Spatial Planning Standards

1.1 Spatial Planning Framework ................................................................................... 1

1.2 Time Horizon and Review Period ........................................................................... 1

1.3 Prerequisites for Spatial Plans ................................................................................. 2

1.3.1 General ........................................................................................................... 2

1.3.2 Land Use ........................................................................................................ 2

1.3.3 Forests ............................................................................................................ 2

1.3.4 Water Resources ............................................................................................ 3

1.3.5 Heritage Sites and Cultural Landscapes ........................................................ 3

1.3.6 Carrying Capacity .......................................................................................... 3

1.4 Minimum Contents of Spatial Plans ........................................................................ 3

1.4.1 General ........................................................................................................... 3

1.4.2 Documentation Requirements ........................................................................ 4

1.4.3 Public Amenities ............................................................................................ 4

1.4.4 Development Control ..................................................................................... 4

1.4.5 Priority Investment Programmes ................................................................... 5 2 LAND USE DEVELOPMENT CONTROL .................................................................... 6

2.1 Development Control Parameters ........................................................................... 6

2.1.1 General ........................................................................................................... 6

2.1.2 Floor to Area Ratio (FAR) ............................................................................. 6

2.1.3 Coverage Percentage ...................................................................................... 6

2.1.4 Building Height .............................................................................................. 6

2.1.5 Size of Plots ................................................................................................... 6

2.1.6 Distance between Buildings ........................................................................... 7

2.1.7 Occupational Density ..................................................................................... 7

2.2 Organization of Land Uses ...................................................................................... 7

2.2.1 General ........................................................................................................... 7

2.2.2 Zones .............................................................................................................. 7

2.2.3 Precincts ......................................................................................................... 7

2.2.4 Overlays ......................................................................................................... 8

2.3 Land Use Control .................................................................................................... 9

2.3.1 Categories of Land Use .................................................................................. 9

2.3.2 Residential Density ........................................................................................ 9 ii Spatial Planning Standards 2017

2.3.3 Use Classes .................................................................................................. 11

2.3.4 Typical Definition of Precincts .................................................................... 12

2.4 Allocation of Land for Public Amenities .............................................................. 14 3 TRANSPORT NETWORKS .......................................................................................... 15

3.1 Classification of the Road Network ...................................................................... 15

3.1.1 National Classification ................................................................................. 15

3.1.2 Classification of Urban Roads ..................................................................... 15

3.2 Road Planning Criteria .......................................................................................... 16

3.2.1 General ......................................................................................................... 16

3.2.2 Prerequisites ................................................................................................. 16

3.2.3 Integrity of the Road Hierarchy ................................................................... 16

3.2.4 Typical Road Sections ................................................................................. 17

3.2.5 Setbacks from Roads.................................................................................... 22

3.3 Junction ................................................................................................................. 23

3.3.1 Design Considerations ................................................................................. 23

3.3.2 Junction Spacing .......................................................................................... 24

3.4 Roundabouts .......................................................................................................... 24

3.4.1 Types of Roundabouts ................................................................................. 24

3.5 RoW for Underground Utilities ............................................................................. 26

3.5.1 Underground Utilities within Road RoW .................................................... 26

3.5.2 Off-street Underground Utilities .................................................................. 26

3.6 Pedestrian Paths and Bike Trails ........................................................................... 26

3.7 Public Facilities for Transport ............................................................................... 28

3.8 Parking................................................................................................................... 28

3.9 Lighting ................................................................................................................. 30 4 PUBLIC AMENITIES .................................................................................................... 31

4.1 Amenities of National and Regional Importance .................................................. 31

4.2 Types of Public Amenities .................................................................................... 31

4.3 Planning Requirement for Public Amenities ......................................................... 32

4.4 Location and Accessibility of Public Amenities ................................................... 35

4.4.1 Spatial Distribution ...................................................................................... 35

4.4.2 Accessibility from Road Network ............................................................... 35

4.4.3 Parking ......................................................................................................... 35 iii Spatial Planning Standards 2017

4.4.4 Connectivity with Cycle Lanes and Pedestrian Paths .................................. 35

4.4.5 Connection with Public Transport ............................................................... 35

4.4.6 Utilities......................................................................................................... 35 5 PUBLIC SPACE ............................................................................................................. 36

5.1 Planning Requirements for Public Spaces............................................................. 36

5.2 Location and Accessibility of Public Spaces ........................................................ 36

5.3 Lighting ................................................................................................................. 36

5.4 Soft Landscaping ................................................................................................... 36

5.5 Hard Landscaping.................................................................................................. 36

5.6 Street Furniture ...................................................................................................... 37

5.7 Facilities ................................................................................................................ 37 6 HEALTH, SAFETY AND ACCESSIBILITY ............................................................... 38

6.1 Road Safety ........................................................................................................... 38

6.2 Road Access .......................................................................................................... 38

6.3 Persons with Special Needs ................................................................................... 38

6.4 Pedestrian Path ...................................................................................................... 38

6.5 Pedestrian Crossing ............................................................................................... 38

6.6 Signage .................................................................................................................. 38

6.7 Access to Public Amenities ................................................................................... 39

6.8 Landfill Site ........................................................................................................... 39

