduced mortality during drought, increased farmers' income, reduced pressure on rangeland from overgrazing • Rehabilitation of degraded lands and restoration of degraded forestland through human-based interventions such as cutting down invasive tree species and allowing natural grass growth. 40 • Introduction of community woodlots • Enhancing urban greenery for improved climate resilience 4. Planning Process a) Information on the planning Botswana developed the National processes that the Party undertook Adaptation Plan Framework to guide to prepare its Nationally the development and Determined Contribution and, if operationalisation of the sectoral available, on the Party’s adaptation plans. There are other legal implementation plans, including, as frameworks that have been developed appropriate: such as the National Energy Policy, the Integrated Transport Policy and the Botswana climate change response policy. These strategi documents informed the development and planning processes around the country’s NDCs This NDCs calls for the development of national strategic plans mainly stakeholder engagement strategy, NDCs financing strategy, National Adaptation Plans and the National Strategic Plan which will be instrumental in the implementation of the NDCs i. Domestic institutional Department of Meteorological arrangements, public Services is the lead agency for the participation and engagement coordination of the country’s climate with local communities and change response and is the National indigenous peoples, in a gender- Focal Point to the UNFCCC. It plays a responsive manner crucial role in a country’s adherence to UNFCCC reporting requirements. The country has also established the National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) which comprises Government Ministries/departments, Non- Governmental Organisations (NGOs), 41 and the private sector. It was established as an advisory body to coordinate the implementation of climate change activities. The Deputy Permanent Secretary (DEA) in the Ministry of Environment, Natural Resource Conservation and Tourism is the chairperson of the Committee. ii. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a) National circumstances, such as The national circumstance has been geography, climate, economy, included in the NDCs in line with the sustainable development and past country’s National poverty eradication; Communication to UNFCCC. b) Best practices and experience The NDC preparation followed related to the preparation of the thorough consultation with the Nationally Determined stakeholders. this included focal Contribution; consultation and validation workshops. Furthermore, the preparation of the NDCs ensured alignment with the national priorities as outlined in the national development plans, the energy policy, the transport sector, and the Department of Forests and Range Resources (DFRR) targets and strategies in line with the national priorities. All line ministries were consulted in the identification of the mitigation and adaptation plans. c) Other contextual aspirations and As outlined in Vision 2036, Botswana priorities acknowledged when aspires to be a high-income country by joining the Paris Agreement 2036 and embedded within the aspiration is the sustainable use of natural resources amongst others. b) Specific information applicable to N/A Parties, including regional economic integration organisations 42 and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; c) How the Party’s preparation of its N/A Nationally Determined Contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; d) Each Party with a Nationally Determined Contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i. How the economic and social Costs benefits analysis was consequences of response undertaken to determine the viability measures have been considered and contribution of the Mitigation in developing the Nationally measure to economic growth Determined Contribution; ii. Specific projects, measures and This is yet to be under the sectoral activities to be implemented to adaptation plans and sectoral contribute to mitigation co- mitigation plans benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, 43 key sectors, such as energy resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry, and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture, fisheries. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a) Assumptions and methodological The specific assumption are detailed approaches used for accounting for in the 2014 and 2015 GHG emission anthropogenic greenhouse gas inventory. In projecting the GHG emissions and removals emission, it was assumed that corresponding to the Party’s emission would follow the past Nationally Determined trajectories and hence 3% annual Contribution, consistent with growth was used decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; b) Assumptions and methodological Not applicable. approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the Nationally Determined Contribution; c) If applicable, information on how See 5. (d) the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, 44 d) IPCC methodologies and metrics The NDC update builds on the 2006 used for estimating anthropogenic IPCC Guidelines for National greenhouse gas emissions and Greenhouse Gas Inventories. removals; However, the mitigation measure which would substitute the thermal power station, a power station emissions factor of 1232 kg/Mhw was used. The metric used is the gigagrams (Gg) CO2eq, equivalent to the Kt CO2eq. Moreover, the NDCs use the Global Warming Potentials for a 100- year time. The 2000 IPCC GHG guideline emissions factors were used e) Sector-, category or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i. Approach to addressing N/A emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; ii. Approach used to account for N/A emissions and removals from harvested wood products; iii. Approach used to address the N/A effects of age-class structure in forests; f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the Nationally Determined Contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i. How the reference indicators, The projected GHG under business-as- baseline(s) and/or reference usual and mitigation scenarios were level(s), including, where modelled based growth rate of 3% and applicable, sector-, category- or the IPCC 2006 guidelines for GHG activity-specific reference inventories; consistent with decision levels, are constructed, 18/CMA.1. including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; 45 ii. For Parties with Nationally N/A Determined Contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; iii. For climate forcers included in N/A Nationally Determined Contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; iv. Further technical information, as Not applicable. necessary; g) The intention to use voluntary Botswana is willing to cooperate in cooperation under Article 6 of the emerging technologies and markets Paris Agreement, if applicable. such as carbon markets governed by Article 6 of the Paris Agreement which would contribute to technological transfers and funding mechanisms 6. How the Party considers that its Nationally Determined Contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: a) How the Party considers that its Botswana's stance is that it is one of Nationally Determined Contribution the lowest GHG emitters with a is fair and ambitious in the light of its contribution of 0.01%. Given the national circumstances; limited financial resources, the identified mitigation measures and their targets are the most viable targets that the country can achieve given their conditionality. Moreover, additional domestic funding will be prioritised for adaptation instead of mitigation given the country’s vulnerability to climate change. b) Fairness considerations, including Botswana's contribution is 0.01% of reflecting on equity; global GHG emissions. Hence, the estimated targets reflect equity, which would not negatively affect the 46 country’s aspiration to high-income status by 2036. c) How the Party has addressed Article Botswana endeavours to conduct the 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris following. Agreement; • Improves its data management systems on the NDC measure to ensure improved monitoring and reporting in a transparent manner. • Improve allocation of resources to build and climate-proof its economy and community livelihoods. • The country has set conditional and unconditional mitigation measures with a reasonable domestic contribution to contribute to global ambitious d) How the Party has addressed Article The NDC covers the whole economy 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris for adaptation while the mitigation Agreement. covers the major emitters sectors. e) How the Party has addressed Article This NDC update covers major sources 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris of emissions but also considers Agreement. national circumstances based on national priorities and targets. 7. How the Nationally Determined Contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: a) How the Nationally Determined the objective of this NDCs is to Contribution contributes towards reasonably reduce GHG emissions achieving the objective of the given the national circumstances as Convention as set out in its article 2. demonstrated by the feasible and viable mitigation measures. Furthermore, the country aims to ensure that the country reduces its vulnerability to climate change impacts by implementing sectoral adaptation measures. with limited resources, Botswana takes the stance of allocating the majority of its domestic resources for adaptation to protect its citizens from climate 47 change, which is at an advanced stage in the country b) How the Nationally Determined See 6a and 7a. Contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. 48