6.9 Access for Emergency and Utility Vehicles.......................................................... 39 Annex A – Glossary of Terms.................................................................................................. 40 References ................................................................................................................................ 42 iv Spatial Planning Standards 2017 List of Tables Table 1: Spatial Planning Framework ........................................................................................ 1 Table 2: Recommended Time Horizon and Review Period for Spatial Plans ........................... 1 Table 3: Documentation Requirements for Regulatory Plants................................................... 4 Table 4: Recommended Land Use Definitions .......................................................................... 9 Table 5: Population Densities .................................................................................................. 10 Table 6: Typical Combinations of FAR and Building Height for Residential Areas .............. 10 Table 7: Use Classes ................................................................................................................ 11 Table 8: Recommended Precinct Definitions........................................................................... 12 Table 9: Recommended Per Capita Land Allocation for Public Amenities, Public Space and Parking ..................................................................................................................................... 14 Table 10: National Classification of Roads.............................................................................. 15 Table 11: Classification of Urban Roads ................................................................................. 15 Table 12: Recommended Typical Width for Different Types of Roads .................................. 17 Table 13: Recommended Setbacks for Urban Roads ............................................................... 22 Table 14: Junction Spacing ...................................................................................................... 24 Table 15: Types of Roundabouts ............................................................................................. 24 Table 16: Recommended RoW for Utilities ............................................................................. 26 Table 17: Pedestrian Path and Bike Trail Design Parameters .................................................. 27 Table 18: Maximum Gradients of Pedestrian Paths and Bike Trails ....................................... 27 Table 19: Public Facilities for Transport.................................................................................. 28 Table 20: Parking Dimensions for Various Types of Vehicles ................................................ 28 Table 21: Parking Requirements for Various Types of Building Uses .................................... 29 Table 22: Parking Requirements for Urban Roads, Pedestrian Space and Parking ................. 30 Table 23: Standard List of Amenities to be considered in Planning Settlements .................... 31 Table 24: Health ....................................................................................................................... 32 Table 25: Education ................................................................................................................. 32 Table 26: Recreation and Sports .............................................................................................. 33 Table 27: Administration ......................................................................................................... 33 Table 28: Services .................................................................................................................... 34 Table 29: Community Facilities ............................................................................................... 35 Table 30: Basic Planning Requirements for Public Spaces ..................................................... 36 v Spatial Planning Standards 2017 List of Figures Figure 1: Coverage Percentage .................................................................................................. 6 Figure 2: Sample Layout of Zones, Precincts and Overlays ...................................................... 8 Figure 3: Sample Hierarchy of Roads ...................................................................................... 16 Figure 4: Typical Road Section 1(Four lanes, high pedestrian density, cycling lane) ............. 18 Figure 5: Typical Road Section 2 (Four lanes, high pedestrian density) ................................. 18 Figure 6: Typical Road Section 3 (Four lanes) ........................................................................ 19 Figure 7: Typical Road Section 4 (Two lanes, cycling lane, parking on both sides) ............... 19 Figure 8: Typical Road Section 5 (Two lanes, cycling lane, parking on one side).................. 20 Figure 9: Typical Road Section 6 (Two lanes) ........................................................................ 20 Figure 10: Typical Road Section 7 (Two lanes, parking on one side) ..................................... 21 Figure 11: Typical Road Section 8 (One lane, parking on one side, footpath on both sides) .. 21 Figure 12: Typical Road Section 9 (One lane, footpath on one side) ...................................... 22 Figure 13: Setback from Roads ................................................................................................ 23 Figure 14: Types of Junctions .................................................................................................. 23 Figure 15: Mini Roundabouts .................................................................................................. 25 Figure 16: Conventional Roundabout ...................................................................................... 25 Figure 17: Typical Footpath/Cycling Lane Section ................................................................. 26 vi Spatial Planning Standards 2017 Acronyms CSI Cottage and Small Industry DCR Development Control Regulations FAR Floor to area ratio GFA Gross floor area GF Ground floor LAP Local Area Plan LG Local Government NSP National Spatial Plan RoW Right-of-Way RSP Regional Spatial Plan vii Spatial Planning Standards 2017 1 SPATIAL PLANS

1.1 Spatial Planning Framework The objective of spatial planning in Bhutan is to provide for the fair, orderly, economic and sustainable use of land. To achieve this objective, the national spatial planning framework is organized in three tiers as presented in Table 1. Each plan shall ensure coherence with higher level plans. Table 1: Spatial Planning Framework Types of Tiers of Plans Planning Area Plans National Spatial Plan Strategic The whole country Regional Spatial Plan Strategic An area comprising one or more Dzongkhags Local Spatial Plans Valley Development Plan A Valley Structure Plan Regulatory An urban or rural area Local Area Plan A part or whole of a Valley Development Plan or Structure Plan Action Area Plan Regulatory An urban or rural area or a part of a LAP

1.2 Time Horizon and Review Period Each plan shall establish the estimated length of time to be completely implemented (time horizon) and the needs for periodic review. Table 2 presents recommended time horizons and review periods for the different types of plans. Table 2: Recommended Time Horizon and Review Period for Spatial Plans Types of Plans Time Horizon Review Period National Spatial Plan 20 years 10 years Regional Spatial Plan 20 years 10 years Local Spatial Plans Valley Development Plan 20 years 10 years Structure Plan 20 years 10 years Local Area Plan 10 years 5 years Action Area Plan _ _ 1 Spatial Planning Standards 2017

1.3 Prerequisites for Spatial Plans

1.3.1 General Plans shall be prepared on the basis of a complete study of the planning area and its surrounding context and all data should be identified with its source. Information to be considered shall include, but not be limited to: (a) the framework of acts, regulations and standards concerning, amongst others, urban and rural development, environmental protection and cultural heritage conservation; (b) cartography, including topographic data, with a level of detail equivalent or better than the final scale of the plan; (c) satellite and aerial imagery; (d) geomorphology, hydrography, geology and soil investigations as required; (e) natural features, environment, ecosystems, biodiversity, sensitive and fragile areas; (f) cultural sites and cultural landscapes; (g) hydro-geologic and environmental risks 1 such as areas subject to flooding risks; areas that are unstable from a geological point of view; environmental risks due to polluting activities, etc.; (h) man-made features and land use; (i) existing human settlements with a particular attention to traditional settlements; (j) social and demographic trends and projections within the time horizon of the plan; (k) economic activities and opportunities and risks arising thereof; (l) land tenure, assessment of properties in the planning area and land available for development; and (m) existing infrastructural networks (such as transport systems, water supply, electricity, sewerage systems, etc.) and social facilities (such as schools, hospitals, governmental facilities, etc.).

1.3.2 Land Use Land use studies should identify: (a) settlement areas; (b) use to which major portions of settlement areas are put; and (c) types of undeveloped land. Each plan should adopt a classification of land use coherent with the features of the planning area and with the objectives and the scale of the plan.

1.3.3 Forests Study shall be undertaken in the planning area on: (a) Government Reserved Forests or forest management provisions; and (b) national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserves, watershed or other protected areas. 1 The recommended source for this information is the “Hazard Zonation Maps” or “Vulnerability Maps” issued by the National Disaster Management Authority (Disaster Management Act, 2013). 2 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 Boundaries of areas as listed above shall be mapped and their management shall be integrated in the plan.

1.3.4 Water Resources Preparation of plans shall be based on a detailed assessment of the resources of the planning area and of its context. Study and consultations shall be undertaken on the provisions of: (a) National Integrated Water Resources Management Plan; and (b) River Basin Management Plans 2. Study shall be undertaken to assess the application of the buffer areas along water courses.

1.3.5 Heritage Sites and Cultural Landscapes Study shall be undertaken to assess the presence, in the planning areas, of archaeological sites, cultural landscapes, cultural sites, heritage sites, and protected zones. Cultural assets as listed above shall be mapped and their management shall be integrated in the plan.

1.3.6 Carrying Capacity Preparation of plans shall be based on an assessment of the carrying capacity of the planning area. It will include, amongst others: (a) natural resources (protected areas, water bodies, mountains, etc.) of the area to be protected from urban growth; (b) cultural sites and landscapes of the area in order to avoid excessive development pressure; (c) agricultural potential to be preserved; (d) land available for development; (e) available infrastructural networks and plans for future development; (f) potential supply of water and electricity to support the development and the related costs; and (g) demographic projections to assess the expected development of settlements.

1.4 Minimum Contents of Spatial Plans

1.4.1 General Regardless of their scale, all plans shall make provisions for: (a) the protection of the environment and of the cultural identity of the country; (b) the sustainable utilisation of space; (c) the form and intensity of human settlement; (d) the provision of public amenities and equipment; (e) the infrastructural networks and the related nodes of equipment and services; (f) the economic activities; and (g) the hazards and the measures to mitigate these risks. 2 Defined under the Water Act of Bhutan, 2011. 3 Spatial Planning Standards 2017

1.4.2 Documentation Requirements Plans shall be supported by sufficient documentation for their evaluation and effective implementation. Detailed contents for strategic plans (NSP and RSP) shall be determined case by case, at the beginning of the planning process. Table 3 presents the minimum documentation requirements for regulatory plans. All maps shall be prepared and presented at the scale shown in Table 3 or higher and have a level of detail consistent with the scale and the extent of the planning area. Table 3: Documentation Requirements for Regulatory Plants Type of Plan Minimum Requirements for Documents Target Scale Valley Development Plan (a) a report; 1:5,000 Structure Plan (b) a map of land use and zones; (c) a map of infrastructure networks; (d) a map of public amenities and public spaces; (e) a map of reserved areas and rights-of-way; (f) Development control regulations; (g) Priority Investment Programme; (h) Strategic Environmental Assessment report if deemed necessary. Local Area Plan (a) a report; 1:500 (b) a map of detailed land use and zones, (c) a map of sub-divisions and plotting, (d) a map of infrastructure networks; (e) a map of reserved areas and rights-of-way; (f) Development control regulations; (g) Priority Investment Programme.

1.4.3 Public Amenities Plans shall make provisions to ensure appropriate allocation of public amenities based on the requirements listed in section 4, including: (a) a schedule of the required amenities based on existing/projected population of the planning area; and (b) a plan with the location of public amenities and the land reserved for this purpose.

1.4.4 Development Control Development control regulations shall form a part of a plan and include the following minimum sections: (a) explanatory introduction; (b) general requirements; (c) requirements that apply to zones and precincts including development control parameters and planned uses; 4 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 (d) requirements that apply to overlays; (e) regulations that apply to existing buildings and heritage sites; and (f) regulations that apply to new buildings.

1.4.5 Priority Investment Programmes Spatial plans shall have an investment programme that determines: (a) the actions that need to be carried out to move towards the achievement of the plan objectives, their priorities, sequence and interrelations; (b) the financial resources needed; and (c) the responsibilities for implementation and the stakeholders involved. If the plan requires acquisition of land for public purpose, it should estimate costs for compensation in accordance with the law. A Priority Investment Programme attached to a Plan should determine the sequence of operations to avoid any waste of resources due to lack of coordination between the different parties involved in project implementation. 5 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 2 LAND USE DEVELOPMENT CONTROL

2.1 Development Control Parameters

2.1.1 General Intensity of development may be controlled by combinations of building height, coverage percentage, floor to area ratio and/or residential density.

2.1.2 Floor to Area Ratio (FAR) It determines the gross floor area that can be built on a given surface of land.

2.1.3 Coverage Percentage It determines the percentage of land that can be covered by buildings. Figure 1: Coverage Percentage

2.1.4 Building Height It determines the maximum height allowed for buildings. It may be expressed in linear dimension, number of floors or both. Number of floors may be suitable to control intensity of development in residential areas. Linear height should be considered: (a) in precincts other than residential; and (b) to control the actual height of the building for safety reasons (e.g. minimum distance from high-voltage lines, maximum height of buildings close to airports, etc.) or for other reasons (e.g. to protect views of landscapes, etc.).

2.1.5 Size of Plots Minimum/maximum size of plots may also be used in the Regulatory Plans to control the type of settlement (e.g. individual/ group housing, etc.). 6 Spatial Planning Standards 2017

2.1.6 Distance between Buildings The minimum distance between buildings shall be established by the Regulatory Plan considering the following: (a) plot size; and (b) access to sunlight.

2.1.7 Occupational Density In the case of industrial areas, an occupational density parameter may be considered as a requirement for authorizing new developments. It should be expressed in jobs/hectare.

2.2 Organization of Land Uses

2.2.1 General It is recommended that regulatory plans adopt a hierarchical organization of land based on zones, precincts and overlays. Zones should be used to provide the basic parameters for development. Precincts and overlays should be used to provide an additional layer of regulation where it is necessary to manage particular values or local differences. Zones, precincts and overlays should be spatially mapped. Rules for zones, precincts and overlays should be described in detail in the Regulatory Plans.

2.2.2 Zones Zones include one or more areas where common land uses and activities are anticipated. All land in a plan should be assigned a zone.

2.2.3 Precincts Precincts determine specific areas which are part of a zone. They are subject to the rules of the zone they are part of and add specific requirements. Precincts should be planned in cases such as: (a) to identify a morphologically homogeneous portion of existing settlements (e.g. historic core, industrial precinct, etc.); (b) to identify a development area subject to a specific development strategy; (c) to identify areas within a zone subject to different intensity of development (e.g. areas with lower building height); and (d) to identify areas subject to specific transport provisions (e.g. pedestrian precinct). 7 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 Figure 2: Sample Layout of Zones, Precincts and Overlays

2.2.4 Overlays Overlays sit above zones and precincts and highlight specific requirements for the protection of specific values. Overlays may apply across multiple zones. Overlays that should be considered include, amongst others: (a) areas with a slope greater than a set value; (b) areas subject to natural risks; (c) protected areas; (d) boundaries and buffers of protected areas; (e) buffers of water courses, natural drainage and other sensitive areas; (f) boundaries and buffers of cultural and religious sites; (g) special setbacks to be kept from the road network; (h) easements for infrastructures and distance to be kept from overhead HT lines; (i) distance to be kept from landfills; (j) buffers for the protection of wells; (k) noise protection buffers; and (l) areas with limited construction height (e.g. close to airport runways). 8 Spatial Planning Standards 2017

2.3 Land Use Control

2.3.1 Categories of Land Use In determining the hierarchical organization of land, it is recommended to consider the broad categories of land uses presented in Table 4. Table 4: Recommended Land Use Definitions Land Use Typical Features 1 Conservation area Land earmarked for conservation or reserved/endowment for future generations 2 Protected area Natural areas and biological corridors with environmental value for protection and conservation 3 Agricultural area Land earmarked for agriculture 4 Existing settlements to be Historic, heritage or traditional mixed use settlement conserved earmarked for conservation 5 Existing settlements to be Mixed use settlements other than 4 earmarked for rehabilitated rehabilitation, regeneration or transformation 6 New development Land earmarked for new settlement or expansion of existing settlements (mixed use) 7 Public purpose Land earmarked for public amenities and public purpose other than infrastructure 8 Infrastructures Land earmarked for infrastructures and related services 9 Industrial area Land earmarked for economic activities, mainly industrial

2.3.2 Residential Density In determining residential density, it is recommended: (a) to measure density in person/hectare (pph); (b) to adopt the residential density as a basis to determine the broader strategies for development; (c) to adopt a combination of building height, coverage percentage and FAR to shape the intensity of development and the form of the planned settlement; and (d) to combine planning of residential density with assessment of carrying capacity and delivery of coherent transport and public amenities. 9 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 Typical densities for various types of settlements are presented in Table 5. Table 5: Population Densities Level of Density Density (pph) Very low < 80 Low 80 – 300 Medium 300 – 500 High > 500 Table 6 presents recommended combinations of FAR and building height with resulting GFA, coverage percentage and residential density. Table 6: Typical Combinations of FAR and Building Height for Residential Areas 3 Floor to Area Building Height Gross Floor Area Coverage Population Ratio (FAR) (GFA) Percentage Density (%) (floors) (sqm/ha) (%) (pph) 62.5 2 5,000 25 250 87.5 2 7,000 35 350 112.5 2 9,000 45 450 100 3 8,000 26.67 400 125 3 10,000 33.33 500 150 3 12,000 40 600 150 4 12,000 30 600 200 4 16,000 40 800 250 4 20,000 50 1,000 200 5 16,000 32 800 250 5 20,000 40 1,000 300 5 24,000 48 1,200 3 Assuming that 20% of the area is allocated for tertiary roads and that per capita GFA is 20 sqm. 10 Spatial Planning Standards 2017

2.3.3 Use Classes Table 7 presents the recommended classification of uses of buildings or land to be adopted in development regulations. Table 7: Use Classes Use class Definition 1 Residential Buildings or parts of buildings used for any type of accommodation, including staff accommodation and service houses. It does not include hotels. 2 Hotels and hostels Buildings or parts of buildings used or intended to be for business activities as hotels or other tourist residences. 3 Office Buildings used by public or private bodies or individuals for functions such as management, administration, design, IT, Research and development, as well as all premises not falling under any other class mentioned in this section. 4 Commerce Buildings or parts of buildings used for the sale of goods or services and directly accessible to customers, as well as their annexes (with the exception of premises within the class handicraft as defined below). To be included in this class, storage spaces shall not exceed 1/3 of the total net floor area. 5 Cottage and small Buildings or parts of buildings used for the production of goods, industry processing or repair with a net floor area not exceeding 200 sqm. Buildings used for these purposes exceeding that area fall under "industry". To be included in this class, storage spaces shall not exceed 1/3 of the total net floor area. 6 Service Industry Buildings or parts of buildings used for services and directly accessible to customers. To be included in this class, storage spaces shall not exceed 1/3 of the total net floor area. 7 Industry Buildings or parts of buildings used for manufacturing industrial products. To be included in this class, storage spaces shall not exceed 1/3 of the total net floor area. 8 Storage or Buildings or parts of buildings used for warehousing and distribution repackaging of products or materials and more generally all premises housing goods or materials not intended for sale to individuals on such premises. All buildings or parts of buildings associated with an industrial, commercial or handicraft activity fall within this class if the storage space exceeds 1/3 of the total net floor area. 11 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 9 Public and This class includes buildings or parts of buildings mainly used for community services all types of functions listed in clauses 3.5, 4.3 and 5.1.as well as: (a) academic institutions, including premises allocated to research, and institutions of higher education; (b) court facilities; (c) cultural facilities and premises permanently equipped for show, concert, and drama performances; (d) embassies, consulates, legations, international organizations and higher state institutions; (e) exhibition facilities (f) facilities used for the operation of utility networks and/or urban services; and (g) sports and recreational facilities.

2.3.4 Typical Definition of Precincts Table 8 presents a set of recommended definitions for different types of zones. The definitions are based on admitted classes of use, FAR and building height. Table 8: Recommended Precinct Definitions FAR Building Coverage Residentia Non- residential Density height Precinct Permissible Uses Percentage l GFA GFA (%) (floors) (%) (sqm/ha) (sqm/ha) (pp/ha) High Density Mixed use A All except 375 5 50 15,000 15,000 750 Compact city, (1) Cottage and commercial GF, Small Industry office 1st and 2nd (2) Service floor. Industry (3) Industry (4) Storage or distribution Mixed use B All except 312 5 50 15,000 10,000 750 Compact city, (1) Cottage and commercial GF, Small Industry office 1st floor (2) Industry (3) Storage or distribution 12 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 FAR Building Coverage Residentia Non- residential Density height Precinct Permissible Uses Percentage l GFA GFA (%) (floors) (%) (sqm/ha) (sqm/ha) (pp/ha) Residential A Only 300 5 40 20,000 4,000 1,000 Residential with (1) Residential commercial GF (2) Commerce at the GF Residential B Residential only 200 4 40 16,000 0 800 Medium Density Mixed use C Only 150 3 40 8,000 4,000 400 Outer expansion, (1) Residential residential with (2) Commerce at commercial GF the GF Residential C Residential only 150 3 40 9,000 3,000 450 Low Density Residential D Residential only 75 2 30 6,000 0 300 Residential E Residential only 60 2 24 4,800 0 240 Industrial Industrial area Only 50 – 40 0 4,000 0 (1) Industry (2) Cottage and Small Industry (3) Service Industry (4) Storage or distribution 13 Spatial Planning Standards 2017

2.4 Allocation of Land for Public Amenities In the preparation of regulatory plans, land shall be allocated for public amenities, public space and parking. The per capita parameters presented in Table 9 are recommended for determining the surface to be allocated. Table 9: Recommended Per Capita Land Allocation for Public Amenities, Public Space and Parking Land Allocation For Public For Public For Type of Settlement Total Amenities Space Parking (sqm/pp) (sqm/pp) (sqm/pp) (sqm/pp) Existing settlement to be 8.0 2.0 1.0 11.0 conserved Existing settlements to be 8.0 4.0 1.5 13.5 rehabilitated or transformed New development, extension of 12.0 6.0 2.0 20.0 existing settlement Industrial areas 15% of the overall area to be reserved for roads, parking and public space 14 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 3 TRANSPORT NETWORKS

3.1 Classification of the Road Network

3.1.1 National Classification The road network of the Country is classified into 5 categories as follows. Table 10: National Classification of Roads Category Name Remarks Category 1 National Highways Asian Highway/International Road Primary National Highway /Secondary National Highway Category 2 Dzongkhag Roads GC Roads, Feeder Roads Category 3 Farm Roads Category 4 Thromde Roads Equivalent to urban roads (→see section 3.1.2) Category 5 Access Roads Forest Roads, Health Roads, Education Roads, Telecommunications Roads, Power Roads, Private Roads, Project Roads, Public Roads

3.1.2 Classification of Urban Roads It is recommended that regulatory plans adopt the hierarchical organization of urban roads presented in Table 11. Table 11: Classification of Urban Roads Type of Urban Road Features Primary Roads They form the primary road network for a settlement as a whole. Secondary Roads They collect traffic within the different zones in a town and convey it to primary roads and, conversely, distribute traffic from primary roads within the different parts of a settlement. Tertiary Roads They link with secondary roads and give direct access to buildings and land at neighbourhood level. Access Roads These roads lead to specific locations or amenities. 15 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 Figure 3: Sample Hierarchy of Roads

3.2 Road Planning Criteria

3.2.1 General Planning of roads shall be based on an evaluation of present and future needs within the time horizon of the plan.

3.2.2 Prerequisites Road networks should be planned on the basis of sufficient information including, amongst others 4: (a) geological conditions and geological stability (e.g. risks of landslides, etc.); (b) the environmental, scenic, aesthetic, and preservation impacts; (c) topography, hydrography, slopes, etc.; (d) the built environment, community, and/or cultural assets of the area, and measures to minimize environmental disturbance; (e) the patterns of existing and planned settlements; (f) traffic safety considerations; and (g) the integration with other means of transport including pedestrian paths.

3.2.3 Integrity of the Road Hierarchy The integrity of the road hierarchy should be as follows: (a) primary roads compose a fully connected network; (b) primary roads only connect to other primary and secondary roads; and (c) tertiary roads only connect to tertiary and secondary roads. 4 Reference should also be made to the Road Act of Bhutan, 2013, Section 218. 16 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 Public transport should concentrate on the network of primary and secondary roads.

3.2.4 Typical Road Sections Recommended typical sections for different types of roads are presented in Table 12 and in Figure 4 to Figure 12. Table 12: Recommended Typical Width for Different Types of Roads Recommended Use (primary, Lanes Carriageway RoW Type of Road Section secondary, tertiary) P S T (n) (m) (m) 1 Four lanes, high pedestrian density,  4 13.20 24.50 cycling lane 2 Four lanes, high pedestrian density  4 13.20 23.00 3 Four lanes  4 13.20 19.20 4 Two lanes, cycling lane, parking on   2 11.60 21.10 both sides 5 Two lanes, cycling lane, parking on   2 9.10 18.00 one side 6 Two lanes   2 6.60 12.00 7 Two lanes, parking on one side    2 9.10 12.70 8 One lane, parking on one side,  1 5.80 9.40 footpath on both sides 9 One lane, footpath on one side  1 3.50 6.2 Urban road networks should follow the landscaping requirements for public space presented in clauses 5.4 and 5. 17 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 Figure 4: Typical Road Section 1(Four lanes, high pedestrian density, cycling lane) Figure 5: Typical Road Section 2 (Four lanes, high pedestrian density) 18 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 Figure 6: Typical Road Section 3 (Four lanes) Figure 7: Typical Road Section 4 (Two lanes, cycling lane, parking on both sides) 19 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 Figure 8: Typical Road Section 5 (Two lanes, cycling lane, parking on one side) Figure 9: Typical Road Section 6 (Two lanes) 20 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 Figure 10: Typical Road Section 7 (Two lanes, parking on one side) Figure 11: Typical Road Section 8 (One lane, parking on one side, footpath on both sides) 21 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 Figure 12: Typical Road Section 9 (One lane, footpath on one side)

3.2.5 Setbacks from Roads Setbacks of buildings from roads shall be established by the Regulatory Plans. It shall be measured from the limit of the RoW of roads (see figure 13). Setbacks shall be planned based on consideration of: (a) the nature of the zone (existing/new settlement); (b) the type of road (primary, secondary or tertiary); and (c) the planned use of the zone (commercial, residential, etc.). Larger setbacks are recommended for residential neighbourhoods. Table 13 presents ranges of recommended setbacks for urban roads. Table 13: Recommended Setbacks for Urban Roads Type of Road Min/Max Setback from RoW (m) Primary 0–6 Secondary 0–3 Tertiary, Access road 0–3 22 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 Figure 13: Setback from Roads

3.3 Junction The basic purpose of the junction is to facilitate the transfer of traffic streams from one road to another in a safe and efficient manner. They are one of the critical elements in the road network as they are major sources of detrimental impacts such as accidents, congestion, delay, extra fuel consumption, air pollution and noise.

3.3.1 Design Considerations The layout and design should meet the following requirements: (a) ease of movement, not equating to higher speed but rather smoother, slower and safer speed; (b) have the shortest vehicular path; (c) have good visibility on entering a junction. To achieve this, traffic islands, control devices, traffic signs and road markings must be all considered; and (d) should be large enough to enable the users to identify conflicting traffic movement. Figure 14: Types of Junctions 23 Spatial Planning Standards 2017

3.3.2 Junction Spacing The frequency and precise locations of junctions to be provided along a new road will depend upon its level in the road hierarchy and the nature and presence of intersecting roads. Table 14 indicates desirable and minimum spacing for the junctions. Table 14: Junction Spacing Junction Spacing in Junction Spacing in metres Road Classification Metres (desirable minimum) (absolute minimum) Primary Road 200 60 Collector /Secondary Road 150 40 Access Road 100 25 To meet these requirements, the radius of the junction corner should have the minimum circular radius of 6 m. Reference should be made to the Urban Roads Standards, 2002 for detailed junction design and minimum visibility splays.

3.4 Roundabouts A roundabout junction operates as a one-way circulatory system around a central island, where entry is controlled by “Give Way” markings and priority must be given to the traffic approaching from the right.

3.4.1 Types of Roundabouts Two main types of roundabouts, namely Conventional and Mini, will be used for urban roads. The characteristics of the two types of roundabouts are given in Table 15. Table 15: Types of Roundabouts Type Description Typical Use/Location Conventional Kerbed central island with New developments and constructions. diameter greater than or equal to Junctions within or at end of dual 4m. carriageways. Flared approaches to allow To change direction of a new road at a multiple entry lanes. junction. Mini Flushed or slightly raised central To improve the performance of existing island less than 4 m in diameter. junctions where space is severely Road markings indicate patterns constrained. of movement. Mainly as conversions from other No street furniture on central roundabout and junction types. island in order to allow long At sites subject to maximum speed limit vehicles to overrun. of 50 km/h. 24 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 Figure 15: Mini Roundabouts Figure 16: Conventional Roundabout 25 Spatial Planning Standards 2017

3.5 RoW for Underground Utilities

3.5.1 Underground Utilities within Road RoW Within settlements, most underground utilities can be buried within the RoW of the road network. In this case, transverse service ducts shall be provided every 100 -150 metres.

3.5.2 Off-street Underground Utilities Table 16 presents recommended ROWs to be considered when utilities must be laid out elsewhere. Table 16: Recommended RoW for Utilities Type of Utility Min ROW(m) Main trunk (storm drainage, sewerage) 3.00 Secondary trunk (storm drainage, sewerage) 1.50 – 2.00 Water system, fire protection system 1.00 Electricity (medium or low voltage), telephone 1.00

3.6 Pedestrian Paths and Bike Trails Pedestrian paths and cycling lanes should be planned as independent networks, integrated to the road system. They should create an alternative, safe and attractive way of moving into a settlement. On major roads, pedestrian paths and bike trails should be separated from vehicular circulation by soft-landscaped strips. Traffic speed reduction in proximity of pedestrian paths, cycling lanes and related junctions is recommended. Figure 17: Typical Footpath/Cycling Lane Section 26 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 Recommended minimum widths for pedestrian paths and bike trails are presented in Table 17. Table 17: Pedestrian Path and Bike Trail Design Parameters Minimum Type Remarks Width (m) Small pedestrian path 1.50 Minimum requirement in general. (1 pedestrian + 1 wheelchair) Medium pedestrian path 2.10 Minimum requirement for primary and (2 pedestrians + 1 wheelchair) secondary roads. Large pedestrian path 2.70 Primary and secondary roads in high (3 pedestrians + 1 wheelchair) pedestrian density areas. Main pedestrian path > 2.70 Main commercial street in cities larger than 20,000 habitants. Bike trail 1.50 Minimum requirement for bike trail. Recommended maximum gradients for pedestrian paths and bike trails are presented in Table 18. Table 18: Maximum Gradients of Pedestrian Paths and Bike Trails Type Maximum Gradient Pedestrian paths 8% Cycling lanes 10% 27 Spatial Planning Standards 2017

3.7 Public Facilities for Transport Spatial plans shall make provisions for public facilities for transport. The recommended types of facilities and planning requirements are presented in Table 19. Table 19: Public Facilities for Transport Catchment Facility Area Recommended Location Area Bus terminal Whole From 500 sqm up to 20,000 Away from main heritage sites Multi-mode settlement area sqm to be determined based and commercial area. terminal on the size of the Close to centre of town settlement. (preferably at the entrance of the town). Connected to the pedestrian network. Taxi stand Whole 1,000 sqm to accommodate Close to bus terminal, airport, settlement area about 50 taxis (city centre). heritage sites and commercial 250 sqm to accommodate areas. about 10 taxis Separate parking bays are (neighbourhood centre). recommended on busy roads for taxis and buses. Truck park Whole From 500 sqm in smaller Away from prime commercial settlement area towns up to 2,000 sqm in area. larger towns. Close to main extra-urban roads.

3.8 Parking Spatial plans shall make provisions for parking. Table 20 presents parking dimensions for various types of vehicles. Table 20: Parking Dimensions for Various Types of Vehicles Type of Vehicle Parking Dimension (m) Cars 2.4 x 4.8 Mini bus/light vans 2.4 x 5.5 Rigid vehicles 3.5 x 14.0 Articulated vehicles 3.5 x 18.5 Coaches (60 seats) 3.5 x 14.0 28 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 Number of parking areas shall be provided according to the minimum requirements presented in Table 21. Table 21: Parking Requirements for Various Types of Building Uses Description Minimum Requirement Housing 1 car parking space per dwelling unit Hotel 0.5 car parking space per hotel room Office 1 car parking space per 50 sqm of GFA Commerce 1 car parking space per 25 sqm of commercial GFA CSI 1 car parking space per 80 sqm of GFA Industry 1 car parking space per 80 sqm of GFA Warehouse 1 car parking space per 200 sqm of GFA Education 1 car parking space per 15 children/students in urban areas, 1 car parking space per 20 children/students in rural areas Health 1 car parking space per doctor, dentist or vet 1 car parking space per 2 other staff 4 car parking spaces per consulting or treatment room 1 ambulance space per health centre (minimum) Theatres, cinemas, concert halls, 1 car parking space per 10 fixed seats dance halls and similar Indoor/outdoor sport grounds 1 car parking space per 10 fixed seats Public open space 4 car parking spaces per hectare Any other public service 1 car parking space per 50 sqm of GFA 29 Spatial Planning Standards 2017

3.9 Lighting Lighting of vehicular roads can be ensured by means of overhead fixtures of sufficient height (> 6m). In pedestrian spaces, lower street lamps or outdoor floor- or wall-recessed luminaries may be considered. On footpaths and cycle tracks, the lamp post should be placed at least 0.45 m from the outer edge of the adjoining pedestrian walkway. Table 22 presents the minimum luminance requirements for public lighting. Table 22: Parking Requirements for Urban Roads, Pedestrian Space and Parking Minimum Luminance Type of road (Lux) Primary road 15 Secondary road 10 Tertiary road 8 Footpath, pedestrian space 20 – 50 Car parking 10 – 30 In public lighting, energy-efficient lighting technologies shall be evaluated and applied. Reference should be made to Guidelines for Planning and Development of Human Settlements in Urban and Rural Areas of Bhutan to minimise Environmental Impacts 2013, Section 3: Energy efficient street lighting. 30 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 4 PUBLIC AMENITIES

4.1 Amenities of National and Regional Importance Requirements for amenities of national and regional importance (e.g. national hospitals, universities, major stadiums, etc.) shall be established by the National and the Regional Spatial Plans.

4.2 Types of Public Amenities Spatial plans shall make provisions for public amenities. Table 23 presents the types of amenities that shall be considered. Table 23: Standard List of Amenities to be considered in Planning Settlements Category Amenity Health Basic Health Units (BHUs) Out Reach Clinics (ORCs) Dzongkhag/District Hospital Small pet clinic Education Nursery school Lower secondary school Middle secondary school High secondary school Recreation and sports Indoor sport complex Outdoor sport complex Basic football ground Football stadium Services Water treatment plant Waste treatment plant Waste disposal site Fire-fighting facilities Police service Reservoir for fire protection system Post, power and telecommunication Crematorium Fuel Station Administration LG offices Regional government offices Community Facilities Community temple Community hall and Library Exhibition Farmers’ Market 31 Spatial Planning Standards 2017

4.3 Planning Requirement for Public Amenities Planning requirements for public amenities are presented in Table 24 to Table 29. Table 24: Health Amenity Location Max Catchment Max Catchment Land Radius Population Requirement (sqm) Neighbourhood/ Neighbourhood 30 minutes 100 - 200 300 – 500 Out Reach Clinic centre walking Basic Health Unit Centrally 30 minutes 1,000 – 5,000 500 located walking Dzongkhag/District Central in the 15,000 – 20,000 3,000 – 5,000 Hospital District Regional Hospital Central in the 30,000 5,000 – 20,000 Region National Hospital Out of standard because of its exceptional nature Small pet clinic Residential 15,000 500 areas Table 25: Education Amenity Location Max Catchment Max Catchment Land Radius Population Requirement (sqm) Nursery school Neighbourhood 10 minutes 5,000 1,000 (100 pupils) nodal point, walking Include crèche secondary road Lower secondary Urban nodal 15 minutes 5,000 5,000 – 10,000 school point, primary walking (300 students) road Middle secondary Periphery areas, 45 minutes by 20,000 15,000 – school (600 primary road school bus 20,000 students) High secondary Periphery areas, 45 minutes by 20,000 20,000 – school primary road school bus 30,000 (600 students) 32 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 Table 26: Recreation and Sports Amenity Location Max Catchment Max Catchment Land Radius Population Requirement (sqm) Indoor sport Periphery areas 5 km 5,000 – 30,000 15,000 – complex with good 25,000 access to public transport, primary road Outdoor sport Periphery areas 5 km 5,000 – 10,000 20,000 – complex with good 25,000 access to public transport, primary road Basic football Primary road, 30 minutes 5,000 10,000 ground semi-central walking location Football stadium Primary road, 30 minutes 30,000 30,000 central in the driving district Table 27: Administration Amenity Location Max Catchment Max Catchment Land Radius Population Requirement (Sqm) LG offices As per 30 minutes No limit 200 – 1000 administrative walking (**) boundaries Regional Major town 30 minutes Whole 200 – 1000 government offices walking administrative (**) area's population (**) Depending on LG level and requirements. 33 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 Table 28: Services Amenity Location Max Catchment Max Catchment Land Radius Population Requirement (sqm) Waste treatment In proximity of (*) 2,500 – 30,000 50,000 per plant settlement 10,000 people (*) Water treatment In proximity of (*) 2,500 – 30,000 50,000 per plant settlement 10,000 people (*) Waste disposal site In proximity of (*) 2,500 – 30,000 50,000 per settlement 10,000 people (*) Fuel Station Along or in 30 minutes No limit 500 – 1,000 proximity to main driving roads, primary road Fire-fighting In the centre of 30 minutes 2,500 – 30,000 200 - 500 facilities the catchment driving area, along or in proximity to main roads, primary road Police service In the centre of 30 minutes 2,500 – 5,000 200 - 500 the catchment walking area, along or in proximity to main roads, primary road Reservoir for fire Based on engineering design of fire protection network. 50 – 100 protection system Can be located underground, in the land of another amenity. Crematorium Whole urban area – – 2,000 – 5,000 (one in every town) Post, Power and In the centre of 30 minutes Up to 15,000 200 – 500 Telecommunicatio the catchment walking n area (*) To be determined based on preliminary engineering studies, depending on type of waste treatment selected. 34 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 Table 29: Community Facilities Max Land Max Catchment Amenity Location Catchment Requirement Population Radius (Sqm) Community Neighbourhood, 30 minutes 2,500 200 – 1,000 Temple secondary road walking Community Hall Neighbourhood, 30 minutes 2,500 200 – 1,000 secondary road walking Library Neighbourhood, 30 minutes 2,500 200 – 1,000 secondary road walking Exhibition Neighbourhood, 30 minutes 2,500 200 – 1,000 secondary road walking Farmers’ Market Town or 30 minutes 30,000 3,000 – 5,000 neighbourhood walking centre, high density areas, primary road

4.4 Location and Accessibility of Public Amenities

4.4.1 Spatial Distribution Public amenities shall be laid out based on criteria including distance and catchment area. Grouping of public amenities or of public amenities with public spaces on the same land is recommended whenever possible. It should consider the compatibility of the different amenities. Pooling of public amenities between different settlements is also recommended if the catchment population is below the threshold population.

4.4.2 Accessibility from Road Network In settlement areas, public amenities shall be laid out according to the hierarchy of roads and pedestrian network. An amenity shall be placed on a primary, secondary or tertiary road according to its catchment area, its accessibility and based on criteria related to noise, pollution, safety, etc.

4.4.3 Parking The minimum land requirements presented in clause 4.3 include the area needed for parking. Parking should be dimensioned according to Table 20 and Table 21.

4.4.4 Connectivity with Cycle Lanes and Pedestrian Paths All public amenities should be connected to the pedestrian network and to cycle lanes, if existing or planned.

4.4.5 Connection with Public Transport All public amenities should be accessible via public transport at 15 minutes (recommended) or 30 minutes (maximum) walking distance from a transport stop/hub.

4.4.6 Utilities All land for public amenities shall be equipped with water, sanitation, electricity, telephone. 35 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 5 PUBLIC SPACE

5.1 Planning Requirements for Public Spaces Planning requirements for public spaces are presented in Table 30. Table 30: Basic Planning Requirements for Public Spaces Public space Location Max Max Land Catchment Catchment Requirement Radius Population (Sqm) Parks Location subject to existing No limit No limit > 5,000 natural spaces such as rivers, forest, etc. Large Citywide, especially in high 30 minutes 5,000 1,000 – 5,000 gardens density areas walking Small Neighbourhood nodal point, 10 minutes 2,000 1,000 – 5,000 gardens secondary road walking Central plaza Central areas, 30 minutes 2,500 1,000 – 4,000 neighbourhood nodal points walking Children’s Neighbourhood nodal point, 10 minutes 5,000 200 – 500 playground secondary road walking

5.2 Location and Accessibility of Public Spaces Public spaces should conform to the same requirements of location and accessibility presented in Clause 4.4. for public amenities.

5.3 Lighting All public spaces should be provided with street lighting. Lighting may also be used to highlight landscaping elements and important buildings. Proper typology, colour and intensity of light should be considered in design of street lighting. Energy-efficient lighting technologies shall be evaluated and applied 5.

5.4 Soft Landscaping Soft landscaping refers to the improvement of open space by making use of vegetative elements (grass, shrubs and trees). Climatic and local weather conditions, types of vegetation, public safety, environmental impacts and aesthetics shall be considered in soft landscaping.

5.5 Hard Landscaping Hard-landscaped areas are those treated with construction materials. They include pedestrian areas, squares, footpaths, playground areas, etc. The following elements should be considered in hard landscaping: (a) paved areas (pedestrian footpaths, cycling areas, etc.); 5 Reference should be made to “Guidelines for Planning and Development of Human Settlements in Urban and Rural Areas of Bhutan to minimise environmental impacts 2013”, namely Section 3. 36 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 (b) car parking; (c) squares and piazzas; (d) sport grounds; (e) playgrounds and play equipment; (f) rock features, sculpture, etc.; (g) pergolas and shelters; (h) fountains, dry fountains, and other water amenities; (i) timber, concrete or brick edging; and (j) sand pits and jump pit. Where possible, permeable should be preferred over impermeable paving.

5.6 Street Furniture Typical street furniture elements that should be considered are: (a) benches and other seating facilities; (b) signage; (c) public lighting; (d) drinking fountains; (e) litter bins; (f) vehicle barriers; (g) traffic signals; (h) pedestrian guardrails; (i) bicycle racks; (j) pedestrian direction signs; (k) fences and gates; (l) tree guards; (m) tree grates; (n) planter boxers; (o) pergolas; and (p) sculpture and artworks.

5.7 Facilities All public areas should be provided with toilets, drinking water, first aid, public telephones, road access, parking, ramps, and lighting. 37 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 6 HEALTH, SAFETY AND ACCESSIBILITY

6.1 Road Safety Planning of roads shall take into account safety criteria, including, amongst others: (a) interaction amongst vehicular, cycling and pedestrian flows; (b) minimum width of roads and footpaths; (c) levels of street lighting; (d) access to plots for vehicles and pedestrians; (e) connectivity between streets and between street and building access; and (f) adequate levels of signage.

6.2 Road Access A plot shall have road access. Where the provision of vehicular access to plot is not feasible, the plot shall be connected by pedestrian access.

6.3 Persons with Special Needs The following requirements for persons with special needs should be taken into account: (a) legible and functional organization of the circulation; (b) strategic location of public transport; (c) clear information and indications, using also icons and Braille systems for public signage; and (d) at least one parking for people with special needs (width 3.50 m) for every 50 parking bays; parking areas close to nodal points, integrated with movement area for wheelchairs (0.80 m radius).

6.4 Pedestrian Path Design of pedestrian paths should ensure the following, amongst others: (a) adequate width as per table 15 with level and slip free surface; (b) maximum gradients of 8% with level to allow users of manual wheelchairs to negotiate them easily, and where this is not possible, level resting areas at 10 m intervals; (c) maximum riser height of 0.2 m; and (d) clear lines of sight.

6.5 Pedestrian Crossing Pedestrian crossings shall be: (a) at least 3m wide and clearly marked; and (b) shall include kerb ramps at each end.

6.6 Signage Signage should be of robust and durable material and placed at appropriate locations. 38 Spatial Planning Standards 2017

6.7 Access to Public Amenities Vehicle access (including maintenance and staff vehicles) may be limited to certain areas to avoid traffic safety dangers. The speed limit in a public space listed in clause 5.1 shall not exceed 10 km/h.

6.8 Landfill Site There shall be a minimum distance of 1000 m between development areas and landfill sites.

6.9 Access for Emergency and Utility Vehicles In pedestrianized areas, provisions shall be made to ensure access for emergency and utility vehicles (fire protection, ambulance, rubbish collection, maintenance). 39 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 Annex A – Glossary of Terms Buffer A transitional area between two distinct land uses or types used to lessen the impact of one on the other. For example, a commercial area that borders a residential neighbourhood may be subject to additional restrictions on height, noise, or fencing requirements to insulate the neighbourhood from the effects of the commercial zone. Development Control A document, forming part of a spatial plan, that describes with sufficient detail: (1) the admissible land uses and maximum intensity of development for the zones and precincts defined within the boundaries of a plan; (2) the requirements that apply to the overlays of a plan; and (3) the building rules that apply to existing or new buildings within the boundaries of a plan. Carriageway The part of the road used by vehicles. Carrying Capacity The maximum growth an area can accommodate without adverse impact on its sustainability. Coverage Percentage The percentage of land covered by building. Cultural Landscape Landscape evolved from the interaction between people and nature and may consist of cultural and natural elements that reflect aspects of an area’s culture, origins, developments, and identity. Cycling Lane A lane reserved for use by bicycles. Dzongkhag Road All internal Dzongkhag roads including road that connects a Dzongkhag Centre and an Integrated Gewog Centre or connects two Dzongkhag Centers not otherwise designated as National Highway or connects an Integrated Gewog Centre with an existing road of equal or higher classification. Easement An area of land, being a part of a plot or unit, over which a party other than the registered landowner has the right of use for a specific purpose, but does not imply ownership of the land. Farm Road Road that links agricultural farmland areas to national highways and other roads primarily to enable the transport of inputs to the farm and agricultural produce to the market. Heritage Site Heritage building, historic settlement or archaeological site. Luminance The amount of light falling on a surface is "illuminance", and is measured in lux (metric unit = lumen/m2) or foot-candles (English unit = lumen/ft2). 40 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 Light Pollution The result of excessive or obtrusive artificial light. Mixed-Use (development) The development of an area with two or more differing uses such as residential, office, retail, service, public, or entertainment, in a compact urban form. These types of developments can result in measurable reductions in traffic impacts. Occupational Density The measure of how many jobs are available in a given area. Planning Area The land within the boundary of a plan. Public Space Land provided for public recreation, services or for similar purpose. Residential Density Measure of how many inhabitants reside in a given area per unit of surface. Walking Distance Time expressed in minutes needed to cover a certain distance. In this standard it is assumed an average walking speed of 4.8 km/h, therefore 1-minute walking distance = 80 m. 41 Spatial Planning Standards 2017 References i. Disaster Management Act of Bhutan, 2013, Department of Disaster Management, Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan. ii. Environmental Assessment Act, 2000, National Environment Commission, Royal Government of Bhutan. iii. Forest and Nature Conservation Act of Bhutan, 1995, Department of Forest and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan. iv. Guidelines for Planning and Development of Human Settlements in Urban and Rural Areas of Bhutan, 2013, Department of Human Settlement, Ministry of Works and Human Settlement, Royal Government of Bhutan. v. National Environment Protection Act, 2007, National Environment Commission, Royal Government of Bhutan. vi. Rural Construction Rules, 2013, Department of Human Settlement, Ministry of Works and Human Settlement, Royal Government of Bhutan. vii. The Water Act of Bhutan, National Environment Commission, 2011, Royal Government of Bhutan. viii. The Road Act of Bhutan, 2013, Department of Roads, Ministry of Works and Human Settlement, Royal Government of Bhutan. ix. Thimphu Structure Plan (2002-2027), Ministry of Works and Human Settlement, Royal Government of Bhutan. x. Urban Roads Standards, 2002, Standards and Quality Control Authority, Ministry of Works and Human Settlement, Royal Government of Bhutan. 42 Spatial Planning Standards Ministry of Works and Human Settlement Department of Human Settlement Phone: 322182, 327998 Ministry of Works and Human Settlement Website: www.mowhs.gov.bt June 2017